2021 October Monograph On Smart Motion Detection and

Monograph

On

Smart Motion Detection and

Security System using

Raspberry Pi

Author

Rupali S. Balpande

Abhijit S. Titarmare Pub

lishe

r -

IJIE

T

Oct

ober

202

1

International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology

Monograph on Smart Motion Detection and Security System using Raspberry Pi

PREFACE

In surveillance, CCTV camera is costly because of the use of computer. It reserves too much

space for continues recording and also require manpower to detect the unauthorized Activity.

But compared to the existing system Raspberry pi system is much cheaper with better resolution

and low power consumption feature. Here pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors are used as a

simple but powerful people presence triggers. This system is suitable for small personal area

surveillance. i.e. personal office cabin, bank locker room, parking entrance. Whenever the

motion is detected through PIR sensor inside the room the image is captured through camera and

temporarily stored in the raspberry pi module. Internet of things based application can be used

remotely to view the activity and get notifications when motion is detected. System works

standalone without the PC once programmed.

In normal surveillance system there is only camera that records the video continuously and

consume extra storage for recording as it plays very vital role in security system I propose this

mechanism to resolve the object detection problem on the video security surveillance system and

storage problem. The suggested new mechanism used by Raspberry pi, PIR Sensor, GSM

Module can make intelligent detection and recording for interesting objects so that make the

amount of valid video high and improve video’s quality.

Rupali S. Balpande

Abhijit S. Titarmare



ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Prof. Rupali S. Balpande, working as Asst. prof. in Electronics

Dept. of Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engg. Nagpur. I have

completed my B.E. in Electronics Engg. and Completed

M.Tech in same stream. I am pursuing my Phd on Topic

“Design of algorithm for Performance Analysis of Fractal

Image Encoding” and submitted my thesis. The working Thrust

area is Digital Image Processing.

Abhijit S. Titarmare working as Assistant Professor in

Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Department of

G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur.

Area of Interest: Embedded System

Qualification: B.E. (E&TC), M.Tech.(Electronics),

PhD (Electronics) (Submitted)

Experience: 11 Years of Experience



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly obliged to Dr. U. P. Waghe (Principal) and Dr. R.D. Thakare, H.O.D (Department of

Electronics Engineering) for their noble, spontaneous and timely help that carried us throughout our

endeavour and finally made a grand success.

We also thank the staff of our electronics department for all the cooperation and friendly

treatment given to us during project. We are also thankful to our colleagues and all those have extended

the necessary help during the course of our work.



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SUMMARY

The use of M2M (machine to machine) communication is an advantage over the traditional Data

Acquisition System (DAS) as the monitoring and controlling can be done without human intervention. As

the system becomes fully automatic so the amount of error decreases and the efficiency of the system

increases drastically. Now a day the security is major and important factor in bank locker system that’s

why we are implement this idea. Our project is useful in bank locker as well as in offices and warehouse.

In this project the suggested new mechanism used by Raspberry pi, PIR Sensor, GSM Module can make

intelligent detection and recording for interesting objects so that make the amount of valid video high and

improve video’s quality.

The smart surveillance system has been aimed to design in such a way that it can fulfill the needs of the

user for particular surveillance area. It has countless applications and can be used in different

environments and scenarios. For instance, at one scenario it can be used by any person working in

industry to be aware of the activity being happened at their own working places, in their absence, while at

another instance it can be used for spy purposes at bank lockers, storage houses. Another application is to

provide information to the user about what is happening in surveillance area.



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INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

In normal surveillance system there is only camera that records the video continuously and consume extra

storage for recording as it plays very vital role in security system I propose this mechanism to resolve the

object detection problem on the video security surveillance system and storage problem. The suggested

new mechanism used by Raspberry pi, PIR Sensor, GSM Module can make intelligent detection and

recording for interesting objects so that make the amount of valid video high and improve video’s quality.

Smart surveillance systems significantly contribute to situation awareness in real time also it has

been aimed to design in such a way that it can use for many surveillance areas. Thus, we designed a

smart surveillance system capable of recording/ capturing video to alarm notification a smart phone. it

may be used and supports many persons concerned to view the details, Necessary action can be

taken in short time in the case of emergency conditions. For instance, at one scenario it can be

used by any person working in industry to be aware of the activity being happened at their own

working places, it can be used for spy purposes at bank lockers, storage houses. military areas,

smart homes, bank, offices, industries etc.

