21682272-Kant-Critique-142

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142

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1781

THE CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON

by Immanuel Kant

translated by ! "! #! "e$%le&'(n

PREFACE TO THE FIRST E#ITION) 1781

Human reas'n) $n 'ne s*(ere '+ $ts ,'-n$t$'n) $s ,alled u*'n t','ns$der .uest$'ns) /($,( $t ,ann't de,l$ne) as t(ey are *resentedby $ts '/n nature) but /($,( $t ,ann't ans/er) as t(ey trans,end e0ery+a,ulty '+ t(e m$nd!

It +alls $nt' t($s d$++$,ulty /$t('ut any +ault '+ $ts '/n! Itbe-$ns /$t( *r$n,$*les) /($,( ,ann't be d$s*ensed /$t( $n t(e +$eld '+e*er$en,e) and t(e trut( and su++$,$en,y '+ /($,( are) at t(e samet$me) $nsured by e*er$en,e! 2$t( t(ese *r$n,$*les $t r$ses) $n'bed$en,e t' t(e la/s '+ $ts '/n nature) t' e0er ($-(er and m'rerem'te ,'nd$t$'ns! 3ut $t .u$,%ly d$s,'0ers t(at) $n t($s /ay) $ts

lab'urs must rema$n e0er $n,'m*lete) be,ause ne/ .uest$'ns ne0er ,easet' *resent t(emsel0es4 and t(us $t +$nds $tsel+ ,'m*elled t' (a0ere,'urse t' *r$n,$*les /($,( trans,end t(e re-$'n '+ e*er$en,e) /($let(ey are re-arded by ,'mm'n sense /$t('ut d$strust! It t(us +alls $nt','n+us$'n and ,'ntrad$,t$'ns) +r'm /($,( $t ,'n&e,tures t(e *resen,e'+ latent err'rs) /($,() ('/e0er) $t $s unable t' d$s,'0er) be,auset(e *r$n,$*les $t em*l'ys) trans,end$n- t(e l$m$ts '+ e*er$en,e),ann't be tested by t(at ,r$ter$'n! T(e arena '+ t(ese endless,'ntests $s ,alled "eta*(ys$,!

T$me /as) /(en s(e /as t(e .ueen '+ all t(e s,$en,es4 and) $+ /eta%e t(e /$ll +'r t(e deed) s(e ,erta$nly deser0es) s' +ar asre-ards t(e ($-( $m*'rtan,e '+ (er 'b&e,t5matter) t($s t$tle '+

('n'ur! N'/) $t $s t(e +as($'n '+ t(e t$me t' (ea* ,'ntem*t ands,'rn u*'n (er4 and t(e matr'n m'urns) +'rl'rn and +'rsa%en) l$%eHe,uba6

"'d' ma$ma rerum)

T't -ener$s) nat$s.ue *'tens!!!

Nun, tra('r eul) $n'*s!

O0$d) "etam'r*('ses! $$$) 93ut late 'n t(e *$nna,le '+ +ame)str'n- $n my many s'ns! n'/ e$led) *enn$less!9:

At +$rst) (er -'0ernment) under t(e adm$n$strat$'n '+ t(ed'-mat$sts) /as an abs'lute des*'t$sm! 3ut) as t(e le-$slat$0e,'nt$nued t' s('/ tra,es '+ t(e an,$ent barbar$, rule) (er em*$re-radually br'%e u*) and $ntest$ne /ars $ntr'du,ed t(e re$-n '+anar,(y4 /($le t(e s,e*t$,s) l$%e n'mad$, tr$bes) /(' (ate a *ermanent(ab$tat$'n and settled m'de '+ l$0$n-) atta,%ed +r'm t$me t' t$met('se /(' (ad 'r-an$;ed t(emsel0es $nt' ,$0$l ,'mmun$t$es! 3ut t(e$rnumber /as) 0ery (a**$ly) small4 and t(us t(ey ,'uld n't ent$rely*ut a st'* t' t(e eert$'ns '+ t('se /(' *ers$sted $n ra$s$n- ne/ed$+$,es) alt('u-( 'n n' settled 'r un$+'rm *lan! In re,ent t$mest(e ('*e da/ned u*'n us '+ see$n- t('se d$s*utes settled) and t(e

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le-$t$ma,y '+ (er ,la$ms establ$s(ed by a %$nd '+ *(ys$'l'-y '+ t(e(uman understand$n-5 t(at '+ t(e ,elebrated <',%e! 3ut $t /as +'undt(at5 alt('u-( $t /as a++$rmed t(at t($s s'5,alled .ueen ,'uld n'tre+er (er des,ent t' any ($-(er s'ur,e t(an t(at '+ ,'mm'n e*er$en,e)a ,$r,umstan,e /($,( ne,essar$ly br'u-(t sus*$,$'n 'n (er ,la$ms5 ast($s -eneal'-y /as $n,'rre,t) s(e *ers$sted $n t(e ad0an,ement '+(er ,la$ms t' s'0ere$-nty! T(us meta*(ys$,s ne,essar$ly +ell ba,% $nt't(e ant$.uated and r'tten ,'nst$tut$'n '+ d'-mat$sm) and a-a$n

be,ame 'bn'$'us t' t(e ,'ntem*t +r'm /($,( e++'rts (ad been made t'sa0e $t! At *resent) as all met('ds) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e -eneral*ersuas$'n) (a0e been tr$ed $n 0a$n) t(ere re$-ns n'u-(t but /ear$nessand ,'m*lete $nd$++erent$sm5 t(e m't(er '+ ,(a's and n$-(t $n t(es,$ent$+$, /'rld) but at t(e same t$me t(e s'ur,e '+) 'r at leastt(e *relude t') t(e re5,reat$'n and re$nstallat$'n '+ a s,$en,e)/(en $t (as +allen $nt' ,'n+us$'n) 'bs,ur$ty) and d$suse +r'm $lld$re,ted e++'rt!

F'r $t $s $n real$ty 0a$n t' *r'+ess $nd$++eren,e $n re-ard t'su,( $n.u$r$es) t(e 'b&e,t '+ /($,( ,ann't be $nd$++erent t' (uman$ty!3es$des) t(ese *retended $nd$++erent$sts) ('/e0er mu,( t(ey may try t'd$s-u$se t(emsel0es by t(e assum*t$'n '+ a *'*ular style and by

,(an-es 'n t(e lan-ua-e '+ t(e s,(''ls) una0'$dably +all $nt'meta*(ys$,al de,larat$'ns and *r'*'s$t$'ns) /($,( t(ey *r'+ess t're-ard /$t( s' mu,( ,'ntem*t! At t(e same t$me) t($s $nd$++eren,e)/($,( (as ar$sen $n t(e /'rld '+ s,$en,e) and /($,( relates t' t(at%$nd '+ %n'/led-e /($,( /e s('uld /$s( t' see destr'yed t(e last) $s a*(en'men'n t(at /ell deser0es 'ur attent$'n and re+le,t$'n! It $s*la$nly n't t(e e++e,t '+ t(e le0$ty) but '+ t(e matured &ud-ement '+t(e a-e) /($,( re+uses t' be any l'n-er enterta$ned /$t( $llus'ry%n'/led-e) It $s) $n +a,t) a ,all t' reas'n) a-a$n t' underta%e t(em'st lab'r$'us '+ all tas%s5 t(at '+ sel+5eam$nat$'n5 and t'establ$s( a tr$bunal) /($,( may se,ure $t $n $ts /ell5-r'unded ,la$ms)/($le $t *r'n'un,es a-a$nst all baseless assum*t$'ns and*retens$'ns) n't $n an arb$trary manner) but a,,'rd$n- t' $ts '/n

eternal and un,(an-eable la/s! T($s tr$bunal $s n't($n- less t(ant(e ,r$t$,al $n0est$-at$'n '+ *ure reas'n!

2e 0ery '+ten (ear ,'m*la$nts '+ t(e s(all'/ness '+ t(e *resenta-e) and '+ t(e de,ay '+ *r'+'und s,$en,e! 3ut I d' n't t($n% t(att('se /($,( rest u*'n a se,ure +'undat$'n) su,( as mat(emat$,s)*(ys$,al s,$en,e) et,!) $n t(e least deser0e t($s re*r'a,() but t(att(ey rat(er ma$nta$n t(e$r an,$ent +ame) and $n t(e latter ,ase)$ndeed) +ar sur*ass $t! T(e same /'uld be t(e ,ase /$t( t(e 't(er%$nds '+ ,'-n$t$'n) $+ t(e$r *r$n,$*les /ere but +$rmly establ$s(ed!In t(e absen,e '+ t($s se,ur$ty) $nd$++eren,e) d'ubt) and +$nally)se0ere ,r$t$,$sm are rat(er s$-ns '+ a *r'+'und (ab$t '+ t('u-(t!Our a-e $s t(e a-e '+ ,r$t$,$sm) t' /($,( e0eryt($n- must be

sub&e,ted! T(e sa,redness '+ rel$-$'n) and t(e aut('r$ty '+le-$slat$'n) are by many re-arded as -r'unds '+ eem*t$'n +r'm t(eeam$nat$'n '+ t($s tr$bunal! 3ut) $+ t(ey 'n t(ey are eem*ted)t(ey be,'me t(e sub&e,ts '+ &ust sus*$,$'n) and ,ann't lay ,la$m t's$n,ere res*e,t) /($,( reas'n a,,'rds 'nly t' t(at /($,( (as st''d t(etest '+ a +ree and *ubl$, eam$nat$'n!

I d' n't mean by t($s a ,r$t$,$sm '+ b''%s and systems) but a,r$t$,al $n.u$ry $nt' t(e +a,ulty '+ reas'n) /$t( re+eren,e t' t(e,'-n$t$'ns t' /($,( $t str$0es t' atta$n /$t('ut t(e a$d '+e*er$en,e4 $n 't(er /'rds) t(e s'lut$'n '+ t(e .uest$'n re-ard$n- t(e

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*'ss$b$l$ty 'r $m*'ss$b$l$ty '+ meta*(ys$,s) and t(e determ$nat$'n'+ t(e 'r$-$n) as /ell as '+ t(e etent and l$m$ts '+ t($s s,$en,e!All t($s must be d'ne 'n t(e bas$s '+ *r$n,$*les!

T($s *at(5 t(e 'nly 'ne n'/ rema$n$n-5 (as been entered u*'n byme4 and I +latter mysel+ t(at I (a0e) $n t($s /ay) d$s,'0ered t(e,ause '+5 and ,'nse.uently t(e m'de '+ rem'0$n-5 all t(e err'rs/($,( (a0e ($t(ert' set reas'n at 0ar$an,e /$t( $tsel+) $n t(e

s*(ere '+ n'n5em*$r$,al t('u-(t! I (a0e n't returned an e0as$0e ans/ert' t(e .uest$'ns '+ reas'n) by alle-$n- t(e $nab$l$ty and l$m$tat$'n'+ t(e +a,ult$es '+ t(e m$nd4 I (a0e) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) eam$ned t(em,'m*letely $n t(e l$-(t '+ *r$n,$*les) and) a+ter (a0$n- d$s,'0eredt(e ,ause '+ t(e d'ubts and ,'ntrad$,t$'ns $nt' /($,( reas'n +ell)(a0e s'l0ed t(em t' $ts *er+e,t sat$s+a,t$'n! It $s true) t(ese.uest$'ns (a0e n't been s'l0ed as d'-mat$sm) $n $ts 0a$n +an,$es anddes$res) (ad e*e,ted4 +'r $t ,an 'nly be sat$s+$ed by t(e eer,$se '+ma-$,al arts) and '+ t(ese I (a0e n' %n'/led-e! 3ut ne$t(er d' t(ese,'me /$t($n t(e ,'m*ass '+ 'ur mental *'/ers4 and $t /as t(e duty '+*($l's'*(y t' destr'y t(e $llus$'ns /($,( (ad t(e$r 'r$-$n $nm$s,'n,e*t$'ns) /(ate0er darl$n- ('*es and 0alued e*e,tat$'ns maybe ru$ned by $ts e*lanat$'ns! "y ,($e+ a$m $n t($s /'r% (as been

t('r'u-(ness4 and I ma%e b'ld t' say t(at t(ere $s n't a s$n-lemeta*(ys$,al *r'blem t(at d'es n't +$nd $ts s'lut$'n) 'r at leastt(e %ey t' $ts s'lut$'n) (ere! Pure reas'n $s a *er+e,t un$ty4 andt(ere+'re) $+ t(e $+ t(e *r$n,$*le *resented by $t *r'0e t' be$nsu++$,$ent +'r t(e s'lut$'n '+ e0en a s$n-le 'ne '+ t('se.uest$'ns t' /($,( t(e 0ery nature '+ reas'n -$0es b$rt() /e mustre&e,t $t) as /e ,'uld n't be *er+e,tly ,erta$n '+ $ts su++$,$en,y$n t(e ,ase '+ t(e 't(ers!

