2018General Assembly

Topic: Evalua�ng Veto Power within the Security CouncilChair: Ricardo MoraRapporteur: Paola RiveraSecretary: Lucía Cota

Security Council

Topic:A) Reducing Tensions between the United States of America,North Korea and ChinaB) Adressing Human Rights Viola�ons in Nort Korea

Chair: Oswaldo MachadoRapporteur: Diana VillaseñorSecretary: Frida So�a Melo

Reducing Tensions between the United States of America, China and North Korea

Basics

The Security Council is the United Nations’ more powerful body, with "primary responsibility for

the maintenance of international peace and security." Its was founded in 1946. Since 1990, the Security

Council has dramatically increased its activity and it now meets in nearly continuous sessions. It

dispatches military operations, imposes sanctions, mandates arms inspections, deploys election

monitors and more.

To resolve international conflicts, the Security Council sometimes imposes sanctions. GPF

includes proposals on ways to make sanctions more effective, better "targeted," and more humane and

lawful. The Council also frequently deploys “Peacekeeping”missions that bring soldiers and police

directly into conflict zones. Peacekeeping is the UN's largest and most expensive activity and it can also

be controversial.

Introduction

North Korea’s government has continued its aggressive and erratic behavior, as demonstrated

by recent military and cyber provocations, and continued efforts to develop nuclear weapons and long

range missiles. In addition to harming its own citizens, the country’s actions threaten the entire Korean

peninsula. North Korea is a nuclear power with a complex relationship with China, and preventing both

an interstate Korean war and a North Korean internal collapse are critical U.S. national security interests.

Small-scale military and cyber provocations by North Korea pose significant risks as each incident carries

with it the potential for escalation. Outright threats from North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un are

also a cause for concern.

Key Terms

missile range: is a ballistic missile with a range of 3,000–5,500 km (1,864–3,418 miles), between a

medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) and an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).

missile tests: any object or weapon that is thrown at a target or shot from an engine, gun,

hydrogen bomb: an immensely powerful bomb whose destructive power comes from the rapid release

of energy during the nuclear fusion of isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium), using an atom

bomb as a trigger.

anti-missile system: a defensive system designed to repel enemy missile attacks, especially by the use of

anti-ballistic missiles; frequently attributive designating such a system.

mutually assured destruction: a phrase referring to the assumption that if the forces of two nations are

equally capable of destroying each other, neither nation will take a chance on war.

deterrence: a strategy to prevent nuclear war in which the threat of a nuclear retaliation was enough to

prevent a nuclear attack.

communism: an economic system in which the central government directs all major economic decisions.

fallout: the radioactive particles that settle to the ground after a nuclear explosion.

ICBM: a ballistic missile that is capable of traveling from one continent to another.

proliferation: A rapid increase in number (especially a rapid increase in the number of deadly weapons).

History

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (abbreviated DPRK) is located

in east Asia on the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. North Korea shares a border with three

countries; China along the Amnok River, Russia along the Tumen River, and South Korea along the

Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The Yellow Sea and the Korea Bay are off the west coast and the Sea

of Japan (East Sea of Korea) is off the east coast.

Since the ascension of Kim Jong Un as North Korea’s leader in 2011, the country has posed an

ongoing diplomatic challenge for the United States. Pyongyang has ramped up work on its nuclear

program and claims it is capable of launching a nuclear-armed missile that would reach the continental

U.S. The reclusive nation carried out its sixth and most powerful nuclear test. North Korea has been

working to acquire a functional, deliverable nuclear weapon for decades. Those aspirations began during

the rule of former Supreme Leader Kim II Sung at the close of World War II and began to take shape

under the reign of his son, Kim Jong II, who first tested a nuclear weapon in 2006. The North was able to

purchase much of its initial nuclear technology from one of the founders of Pakistan’s nuclear program

and bought centrifuges to enrich uranium from Libya. The North is in possession of up to 20 nuclear

warheads.

The war of words between the US and North Korea has escalated, with Donald Trump warning

any threats would be met with “fire and fury” and Pyongyang promptly announcing it was “carefully

examining” a plan to attack an American military base in the western Pacific. Tensions on the Korean

peninsula have been running high since North Korea’s two intercontinental ballistic missile tests last

month and two nuclear bomb tests last year, which has lead to increased sanctions on the already

isolated nation. China has grown tough with the North which has been slapped with UN sanctions

following Pyongyang's sixth nuclear test.

Now, the Chinese commerce ministry said the companies, including joint ventures with Chinese

firms, had 120 days to close from the date the United Nations resolution was adopted, September 11.

