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21-1 The Kingdom FungiFungi share common ancestry with which Protistan group(s)?

What are the general characteristics of fungi you have learned previously concerning the type of cells, number of cells, unique cell structure, and mode of metabolism.

Describe how fungi feed as absorptive heterotrophs.

What do most fungi feed on? (Define saprophyte)

Some fungi feed on living organisms as _______________.

Some fungi cause disease in plants and animals as ________________.

Some fungi are eaten as food or used to make food. Can you identify the species in this photo?

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This diagram shows two versions of the basic multicellular organization of fungi, known as hyphae. Define and describe the top hyphae in full detail.

What are the “cross walls” also known as?

Label a septal pore and describe its significance to hyphal structure and function.

Describe the structural difference in the bottom hyphae. (Define coenocytic) This characteristic is shared with which Protistan group/phylum?

What is the structural and functional significance of this difference?

Fungal hyphae grow on, into and through whatever the fungus is feeding on. Add labels and arrows to the bottom diagram to show what the hyphae would be secreting into their food source and what would be absorbed.

Multicellular Structure and Function

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This diagram represents a fungal body. It is composed of what basic units?

The entire fungal body is composed of mycelia. Define mycelium.

Define/Describe the functional difference between vegetative and reproductive mycelia.

What is the physical and functional advantage of vegetative mycelia being composed of so many hyphae? (What physical property is increased?)

Fungal Body Structure and Function

Hyphae 

Reproductive Mycelium (Fruiting Body, “Mushroom”)

Vegetative Mycelium 

Cap 

Gills with Sporangia

Spores 

Soil with organic material.

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Reproduction in Fungi (generalized life cycle)

Haploid (N) Mostly!

Diploid (2N) Only!

Fertilization

2 Different Nuclei(N + N)

Fruiting Body

Fertilization

Sporangia

Sporangia

Vegetative

Reproductive

In addition to haploid and diploid, name and describe the third condition of chromosome number or nuclear arrangement in the fungal life cycle. What reproductive structure do the cells in this condition make up?

Which condition of chromosome number occupies most of the life cycle, and how does this compare to the human life cycle?

Using proper terminology, describe asexual reproduction in fungi.

Using proper terminology, describe sexual reproduction in fungi.

Add the additional labels to your Discussion Guide.

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Fungal Dispersal

Starfish Fungus (Aseroe rubra)

Cup Fungi (Aleuria aurantia)

Giant puffball (Calvatia gigantea)

Like plants, fungi are non-motile and must rely on dispersal. Define dispersal.

What do fungi disperse and why?

The three species of fungi pictured above represent the three primary methods of fungal dispersal. Identify and describe the dispersal method of each species.

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21-2 Classification of Fungi

What are the two primary characteristics used to classify fungi?List the three main phyla of Kingdom Fungi including common and scientific names.How are the names of all three groups based on?Relate (label) the photos above to each of the three main fungal phyla.What additional phylum includes the parasite implicated in amphibian decline?What recently described additional phylum forms an important relationship with plant roots known as mycorrhiza?

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The Common Molds __________________Phylum Zygomycota

Add the phylum name to the slide heading in your Discussion Guide. Members of this phylum are collectively known as zygomycetes. Generally identify (common name) the types of fungi included in this phylum.Identify and describe/define the structure from which the name Zygomycota is derived. Identify (label) the structures shown in the SEM above and locate them to the diagram.Relate the life cycle diagram above to the previous generalized life cycle diagram by adding any missing labels. Describe the sexual life cycle of a zygomycete.

SEM

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The Common Molds ___________________Phylum Zygomycota

Add the phylum name and example species to your Discussion Guide.

Study this diagram. Which form of fungal reproduction is shown? It also shows a way (other than reproduction) that molds can quickly engulf a food source. Identify and define/describe the structure involved.

The diagram also shows how hyphae become “rooted” in the food source. Define rhizoid. Recall that there are two general types of hyphae and mycelia. Identify (label) the two types of hyphae/mycelia shown, and describe what the hyphae labeled rhizoids are doing (their function).

Rhizopus stolonifer (Black Bread Mold)

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- Mating type (N)

+ Mating type (N)

StolonRhizoids

Gametangia

The Common Molds ___________________Phylum Zygomycota

Rhizopus stolonifer (Black Bread Mold)

Add the phylum name and example species to your Discussion Guide. Add all appropriate labels to this diagram.

Relate this diagram and labeled structures to the diagram on the previous slide. Identify this type of reproduction and describe this phase using the proper terms.

Rhizopus stolonifer (Black Bread Mold)

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Spores (N)

Sporangium 

Zygospore (2N) 

Zygospore (2N) 

Sexual Reproduction

MEIOSIS 

The Common Molds ___________________Phylum Zygomycota

Add the phylum name and example species to your Discussion Guide. Add all appropriate labels to this diagram.

This is a continuation of the diagram on the previous slide. Describe this phase of sexual reproduction using the proper terms.

Rhizopus stolonifer (Black Bread Mold)

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Sac Fungi ___________________Phylum Ascomycota

Add the phylum name to the slide heading in your Discussion Guide.

Members of this phylum are collectively known as ascomycetes. Generally identify (common names) representative types of fungi included in this phylum.

Identify and describe/define the structure from which the name Ascomycota is derived.

SEM

Microstoma protracta (a cup fungus)

“Uncommon”

Lichens

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ReproductiveHyphae

Vegetative

Mycelium (not shown)

(spores)

Germination

Add the phylum name to the slide heading, and the additional labels to this diagram.