2($le I say t($s) I t($n% I see u*'n t(e ,'untenan,e '+ t(e readers$-ns '+ d$ssat$s+a,t$'n m$n-led /$t( ,'ntem*t) /(en (e (earsde,larat$'ns /($,( s'und s' b'ast+ul and etra0a-ant4 and yet t(ey arebey'nd ,'m*ar$s'n m're m'derate t(an t('se ad0an,ed by t(e ,'mm'nest

aut('r '+ t(e ,'mm'nest *($l's'*($,al *r'-ramme) $n /($,( t(ed'-mat$st *r'+esses t' dem'nstrate t(e s$m*le nature '+ t(e s'ul) 'rt(e ne,ess$ty '+ a *r$mal be$n-! Su,( a d'-mat$st *r'm$ses t' etend(uman %n'/led-e bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e4 /($le I(umbly ,'n+ess t(at t($s $s ,'m*letely bey'nd my *'/er! Instead '+ anysu,( attem*t) I ,'n+$ne mysel+ t' t(e eam$nat$'n '+ reas'n al'neand $ts *ure t('u-(t4 and I d' n't need t' see% +ar +'r t(esum5t'tal '+ $ts ,'-n$t$'n) be,ause $t (as $ts seat $n my '/n m$nd!3es$des) ,'mm'n l'-$, *resents me /$t( a ,'m*lete and systemat$,,atal'-ue '+ all t(e s$m*le '*erat$'ns '+ reas'n4 and $t $s my tas% t'ans/er t(e .uest$'n ('/ +ar reas'n ,an -') /$t('ut t(e mater$al*resented and t(e a$d +urn$s(ed by e*er$en,e!

S' mu,( +'r t(e ,'m*leteness and t('r'u-(ness ne,essary $n t(eee,ut$'n '+ t(e *resent tas%! T(e a$ms set be+'re us are n'tarb$trar$ly *r'*'sed) but are $m*'sed u*'n us by t(e nature '+,'-n$t$'n $tsel+!

T(e ab'0e remar%s relate t' t(e matter '+ 'ur ,r$t$,al $n.u$ry! Asre-ards t(e +'rm) t(ere are t/' $nd$s*ensable ,'nd$t$'ns) /($,( any'ne /(' underta%es s' d$++$,ult a tas% as t(at '+ a ,r$t$.ue '+ *urereas'n) $s b'und t' +ul+$l! T(ese ,'nd$t$'ns are ,ert$tude and,learness!

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As re-ards ,ert$tude) I (a0e +ully ,'n0$n,ed mysel+ t(at) $n t($ss*(ere '+ t('u-(t) '*$n$'n $s *er+e,tly $nadm$ss$ble) and t(ate0eryt($n- /($,( bears t(e least semblan,e '+ an (y*'t(es$s must bee,luded) as '+ n' 0alue $n su,( d$s,uss$'ns! F'r $t $s a ne,essary,'nd$t$'n '+ e0ery ,'-n$t$'n t(at $s t' be establ$s(ed u*'n a *r$'r$-r'unds t(at $t s(all be (eld t' be abs'lutely ne,essary4 mu,( m're $st($s t(e ,ase /$t( an attem*t t' determ$ne all *ure a *r$'r$,'-n$t$'n) and t' +urn$s( t(e standard5 and ,'nse.uently an eam*le5

'+ all a*'de$,t$, =*($l's'*($,al> ,ert$tude! 2(et(er I (a0esu,,eeded $n /(at I *r'+essed t' d') $t $s +'r t(e reader t'determ$ne4 $t $s t(e aut('r?s bus$ness merely t' addu,e -r'unds andreas'ns) /$t('ut determ$n$n- /(at $n+luen,e t(ese 'u-(t t' (a0e 'n t(em$nd '+ ($s &ud-es! 3ut) lest anyt($n- (e may (a0e sa$d may be,'me t(e$nn',ent ,ause '+ d'ubt $n t(e$r m$nds) 'r tend t' /ea%en t(e e++e,t/($,( ($s ar-uments m$-(t 't(er/$se *r'du,e5 (e may be all'/ed t'*'$nt 'ut t('se *assa-es /($,( may ',,as$'n m$strust 'r d$++$,ulty)alt('u-( t(ese d' n't ,'n,ern t(e ma$n *ur*'se '+ t(e *resent /'r%! Hed'es t($s s'lely /$t( t(e 0$e/ '+ rem'0$n- +r'm t(e m$nd '+ t(e readerany d'ubts /($,( m$-(t a++e,t ($s &ud-ement '+ t(e /'r% as a /('le)and $n re-ard t' $ts ult$mate a$m!

I %n'/ n' $n0est$-at$'ns m're ne,essary +'r a +ull $ns$-(t $nt't(e nature '+ t(e +a,ulty /($,( /e ,all understand$n-) and at t(e samet$me +'r t(e determ$nat$'n '+ t(e rules and l$m$ts '+ $ts use) t(ant('se underta%en $n t(e se,'nd ,(a*ter '+ t(e 9Trans,endentalAnalyt$,)9 under t(e t$tle '+ 9#edu,t$'n '+ t(e Pure C'n,e*t$'ns '+t(e Understand$n-94 and t(ey (a0e als' ,'st me by +ar t(e -reatestlab'ur5 lab'ur /($,() I ('*e) /$ll n't rema$n un,'m*ensated! T(e0$e/ t(ere ta%en) /($,( -'es s'me/(at dee*ly $nt' t(e sub&e,t) (as t/'s$des) T(e 'ne relates t' t(e 'b&e,ts '+ t(e *ure understand$n-) and$s $ntended t' dem'nstrate and t' render ,'m*re(ens$ble t(e'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty '+ $ts a *r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns4 and $t +'rms +'rt($s reas'n an essent$al *art '+ t(e Cr$t$.ue! T(e 't(er ,'ns$ders t(e*ure understand$n- $tsel+) $ts *'ss$b$l$ty and $ts *'/ers '+

,'-n$t$'n5 t(at $s) +r'm a sub&e,t$0e *'$nt '+ 0$e/4 and) alt('u-(t($s e*'s$t$'n $s '+ -reat $m*'rtan,e) $t d'es n't bel'n- essent$allyt' t(e ma$n *ur*'se '+ t(e /'r%) be,ause t(e -rand .uest$'n $s /(atand ('/ mu,( ,an reas'n and understand$n-) a*art +r'm e*er$en,e),'-n$;e) and n't) ('/ $s t(e +a,ulty '+ t('u-(t $tsel+ *'ss$ble@ Ast(e latter $s an) $n.u$ry $nt' t(e ,ause '+ a -$0en e++e,t) and (ast(us $n $t s'me semblan,e '+ an (y*'t(es$s =alt('u-() as I s(alls('/ 'n an't(er ',,as$'n) t($s $s really n't t(e +a,t>) $t /'uldseem t(at) $n t(e *resent $nstan,e) I (ad all'/ed mysel+ t' en'un,ea mere '*$n$'n) and t(at t(e reader must t(ere+'re be at l$berty t'('ld a d$++erent '*$n$'n! 3ut I be- t' rem$nd ($m t(at) $+ mysub&e,t$0e dedu,t$'n d'es n't *r'du,e $n ($s m$nd t(e ,'n0$,t$'n '+$ts ,ert$tude at /($,( I a$med) t(e 'b&e,t$0e dedu,t$'n) /$t( /($,(

al'ne t(e *resent /'r% $s *r'*erly ,'n,erned) $s $n e0ery res*e,tsat$s+a,t'ry!

As re-ards ,learness) t(e reader (as a r$-(t t' demand) $n t(e +$rst*la,e) d$s,urs$0e 'r l'-$,al ,learness) t(at $s) 'n t(e bas$s '+,'n,e*t$'ns) and) se,'ndly) $ntu$t$0e 'r aest(et$, ,learness) by means'+ $ntu$t$'ns) t(at $s) by eam*les 'r 't(er m'des '+ $llustrat$'n$n ,'n,ret'! I (a0e d'ne /(at I ,'uld +'r t(e +$rst %$nd '+$ntell$-$b$l$ty! T($s /as essent$al t' my *ur*'se4 and $t t(usbe,ame t(e a,,$dental ,ause '+ my $nab$l$ty t' d' ,'m*lete &ust$,et' t(e se,'nd re.u$rement! I (a0e been alm'st al/ays at a l'ss) dur$n-

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t(e *r'-ress '+ t($s /'r%) ('/ t' settle t($s .uest$'n! Eam*les and$llustrat$'ns al/ays a**eared t' me ne,essary) and) $n t(e +$rsts%et,( '+ t(e Cr$t$.ue) naturally +ell $nt' t(e$r *r'*er *la,es! 3ut I0ery s''n be,ame a/are '+ t(e ma-n$tude '+ my tas%) and t(e numer'us*r'blems /$t( /($,( I s('uld be en-a-ed4 and) as I *er,e$0ed t(at t($s,r$t$,al $n0est$-at$'n /'uld) e0en $+ del$0ered $n t(e dr$ests,('last$, manner) be +ar +r'm be$n- br$e+) I +'und $t unad0$sablet' enlar-e $t st$ll m're /$t( eam*les and e*lanat$'ns) /($,( are

ne,essary 'nly +r'm a *'*ular *'$nt '+ 0$e/! I /as $ndu,ed t' ta%et($s ,'urse +r'm t(e ,'ns$derat$'n als' t(at t(e *resent /'r% $s n't$ntended +'r *'*ular use) t(at t('se de0'ted t' s,$en,e d' n't re.u$resu,( (el*s) alt('u-( t(ey are al/ays a,,e*table) and t(at t(ey /'uld(a0e mater$ally $nter+ered /$t( my *resent *ur*'se! Abbe Terrass'nremar%s /$t( -reat &ust$,e t(at) $+ /e est$mate t(e s$;e '+ a /'r%)n't +r'm t(e number '+ $ts *a-es) but +r'm t(e t$me /($,( /e re.u$ret' ma%e 'ursel0es master '+ $t) $t may be sa$d '+ many a b''% t(at$t /'uld be mu,( s('rter) $+ $t /ere n't s' s('rt! On t(e 't(er(and) as re-ards t(e ,'m*re(ens$b$l$ty '+ a system '+ s*e,ulat$0e,'-n$t$'n) ,'nne,ted under a s$n-le *r$n,$*le) /e may say /$t( e.ual&ust$,e6 many a b''% /'uld (a0e been mu,( ,learer) $+ $t (ad n'tbeen $ntended t' be s' 0ery ,lear! F'r e*lanat$'ns and eam*les)

and 't(er (el*s t' $ntell$-$b$l$ty) a$d us $n t(e ,'m*re(ens$'n '+*arts) but t(ey d$stra,t t(e attent$'n) d$ss$*ate t(e mental *'/er'+ t(e reader) and stand $n t(e /ay '+ ($s +'rm$n- a ,lear,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e /('le4 as (e ,ann't atta$n s''n en'u-( t' a sur0ey'+ t(e system) and t(e ,'l'ur$n- and embell$s(ments best'/ed u*'n $t*re0ent ($s 'bser0$n- $ts art$,ulat$'n 'r 'r-an$;at$'n5 /($,( $s t(em'st $m*'rtant ,'ns$derat$'n /$t( ($m) /(en (e ,'mes t' &ud-e '+ $tsun$ty and stab$l$ty!

T(e reader must naturally (a0e a str'n- $ndu,ement t' ,'5'*erate/$t( t(e *resent aut('r) $+ (e (as +'rmed t(e $ntent$'n '+ ere,t$n-a ,'m*lete and s'l$d ed$+$,e '+ meta*(ys$,al s,$en,e) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e*lan n'/ la$d be+'re ($m! "eta*(ys$,s) as (ere re*resented) $s t(e

'nly s,$en,e /($,( adm$ts '+ ,'m*let$'n5 and /$t( l$ttle lab'ur) $+ $t$s un$ted) $n a s('rt t$me4 s' t(at n't($n- /$ll be le+t t' +uture-enerat$'ns e,e*t t(e tas% '+ $llustrat$n- and a**ly$n- $td$da,t$,ally! F'r t($s s,$en,e $s n't($n- m're t(an t(e $n0ent'ry '+all t(at $s -$0en us by *ure reas'n) systemat$,ally arran-ed!N't($n- ,an es,a*e 'ur n't$,e4 +'r /(at reas'n *r'du,es +r'm $tsel+,ann't l$e ,'n,ealed) but must be br'u-(t t' t(e l$-(t by reas'n$tsel+) s' s''n as /e (a0e d$s,'0ered t(e ,'mm'n *r$n,$*le '+ t(e$deas /e see%! T(e *er+e,t un$ty '+ t($s %$nd '+ ,'-n$t$'ns) /($,( arebased u*'n *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns) and un$n+luen,ed by any em*$r$,alelement) 'r any *e,ul$ar $ntu$t$'n lead$n- t' determ$natee*er$en,e) renders t($s ,'m*leteness n't 'nly *ra,t$,able) but als'ne,essary!