The announcement comes days after China confirmed it will hit North Korea with UN sanctions: a limit

on exports of refined petroleum products to North Korea starting October 1 and a ban on textiles from

its neighbour. The United States has pressed China to use its economic leverage to strong arm North

Korea into giving up its nuclear ambitions.

Potential Solutions

During the debate, delegations will be focus on solving the conflict between North Korea and

the United States of America, and how North Korea's decision is affecting the entire world. The key point

is solving the differences between North Korea, the United States and China.

Addressing Human Rights Violation in North Korea

Basics

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United

Nations, charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting

new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations The Security

Council is the United Nations' most powerful charter. The Security Council is part parliament, part

secret diplomatic conclave, it was founded in 1946

Five powerful countries sit as "permanent members" along with ten elected members

with two-year terms. Since 1990, the Council has dramatically increased its activity and it now

meets in nearly continuous session. It dispatches military operations, imposes sanctions, mandates

arms inspections and deploys elections.

Introduction

North Korea is one of the most repressive authoritarian states in the world, the

government uses fear to control people. Kim Jong-Un, supreme leader of North Korea, allows

public executions, arbitrary detention, torture, imprisonment, rape, sexual violence, and forced

labor; tightening travel restrictions to prevent North Koreans from escaping and seeking refuge

overseas; and systematically persecuting those with religious contacts inside and outside the

country. North Korea operates secretive prison camps where perceived opponents of the

government are sent to face torture and abuse, starvation rations, and forced labor. Fear of

collective punishment is used to silence dissent. There is no independent media, functioning civil

society, or religious freedom.

The Right to Freedom of Movement is extremely violated and limited since the regime in Korea is

aggressively attempting to restrict the people’s movement even inside their own country.

History

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is an authoritarian state

with a dynastic leadership that is among the most repressive in the world. In 2015, his fourth year

in power, leader Kim Jong-Un continued to intensify repression, increased control over the North

Korean border with China to prevent North Koreans from escaping and seeking refuge overseas,

and tightened restrictions on freedom of movement inside the country. The government also

punished those found with unauthorized information from outside the country, including news,

films, and photos and used public executions to generate fearful obedience.

The United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s

Republic of Korea (COI), set up by the Human Rights Council (HRC), issued a report in 2014

documenting extermination, murder, enslavement, torture, imprisonment, rape, forced abortion,

and other sexual violence in North Korea. It concluded that the “gravity, scale and nature of these

violations reveal a State that does not have any parallel in the contemporary world.”

The North Korean government has ratified four key international human rights. Most

recently, on November 10, 2014, it ratified the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights

of the Child, on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. North Korea’s

constitution sets forth a number of rights protections, but in reality the government does not

allow all forms of disfavored expression and opinion and prohibits any organized political

opposition, independent media, free trade unions, and civil society organizations. Religious

freedom is systematically repressed.

The government also violates economic and social rights by criminalizing and arbitrarily

punishing market activities, one of the few means by which North Koreans can obtain income

needed for food, medicine, and other necessities the government often fails to adequately provide

the population. Government officials often require those pursuing market activities to pay bribes

and sentence those unable to pay to perform forced labor in penal institutions or reform through

labor camps.

North Korea continues to discriminate against individuals and their families on political

grounds in key areas such as employment, residence, and schooling through use of the “songbun,”

the country’s socio-political classification system that from its creation grouped people into

“loyal,” “wavering,” or “hostile” classes. This classification has been restructured several times but

continues to divide people based largely on their family background and perceived political loyalty,

though corrupt practices now also influence the system.

The government also practices collective punishment for alleged anti-state offenses,

effectively enslaving hundreds of thousands of citizens, including children, in prison camps and

other detention facilities where they face deplorable conditions, abuse by guards, and forced

labor.

Sources

https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/RCohen_north_korea_Dec2013.pdf

https://www.brookings.edu/articles/human-rights-in-north-korea-addressing-the-challenges/

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-53454-5_5

https://www.thoughtco.com/human-rights-in-north-korea-721493

https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/north-korea

https://www.amnesty.org/en/search/?country=38390&sort=date&issue=1600

Sources

http://www.un.org/en/sc/

https://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council.html

https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/un-security-council

http://www.korea-dpr.com/

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kn.html

https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States

http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/United-States-LOCATION-SIZE-AND-EXTENT.html

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/aug/13/observer-view-north-korea-donald-trump-

united-nations

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-11813699

http://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/entry/north-korea-nuclear-

weapons_us_58e623a5e4b0fe4ce0887499

https://quizlet.com/5992096/nuclear-weapons-vocabulary-flash-cards/