1.2 Problem Statement

The use of M2M (machine to machine) communication is an advantage over the traditional Data

Acquisition System (DAS) as the monitoring and controlling can be done without human intervention. As

the system becomes fully automatic so the amount of error decreases and the efficiency of the system

increases drastically. Now a day the security is major and important factor in bank locker system that’s

why we are implement this idea. Our project is useful in bank locker as well as in offices and warehouse.

1.3 Background

Foreground detection based on video streams is the first step in computer vision applications, including

real-time tracking and event analysis. Many researchers in the field of image and video semantics

analysis pay attention to intelligent video surveillance in residential areas, junctions, shopping malls,

subways, and airports which are closely associated with foreground detection. Background modeling is

an efficient way to obtain foreground objects. Though background modeling methods for foreground

detection have been studied for several decades, each method has its own strength and weakness in

detecting objects of interest from video streams. Some of them are very significant for BS, and not usual

in the other benchmarks. I have proposed a comparison of BGS methods namely (Adaptive BG Learning,

ZivkovicGMM, Fuzzy Integral), with various methodologies.

1.4 Thesis Objective:-



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Camera reserves too much space for continues recording and also require manpower to detect the

unauthorized Activity. But compared to the existing system Raspberry pi system is much cheaper with

better resolution and low power consumption feature. Here Pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors are used as

a simple but powerful people presence triggers. This system is suitable for small personal area

surveillance. i.e. personal office cabin, bank locker room, parking entrance. Whenever the motion is

detected through PIR sensor inside the room the image is captured through camera and temporarily stored

in the raspberry pi module. Internet of things based application can be used remotely to view the activity

and get notifications when motion is detected. System works standalone without the PC once

programmed. One android Application is used to get the notification on motion detection.



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Review of Literature

2.1 Overview:-

The project topic presented is taken from the body of a literature review presented by “ZAKARIA

RADA” from GYEONGSANG NATIONAL UNIVERSITY on SMART SURVEILLANCE

SECURITY SYSTEM USING RASPBERRY PI which significantly contribute to situation awareness in

real time also it has been aimed to design in such a way that it can use for many surveillance areas. Thus,

we designed a smart surveillance system capable of recording/ capturing video to alarm notification a

smart phone. it may be used and supports many persons concerned to view the details, Necessary action

can be taken in short time in the case of emergency conditions. For instance, at one scenario it can be

used by any person working in industry to be aware of the activity being happened at their own working

places, it can be used for spy purposes at bank lockers, storage houses. military areas, smart homes, bank,

offices, industries etc.

To capturing images and interfacing it will be through open CV and programming is done in python

scripting language. Whenever sensor detects any instruction it will send positive signal to the raspberry pi

GPIO pin. Pi senses the signal and send the output signal. Temporarily record video is stored in raspberry

SD card and it will send one notification message to user’s android device through internet same time.

The author has come up with the technology for home automation and security by using a Bluetooth

based system. The home appliances that are to be controlled are connected to the input/output ports of the

Arduino BT board via relays. Passwords are provided for the purpose of protection so that only the

authorized users can access the home appliances. The python script is used for programming purpose as it

is portable and can run on any platform. A feedback circuit is used to indicate the status of the home

appliances after receiving a command from the phone. The disadvantages includes: Less Range (<50) for

controlling Devices, Pairing Process, and Requires Human Involvement for control. No Remote Control

or Monitoring. In the author’s implements home automation system using Arduino board that comes

along with various sensors such as PIR motion sensor etc. and uses a GSM technology. The status at the

devices connected is sensed by the Arduino board for further processing. This system ensures home

automation and security. Arduino board is an advanced version of microcontroller. It has various

disadvantages similar to microcontrollers: Less Friendly Environment for development, Less Flexible,

Maintenance Overhead. In the author’s has proposed a home automation system using Arduino board

based on IOT domain. This particular system uses an internet protocol-based communication. This

system makes use of three operating modes: manual mode, automated mode and security mode. The

manual mode is based on web supporting device, automated mode is based on sensor reading and security