Te,um (ab$ta) et n'r$s .uam s$t t$b$ ,urta su*elle!

Pers$us! Sat$rae $0! B! 9#/ell /$t( y'ursel+) and y'u /$ll %n'/('/ s('rt y'ur ('use('ld stu++ $s!9

Su,( a system '+ *ure s*e,ulat$0e reas'n I ('*e t' be able t'*ubl$s( under t(e t$tle '+ "eta*(ys$, '+ Nature! T(e ,'ntent '+ t($s/'r% =/($,( /$ll n't be (al+ s' l'n-> /$ll be 0ery mu,( r$,(er t(ant(at '+ t(e *resent Cr$t$.ue) /($,( (as t' d$s,'0er t(e s'ur,es '+t($s ,'-n$t$'n and e*'se t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ $ts *'ss$b$l$ty) and at

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t(e same t$me t' ,lear and le0el a +$t +'undat$'n +'r t(e s,$ent$+$,ed$+$,e! In t(e *resent /'r%) I l''% +'r t(e *at$ent (ear$n- and t(e$m*art$al$ty '+ a &ud-e4 $n t(e 't(er) +'r t(e -''d5/$ll andass$stan,e '+ a ,'5lab'urer! F'r) ('/e0er ,'m*lete t(e l$st '+*r$n,$*les +'r t($s system may be $n t(e Cr$t$.ue) t(e ,'rre,tness'+ t(e system re.u$res t(at n' dedu,ed ,'n,e*t$'ns s('uld be absent!T(ese ,ann't be *resented a *r$'r$) but must be -raduallyd$s,'0ered4 and) /($le t(e synt(es$s '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns (as been +ully

e(austed $n t(e Cr$t$.ue) $t $s ne,essary t(at) $n t(e *r'*'sed /'r%)t(e same s('uld be t(e ,ase /$t( t(e$r analys$s! 3ut t($s /$ll berat(er an amusement t(an a lab'ur!

PREFACE TO THE SECON# E#ITION) 1787

2(et(er t(e treatment '+ t(at *'rt$'n '+ 'ur %n'/led-e /($,( l$es/$t($n t(e *r'0$n,e '+ *ure reas'n ad0an,es /$t( t(at unde0$at$n-,erta$nty /($,( ,(ara,ter$;es t(e *r'-ress '+ s,$en,e) /e s(all beat n' l'ss t' determ$ne! I+ /e +$nd t('se /(' are en-a-ed $nmeta*(ys$,al *ursu$ts) unable t' ,'me t' an understand$n- as t' t(emet('d /($,( t(ey 'u-(t t' +'ll'/4 $+ /e +$nd t(em) a+ter t(e m'stelab'rate *re*arat$'ns) $n0ar$ably br'u-(t t' a stand be+'re t(e

-'al $s rea,(ed) and ,'m*elled t' retra,e t(e$r ste*s and str$%e$nt' +res( *at(s) /e may t(en +eel .u$te sure t(at t(ey are +ar +r'm(a0$n- atta$ned t' t(e ,erta$nty '+ s,$ent$+$, *r'-ress and may rat(erbe sa$d t' be merely -r'*$n- ab'ut $n t(e dar%! In t(ese ,$r,umstan,es/e s(all render an $m*'rtant ser0$,e t' reas'n $+ /e su,,eed $n s$m*ly$nd$,at$n- t(e *at( al'n- /($,( $t must tra0el) $n 'rder t' arr$0eat any results5 e0en $+ $t s('uld be +'und ne,essary t' aband'n many'+ t('se a$ms /($,() /$t('ut re+le,t$'n) (a0e been *r'*'sed +'r $tsatta$nment!

T(at l'-$, (as ad0an,ed $n t($s sure ,'urse) e0en +r'm t(eearl$est t$mes) $s a**arent +r'm t(e +a,t t(at) s$n,e Ar$st'tle) $t(as been unable t' ad0an,e a ste* and) t(us) t' all a**earan,e (as

rea,(ed $ts ,'m*let$'n! F'r) $+ s'me '+ t(e m'derns (a0e t('u-(t t'enlar-e $ts d'ma$n by $ntr'du,$n- *sy,('l'-$,al d$s,uss$'ns 'n t(emental +a,ult$es) su,( as $ma-$nat$'n and /$t) meta*(ys$,al)d$s,uss$'ns 'n t(e 'r$-$n '+ %n'/led-e and t(e d$++erent %$nds '+,ert$tude) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e d$++eren,e '+ t(e 'b&e,ts =$deal$sm)s,e*t$,$sm) and s' 'n>) 'r ant(r'*'l'-$,al d$s,uss$'ns 'n*re&ud$,es) t(e$r ,auses and remed$es6 t($s attem*t) 'n t(e *art '+t(ese aut('rs) 'nly s('/s t(e$r $-n'ran,e '+ t(e *e,ul$ar nature '+l'-$,al s,$en,e! 2e d' n't enlar-e but d$s+$-ure t(e s,$en,es /(en/e l'se s$-(t '+ t(e$r res*e,t$0e l$m$ts and all'/ t(em t' run $nt''ne an't(er! N'/ l'-$, $s en,l'sed /$t($n l$m$ts /($,( adm$t '+*er+e,tly ,lear de+$n$t$'n4 $t $s a s,$en,e /($,( (as +'r $ts 'b&e,tn't($n- but t(e e*'s$t$'n and *r''+ '+ t(e +'rmal la/s '+ all

t('u-(t) /(et(er $t be a *r$'r$ 'r em*$r$,al) /(ate0er be $ts 'r$-$n'r $ts 'b&e,t) and /(ate0er t(e d$++$,ult$es5 natural 'r a,,$dental5/($,( $t en,'unters $n t(e (uman m$nd!

T(e early su,,ess '+ l'-$, must be attr$buted e,lus$0ely t' t(enarr'/ness '+ $ts +$eld) $n /($,( abstra,t$'n may) 'r rat(er must)be made '+ all t(e 'b&e,ts '+ ,'-n$t$'n /$t( t(e$r ,(ara,ter$st$,d$st$n,t$'ns) and $n /($,( t(e understand$n- (as 'nly t' deal /$t($tsel+ and /$t( $ts '/n +'rms! It $s) 'b0$'usly) a mu,( m're d$++$,ulttas% +'r reas'n t' str$%e $nt' t(e sure *at( '+ s,$en,e) /(ere $t(as t' deal n't s$m*ly /$t( $tsel+) but /$t( 'b&e,ts eternal t'

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$tsel+! Hen,e) l'-$, $s *r'*erly 'nly a *r'*aedeut$,5 +'rms) as $t/ere) t(e 0est$bule '+ t(e s,$en,es4 and /($le $t $s ne,essary t'enable us t' +'rm a ,'rre,t &ud-ement /$t( re-ard t' t(e 0ar$'usbran,(es '+ %n'/led-e) st$ll t(e a,.u$s$t$'n '+ real) substant$0e%n'/led-e $s t' be s'u-(t 'nly $n t(e s,$en,es *r'*erly s' ,alled)t(at $s) $n t(e 'b&e,t$0e s,$en,es!

N'/ t(ese s,$en,es) $+ t(ey ,an be termed rat$'nal at all) must

,'nta$n elements '+ a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n) and t($s ,'-n$t$'n may stand$n a t/'+'ld relat$'n t' $ts 'b&e,t! E$t(er $t may (a0e t' determ$net(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t5 /($,( must be su**l$ed etrane'usly)'r $t may (a0e t' establ$s( $ts real$ty! T(e +'rmer $s t(e'ret$,al)t(e latter *ra,t$,al) rat$'nal ,'-n$t$'n! In b't() t(e *ure 'r a*r$'r$ element must be treated +$rst) and must be ,are+ullyd$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm t(at /($,( $s su**l$ed +r'm 't(er s'ur,es! Any't(er met('d ,an 'nly lead t' $rremed$able ,'n+us$'n!

"at(emat$,s and *(ys$,s are t(e t/' t(e'ret$,al s,$en,es /($,((a0e t' determ$ne t(e$r 'b&e,ts a *r$'r$! T(e +'rmer $s *urely a*r$'r$) t(e latter $s *art$ally s') but $s als' de*endent 'n 't(ers'ur,es '+ ,'-n$t$'n!

In t(e earl$est t$mes '+ /($,( ($st'ry a++'rds us any re,'rd)mat(emat$,s (ad already entered 'n t(e sure ,'urse '+ s,$en,e) am'n-t(at /'nder+ul nat$'n) t(e ree%s! St$ll $t $s n't t' be su**'sed t(at$t /as as easy +'r t($s s,$en,e t' str$%e $nt') 'r rat(er t' ,'nstru,t+'r $tsel+) t(at r'yal r'ad) as $t /as +'r l'-$,) $n /($,( reas'n(as 'nly t' deal /$t( $tsel+! On t(e ,'ntrary) I bel$e0e t(at $tmust (a0e rema$ned l'n-5 ,($e+ly am'n- t(e E-y*t$ans5 $n t(e sta-e'+ bl$nd -r'*$n- a+ter $ts true a$ms and dest$nat$'n) and t(at $t/as re0'lut$'n$;ed by t(e (a**y $dea '+ 'ne man) /(' stru,% 'ut anddeterm$ned +'r all t$me t(e *at( /($,( t($s s,$en,e must +'ll'/) and/($,( adm$ts '+ an $nde+$n$te ad0an,ement! T(e ($st'ry '+ t($s$ntelle,tual re0'lut$'n5 mu,( m're $m*'rtant $n $ts results t(an t(e

d$s,'0ery '+ t(e *assa-e r'und t(e ,elebrated Ca*e '+ ''d H'*e5 and'+ $ts aut('r) (as n't been *reser0ed! 3ut #$'-enes <aert$us) $nnam$n- t(e su**'sed d$s,'0erer '+ s'me '+ t(e s$m*lest elements '+-e'metr$,al dem'nstrat$'n5 elements /($,() a,,'rd$n- t' t(e 'rd$nary'*$n$'n) d' n't e0en re.u$re t' be *r'0ed5 ma%es $t a**arent t(att(e ,(an-e $ntr'du,ed by t(e +$rst $nd$,at$'n '+ t($s ne/ *at() must(a0e seemed '+ t(e utm'st $m*'rtan,e t' t(e mat(emat$,$ans '+ t(ata-e) and $t (as t(us been se,ured a-a$nst t(e ,(an,e '+ 'bl$0$'n! Ane/ l$-(t must (a0e +las(ed 'n t(e m$nd '+ t(e +$rst man =T(ales) 'r/(ate0er may (a0e been ($s name> /(' dem'nstrated t(e *r'*ert$es '+t(e $s's,eles tr$an-le! F'r (e +'und t(at $t /as n't su++$,$ent t'med$tate 'n t(e +$-ure) as $t lay be+'re ($s eyes) 'r t(e ,'n,e*t$'n'+ $t) as $t e$sted $n ($s m$nd) and t(us endea0'ur t' -et at t(e

%n'/led-e '+ $ts *r'*ert$es) but t(at $t /as ne,essary t' *r'du,et(ese *r'*ert$es) as $t /ere) by a *'s$t$0e a *r$'r$ ,'nstru,t$'n4 andt(at) $n 'rder t' arr$0e /$t( ,erta$nty at a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n) (e mustn't attr$bute t' t(e 'b&e,t any 't(er *r'*ert$es t(an t('se /($,(ne,essar$ly +'ll'/ed +r'm t(at /($,( (e (ad ($msel+) $n a,,'rdan,e/$t( ($s ,'n,e*t$'n) *la,ed $n t(e 'b&e,t!

A mu,( l'n-er *er$'d ela*sed be+'re *(ys$,s entered 'n t(e ($-(/ay'+ s,$en,e! F'r $t $s 'nly ab'ut a ,entury and a (al+ s$n,e t(e /$se3a,'n -a0e a ne/ d$re,t$'n t' *(ys$,al stud$es) 'r rat(er5 as 't(ers/ere already 'n t(e r$-(t tra,%5 $m*arted +res( 0$-'ur t' t(e

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*ursu$t '+ t($s ne/ d$re,t$'n! Here) t'') as $n t(e ,ase '+mat(emat$,s) /e +$nd e0$den,e '+ a ra*$d $ntelle,tual re0'lut$'n! Int(e remar%s /($,( +'ll'/ I s(all ,'n+$ne mysel+ t' t(e em*$r$,als$de '+ natural s,$en,e!

