1

Current Status Current Status of of

Marine Fish and Shellfish Backyard HatcheriesMarine Fish and Shellfish Backyard Hatcheriesin Thailandin Thailand

Montakan Montakan TamtinTamtinSenior Fisheries BiologistSenior Fisheries Biologist

Department of Fisheries, ThailandDepartment of Fisheries, Thailand

• a huge brackish water areas of about 100,000 ha

•800 kilometer Indian Ocean

•1,800-kilometer Gulf of Thailand coasts

ThailandThailand

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

Years

Fish

Pro

duct

ion

by V

alue

(M

illion

Baht

)

: ranks among the world's top ten nations in the fishing industry (total catch and export)

Export

Import

2

15,00014,00013,00013,600Sea Bass31,00030,00030,00032,600Giant Freshwater prawn

475,000434,000370,000251,700White shrimp10,00015,00090,000106,900Black Tiger shrimp

2007200620052004Type/Year

Source :Department of Fisheries, Thailand (2007)

Aquaculture Production of Thailand from 2004Aquaculture Production of Thailand from 2004--2007:ton2007:ton

1,395,6001,279,0001,511,3501,660,400Total493,600475,000450,000535,000OthersNDND342,850400,400Shellfish

130,000101,000114,500160,000Catfish120,500105,000101,000160,200Tilapia

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Years

Aqu

acultu

re M

arine

Shrimp

Prod

uction

(ton

) Total

White shrimp

Black Tiger shrimp

Aquaculture Status of Marine Shrimp in Thailand:Aquaculture Status of Marine Shrimp in Thailand:

P. . VannameiVannamei 99.59%99.59%

P. P. MonodonMonodon 0.41%0.41%

DOF, 2008

2007 produce 0.48 million ton, export 78%2007 produce 0.48 million ton, export 78%

3

- Low construction and operating costLow construction and operating cost

-- Flexibility to switch from one Flexibility to switch from one speiesspeies to othersto others

-- Flexibility to start/stop operationFlexibility to start/stop operation

-- Separated to many sectorsSeparated to many sectors

- Low technologyLow technology

-- Vulnerable to diseases and pollutionVulnerable to diseases and pollution

-- Lack of money to improve the facilitiesLack of money to improve the facilities

Advantages of backyard hatcheriesAdvantages of backyard hatcheries

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Establishment of certification system

Corrective action

Document checking

Farm evaluation

Farm certification

GAP

Farm certification

CoC

Corrective

action Surveillance

2 times/year

(Coastal aquaculture center, Station)

Trainer Farmer Application

Auditor/inspector (coastal aquaculture center, station)

Certification committee (senior biologist, director, DOF)

Inspector (provincial fisheries officer)

Non conformity

Non conformity

renew renew

Suspend, withdrawal

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GAP : Good Aquaculture Practices for shrimp hatchery (started in 2003)Topic concerned:

1.Site selection

2.General management

3.Feed management

4.Shrimp fry health management

5.Hatchery sanitation

6.Harvesting and shrimp fry transportation

7.Data recording

CoC : Code of conduct for hatcheriesTopic concerned: same as GAP standard but include more topics on

- Water and waste treatment

- Responsibility to the community

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PresentPast

Water treatment system, no antibiotics

Simple, no water mangement system

Water systemBatch systemBatch systemCulture system

Etc.Lates calcarifer

1%P. monodon99%P. vannameiSpecies2,000-3,000 (1,000)10,000Number

6

PresentPastManagement

1:99 P. monodon : P. vannamei

50:50 P. monodon : P. vannamei

- Broodstock

: Wild : available: Domesticated : DOF, private hatcheries: low demand (2000 Bt)

:Wild BS, rare, expensive(10,000 Bt)

P. monodon

: domesticated BS: raised from earthen pond (PCR approved)(150 Bt)

: Imported, raised from earthen pond

(200-300 Bt)

P. Vannamei

PresentPresentPastPast: different between : different between big: small hatcheriesbig: small hatcheries(0.08(0.08--0.1 st,0.050.1 st,0.05--0.06st)0.06st)