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mode is based on safety. The simple execution is provided by Arduino microcontrollers that are used in

this project as compared to other controllers. This particular prototype also uses Wi-Fi routers. The

shortcomings are: Less Friendly Environment for development, Less Flexible, Maintenance Overhead. In

the author presents the implementation of Wi-Fi based home automation system. Wi-Fi technology is

used for connecting various parts of the infrastructure. The proposed system includes a server where he

status of each connected device is updated anytime it changes so that the user or system administrator can

remotely control as well as on it or the system. It also includes hardware interface modules for connecting

various sensors and actuators. This system provides power management and security. The disadvantages

are: since Wi-Fi usage involves a range, it is not possible for remote monitoring. It is not much reliable

since the Wi-Fi may go down at any point of time. In the author has designed a PIC microcontroller using

Zig Bee technology. The home appliances are controlled by using two technologies namely GSM

network technology and speech recognition. In case smoke is detected in the house the SMS is sent to the

mobile using GSM modem which is connected to the PIC controller. The Zig Bee and GSM technologies

are used for wireless communication among various modules. An electronic motion detector contains an

optical, microwave, or acoustic sensor, and in many cases a transmitter for illumination. However, a

passive sensor senses a signature only from the moving object via emission or reflection, i.e., it can be

emitted by the object, or by some ambient emitter such as the sun or a radio station of sufficient strength.

Changes in the optical, microwave or acoustic field in the device's proximity are interpreted by the

electronics based on one of the technologies listed below. Most low-cost motion detectors can detect up

to distances of at least 15 feet (4.6 m). Specialized systems cost more, but have much longer ranges.

Tomographic motion detection systems can cover much larger areas because the radio waves are at

frequencies which penetrate most walls and obstructions, and are detected in multiple locations, not only

at the location of the transmitter. Motion detectors have found wide use in commercial applications. One

common application is activating automatic door openers in businesses and public buildings. Motion

sensors are also widely used in lieu of a true occupancy sensor in activating street lights or indoor lights

in walkways, such as lobbies and staircases. In such smart lighting systems, energy is conserved by only

powering the lights for the duration of a timer, after which the person has presumably left the area. A

motion detector may be among the sensors of a burglar alarm that is used to alert the home owner or

security service when it detects the motion of a possible intruder. Such a detector may also trigger a

security camera to record the possible intrusion.



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2.2 Background

Foreground detection based on video streams is the first step in computer vision applications, including

real-time tracking and event analysis. Many researchers in the field of image and video semantics

analysis pay attention to intelligent video surveillance in residential areas, junctions, shopping malls,

subways, and airports which are closely associated with foreground detection.

Background modeling is an efficient way to obtain foreground objects. Though background modeling

methods for foreground detection have been studied for several decades, each method has its own

strength and weakness in detecting objects of interest from video streams.

Some of them are very significant for BS, and not usual in the other benchmarks. I have proposed a

comparison of BGS methods namely (Adaptive BG Learning, ZivkovicGMM, Fuzzy Integral), with

various methodologies.

2.3 History

The first motion sensor was invented in the year 1950 by Samuel Bango named as a burglar alarm. He

applied the basics of Radar to ultrasonic waves – a frequency to notice fire or robber and that which

human beings cannot listen to. The Samuel motion sensor is based on the principle of “Doppler Effect”.

Currently, most of the motion sensors work on the principle of Samuel Bango’s detector. Microwave and

infrared sensors used to detect motion by the changes in the frequencies they produce. To understand the

working of motion sensor, you first need to know the working of a camera. The camera uses an image

sensor and the lens direct light to when the light strikes the image sensor each pixel records how much

light it’s getting. That outline of light and dark areas in the pixels becomes the entire video image.

Motion sensors are applicable for security systems which are used in offices, banks, shopping malls, and

also as intruder alarm at home. The existing motion detectors can stop serious accidents by detecting the

persons who are closest to the sensor. We can monitor motion detectors in public places. The main part of

the motion detector circuit is the dual IR reflective sensor.

A motion sensor is a device that notices moving objects, mainly people. A motion sensor is frequently

incorporated as a component of a system that routinely performs a task or else alerts a user of motion in a

region. These sensors form a very important component of security, home control, energy efficiency,

automated lighting control, and other helpful systems. The main principle of motion sensor is to sense a

burglar and send an alert to your control panel, which gives an alert to your monitoring center. Motion

sensors react to different situations like movement in your living room, doors, windows being unbolt or

closed and also these sensors can motion gives a crucial information about fall, because no serious fall



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occurs without a large movement. Based on this observation, we decided to extract some motion

information from the video sequence. Optical flow is commonly used to detect motion in a video

sequence. But, optical flow is not well-suited for real time application, and can generate errors in case of

large movement as it happens during a fall.