2(en al$le$ e*er$mented /$t( balls '+ a de+$n$te /e$-(t 'n t(e$n,l$ned *lane) /(en T'rr$,ell$ ,aused t(e a$r t' susta$n a /e$-(t/($,( (e (ad ,al,ulated be+'re(and t' be e.ual t' t(at '+ a de+$n$te

,'lumn '+ /ater) 'r /(en Sta(l) at a later *er$'d) ,'n0erted metals$nt' l$me) and re,'n0erted l$me $nt' metal) by t(e add$t$'n andsubtra,t$'n '+ ,erta$n elements4 a l$-(t br'%e u*'n all natural*($l's'*(ers! T(ey learned t(at reas'n 'nly *er,e$0es t(at /($,( $t*r'du,es a+ter $ts '/n des$-n4 t(at $t must n't be ,'ntent t'+'ll'/) as $t /ere) $n t(e lead$n-5str$n-s '+ nature) but must *r',eed$n ad0an,e /$t( *r$n,$*les '+ &ud-ement a,,'rd$n- t' un0ary$n- la/s)and ,'m*el nature t' re*ly $ts .uest$'ns! F'r a,,$dental 'bser0at$'ns)made a,,'rd$n- t' n' *re,'n,e$0ed *lan) ,ann't be un$ted under ane,essary la/! 3ut $t $s t($s t(at reas'n see%s +'r and re.u$res! It$s 'nly t(e *r$n,$*les '+ reas'n /($,( ,an -$0e t' ,'n,'rdant*(en'mena t(e 0al$d$ty '+ la/s) and $t $s 'nly /(en e*er$ment $sd$re,ted by t(ese rat$'nal *r$n,$*les t(at $t ,an (a0e any real

ut$l$ty! Reas'n must a**r'a,( nature /$t( t(e 0$e/) $ndeed) '+re,e$0$n- $n+'rmat$'n +r'm $t) n't) ('/e0er) $n t(e ,(ara,ter '+ a*u*$l) /(' l$stens t' all t(at ($s master ,(''ses t' tell ($m) but$n t(at '+ a &ud-e) /(' ,'m*els t(e /$tnesses t' re*ly t' t('se.uest$'ns /($,( (e ($msel+ t($n%s +$t t' *r'*'se! T' t($s s$n-le$dea must t(e re0'lut$'n be as,r$bed) by /($,() a+ter -r'*$n- $n t(edar% +'r s' many ,entur$es) natural s,$en,e /as at len-t( ,'ndu,ted$nt' t(e *at( '+ ,erta$n *r'-ress!

I d' n't (ere +'ll'/ /$t( ea,tness t(e ($st'ry '+ t(e e*er$mentalmet('d) '+ /($,() $ndeed) t(e +$rst ste*s are $n0'l0ed $n s'me'bs,ur$ty!

2e ,'me n'/ t' meta*(ys$,s) a *urely s*e,ulat$0e s,$en,e) /($,(',,u*$es a ,'m*letely $s'lated *'s$t$'n and $s ent$rely $nde*endent '+t(e tea,($n-s '+ e*er$en,e! It deals /$t( mere ,'n,e*t$'ns5 n't) l$%emat(emat$,s) /$t( ,'n,e*t$'ns a**l$ed t' $ntu$t$'n5 and $n $t)reas'n $s t(e *u*$l '+ $tsel+ al'ne! It $s t(e 'ldest '+ t(e s,$en,es)and /'uld st$ll sur0$0e) e0en $+ all t(e rest /ere s/all'/ed u* $n t(eabyss '+ an all5destr'y$n- barbar$sm! 3ut $t (as n't yet (ad t(e-''d +'rtune t' atta$n t' t(e sure s,$ent$+$, met('d! T($s /$ll bea**arent4 $+ /e a**ly t(e tests /($,( /e *r'*'sed at t(e 'utset! 2e+$nd t(at reas'n *er*etually ,'mes t' a stand) /(en $t attem*ts t'-a$n a *r$'r$ t(e *er,e*t$'n e0en '+ t('se la/s /($,( t(e m'st,'mm'n e*er$en,e ,'n+$rms! 2e +$nd $t ,'m*elled t' retra,e $tsste*s $n $nnumerable $nstan,es) and t' aband'n t(e *at( 'n /($,( $t

(ad entered) be,ause t($s d'es n't lead t' t(e des$red result! 2e+$nd) t'') t(at t('se /(' are en-a-ed $n meta*(ys$,al *ursu$ts are +ar+r'm be$n- able t' a-ree am'n- t(emsel0es) but t(at) 'n t(e,'ntrary) t($s s,$en,e a**ears t' +urn$s( an arena s*e,$ally ada*ted+'r t(e d$s*lay '+ s%$ll 'r t(e eer,$se '+ stren-t( $n m',%5,'ntests5a +$eld $n /($,( n' ,'mbatant e0er yet su,,eeded $n -a$n$n- an $n,( '+-r'und) $n /($,() at least) n' 0$,t'ry /as e0er yet ,r'/ned /$t(*ermanent *'ssess$'n!

T($s leads us t' $n.u$re /(y $t $s t(at) $n meta*(ys$,s) t(e sure*at( '+ s,$en,e (as n't ($t(ert' been +'und! S(all /e su**'se t(at

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$t $s $m*'ss$ble t' d$s,'0er $t@ 2(y t(en s('uld nature (a0e 0$s$ted'ur reas'n /$t( restless as*$rat$'ns a+ter $t) as $+ $t /ere 'ne '+'ur /e$-(t$est ,'n,erns@ Nay) m're) ('/ l$ttle ,ause s('uld /e (a0e t'*la,e ,'n+$den,e $n 'ur reas'n) $+ $t aband'ns us $n a matter ab'ut/($,() m'st '+ all) /e des$re t' %n'/ t(e trut(5 and n't 'nly s')but e0en allures us t' t(e *ursu$t '+ 0a$n *(ant'ms) 'nly t' betray us$n t(e end@ Or) $+ t(e *at( (as 'nly ($t(ert' been m$ssed) /(at$nd$,at$'ns d' /e *'ssess t' -u$de us $n a rene/ed $n0est$-at$'n)

and t' enable us t' ('*e +'r -reater su,,ess t(an (as +allen t' t(el't '+ 'ur *rede,ess'rs@

It a**ears t' me t(at t(e eam*les '+ mat(emat$,s and natural*($l's'*(y) /($,() as /e (a0e seen) /ere br'u-(t $nt' t(e$r *resent,'nd$t$'n by a sudden re0'lut$'n) are su++$,$ently remar%able t' +$'ur attent$'n 'n t(e essent$al ,$r,umstan,es '+ t(e ,(an-e /($,( (as*r'0ed s' ad0anta-e'us t' t(em) and t' $ndu,e us t' ma%e t(ee*er$ment '+ $m$tat$n- t(em) s' +ar as t(e anal'-y /($,() as rat$'nals,$en,es) t(ey bear t' meta*(ys$,s may *erm$t! It (as ($t(ert' beenassumed t(at 'ur ,'-n$t$'n must ,'n+'rm t' t(e 'b&e,ts4 but allattem*ts t' as,erta$n anyt($n- ab'ut t(ese 'b&e,ts a *r$'r$) bymeans '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) and t(us t' etend t(e ran-e '+ 'ur %n'/led-e)

(a0e been rendered ab'rt$0e by t($s assum*t$'n! <et us t(en ma%e t(ee*er$ment /(et(er /e may n't be m're su,,ess+ul $n meta*(ys$,s) $+ /eassume t(at t(e 'b&e,ts must ,'n+'rm t' 'ur ,'-n$t$'n! T($s a**ears)at all e0ents) t' a,,'rd better /$t( t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ 'ur -a$n$n-t(e end /e (a0e $n 0$e/) t(at $s t' say) '+ arr$0$n- at t(e,'-n$t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts a *r$'r$) '+ determ$n$n- s'met($n- /$t( res*e,tt' t(ese 'b&e,ts) be+'re t(ey are -$0en t' us! 2e (ere *r'*'se t' d'&ust /(at C'*ern$,us d$d $n attem*t$n- t' e*la$n t(e ,elest$alm'0ements! 2(en (e +'und t(at (e ,'uld ma%e n' *r'-ress by assum$n-t(at all t(e (ea0enly b'd$es re0'l0ed r'und t(e s*e,tat'r) (e re0ersedt(e *r',ess) and tr$ed t(e e*er$ment '+ assum$n- t(at t(e s*e,tat'rre0'l0ed) /($le t(e stars rema$ned at rest! 2e may ma%e t(e samee*er$ment /$t( re-ard t' t(e $ntu$t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts! I+ t(e $ntu$t$'n

must ,'n+'rm t' t(e nature '+ t(e 'b&e,ts) I d' n't see ('/ /e ,an%n'/ anyt($n- '+ t(em a *r$'r$! I+) 'n t(e 't(er (and) t(e 'b&e,t,'n+'rms t' t(e nature '+ 'ur +a,ulty '+ $ntu$t$'n) I ,an t(eneas$ly ,'n,e$0e t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ su,( an a *r$'r$ %n'/led-e! N'/as I ,ann't rest $n t(e mere $ntu$t$'ns) but5 $+ t(ey are t' be,'me,'-n$t$'ns5 must re+er t(em) as re*resentat$'ns) t' s'met($n-) as'b&e,t) and must determ$ne t(e latter by means '+ t(e +'rmer) (erea-a$n t(ere are t/' ,'urses '*en t' me! E$t(er) +$rst) I may assumet(at t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns) by /($,( I e++e,t t($s determ$nat$'n) ,'n+'rm t't(e 'b&e,t5 and $n t($s ,ase I am redu,ed t' t(e same *er*le$ty asbe+'re4 'r se,'ndly) I may assume t(at t(e 'b&e,ts) 'r) /($,( $s t(esame t($n-) t(at e*er$en,e) $n /($,( al'ne as -$0en 'b&e,ts t(eyare ,'-n$;ed) ,'n+'rm t' my ,'n,e*t$'ns5 and t(en I am at n' l'ss

('/ t' *r',eed! F'r e*er$en,e $tsel+ $s a m'de '+ ,'-n$t$'n /($,(re.u$res understand$n-! 3e+'re 'b&e,ts) are -$0en t' me) t(at $s) a*r$'r$) I must *resu**'se $n mysel+ la/s '+ t(e understand$n- /($,(are e*ressed $n ,'n,e*t$'ns a *r$'r$! T' t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns) t(en) allt(e 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e must ne,essar$ly ,'n+'rm! N'/ t(ere are'b&e,ts /($,( reas'n t($n%s) and t(at ne,essar$ly) but /($,( ,ann't be-$0en $n e*er$en,e) 'r) at least) ,ann't be -$0en s' as reas'n t($n%st(em! T(e attem*t t' t($n% t(ese 'b&e,ts /$ll (erea+ter +urn$s( ane,ellent test '+ t(e ne/ met('d '+ t('u-(t /($,( /e (a0e ad'*ted) and/($,( $s based 'n t(e *r$n,$*le t(at /e 'nly ,'-n$;e $n t($n-s a*r$'r$ t(at /($,( /e 'ursel0es *la,e $n t(em!

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T($s met('d) a,,'rd$n-ly) /($,( /e (a0e b'rr'/ed +r'm t(e natural*($l's'*(er) ,'ns$sts $n see%$n- +'r t(e elements '+ *ure reas'n $nt(at /($,( adm$ts '+ ,'n+$rmat$'n 'r re+utat$'n by e*er$ment! N'/ t(e*r'*'s$t$'ns '+ *ure reas'n) es*e,$ally /(en t(ey trans,end t(e l$m$ts'+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) d' n't adm$t '+ 'ur ma%$n- any e*er$ment /$t(t(e$r 'b&e,ts) as $n natural s,$en,e! Hen,e) /$t( re-ard t' t('se,'n,e*t$'ns and *r$n,$*les /($,( /e assume a *r$'r$) 'ur 'nly ,'urse

$ll be t' 0$e/ t(em +r'm t/' d$++erent s$des! 2e must re-ard 'ne andt(e same ,'n,e*t$'n) 'n t(e 'ne (and) $n relat$'n t' e*er$en,e asan 'b&e,t '+ t(e senses and '+ t(e understand$n-) 'n t(e 't(er (and)$n relat$'n t' reas'n) $s'lated and trans,end$n- t(e l$m$ts '+e*er$en,e) as an 'b&e,t '+ mere t('u-(t! N'/ $+ /e +$nd t(at) /(en /ere-ard t($n-s +r'm t($s d'uble *'$nt '+ 0$e/) t(e result $s $n (arm'ny/$t( t(e *r$n,$*le '+ *ure reas'n) but t(at) /(en /e re-ard t(em+r'm a s$n-le *'$nt '+ 0$e/) reas'n $s $n0'l0ed $n sel+5,'ntrad$,t$'n)t(en t(e e*er$ment /$ll establ$s( t(e ,'rre,tness '+ t($sd$st$n,t$'n!