Relate this life cycle diagram to the previous generalized life cycle diagram. Describe the asexual life cycle of an ascomycete.

Until recently, some ascomycete fungi were thought to have no known form a sexual reproduction. What were these known as and into what phylum were they classified?

Sac Fungi ___________________Phylum Ascomycota

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Gametangia

- Mating type (N)

+ Mating type (N)

Hyphae (N) + (N) Ascus 

(N + N)

Fruiting body (N + N)

Zygote (2N)

AsciHyphae (N)

Choose 3 colors for the legend, then color code the diagram by coloring the arrows.

Heterokaryotic (N + N)

Relate the life cycle diagram above to the previous generalized life cycle diagram by adding any missing labels.

Describe this phase of the ascomycete sexual life cycle.

Sexual Reproduction

Sac Fungi ___________________Phylum Ascomycota

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Hypha (N)

8 Ascospores (N)

Ascus

Identify and label the structures in the light micrograph at right.

Add the phylum name to the slide heading and all appropriate labels to this diagram.

This is a continuation of the diagram on the previous slide. Describe this phase of ascomycete sexual reproduction using the proper terms.

Sac Fungi ___________________Phylum Ascomycota

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Sac Fungi ___________________Phylum Ascomycota

Add the phylum name to the slide heading and additional labels to the diagram.

Generally, what are yeast?

Describe asexual reproduction in yeast.

Describe sexual reproduction in yeast.

Explain why yeast are classified as members of Phylum Ascomycota.

Ascus

Germination

Budding

Budding

Fertilization

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Sac Fungi ___________________Phylum Ascomycota

Add the phylum name to the slide heading and additional labels to the photos.

Until recently, Penicillium notatum was classified as an “imperfect fungi” in the Phylum Deuteromycota. Why is it now classified as an ascomycete?

Why is Alexander Flemming famous? What did he do and how did he do it?

Bacteria

Penicillium

Zone of Inhibition

Penicillium

Penicillium chrysogenum (notatum)

Penicillium

Asexual Conidiophores

SEM SEM LM

Penicillium

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Amanita muscaria

Club Fungi ___________________

Add the phylum name to the slide heading and all additional labels.

Members of this phylum are collectively known as basidiomycetes. Generally identify (common names) the two primary representative types of fungi included in this phylum.

Identify and describe/define the structure from which the name Basidomycota is derived.

LM

Phylum Basidiomycota

Basidiospores(haploid)

Reproductive Mycelium

Vegetative Plasmogamy

Basidiospores

Basidium

GillGills(under cap)

Karyogamy (Fertilization)(Diploid Zygote)

Cap

Mushroom(Toadstool if inedibleStalkHeterokaryotic

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Basidiospores ____________ to produce haploid (N) primary ____________ (+ & -).

The mycelia of different ___________ types ___________ to produce  a secondary ________________ that contains 2 ____________ haploid nuclei (N + N)

When the right combination of moisture and nutrients occurs, spore-producing fruiting bodies (______________________) push above the ground.

Basidia(N +N)

Gills lined with basidia

Fruiting body (N + N)

The mushroom cap opens exposing hundreds of tiny ________, each lined with _______________.

______________ in each basidium ____________, forming a diploid ____________, which undergoes ____________, forming clusters of ____________ basidiospores ready for dispersal.

Zygotes (2N)

Basidiospores (N)

Choose 3 colors for the legend. Color code the diagram by coloring the arrows. Fill in the blanks and add any necessary labels.

Heterokaryotic (N + N)

Club Fungi ___________________Phylum Basidiomycota

Plasmogamy

Karyogamy

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Basidiomycetes include shelf fungi, puffballs, earthstars, jelly fungi, and rusts. Match each example image with its common name by labeling them.

Club Fungi ___________________Phylum Basidiomycota

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21-3 Ecology of Fungi

How old are the oldest known fungal fossils?Identify (label) the general kind of fungi in the photos above, right.Describe/Define lichens and explain their evolutionary/ecological role.Draw a line that delineates plant roots from fungal hyphae in the top left photo.Describe/Define mycorrhizae and explain their evolutionary/ecological role.The bottom left image represents two groups in an experiment involving mycorrhizae. Describe/Explain what one might conclude from this experiment.

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Symbiotic RelationshipsStructure of a Lichen

Refer to the diagram above to describe the vegetative mycelium of a lichen.

Identify and define this form of symbiotic relationship, both in general and specifically for the organisms involved in a lichen.

How does this relationship explain why lichens are able to live on bare rock and function as pioneer species in rock succession?

Vegetative Mycelium

(Mutualism)

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Symbiotic Relationships

These diagrams show just how close the mutualistic symbiotic mycorrhizal relationship is. Study the diagrams to determine and describe the fundamental difference between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae. How important is this relationship for plants?

(Mutualism)

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All Fungi Are Heterotrophs

In addition to their role as lichens and micorrhizae, what other widespread ecological role do fungi perform? Explain how this role fits-in with biogeochemical cycling.

Explain the connection between fungi as saprophytes and fungi as decomposers.

Look closely to interpret what is happening in this photo. What symbiotic relationship does this represent?

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Fungi as Parasites/Pathogens

Corn SmutWheat Rust

Athlete's Foot

Ring Worm

Thrush

Explain how parasitic fungi can be plant and animal pathogens.

What percentage of crops are lost to fungal pathogens in temperate climates? Explain why it make sense that in the tropics crop losses to fungal pathogens is as high as 50%. What can be done to prevent this?

What is the cause and treatment of the human fungal infections shown here?