P. P. MonodonMonodon 0.10 0.10 ststP. P. VannameiVannamei 0.12 0.12 stst

PricePrice

: cluster: cluster: reduced no. of small : reduced no. of small hatcherieshatcheries

yesyesnonoPredictablePredictable4040--80% (5080% (50--60%)60%)3030--50% (3050% (30--40%)40%)SVR (%)SVR (%)77,437 million PL/year77,437 million PL/year100,000 100,000 mlPLmlPL/year/yearProductionProduction

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BangkokBangkok

ChonburiChonburi

PhuketPhuketNakornNakorn Sri Sri TammaratTammarat

ChachoengsaoChachoengsao

Backyard shrimp hatcheries in Thailand:Backyard shrimp hatcheries in Thailand:

ThailandThailand Species : Species : PenaeusPenaeus vannameivannamei: : PeneausPeneaus monodonmonodon

Major area : Major area : ChachoengsaoChachoengsao, ,

: : ChonburiChonburi,,

: : PhuketPhuket, ,

: : NakonNakon Sri Sri TammaratTammarat

Typical backyard shrimp hatchery Typical backyard shrimp hatchery

in Thailandin Thailand:Broodstock tanks, hatching and nursery tanks, live food tanks, water stocking and treatment tanks, discharged water treatment tanks

: no difference in zootechnique

: Batch systems is being used

: both P. vannamei and P. monodon are produce in the same hatchery, using the same facility

: the main species produced is P. vannamei, while P. monodon is produced according to order

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P. Vannamei: Broodstocks – domesticated broodstock

: 70,000 nauplii/broodstck (100,000-180,000)

: HR 70-80%

: Survival rate to PL≥50% (60-80%)

: 5-6 million PL/crop

: 6-7 crops/year (10)

: 42,000,000 PL/year

P. monodon: Wild Broodstocks

: better quality and availabilty of broodstockdue to lower demand

: PCR check

:HR 70-80%

:SVR 50%

: 3 million PL/crop

:5-6 crops/year

TrendsTrends

1.1. Clustered of hatcheries, decrease Clustered of hatcheries, decrease of small hatcheriesof small hatcheries

2.2. The DOF promote the producing of The DOF promote the producing of domesticated BSdomesticated BS

3.3. Most of hatcheries are GAPMost of hatcheries are GAP4. Revised of4. Revised of certification system certification system

andand moveingmoveing toward ISOtoward ISO

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ChachoengsaoChachoengsao

ChonburiChonburi

Backyard fish hatcheries in Thailand:Backyard fish hatcheries in Thailand:

Major species: Major species: LatesLates calcarifercalcarifer(Asian sea bass)(Asian sea bass) Total > 60 hatcheriesTotal > 60 hatcheries

ManagementManagement

BroodstockBroodstock condition, for 2condition, for 2--3 months3 months

: Domesticated : Domesticated broodstocksbroodstocks from from cage culturecage culture:fed with squid, clam 1:fed with squid, clam 1--3% of BW 3% of BW + + vitvit E/C twice a weekE/C twice a week

Breeding tank 1Breeding tank 1♀♀:1:1♂♂natural or induced spawning natural or induced spawning through hormonal injectionthrough hormonal injection

Spawning eggsSpawning eggs

Unfertilized eggsUnfertilized eggs Fertilized eggsFertilized eggs

DiscardDiscard Hatch outHatch out Larval rearing/ fry nursing*Larval rearing/ fry nursing*

Production 120,000,000 fingerlings/year/hatcheryProduction 120,000,000 fingerlings/year/hatchery

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WWater stocking tanks : 50 ton/4#, 100 ton/2#

Micro algae and rotifer culture tanksMicro algae and rotifer culture tanks

Nursing tanksNursing tanks

Batch systemsBatch systems: : BroodstockBroodstock tanks 100%/2tanks 100%/2--3 days3 days

: fingering (2: fingering (2--3 inches) Nursing tanks 100%/day3 inches) Nursing tanks 100%/day

Traditional feeding Traditional feeding scheme scheme Rotifer, Rotifer, artemiaartemia, copepod, , copepod, mince fish, mince fish, AFdietsAFdiets