T($s attem*t su,,eeds as /ell as /e ,'uld des$re) and *r'm$ses t'meta*(ys$,s) $n $ts +$rst *art5 t(at $s) /(ere $t $s ',,u*$ed /$t(

,'n,e*t$'ns a *r$'r$) '+ /($,( t(e ,'rres*'nd$n- 'b&e,ts may be-$0en $n e*er$en,e5 t(e ,erta$n ,'urse '+ s,$en,e! F'r by t($s ne/met('d /e are enabled *er+e,tly t' e*la$n t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a *r$'r$,'-n$t$'n) and) /(at $s m're) t' dem'nstrate sat$s+a,t'r$ly t(e la/s/($,( l$e a *r$'r$ at t(e +'undat$'n '+ nature) as t(e sum '+ t(e'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e5 ne$t(er '+ /($,( /as *'ss$ble a,,'rd$n- t't(e *r',edure ($t(ert' +'ll'/ed! 3ut +r'm t($s dedu,t$'n '+ t(e+a,ulty '+ a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n $n t(e +$rst *art '+ meta*(ys$,s) /eder$0e a sur*r$s$n- result) and 'ne /($,() t' all a**earan,e)m$l$tates a-a$nst t(e -reat end '+ meta*(ys$,s) as treated $n t(ese,'nd *art! F'r /e ,'me t' t(e ,'n,lus$'n t(at 'ur +a,ulty '+,'-n$t$'n $s unable t' trans,end t(e l$m$ts '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e4and yet t($s $s *re,$sely t(e m'st essent$al 'b&e,t '+ t($s s,$en,e!

T(e est$mate '+ 'ur rat$'nal ,'-n$t$'n a *r$'r$ at /($,( /e arr$0e$s t(at $t (as 'nly t' d' /$t( *(en'mena) and t(at t($n-s $nt(emsel0es) /($le *'ssess$n- a real e$sten,e) l$e bey'nd $tss*(ere! Here /e are enabled t' *ut t(e &ust$,e '+ t($s est$mate t' t(etest! F'r t(at /($,( '+ ne,ess$ty $m*els us t' trans,end t(e l$m$ts '+e*er$en,e and '+ all *(en'mena $s t(e un,'nd$t$'ned) /($,( reas'nabs'lutely re.u$res $n t($n-s as t(ey are $n t(emsel0es) $n 'rder t','m*lete t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns! N'/) $+ $t a**ears t(at /(en) 'nt(e 'ne (and) /e assume t(at 'ur ,'-n$t$'n ,'n+'rms t' $ts 'b&e,tsas t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) t(e un,'nd$t$'ned ,ann't be t('u-(t /$t('ut,'ntrad$,t$'n) and t(at /(en) 'n t(e 't(er (and) /e assume t(at 'urre*resentat$'n '+ t($n-s as t(ey are -$0en t' us) d'es n't ,'n+'rmt' t(ese t($n-s as t(ey are $n t(emsel0es) but t(at t(ese 'b&e,ts)

as *(en'mena) ,'n+'rm t' 'ur m'de '+ re*resentat$'n) t(e ,'ntrad$,t$'nd$sa**ears6 /e s(all t(en be ,'n0$n,ed '+ t(e trut( '+ t(at /($,( /ebe-an by assum$n- +'r t(e sa%e '+ e*er$ment4 /e may l''% u*'n $t asestabl$s(ed t(at t(e un,'nd$t$'ned d'es n't l$e $n t($n-s as /e %n'/t(em) 'r as t(ey are -$0en t' us) but $n t($n-s as t(ey are $nt(emsel0es) bey'nd t(e ran-e '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n!

T($s e*er$ment '+ *ure reas'n (as a -reat s$m$lar$ty t' t(at '+t(e ,(em$sts) /($,( t(ey term t(e e*er$ment '+ redu,t$'n) 'r) m'reusually) t(e synt(et$, *r',ess! T(e analys$s '+ t(e meta*(ys$,$anse*arates *ure ,'-n$t$'n a *r$'r$ $nt' t/' (eter'-ene'us elements)

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0$;!) t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ t($n-s as *(en'mena) and '+ t($n-s $nt(emsel0es! #$ale,t$, ,'mb$nes t(ese a-a$n $nt' (arm'ny /$t( t(ene,essary rat$'nal $dea '+ t(e un,'nd$t$'ned) and +$nds t(at t($s(arm'ny ne0er results e,e*t t(r'u-( t(e ab'0e d$st$n,t$'n) /($,($s) t(ere+'re) ,'n,luded t' be &ust!

3ut) a+ter /e (a0e t(us den$ed t(e *'/er '+ s*e,ulat$0e reas'n t'ma%e any *r'-ress $n t(e s*(ere '+ t(e su*ersens$ble) $t st$ll rema$ns

+'r 'ur ,'ns$derat$'n /(et(er data d' n't e$st $n *ra,t$,al ,'-n$t$'n/($,( may enable us t' determ$ne t(e trans,endent ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(eun,'nd$t$'ned) t' r$se bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ all *'ss$ble e*er$en,e+r'm a *ra,t$,al *'$nt '+ 0$e/) and t(us t' sat$s+y t(e -reat ends'+ meta*(ys$,s! S*e,ulat$0e reas'n (as t(us) at least) made r''m +'rsu,( an etens$'n '+ 'ur %n'/led-e6 and) $+ $t must lea0e t($s s*a,e0a,ant) st$ll $t d'es n't r'b us '+ t(e l$berty t' +$ll $t u*) $+ /e,an) by means '+ *ra,t$,al data5 nay) $t e0en ,(allen-es us t' ma%et(e attem*t!

S' t(e ,entral la/s '+ t(e m'0ements '+ t(e (ea0enly b'd$esestabl$s(ed t(e trut( '+ t(at /($,( C'*ern$,us) +$rst) assumed 'nly asa (y*'t(es$s) and) at t(e same t$me) br'u-(t t' l$-(t t(at $n0$s$ble

+'r,e =Ne/t'n$an attra,t$'n> /($,( ('lds t(e un$0erse t'-et(er! T(elatter /'uld (a0e rema$ned +'re0er und$s,'0ered) $+ C'*ern$,us (ad n't0entured 'n t(e e*er$ment5 ,'ntrary t' t(e senses but st$ll &ust5'+ l''%$n- +'r t(e 'bser0ed m'0ements n't $n t(e (ea0enly b'd$es)but $n t(e s*e,tat'r! In t($s Pre+a,e I treat t(e ne/ meta*(ys$,almet('d as a (y*'t(es$s /$t( t(e 0$e/ '+ render$n- a**arent t(e +$rstattem*ts at su,( a ,(an-e '+ met('d) /($,( are al/ays (y*'t(et$,al!3ut $n t(e Cr$t$.ue $tsel+ $t /$ll be dem'nstrated) n't(y*'t(et$,ally) but a*'de$,t$,ally) +r'm t(e nature '+ 'urre*resentat$'ns '+ s*a,e and t$me! and +r'm t(e elementary ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ t(e understand$n-!

T($s attem*t t' $ntr'du,e a ,'m*lete re0'lut$'n $n t(e *r',edure

'+ meta*(ys$,s) a+ter t(e eam*le '+ t(e -e'metr$,$ans and natural*($l's'*(ers) ,'nst$tutes t(e a$m '+ t(e Cr$t$.ue '+ PureS*e,ulat$0e Reas'n! It $s a treat$se 'n t(e met('d t' be +'ll'/ed) n'ta system '+ t(e s,$en,e $tsel+! 3ut) at t(e same t$me) $t mar%s 'utand de+$nes b't( t(e eternal b'undar$es and t(e $nternal stru,ture '+t($s s,$en,e! F'r *ure s*e,ulat$0e reas'n (as t($s *e,ul$ar$ty)t(at) $n ,(''s$n- t(e 0ar$'us 'b&e,ts '+ t('u-(t) $t $s able t' de+$net(e l$m$ts '+ $ts '/n +a,ult$es) and e0en t' -$0e a ,'m*leteenumerat$'n '+ t(e *'ss$ble m'des '+ *r'*'s$n- *r'blems t' $tsel+) andt(us t' s%et,( 'ut t(e ent$re system '+ meta*(ys$,s! F'r) 'n t(e 'ne(and) $n ,'-n$t$'n a *r$'r$) n't($n- must be attr$buted t' t(e 'b&e,tsbut /(at t(e t($n%$n- sub&e,t der$0es +r'm $tsel+4 and) 'n t(e 't(er(and) reas'n $s) $n re-ard t' t(e *r$n,$*les '+ ,'-n$t$'n) a *er+e,tly

d$st$n,t) $nde*endent un$ty) $n /($,() as $n an 'r-an$;ed b'dy)e0ery member e$sts +'r t(e sa%e '+ t(e 't(ers) and all +'r t(e sa%e'+ ea,() s' t(at n' *r$n,$*le ,an be 0$e/ed) /$t( sa+ety) $n 'nerelat$'ns($*) unless $t $s) at t(e same t$me) 0$e/ed $n relat$'n t't(e t'tal use '+ *ure reas'n! Hen,e) t'') meta*(ys$,s (as t($ss$n-ular ad0anta-e5 an ad0anta-e /($,( +alls t' t(e l't '+ n' 't(ers,$en,e /($,( (as t' d' /$t( 'b&e,ts5 t(at) $+ 'n,e $t $s ,'ndu,ted$nt' t(e sure *at( '+ s,$en,e) by means '+ t($s ,r$t$,$sm) $t ,an t(enta%e $n t(e /('le s*(ere '+ $ts ,'-n$t$'ns) and ,an t(us ,'m*lete$ts /'r%) and lea0e $t +'r t(e use '+ *'ster$ty) as a ,a*$tal /($,(,an ne0er re,e$0e +res( a,,ess$'ns! F'r meta*(ys$,s (as t' deal 'nly

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/$t( *r$n,$*les and /$t( t(e l$m$tat$'ns '+ $ts '/n em*l'yment asdeterm$ned by t(ese *r$n,$*les! T' t($s *er+e,t$'n $t $s) t(ere+'re)b'und) as t(e +undamental s,$en,e) t' atta$n) and t' $t t(e ma$mmay &ustly be a**l$ed6

N$l a,tum re*utans) s$ .u$d su*eresset a-endum!

9He ,'ns$dered n't($n- d'ne) s' l'n- as anyt($n- rema$ned t' be

d'ne!9

3ut) $t /$ll be as%ed) /(at %$nd '+ a treasure $s t($s t(at /e*r'*'se t' be.ueat( t' *'ster$ty@ 2(at $s t(e real 0alue '+ t($ssystem '+ meta*(ys$,s) *ur$+$ed by ,r$t$,$sm) and t(ereby redu,ed t' a*ermanent ,'nd$t$'n@ A ,urs'ry 0$e/ '+ t(e *resent /'r% /$ll lead t't(e su**'s$t$'n t(at $ts use $s merely ne-at$0e) t(at $t 'nly ser0est' /arn us a-a$nst 0entur$n-) /$t( s*e,ulat$0e reas'n) bey'nd t(el$m$ts '+ e*er$en,e! T($s $s) $n +a,t) $ts *r$mary use! 3ut t($s)at 'n,e) assumes a *'s$t$0e 0alue) /(en /e 'bser0e t(at t(e *r$n,$*les/$t( /($,( s*e,ulat$0e reas'n endea0'urs t' trans,end $ts l$m$tslead $ne0$tably) n't t' t(e etens$'n) but t' t(e ,'ntra,t$'n '+ t(euse '+ reas'n) $nasmu,( as t(ey t(reaten t' etend t(e l$m$ts '+

sens$b$l$ty) /($,( $s t(e$r *r'*er s*(ere) '0er t(e ent$re realm '+t('u-(t and) t(us) t' su**lant t(e *ure =*ra,t$,al> use '+ reas'n!S' +ar) t(en) as t($s ,r$t$,$sm $s ',,u*$ed $n ,'n+$n$n- s*e,ulat$0ereas'n /$t($n $ts *r'*er b'unds) $t $s 'nly ne-at$0e4 but) $nasmu,( as$t t(ereby) at t(e same t$me) rem'0es an 'bsta,le /($,( $m*edes ande0en t(reatens t' destr'y t(e use '+ *ra,t$,al reas'n) $t *'ssessesa *'s$t$0e and 0ery $m*'rtant 0alue! In 'rder t' adm$t t($s) /e (a0e'nly t' be ,'n0$n,ed t(at t(ere $s an abs'lutely ne,essary use '+ *urereas'n5 t(e m'ral use5 $n /($,( $t $ne0$tably trans,ends t(e l$m$ts '+sens$b$l$ty) /$t('ut t(e a$d '+ s*e,ulat$'n) re.u$r$n- 'nly t' be$nsured a-a$nst t(e e++e,ts '+ a s*e,ulat$'n /($,( /'uld $n0'l0e $t $n,'ntrad$,t$'n /$t( $tsel+! T' deny t(e *'s$t$0e ad0anta-e '+ t(eser0$,e /($,( t($s ,r$t$,$sm renders us /'uld be as absurd as! t'