Another attempt to extract motion is the, Motion History Image (MHI), first introduced by Bobick and

Davis. The MHI is an image where the pixel intensity represents the regency of motion in an image

sequence, and therefore gives the most recent movement of a person during an action. The MHI is

commonly used for activity recognition. To define a MHI, we first extract a binary sequence of motion

regions D(x, y, t) from the original image sequence I(x, y, t) using a image-differencing method. Then,

each pixel of the Motion History Image Hτ is a function of the temporal history of motion at that point,

occurring during a anything. Another advantage of such a system is that a camera gives more information

on the motion of a person and his/her actions than an accelerometer. Thus, we can imagine a computer

vision system providing information on falls, but also, checking some daily behaviors (medication intake,

meal and sleep time and duration, etc.).

Moreover, when we talk about vision system, we must ensure that the system is entirely automated to

take into account the private life of the person. Another study is currently done by our team about the

acceptability by older people of such vision systems.



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WORK DONE

3.1 Block Diagram:-

To implement any system in a hardware form it is very important to initially build the block diagram and

then proceed to design the appropriate circuit diagram.

The aim is to make a smart surveillance system which can be monitored by owner email/call/message

through GSM application. As it is connected with the system with raspberry pi system will send the

notification to raspberry device when an intrusion is detected inside the room. It is required to develop

and implement and affordable low cost camera based surveillance system for security monitoring.

Authorized used can access to their monitoring system GSM via email/call/message with the use a mobile

phone and monitor the situation on application. This entire work is done on raspberry pi. Programming

and Software part was used for the interfacing and controlling action.

3.2 System Level Architecture:-

The fig 3.1(a) shows the block diagram of the smart motion detection band security system. Hard-wired

surveillance system: These system use wires to connect the camera, motion detection, power supply.

The function of the various components is given below:

• Power Supply: Power supply which provides power for the operation of the different components

in the hardware.

• USB Camera: USB Camera captures the image and sends it to the USB port of the Raspberry Pi

board. The camera model used here is USB Camera model 2.0.

• Vibration sensor: Detect the motion in surveillance area.

• Raspberry Pi: Raspberry pi is a small credit-card sized computer capable of performing various

functionalities such as in surveillance systems, military applications, etc.

• PIR sensor: Detect the motion in surveillance area.

• GSM module: GSM model send the alert message regarding the same to the authority.



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Fig 3.1: Block diagram of Hardware

Figure 3-2: Flow chart for operation



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3.3 System Description:-

In this System, the Raspberry Pi executes a Python program that starts when the Raspberry Pi is booted

and waits for motion to be detected by the PIR sensor. When motion is detected, the Raspberry Pi

start records video or snaps a photo and send notification and to the Smartphone through application via

Wife. By using of Machine to Machine (M2M) communication is an advantage over the traditional

Data Acquisition System as the monitoring and controlling can be done without human intervention.

Hardware

Fig 3-1b: Hardware implementation of Smart motion detection surveillance system.


Monograph on Smart Motion Detection and Security System u

Fig 3


Motion Detection and Security System using

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Fig 3-1c: Hardware implementation


sing Raspberry Pi



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Fig 3-1d: circuit diagram of hardware.

3.4 Hardware Description

3.4.1 Raspberry Pi

In this the surveillance system Raspberry Pi 3 is the most important component, can be work same as

functional desktop computer (Linux-based operating systems), there are a few different models but in

this case a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+, features of the Model B+ include an Ethernet port, four USB 2.0

ports, audio input/output, HDMI output, and general purpose input/output (GPIO).



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Fig 3.1: Raspberry PI 3 model B+

Fig 3.2: GPIO on Raspberry Pi 3 B+ model



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GPIO(fig 3-2): One powerful feature of the Raspberry Pi is the row of GPIO (general purpose

input/output) pins along the top edge of the board. These pins are a physical interface between the Pi

and the outside world. also, we can turn on or off (input) or that the Pi can turn on or off (output),

Of the 40 pins, 26 are GPIO pins and the others are power or ground pins plus two ID EEPROM pins.