: 200,000-1,000,000 fingering/broodstock

:10 million fingering (15 days)/crop

:12 crops/year

:120 million fingering/year

:SVR to 15 days fingering 40%

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Sectors in seabass hatcheries

Eggs/ Yolk fry suppliers

Fry - Fingerling 1 cm BL

Fingerling 1 cm BL

to

Fingerling 3 inches BL

FARM

Broodstockcollectors/keepers

Backyard mollusk hatcheriesin Thailand:

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Number 25 hatcheriesNumber 25 hatcheries

Production 500,000 pieces/year/hatchery Production 500,000 pieces/year/hatchery

Species: Species: Babylonia Babylonia aereolataaereolata,,HaliotisHaliotis asininaasinina

Area: Area: PhuketPhuket, , RayongRayong, , ChumpornChumporn

Backyard mollusk hatcheries Backyard mollusk hatcheries in Thailand:in Thailand:

• Taiwanese species Haliotis diversicolor was introduced to Thailand since the year 2002.

• Nowadays, only H. asinina and H. diversicolor are being culture in Thailand.

• H. diversicolor : Andaman sea 4 hatcheries• H. asinina : East coast Gulf of Thailand 1

hatchery, Thai Gulf 1 hatchery, Andaman sea 1 hatchery

HaliotisHaliotis asininaasininaHaliotisHaliotis diversicolordiversicolor

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Thank you Thank you for for

your attentionyour attention

““SawaddeeSawaddee KhaKha””

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Potential species for backyard Potential species for backyard hatcheries:hatcheries:

PortunusPortunus pelagicuspelagicus (Blue swimming crab)(Blue swimming crab)

: high demand: high demand

::BroodstocksBroodstocks are collected from wildare collected from wild

: Domesticated : Domesticated broodstocksbroodstocks is being developedis being developed

: SVR (to young crab) is unpredictable 0: SVR (to young crab) is unpredictable 0--40% (1040% (10--20%)20%)

: no private hatchery: no private hatchery

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•• High demandHigh demand•• 1999 fishing crab 41,250 ton 1999 fishing crab 41,250 ton (11.6% decreasing) (DOF, 2003)(11.6% decreasing) (DOF, 2003)

•• Juvenile, berried crab were largely Juvenile, berried crab were largely exploitedexploited

•• Price is increased from 35 Bt/kg Price is increased from 35 Bt/kg (0.7 EURO) up to 150(0.7 EURO) up to 150--350 Bt/kg 350 Bt/kg (4(4--10 EURO)10 EURO)

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements•• Prof.PatrickProf.Patrick Sorgeloos Ghent UniversitySorgeloos Ghent University

•• Mr.NopadolMr.Nopadol PhuwapanishPhuwapanish……Head of Head of RatchRatch BuriBuri Provincial officer Provincial officer

•• Mr. Mr. BanjongBanjong NisapawanichNisapawanich –– BanjongBanjong farmfarm

•• Mr.AkomMr.Akom SinghaboonSinghaboon KrabiKrabi Coastal Aquatic Research and Coastal Aquatic Research and Development CenterDevelopment Center

•• Mrs.SangtongMrs.Sangtong and and Mrs.WassanaMrs.Wassana ……..TalayTalay Thong FarmThong Farm

•• Mr.PramoteMr.Pramote…………NemoNemo FarmFarm

•• Mrs.PiyalaiMrs.Piyalai HemtanonHemtanon NakornNakorn Sri Sri TammaratTammarat Coastal Aquatic Coastal Aquatic Research and Development CenterResearch and Development Center

•• Mr.TanetMr.Tanet PoomthongPoomthong Head of Head of PhetchPhetch BuriBuri Fisheries Research and Fisheries Research and Test CenterTest Center

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Antibiotic residues monitoring program

Four antibiotics are monitoring:

Antibiotics Limit Method Year

Oxytetracyclin 0.1ppm HPLC 1995

Oxolinic acid 0.02 ppm HPLC 1995

Chloramphenical 0.3ppb ELISA 2002

Nitrofurans 1 ppb LC MS MS 2002

Antibiotic residues monitoring program

Hatcheries

Farms

Processing plants

Run by coastal aquaculture research and development bureau

Run by Fish inspection division