ma$nta$n t(at t(e system '+ *'l$,e $s *r'du,t$0e '+ n' *'s$t$0ebene+$t) s$n,e $ts ma$n bus$ness $s t' *re0ent t(e 0$'len,e /($,(,$t$;en (as t' a**re(end +r'm ,$t$;en) t(at s' ea,( may *ursue ($s0',at$'n $n *ea,e and se,ur$ty! T(at s*a,e and t$me are 'nly +'rms'+ sens$ble $ntu$t$'n) and (en,e are 'nly ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(ee$sten,e '+ t($n-s as *(en'mena4 t(at) m're'0er) /e (a0e n','n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-) and) ,'nse.uently) n' elements +'rt(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ t($n-s) e,e*t $n s' +ar as a ,'rres*'nd$n- $ntu$t$'n,an be -$0en t' t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns4 t(at) a,,'rd$n-ly) /e ,an (a0e n','-n$t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t) as a t($n- $n $tsel+) but 'nly as an 'b&e,t '+sens$ble $ntu$t$'n) t(at $s) as *(en'men'n5 all t($s $s *r'0ed $nt(e analyt$,al *art '+ t(e Cr$t$.ue4 and +r'm t($s t(e l$m$tat$'n '+all *'ss$ble s*e,ulat$0e ,'-n$t$'n t' t(e mere 'b&e,ts '+

e*er$en,e) +'ll'/s as a ne,essary result! At t(e same t$me) $t mustbe ,are+ully b'rne $n m$nd t(at) /($le /e surrender t(e *'/er '+,'-n$;$n-) /e st$ll reser0e t(e *'/er '+ t($n%$n- 'b&e,ts) as t($n-s$n t(emsel0es! F'r) 't(er/$se) /e s('uld re.u$re t' a++$rm t(ee$sten,e '+ an a**earan,e) /$t('ut s'met($n- t(at a**ears5 /($,(/'uld be absurd! N'/ let us su**'se) +'r a m'ment) t(at /e (ad n'tunderta%en t($s ,r$t$,$sm and) a,,'rd$n-ly) (ad n't dra/n t(ene,essary d$st$n,t$'n bet/een t($n-s as 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e andt($n-s as t(ey are $n t(emsel0es! T(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,ausal$ty) and)by ,'nse.uen,e) t(e me,(an$sm '+ nature as determ$ned by ,ausal$ty)/'uld t(en (a0e abs'lute 0al$d$ty $n relat$'n t' all t($n-s as

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e++$,$ent ,auses! I s('uld t(en be unable t' assert) /$t( re-ard t''ne and t(e same be$n-) e!-!) t(e (uman s'ul) t(at $ts /$ll $s +ree)and yet) at t(e same t$me) sub&e,t t' natural ne,ess$ty) t(at $s)n't +ree) /$t('ut +all$n- $nt' a *al*able ,'ntrad$,t$'n) +'r $n b't(*r'*'s$t$'ns I s('uld ta%e t(e s'ul $n t(e same s$-n$+$,at$'n) as at($n- $n -eneral) as a t($n- $n $tsel+5 as) /$t('ut *re0$'us,r$t$,$sm) I ,'uld n't but ta%e $t! Su**'se n'/) 'n t(e 't(er (and)t(at /e (a0e underta%en t($s ,r$t$,$sm) and (a0e learnt t(at an 'b&e,t

may be ta%en $n t/' senses) +$rst) as a *(en'men'n) se,'ndly) as at($n- $n $tsel+4 and t(at) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e dedu,t$'n '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-) t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,ausal$ty (asre+eren,e 'nly t' t($n-s $n t(e +$rst sense! 2e t(en see ('/ $t d'esn't $n0'l0e any ,'ntrad$,t$'n t' assert) 'n t(e 'ne (and) t(at t(e/$ll) $n t(e *(en'menal s*(ere5 $n 0$s$ble a,t$'n5 $s ne,essar$ly'bed$ent t' t(e la/ '+ nature) and) $n s' +ar) n't +ree4 and) 'n t(e't(er (and) t(at) as bel'n-$n- t' a t($n- $n $tsel+) $t $s n't sub&e,tt' t(at la/) and) a,,'rd$n-ly) $s +ree! N'/) $t $s true t(at I ,ann't)by means '+ s*e,ulat$0e reas'n) and st$ll less by em*$r$,al'bser0at$'n) ,'-n$;e my s'ul as a t($n- $n $tsel+ and ,'nse.uently),ann't ,'-n$;e l$berty as t(e *r'*erty '+ a be$n- t' /($,( I as,r$bee++e,ts $n t(e /'rld '+ sense! F'r) t' d' s') I must ,'-n$;e t($s

be$n- as e$st$n-) and yet n't $n t$me) /($,(5 s$n,e I ,ann'tsu**'rt my ,'n,e*t$'n by any $ntu$t$'n5 $s $m*'ss$ble! At t(e samet$me) /($le I ,ann't ,'-n$;e) I ,an .u$te /ell t($n% +reed'm) t(at$s t' say) my re*resentat$'n '+ $t $n0'l0es at least n' ,'ntrad$,t$'n)$+ /e bear $n m$nd t(e ,r$t$,al d$st$n,t$'n '+ t(e t/' m'des '+re*resentat$'n =t(e sens$ble and t(e $ntelle,tual> and t(e,'nse.uent l$m$tat$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e *ure understand$n- and'+ t(e *r$n,$*les /($,( +l'/ +r'm t(em! Su**'se n'/ t(at m'ral$tyne,essar$ly *resu**'sed l$berty) $n t(e str$,test sense) as a *r'*erty'+ 'ur /$ll4 su**'se t(at reas'n ,'nta$ned ,erta$n *ra,t$,al) 'r$-$nal*r$n,$*les a *r$'r$) /($,( /ere abs'lutely $m*'ss$ble /$t('ut t($s*resu**'s$t$'n4 and su**'se) at t(e same t$me) t(at s*e,ulat$0e reas'n(ad *r'0ed t(at l$berty /as $n,a*able '+ be$n- t('u-(t at all! It

/'uld t(en +'ll'/ t(at t(e m'ral *resu**'s$t$'n must -$0e /ay t' t(es*e,ulat$0e a++$rmat$'n) t(e '**'s$te '+ /($,( $n0'l0es an 'b0$'us,'ntrad$,t$'n) and t(at l$berty and) /$t( $t) m'ral$ty must y$eld t't(e me,(an$sm '+ nature4 +'r t(e ne-at$'n '+ m'ral$ty $n0'l0es n','ntrad$,t$'n) e,e*t 'n t(e *resu**'s$t$'n '+ l$berty! N'/ m'ral$tyd'es n't re.u$re t(e s*e,ulat$0e ,'-n$t$'n '+ l$berty4 $t $s en'u-(t(at I ,an t($n% $t) t(at $ts ,'n,e*t$'n $n0'l0es n' ,'ntrad$,t$'n)t(at $t d'es n't $nter+ere /$t( t(e me,(an$sm '+ nature! 3ut e0en t($sre.u$rement /e ,'uld n't sat$s+y) $+ /e (ad n't learnt t(e t/'+'ldsense $n /($,( t($n-s may be ta%en4 and $t $s 'nly $n t($s /ay t(att(e d',tr$ne '+ m'ral$ty and t(e d',tr$ne '+ nature are ,'n+$ned/$t($n t(e$r *r'*er l$m$ts! F'r t($s result) t(en) /e are $ndebtedt' a ,r$t$,$sm /($,( /arns us '+ 'ur una0'$dable $-n'ran,e /$t( re-ard

t' t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) and establ$s(es t(e ne,essary l$m$tat$'n '+'ur t(e'ret$,al ,'-n$t$'n t' mere *(en'mena!

In 'rder t' ,'-n$;e an 'b&e,t) I must be able t' *r'0e $ts*'ss$b$l$ty) e$t(er +r'm $ts real$ty as attested by e*er$en,e) 'r a*r$'r$) by means '+ reas'n! 3ut I ,an t($n% /(at I *lease) *r'0$ded'nly I d' n't ,'ntrad$,t mysel+4 t(at $s) *r'0$ded my ,'n,e*t$'n $sa *'ss$ble t('u-(t) t('u-( I may be unable t' ans/er +'r t(e e$sten,e'+ a ,'rres*'nd$n- 'b&e,t $n t(e sum '+ *'ss$b$l$t$es! 3ut s'met($n-m're $s re.u$red be+'re I ,an attr$bute t' su,( a ,'n,e*t$'n 'b&e,t$0e0al$d$ty) t(at $s real *'ss$b$l$ty5 t(e 't(er *'ss$b$l$ty be$n- merely

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l'-$,al! 2e are n't) ('/e0er) ,'n+$ned t' t(e'ret$,al s'ur,es '+,'-n$t$'n +'r t(e means '+ sat$s+y$n- t($s add$t$'nal re.u$rement) butmay der$0e t(em +r'm *ra,t$,al s'ur,es!

T(e *'s$t$0e 0alue '+ t(e ,r$t$,al *r$n,$*les '+ *ure reas'n $nrelat$'n t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ 'd and '+ t(e s$m*le nature '+ t(es'ul) adm$ts '+ a s$m$lar eem*l$+$,at$'n4 but 'n t($s *'$nt I s(alln't d/ell! I ,ann't e0en ma%e t(e assum*t$'n5 as t(e *ra,t$,al

$nterests '+ m'ral$ty re.u$re5 '+ 'd) +reed'm) and $mm'rtal$ty) $+I d' n't de*r$0e s*e,ulat$0e reas'n '+ $ts *retens$'ns t' trans,endent$ns$-(t! F'r t' arr$0e at t(ese) $t must ma%e use '+ *r$n,$*les /($,()$n +a,t) etend 'nly t' t(e 'b&e,ts '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) and/($,( ,ann't be a**l$ed t' 'b&e,ts bey'nd t($s s*(ere /$t('ut,'n0ert$n- t(em $nt' *(en'mena) and t(us render$n- t(e *ra,t$,aletens$'n '+ *ure reas'n $m*'ss$ble! I must) t(ere+'re) ab'l$s(%n'/led-e) t' ma%e r''m +'r bel$e+! T(e d'-mat$sm '+ meta*(ys$,s) t(at$s) t(e *resum*t$'n t(at $t $s *'ss$ble t' ad0an,e $n meta*(ys$,s/$t('ut *re0$'us ,r$t$,$sm) $s t(e true s'ur,e '+ t(e unbel$e+ =al/aysd'-mat$,> /($,( m$l$tates a-a$nst m'ral$ty!

T(us) /($le $t may be n' 0ery d$++$,ult tas% t' be.ueat( a le-a,y t'

*'ster$ty) $n t(e s(a*e '+ a system '+ meta*(ys$,s ,'nstru,ted $na,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e Cr$t$.ue '+ Pure Reas'n) st$ll t(e 0alue '+ su,( abe.uest $s n't t' be de*re,$ated! It /$ll render an $m*'rtantser0$,e t' reas'n) by subst$tut$n- t(e ,erta$nty '+ s,$ent$+$,met('d +'r t(at rand'm -r'*$n- a+ter results /$t('ut t(e -u$dan,e '+*r$n,$*les) /($,( (as ($t(ert' ,(ara,ter$;ed t(e *ursu$t '+meta*(ys$,al stud$es! It /$ll render an $m*'rtant ser0$,e t' t(e$n.u$r$n- m$nd '+ y'ut() by lead$n- t(e student t' a**ly ($s *'/ers t't(e ,ult$0at$'n '+! -enu$ne s,$en,e) $nstead '+ /ast$n- t(em) as at*resent) 'n s*e,ulat$'ns /($,( ,an ne0er lead t' any result) 'r 'n t(e$dle attem*t t' $n0ent ne/ $deas and '*$n$'ns! 3ut) ab'0e all) $t /$ll,'n+er an $nest$mable bene+$t 'n m'ral$ty and rel$-$'n) by s('/$n-t(at all t(e 'b&e,t$'ns ur-ed a-a$nst t(em may be s$len,ed +'r e0er by

t(e S',rat$, met('d) t(at $s t' say) by *r'0$n- t(e $-n'ran,e '+ t(e'b&e,t'r! F'r) as t(e /'rld (as ne0er been) and) n' d'ubt) ne0er/$ll be /$t('ut a system '+ meta*(ys$,s '+ 'ne %$nd 'r an't(er) $t$s t(e ($-(est and /e$-(t$est ,'n,ern '+ *($l's'*(y t' render $t*'/erless +'r (arm) by ,l's$n- u* t(e s'ur,es '+ err'r!