Fig 3.3: GPIO From Raspberry Pi 3 B+ model

3.4.2 PIR Sensors:-

After installing Raspbian OS with some package for camera and setting up the Raspberry Pi to be

ready for using and before booting Raspberry Pi we must connect the PIR module[3], to the Raspberry

Pi, using three female-to-female jumper cables, we need to connect each of the PIR sensor's

connectors to the appropriate pins on the Raspberry Pi.

Fig 3.4: PIR Sensor



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Connect the one labeled VCC on the PIR sensor to the 5V pin on the Raspberry Pi. These provide power

to the PIR sensor. Connect the one labeled GND to a Ground pin on the Raspberry Pi. This completes the

circuit. Connect the one labeled OUT to GPIO pin 4. This pin will output a voltage when motion is

detected, that can then be received by the Raspberry Pi. The module sets a single output pin high

whenever it detects movement within its field of view. It holds this pin High (3.3V) for a minimum

period. If continuous movement is detected the output pin will stay high. When the time has elapsed and

no more movement is detected the output pin returns Low (0V). The device has two variable resistors that

you can adjust to tweak the performance of the module. The first one (left-hand side on the photo)

determines the sensitivity of the device.

The default setting is usually 50%. the second control (right-hand side on the photo and usually

marked “time” on the PCB) allows you to adjust the amount of time the output pin stays at 3V (high)

when it is triggered by movement. This can be set from a few seconds to 200 seconds. The default

setting is usually a few seconds.

3.4.3 Vibration Sensor:-

The vibration sensor is also called a piezoelectric sensor. These sensors are flexible devices which are

used for measuring various processes. This sensor uses the piezoelectric effects while measuring the

changes within acceleration, pressure, temperature, force otherwise strain by changing to an electrical

charge. This sensor is also used for deciding fragrances within the air by immediately measuring

capacitance as well as quality.

Fig 3.5: Vibration Sensor



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The working principle of vibration sensor is a sensor which operates based on different optical otherwise

mechanical principles for detecting observed system vibrations. The sensitivity of these sensors normally

ranges from10 mV/g to100 mV/g, and there are lower and higher sensitivities are also accessible. The

sensitivity of the sensor can be selected based on the application. So it is essential to know the levels of

vibration amplitude range to which the sensor will be exposed throughout measurements.

The types of vibration sensors include the following:-

Accelerometer Sensor:-This sensor is used for general purposes like vibration and shock.

Strain Gauge Sensor:- These sensors are used for curved surfaces. When mass and size are significant, then strain data is required.

Velocity Sensor: - These sensors are used for high-temperature applications like above 700 °F.

Gyroscope Sensor:-These sensors are used where orientation information is necessary.

Pressure or Microphone Sensor:-These sensors are used for health monitoring, as well as to determine vibration frequency.

Laser Displacement Sensor:-This sensor is used to calculate the displacement straight without changing the product or structure.

Capacitive Displacement or Eddy Current:-This sensor is used to calculate the displacement straight without changing the product or structure.

Vibration Meter:-This type of sensor is used in the diagnosis of equipment.

Vibration Data Logger:-average time & cost, testing in the field (portability important).

Applications:-

The applications of vibration sensors include different industries for measuring the vibration. The

exclusive industrial characteristics will decide sensor characteristics For instance, this sensor is used in

industries like wind power and mining for slow rotation of turbines with 1 Hz or less frequency response

In disparity, the industries like gas and oil need high frequency ranges from 10 Hz to 10 kHz uses these

sensors to handle with the speed rotation of gears and turbines. The industries which use the vibration

sensor mainly include food & beverage, mining, metalworking, gas & oil, paper, wind power, power

generation, etc.



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3.4.4 GSM Module:-

GSM is a mobile communication modem; it is stands for global system for mobile communication

(GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is widely used mobile

communication system in the world. GSM is an open and digital cellular technology used for transmitting

mobile voice and data services operates at the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency

bands. Externally, it looks like a big package (0.94 inches x 0.94 inches x 0.12 inches) with L-shaped

contacts on four sides so that they can be soldered both on the side and at the bottom. Internally, the

module is managed by an AMR926EJ-S processor, which controls phone communication, data

communication (through an integrated TCP/IP stack), and (through an UART and a TTL serial interface)

the communication with the circuit interfaced with the cell phone itself. The processor is also in charge of

a SIM card (3 or 1,8 V) which needs to be attached to the outer wall of the module In addition, the

GSM900 device integrates an analog interface, an A/D converter, an RTC, an SPI bus, an I²C, and a

PWM module. The radio section is GSM phase 2/2+ compatible and is either class 4 (2 W) at 850/ 900

MHz or class 1 (1 W) at 1800/1900 MHz. The TTL serial interface is in charge not only of

communicating all the data relative to the SMS already received and those that come in during TCP/IP

sessions in GPRS (the data-rate is determined by GPRS class 10: max. 85,6 kbps), but also of receiving

the circuit commands (in our case, coming from the PIC governing the remote control) that can be either

AT standard or AT-enhanced SIMCom type. The module is supplied with continuous energy (between

3.4 and 4.5 V) and absorbs a maximum of 0.8 A during transmission.



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Fig 3.6: GSM Module



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3.4.5 Camera Module:-

The Raspberry Pi camera module can be used to take high-definition video, as well as stills

photographs. It’s easy to use for beginners, but has plenty to offer advanced users if you’re

looking to expand your knowledge. There are lots of examples online of people using it for

time-lapse, slow-motion and other video cleverness. You can also use the libraries we bundle

with the camera to create effects. If you’re interested in the nitty-gritty, you’ll want to know

that the module has a five megapixel fixed-focus camera that supports 1080p30, 720p60 and

VGA90 video modes, as well as stills capture. It attaches via a 15cm ribbon cable to the CSI

port on the Raspberry Pi. It can be accessed through the MMAL and V4L APIs, and there are

numerous third-party libraries built for it, including the Pi camera Python library. The camera

module is very popular in home security applications, and in wildlife camera traps. You can

also use it to take snapshots.

Features:-

5MP sensor,Wider image, capable of 2592x1944 stills, 1080p30 video, 1080p video

supported CSI

Size: 25 x 20 x 9 mm

Camera Details:-

The camera consists of a small (25mm by 20mm by 9mm) circuit board, which connects to

the Raspberry Pi's Camera Serial Interface (CSI) bus connector via a flexible ribbon cable.

The camera's image sensor has a native resolution of five megapixels and has a fixed focus

lens. The software for the camera supports full resolution still images up to 2592x1944 and

video resolutions of 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p60/90. The camera module is shown

below.



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Fig 3.7: Camera Module

Installation involves connecting the ribbon cable to the CSI connector on the Raspberry Pi

board. This can be a little tricky, but if you watch the videos that demonstrate how it is done,

you shouldn't have any trouble.

Connect to the camera

The flex cable inserts into the connector situated between the Ethernet and HDMI ports, with

the silver connectors facing the HDMI port. The flex cable connector should be opened by

pulling the tabs on the top of the connector upwards then towards the Ethernet port. The flex

cable should be inserted firmly into the connector, with care taken not to bend the flex at too

acute an angle. The top part of the connector should then be pushed towards the HDMI

connector and down, while the flex cable is held in place.

Update the SD card

In order to use the camera you must be using a recent operating system that knows that the

camera exists. The easiest way to do this is to grab the latest Raspbian image from the

RaspberryPi.org site and create a fresh SD card.

3.4.6 LCD 16*2:-

The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display module

used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like mobile phones,

calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly preferred for multi-segment

light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The main benefits of using this module are



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inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there are no limitations for displaying

custom characters, special and even animations, etc.

Fig3.8:LCD 16×2

Fig 3.9: 16×2 LCD pin out

Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the GND terminal

of the microcontroller unit or power source.



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Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to connect the

supply pin of the power source.

Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display, used to connect

a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.

Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data register, used to

connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode, and 1 = command

mode).

Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read or writes

operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 = Write

Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).

Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute Read/Write process, and

it is connected to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high.

Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These pins are

connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In 4-wire mode, only four

pins are connected to the microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-wire mode, 8-pins are

connected to microcontroller unit like 0 to 7.

Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V

Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.

Features:

• Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V

• Current consumption is 1mA without backlight

• Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers

• Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.

• Each character is build by a 5×8 pixel box

• Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode

• It can also display any custom generated characters

• Available in Green and Blue Backlight



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Registers of LCD

A 16×2 LCD has two registers like data register and command register. The RS (register

select) is mainly used to change from one register to another. When the register set is ‘0’,

then it is known as command register. Similarly, when the register set is ‘1’, then it is known

as data register.