T($s $m*'rtant ,(an-e $n t(e +$eld '+ t(e s,$en,es) t($s l'ss '+ $ts+an,$ed *'ssess$'ns) t' /($,( s*e,ulat$0e reas'n must subm$t) d'es n't*r'0e $n any /ay detr$mental t' t(e -eneral $nterests '+ (uman$ty! T(ead0anta-es /($,( t(e /'rld (as der$0ed +r'm t(e tea,($n-s '+ *urereas'n are n't at all $m*a$red! T(e l'ss +alls) $n $ts /('le etent)'n t(e m'n'*'ly '+ t(e s,(''ls) but d'es n't $n t(e sl$-(test de-reet'u,( t(e $nterests '+ man%$nd! I a**eal t' t(e m'st 'bst$nate

d'-mat$st) /(et(er t(e *r''+ '+ t(e ,'nt$nued e$sten,e '+ t(e s'ula+ter deat() der$0ed +r'm t(e s$m*l$,$ty '+ $ts substan,e4 '+ t(e+reed'm '+ t(e /$ll $n '**'s$t$'n t' t(e -eneral me,(an$sm '+nature) dra/n +r'm t(e subtle but $m*'tent d$st$n,t$'n '+ sub&e,t$0eand 'b&e,t$0e *ra,t$,al ne,ess$ty4 'r '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ 'd) dedu,ed+r'm t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an ens real$ss$mum5 t(e ,'nt$n-en,y '+ t(e,(an-eable) and t(e ne,ess$ty '+ a *r$me m'0er) (as e0er been ablet' *ass bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ t(e s,(''ls) t' *enetrate t(e *ubl$,m$nd) 'r t' eer,$se t(e sl$-(test $n+luen,e 'n $ts ,'n0$,t$'ns! Itmust be adm$tted t(at t($s (as n't been t(e ,ase and t(at) '/$n- t't(e un+$tness '+ t(e ,'mm'n understand$n- +'r su,( subtle

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s*e,ulat$'ns) $t ,an ne0er be e*e,ted t' ta%e *la,e! On t(e ,'ntrary)$t $s *la$n t(at t(e ('*e '+ a +uture l$+e ar$ses +r'm t(e +eel$n-)/($,( e$sts $n t(e breast '+ e0ery man) t(at t(e tem*'ral $s$nade.uate t' meet and sat$s+y t(e demands '+ ($s nature! In l$%emanner) $t ,ann't be d'ubted t(at t(e ,lear e($b$t$'n '+ dut$es $n'**'s$t$'n t' all t(e ,la$ms '+ $n,l$nat$'n) -$0es r$se t' t(e,'ns,$'usness '+ +reed'm) and t(at t(e -l'r$'us 'rder) beauty) and*r'0$dent$al ,are) e0ery/(ere d$s*layed $n nature) -$0e r$se t' t(e

bel$e+ $n a /$se and -reat Aut('r '+ t(e Un$0erse! Su,( $s t(e -enes$s'+ t(ese -eneral ,'n0$,t$'ns '+ man%$nd) s' +ar as t(ey de*end 'nrat$'nal -r'unds4 and t($s *ubl$, *r'*erty n't 'nly rema$nsund$sturbed) but $s e0en ra$sed t' -reater $m*'rtan,e) by t(e d',tr$net(at t(e s,(''ls (a0e n' r$-(t t' arr'-ate t' t(emsel0es a m're*r'+'und $ns$-(t $nt' a matter '+ -eneral (uman ,'n,ernment t(ant(at t' /($,( t(e -reat mass '+ men) e0er (eld by us $n t(e ($-(estest$mat$'n) ,an /$t('ut d$++$,ulty atta$n) and t(at t(e s,(''lss('uld) t(ere+'re) ,'n+$ne t(emsel0es t' t(e elab'rat$'n '+ t(eseun$0ersally ,'m*re(ens$ble and) +r'm a m'ral *'$nt '+ 0$e/) am*lysat$s+a,t'ry *r''+s! T(e ,(an-e) t(ere+'re) a++e,ts 'nly t(earr'-ant *retens$'ns '+ t(e s,(''ls) /($,( /'uld -ladly reta$n) $nt(e$r '/n e,lus$0e *'ssess$'n) t(e %ey t' t(e trut(s /($,( t(ey

$m*art t' t(e *ubl$,!

Qu'd me,um nes,$t) s'lus 0ult s,$re 0$der$!

At t(e same t$me $t d'es n't de*r$0e t(e s*e,ulat$0e *($l's'*(er '+($s &ust t$tle t' be t(e s'le de*'s$t'r '+ a s,$en,e /($,( bene+$tst(e *ubl$, /$t('ut $ts %n'/led-e5 I mean) t(e Cr$t$.ue '+ Pure Reas'n!T($s ,an ne0er be,'me *'*ular and) $ndeed) (as n' ',,as$'n t' be s'4+'r +$nes*un ar-uments $n +a0'ur '+ use+ul trut(s ma%e &ust asl$ttle $m*ress$'n 'n t(e *ubl$, m$nd as t(e e.ually subtle'b&e,t$'ns br'u-(t a-a$nst t(ese trut(s! On t(e 't(er (and) s$n,e b't($ne0$tably +'r,e t(emsel0es 'n e0ery man /(' r$ses t' t(e (e$-(t '+s*e,ulat$'n) $t be,'mes t(e man$+est duty '+ t(e s,(''ls t' enter u*'n

a t('r'u-( $n0est$-at$'n '+ t(e r$-(ts '+ s*e,ulat$0e reas'n and)t(us) t' *re0ent t(e s,andal /($,( meta*(ys$,al ,'ntr'0ers$es aresure) s''ner 'r later) t' ,ause e0en t' t(e masses! It $s 'nly by,r$t$,$sm t(at meta*(ys$,$ans =and) as su,() t(e'l'-$ans t''> ,an besa0ed +r'm t(ese ,'ntr'0ers$es and +r'm t(e ,'nse.uent *er0ers$'n '+t(e$r d',tr$nes! Cr$t$,$sm al'ne ,an str$%e a bl'/ at t(e r''t '+mater$al$sm) +atal$sm) at(e$sm) +ree5t($n%$n-) +anat$,$sm) andsu*erst$t$'n) /($,( are un$0ersally $n&ur$'us5 as /ell as '+$deal$sm and s,e*t$,$sm) /($,( are dan-er'us t' t(e s,(''ls) but ,ans,ar,ely *ass '0er t' t(e *ubl$,! I+ -'0ernments t($n% *r'*er t'$nter+ere /$t( t(e a++a$rs '+ t(e learned) $t /'uld be m're ,'ns$stent/$t( a /$se re-ard +'r t(e $nterests '+ s,$en,e) as /ell as +'rt('se '+ s',$ety) t' +a0'ur a ,r$t$,$sm '+ t($s %$nd) by /($,( al'ne

t(e lab'urs '+ reas'n ,an be establ$s(ed 'n a +$rm bas$s) t(an t'su**'rt t(e r$d$,ul'us des*'t$sm '+ t(e s,(''ls) /($,( ra$se a l'ud,ry '+ dan-er t' t(e *ubl$, '0er t(e destru,t$'n '+ ,'b/ebs) '+/($,( t(e *ubl$, (as ne0er ta%en any n't$,e) and t(e l'ss '+ /($,()t(ere+'re) $t ,an ne0er +eel!

T($s ,r$t$,al s,$en,e $s n't '**'sed t' t(e d'-mat$, *r',edure '+reas'n $n *ure ,'-n$t$'n4 +'r *ure ,'-n$t$'n must al/ays bed'-mat$,) t(at $s) must rest 'n str$,t dem'nstrat$'n +r'm sure*r$n,$*les a *r$'r$5 but t' d'-mat$sm) t(at $s) t' t(e *resum*t$'nt(at $t $s *'ss$ble t' ma%e any *r'-ress /$t( a *ure ,'-n$t$'n)

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der$0ed +r'm =*($l's'*($,al> ,'n,e*t$'ns) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e*r$n,$*les /($,( reas'n (as l'n- been $n t(e (ab$t '+ em*l'y$n-5/$t('ut +$rst $n.u$r$n- $n /(at /ay and by /(at r$-(t reas'n (as,'me $nt' t(e *'ssess$'n '+ t(ese *r$n,$*les! #'-mat$sm $s t(us t(ed'-mat$, *r',edure '+ *ure reas'n /$t('ut *re0$'us ,r$t$,$sm '+ $ts'/n *'/ers) and $n '**'s$n- t($s *r',edure) /e must n't be su**'sed t'lend any ,'untenan,e t' t(at l'.ua,$'us s(all'/ness /($,( arr'-ates t'$tsel+ t(e name '+ *'*ular$ty) n'r yet t' s,e*t$,$sm) /($,( ma%es

s('rt /'r% /$t( t(e /('le s,$en,e '+ meta*(ys$,s! On t(e ,'ntrary) 'ur,r$t$,$sm $s t(e ne,essary *re*arat$'n +'r a t('r'u-(ly s,$ent$+$,system '+ meta*(ys$,s /($,( must *er+'rm $ts tas% ent$rely a *r$'r$)t' t(e ,'m*lete sat$s+a,t$'n '+ s*e,ulat$0e reas'n) and must)t(ere+'re) be treated) n't *'*ularly) but s,('last$,ally! In,arry$n- 'ut t(e *lan /($,( t(e Cr$t$.ue *res,r$bes) t(at $s) $n t(e+uture system '+ meta*(ys$,s) /e must (a0e re,'urse t' t(e str$,tmet('d '+ t(e ,elebrated 2'l+) t(e -reatest '+ all d'-mat$,*($l's'*(ers! He /as t(e +$rst t' *'$nt 'ut t(e ne,ess$ty '+establ$s($n- +$ed *r$n,$*les) '+ ,learly de+$n$n- 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns)and '+ sub&e,t$n- 'ur dem'nstrat$'ns t' t(e m'st se0ere s,rut$ny)$nstead '+ ras(ly &um*$n- at ,'n,lus$'ns! T(e eam*le /($,( (e setser0ed t' a/a%en t(at s*$r$t '+ *r'+'und and t('r'u-( $n0est$-at$'n

/($,( $s n't yet et$n,t $n ermany! He /'uld (a0e been *e,ul$arly/ell +$tted t' -$0e a truly s,$ent$+$, ,(ara,ter t' meta*(ys$,alstud$es) (ad $t ',,urred t' ($m t' *re*are t(e +$eld by a ,r$t$,$sm '+t(e 'r-anum) t(at $s) '+ *ure reas'n $tsel+! T(at be +a$led t'*er,e$0e t(e ne,ess$ty '+ su,( a *r',edure must be as,r$bed t' t(ed'-mat$, m'de '+ t('u-(t /($,( ,(ara,ter$;ed ($s a-e) and 'n t($s*'$nt t(e *($l's'*(ers '+ ($s t$me) as /ell as '+ all *re0$'ust$mes) (a0e n't($n- t' re*r'a,( ea,( 't(er /$t(! T('se /(' re&e,t at'n,e t(e met('d '+ 2'l+) and '+ t(e Cr$t$.ue '+ Pure Reas'n) ,an(a0e n' 't(er a$m but t' s(a%e '++ t(e +etters '+ s,$en,e) t' ,(an-elab'ur $nt' s*'rt) ,erta$nty $nt' '*$n$'n) and *($l's'*(y $nt'*($l'd'y!