Command Register

The main function of the command register is to store the instructions of command which are

given to the display. So that predefined tasks can be performed such as clearing the display,

initializing, set the cursor place, and display control. Here commands processing can occur

within the register.

Data Register

The main function of the data register is to store the information which is to be exhibited on

the LCD screen. Here, the ASCII value of the character is the information which is to be

exhibited on the screen of LCD. Whenever we send the information to LCD, it transmits to

the data register, and then the process will be starting there. When register set =1, then the

data register will be selected.

16×2 LCD Commands:-

The commands of LCD 16X2 include the following.

For Hex Code-01, the LCD command will be the clear LCD screen

For Hex Code-02, the LCD command will be returning home

For Hex Code-04, the LCD command will be decrement cursor

For Hex Code-06, the LCD command will be Increment cursor

For Hex Code-05, the LCD command will be Shift display right

For Hex Code-07, the LCD command will be Shift display left

For Hex Code-08, the LCD command will be Display off, cursor off



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For Hex Code-0A, the LCD command will be cursor on and display off

For Hex Code-0C, the LCD command will be cursor off, display on

For Hex Code-0E, the LCD command will be cursor blinking, Display on

For Hex Code-0F, the LCD command will be cursor blinking, Display on

For Hex Code-10, the LCD command will be Shift cursor position to left

For Hex Code-14, the LCD command will be Shift cursor position to the right

For Hex Code-18, the LCD command will be Shift the entire display to the left

For Hex Code-1C, the LCD command will be Shift the entire display to the right

For Hex Code-80, the LCD command will be Force cursor to the beginning ( 1st line)

For Hex Code-C0, the LCD command will be Force cursor to the beginning ( 2nd line)

For Hex Code-38, the LCD command will be 2 lines and 5×7 matrix

LM358 IC

The LM358 IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-amp IC. It is designed

and introduced by national semiconductor. It consists of two internally frequency

compensated, high gain, and independent op-amps. This IC is designed for specially to

operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. The LM358 IC is available

in a chip sized package and applications of this op amp include conventional op-amp circuits,

DC gain blocks and transducer amplifiers. LM358 IC is a good, standard operational

amplifier and it is suitable for your needs. It can handle 3-32V DC supply & source up to

20mA per channel. This op-amp is apt, if you want to operate two separate op-amps for a

single power supply. It’s available in an 8-pin DIP package.

Pin Configuration of LM358:- Pin-1 and pin-8 are o/p of the comparator

Pin-2 and pin-6 are inverting i/ps

Pin-3 and pin-5 are non inverting i/ps

Pin-4 is GND terminal



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Pin-8 is VCC+

Fig 3.10: LM358 Pin configuration

Features of LM358 IC:-

The features of the LM358 IC are

• It consists of two op-amps internally and frequency compensated for unity gain

• The large voltage gain is 100 dB

• Wide bandwidth is 1MHz

• Range of wide power supplies includes single and dual power supplies

• Range of Single power supply is from 3V to 32V

• Range of dual power supplies is from + or -1.5V to + or -16V

• The supply current drain is very low, i.e., 500 µA

• 2mV low i/p offset voltage

• Common mode i/p voltage range comprises ground

• The power supply voltage and differential i/p voltages are similar

• o/p voltage swing is large.

Buzzer:- A buzzer is a small yet efficient component to add sound features to our project/system. It is

very small and compact 2-pin structure hence can be easily used on breadboard, Perf Board

and even on PCBs which makes this a widely used component in most electronic

applications. There are two types of buzzers that are commonly available. The one shown



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here is a simple buzzer which when powered will make a Continuous Beeeeeeppp.... sound,

the other type is called a readymade buzzer which will look bulkier than this and will produce

a Beep. Beep. Beep. Sound due to the internal oscillating circuit present inside it. But, the one

shown here is most widely used because it can be customized with help of other circuits to fit

easily in our application. This buzzer can be used by simply powering it using a DC power

supply ranging from 4V to 9V. A simple 9V battery can also be used, but it is recommended

to use a regulated +5V or +6V DC supply. The buzzer is normally associated with a

switching circuit to turn ON or turn OFF the buzzer at required time and require interval.

Applications of Buzzer:- • Alarming Circuits, where the user has to be alarmed about something

• Communication equipments

• Automobile electronics

• Portable equipments, due to its compact size

• 2D Model of Buzzer

Fig 3.12: Buzzer Pin Configuration



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Buzzer Features and Specifications:- Rated Voltage: 6V DC

Operating Voltage: 4-8V DC

Rated current: <30mA

Sound Type: Continuous Beep

Resonant Frequency: ~2300 Hz

Small and neat sealed package

Breadboard and Perf board friendly

Equivalents for Passive Buzzer

Piezo Electric buzzer, Speaker, Active Passive Buzzer with Module

Working Methodology:-

The goal of this project is to make a smart surveillance system which can be monitored by

user GSM through android application. As it is connected with the system with IOT. The

overall achievement from this system is a raspberry pi was used as the core of the system it

receives inputs whenever the motion is detected through PIR sensor. The image is captured

through camera and stored in the raspberry pi module, which producing the output to monitor

a security system from a location away from the surveillance area through android device. In

addition use of Raspbian wheezy operating system as our operating system with the suitable

software python programming language.



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RESULTS

The project is extremely easy to operate and can easily be modified according to future

scopes. Raspberry pi camera is basically used for recording the moment occurs in the

particular area and sends mail or call to the owner.

Initially LCD will display WELCOME and if there is any moment is detected LCD will

display someone detected and sending mail to owner.

Figure4.2: LCD Display

Fig 4.3: LCD Display


Monograph on Smart Motion Detection and Security System u

Figure 4.4

Raspberry pi module required 5V input and raspberry pi will take input from camera and it

give output to the GSM module.

that starts when the Raspberry Pi is booted and waits for motion to b

PIR sensor. When motion is detected, the Raspberry Pi

and send notification and to the Smartphone through application via Wife. By using of

Machine to Machine (M2M) communication is an

Acquisition System as the monitoring and controlling can be done without human

intervention.

Figure 4.5: Circuit Hardware Part


Motion Detection and Security System using

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Figure 4.4: Raspberry Pi Module


give output to the GSM module. In this System, the Raspberry Pi executes a Python program

that starts when the Raspberry Pi is booted and waits for motion to b

PIR sensor. When motion is detected, the Raspberry Pi start records video or snaps a


Machine to Machine (M2M) communication is an advantage over the traditional Data


: Circuit Hardware Part

CONCLUSION


sing Raspberry Pi


In this System, the Raspberry Pi executes a Python program

that starts when the Raspberry Pi is booted and waits for motion to be detected by the

start records video or snaps a photo


advantage over the traditional Data




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The main objective of the project, which is the design and implementation of smart motion detection system to be displayed through web based application, has been done successfully. The system can be used in different environments and several places like houses, banks, hospitals, labs and other automated systems, which dramatically reduce the hazard of unauthorized entry. But the system needs to be monitor always that the internet bills are paid in due time to keep connected to provide information to the user about what is happening in surveillance area by sending notification to email or call server. This system would be an alternative for expensive security systems being used. In Smart surveillance systems significantly contribute to situation awareness in real time also it has been aimed to design in such a way that it can use for many surveillance areas. Thus, we designed a smart surveillance system capable of recording/ capturing video to alarm notification a smart phone. it may be used and supports many persons concerned to view the details, Necessary action can be taken in short time in the case of emergency conditions.



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REFERENCES

[1] International journal of applied information systems(IJAIS)- IISN: 2249-0868 Foundation of computer science , FCS ,New York, USA volume-10 no.5, February 2016, www.ijias.org. [2] School of industrial and system engineering, Gyeongsang nation university, [email protected] [3] International Journal of Modern Engineering Research(IJMER) VOL.3 Issue2 march-april 2013 pp-1169-1171 ISSN-2249-6645 www.ijmer.com [4] IOSR Journal of electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)e-ISSN: 2320-3331, volume12,issue version III (MAY-JUNE2017), PP 53-58 www.iosrjournals.org [5] W. Bing, X. Zhengdong, Z. Yao, and Y. Zhenjiang, ``Study of hazard ,latent danger,emergency management mcoal mine safety management,''' Procedia Eng., vol. 84, pp.172_177, Nov. 2014.

Documents

2021 October Monograph On Smart Motion Detection and