In t($s se,'nd ed$t$'n) I (a0e endea0'ured) as +ar as *'ss$ble) t'rem'0e t(e d$++$,ult$es and 'bs,ur$ty /($,() /$t('ut +ault '+ m$ne*er(a*s) (a0e -$0en r$se t' many m$s,'n,e*t$'ns e0en am'n- a,utet($n%ers! In t(e *r'*'s$t$'ns t(emsel0es) and $n t(e dem'nstrat$'ns by/($,( t(ey are su**'rted) as /ell as $n t(e +'rm and t(e ent$re *lan'+ t(e /'r%) I (a0e +'und n't($n- t' alter4 /($,( must be attr$buted*artly t' t(e l'n- eam$nat$'n t' /($,( I (ad sub&e,ted t(e /('lebe+'re '++er$n- $t t' t(e *ubl$, and *artly t' t(e nature '+ t(e ,ase!F'r *ure s*e,ulat$0e reas'n $s an 'r-an$, stru,ture $n /($,( t(ere$s n't($n- $s'lated 'r $nde*endent) but e0ery S$n-le *art $s essent$alt' all t(e rest4 and (en,e) t(e sl$-(test $m*er+e,t$'n) /(et(er de+e,t'r *'s$t$0e err'r) ,'uld n't +a$l t' betray $tsel+ $n use! I0enture) +urt(er) t' ('*e) t(at t($s system /$ll ma$nta$n t(e same

unalterable ,(ara,ter +'r t(e +uture! I am led t' enterta$n t($s,'n+$den,e) n't by 0an$ty) but by t(e e0$den,e /($,( t(e e.ual$ty '+t(e result a++'rds) /(en /e *r',eed) +$rst) +r'm t(e s$m*lest elementsu* t' t(e ,'m*lete /('le '+ *ure reas'n and) and t(en) ba,%/ards+r'm t(e /('le t' ea,( *art! 2e +$nd t(at t(e attem*t t' ma%e t(esl$-(test alterat$'n) $n any *art) leads $ne0$tably t' ,'ntrad$,t$'ns)n't merely $n t($s system) but $n (uman reas'n $tsel+! At t(e samet$me) t(ere $s st$ll mu,( r''m +'r $m*r'0ement $n t(e e*'s$t$'n '+t(e d',tr$nes ,'nta$ned $n t($s /'r%! In t(e *resent ed$t$'n) I (a0eendea0'ured t' rem'0e m$sa**re(ens$'ns '+ t(e aest(et$,al *art)es*e,$ally /$t( re-ard t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t$me4 t' ,lear a/ay t(e

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'bs,ur$ty /($,( (as been +'und $n t(e dedu,t$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ t(e understand$n-4 t' su**ly t(e su**'sed /ant '+ su++$,$ente0$den,e $n t(e dem'nstrat$'n '+ t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e *ureunderstand$n-4 and) lastly) t' 'b0$ate t(e m$sunderstand$n- '+ t(e*aral'-$sms /($,( $mmed$ately *re,ede t(e rat$'nal *sy,('l'-y!3ey'nd t($s *'$nt5 t(e end '+ t(e se,'nd ma$n d$0$s$'n '+ t(e9Trans,endental #$ale,t$,95 I (a0e n't etended my alterat$'ns)*artly +r'm /ant '+ t$me) and *artly be,ause I am n't a/are t(at any

*'rt$'n '+ t(e rema$nder (as -$0en r$se t' m$s,'n,e*t$'ns am'n-$ntell$-ent and $m*art$al ,r$t$,s) /('m I d' n't (ere ment$'n /$t(t(at *ra$se /($,( $s t(e$r due) but /(' /$ll +$nd t(at t(e$rsu--est$'ns (a0e been attended t' $n t(e /'r% $tsel+!

T(e 'nly add$t$'n) *r'*erly s' ,alled5 and t(at 'nly $n t(emet('d '+ *r''+5 /($,( I (a0e made $n t(e *resent ed$t$'n) ,'ns$sts '+a ne/ re+utat$'n '+ *sy,('l'-$,al $deal$sm) and a str$,tdem'nstrat$'n5 t(e 'nly 'ne *'ss$ble) as I bel$e0e5 '+ t(e 'b&e,t$0ereal$ty '+ eternal $ntu$t$'n! H'/e0er (armless $deal$sm may be,'ns$dered5 alt('u-( $n real$ty $t $s n't s'5 $n re-ard t' t(eessent$al ends '+ meta*(ys$,s) $t must st$ll rema$n a s,andal t'*($l's'*(y and t' t(e -eneral (uman reas'n t' be 'bl$-ed t' assume) as

an art$,le '+ mere bel$e+) t(e e$sten,e '+ t($n-s eternal t''ursel0es =+r'm /($,() yet) /e der$0e t(e /('le mater$al '+,'-n$t$'n +'r t(e $nternal sense>) and n't t' be able t' '**'se asat$s+a,t'ry *r''+ t' any 'ne /(' may ,all $t $n .uest$'n! As t(ere $ss'me 'bs,ur$ty '+ e*ress$'n $n t(e dem'nstrat$'n as $t stands $nt(e tet) I *r'*'se t' alter t(e *assa-e $n .uest$'n as +'ll'/s693ut t($s *ermanent ,ann't be an $ntu$t$'n $n me! F'r all t(edeterm$n$n- -r'unds '+ my e$sten,e /($,( ,an be +'und $n me arere*resentat$'ns and) as su,() d' t(emsel0es re.u$re a *ermanent)d$st$n,t +r'm t(em) /($,( may determ$ne my e$sten,e $n relat$'n t't(e$r ,(an-es) t(at $s) my e$sten,e $n t$me) /(ere$n t(ey ,(an-e!9 Itmay) *r'bably) be ur-ed $n '**'s$t$'n t' t($s *r''+ t(at) a+ter all) Iam 'nly ,'ns,$'us $mmed$ately '+ t(at /($,( $s $n me) t(at $s) '+ my

re*resentat$'n '+ eternal t($n-s) and t(at) ,'nse.uently) $t mustal/ays rema$n un,erta$n /(et(er anyt($n- ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t($sre*resentat$'n d'es 'r d'es n't e$st eternally t' me! 3ut I am,'ns,$'us) t(r'u-( $nternal e*er$en,e) '+ my e$sten,e $n t$me=,'nse.uently) als') '+ t(e determ$nab$l$ty '+ t(e +'rmer $n t(elatter>) and t(at $s m're t(an t(e s$m*le ,'ns,$'usness '+ myre*resentat$'n! It $s) $n +a,t) t(e same as t(e em*$r$,al,'ns,$'usness '+ my e$sten,e) /($,( ,an 'nly be determ$ned $nrelat$'n t' s'met($n-) /($,() /($le ,'nne,ted /$t( my e$sten,e) $seternal t' me! T($s ,'ns,$'usness '+ my e$sten,e $n t$me $s)t(ere+'re) $dent$,al /$t( t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ a relat$'n t' s'met($n-eternal t' me) and $t $s) t(ere+'re) e*er$en,e) n't +$,t$'n)sense) n't $ma-$nat$'n) /($,( $nse*arably ,'nne,ts t(e eternal /$t(

my $nternal sense! F'r t(e eternal sense $s) $n $tsel+) t(erelat$'n '+ $ntu$t$'n t' s'met($n- real) eternal t' me4 and t(ereal$ty '+ t($s s'met($n-) as '**'sed t' t(e mere $ma-$nat$'n '+ $t)rests s'lely 'n $ts $nse*arable ,'nne,t$'n /$t( $nternal e*er$en,e ast(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ $ts *'ss$b$l$ty! I+ /$t( t(e $ntelle,tual,'ns,$'usness '+ my e$sten,e) $n t(e re*resentat$'n6 I am) /($,(a,,'m*an$es all my &ud-ements) and all t(e '*erat$'ns '+ myunderstand$n-) I ,'uld) at t(e same t$me) ,'nne,t a determ$nat$'n '+my e$sten,e by $ntelle,tual $ntu$t$'n) t(en t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ arelat$'n t' s'met($n- eternal t' me /'uld n't be ne,essary! 3ut t(e$nternal $ntu$t$'n $n /($,( al'ne my e$sten,e ,an be determ$ned)

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t('u-( *re,eded by t(at *urely $ntelle,tual ,'ns,$'usness) $s $tsel+sens$ble and atta,(ed t' t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t$me! Hen,e t($sdeterm$nat$'n '+ my e$sten,e) and ,'nse.uently my $nternal e*er$en,e$tsel+) must de*end 'n s'met($n- *ermanent /($,( $s n't $n me) /($,(,an be) t(ere+'re) 'nly $n s'met($n- eternal t' me) t' /($,( I mustl''% u*'n mysel+ as be$n- related! T(us t(e real$ty '+ t(e eternalsense $s ne,essar$ly ,'nne,ted /$t( t(at '+ t(e $nternal) $n 'rdert' t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e $n -eneral4 t(at $s) I am &ust as

,erta$nly ,'ns,$'us t(at t(ere are t($n-s eternal t' me related t' mysense as I am t(at I mysel+ e$st as determ$ned $n t$me! 3ut $n'rder t' as,erta$n t' /(at -$0en $ntu$t$'ns 'b&e,ts) eternal me)really ,'rres*'nd) $n 't(er /'rds) /(at $ntu$t$'ns bel'n- t' t(eeternal sense and n't t' $ma-$nat$'n) I must (a0e re,'urse) $ne0ery *art$,ular ,ase) t' t('se rules a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( e*er$en,e $n-eneral =e0en $nternal e*er$en,e> $s d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm$ma-$nat$'n) and /($,( are al/ays based 'n t(e *r'*'s$t$'n t(att(ere really $s an eternal e*er$en,e! 2e may add t(e remar% t(at t(ere*resentat$'n '+ s'met($n- *ermanent $n e$sten,e) $s n't t(e samet($n- as t(e *ermanent re*resentat$'n4 +'r a re*resentat$'n may be0ery 0ar$able and ,(an-$n-5 as all 'ur re*resentat$'ns) e0en t(at '+matter) are5 and yet re+er t' s'met($n- *ermanent) /($,( must)

t(ere+'re) be d$st$n,t +r'm all my re*resentat$'ns and eternal t' me)t(e e$sten,e '+ /($,( $s ne,essar$ly $n,luded $n t(e determ$nat$'n '+my '/n e$sten,e) and /$t( $t ,'nst$tutes 'ne e*er$en,e5 ane*er$en,e /($,( /'uld n't e0en be *'ss$ble $nternally) $+ $t /ere n'tals' at t(e same t$me) $n *art) eternal! T' t(e .uest$'n H'/@ /eare n' m're able t' re*ly) t(an /e are) $n -eneral) t' t($n% t(estat$'nary $n t$me) t(e ,'e$sten,e '+ /($,( /$t( t(e 0ar$able)*r'du,es t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,(an-e!

In attem*t$n- t' render t(e e*'s$t$'n '+ my 0$e/s as $ntell$-$bleas *'ss$ble) I (a0e been ,'m*elled t' lea0e 'ut 'r abr$d-e 0ar$'us*assa-es /($,( /ere n't essent$al t' t(e ,'m*leteness '+ t(e /'r%) but/($,( many readers m$-(t ,'ns$der use+ul $n 't(er res*e,ts) and

m$-(t be un/$ll$n- t' m$ss! T($s tr$+l$n- l'ss) /($,( ,'uld n't bea0'$ded /$t('ut s/ell$n- t(e b''% bey'nd due l$m$ts) may besu**l$ed) at t(e *leasure '+ t(e reader) by a ,'m*ar$s'n /$t( t(e+$rst ed$t$'n) and /$ll) I ('*e) be m're t(an ,'m*ensated +'r by t(e-reater ,learness '+ t(e e*'s$t$'n as $t n'/ stands!

I (a0e 'bser0ed) /$t( *leasure and t(an%+ulness) $n t(e *a-es '+0ar$'us re0$e/s and treat$ses) t(at t(e s*$r$t '+ *r'+'und andt('r'u-( $n0est$-at$'n $s n't et$n,t $n ermany) t('u-( $t may (a0ebeen '0erb'rne and s$len,ed +'r a t$me by t(e +as($'nable t'ne '+ al$,en,e $n t($n%$n-) /($,( -$0es $tsel+ t(e a$rs '+ -en$us) and t(att(e d$++$,ult$es /($,( beset t(e *at(s '+ ,r$t$,$sm (a0e n't *re0entedener-et$, and a,ute t($n%ers +r'm ma%$n- t(emsel0es masters '+ t(e

s,$en,e '+ *ure reas'n t' /($,( t(ese *at(s ,'ndu,t5 a s,$en,e /($,($s n't *'*ular) but s,('last$, $n $ts ,(ara,ter) and /($,( al'ne ,an('*e +'r a last$n- e$sten,e 'r *'ssess an ab$d$n- 0alue! T' t(esedeser0$n- men) /(' s' (a**$ly ,'mb$ne *r'+und$ty '+ 0$e/ /$t( a talent+'r lu,$d e*'s$t$'n5 a talent /($,( I mysel+ am n't ,'ns,$'us '+*'ssess$n-5 I lea0e t(e tas% '+ rem'0$n- any 'bs,ur$ty /($,( may st$llad(ere t' t(e statement '+ my d',tr$nes! F'r) $n t($s ,ase) t(e dan-er$s n't t(at '+ be$n- re+uted) but '+ be$n- m$sunderst''d! F'r my '/n*art) I must (en,e+'r/ard absta$n +r'm ,'ntr'0ersy) alt('u-( I s(all,are+ully attend t' all su--est$'ns) /(et(er +r'm +r$ends 'rad0ersar$es) /($,( may be '+ use $n t(e +uture elab'rat$'n '+ t(e

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system '+ t($s *r'*aedeut$,! As) dur$n- t(ese lab'urs) I (a0e ad0an,ed*retty +ar $n years t($s m'nt( I rea,( my s$ty5+'urt( year5 $t /$llbe ne,essary +'r me t' e,'n'm$;e t$me) $+ I am t' ,arry 'ut my *lan '+elab'rat$n- t(e meta*(ys$,s '+ nature as /ell as '+ m'rals) $n,'n+$rmat$'n '+ t(e ,'rre,tness '+ t(e *r$n,$*les establ$s(ed $nt($s Cr$t$.ue '+ Pure Reas'n) b't( s*e,ulat$0e and *ra,t$,al4 and Imust) t(ere+'re) lea0e t(e tas% '+ ,lear$n- u* t(e 'bs,ur$t$es '+t(e *resent /'r%5 $ne0$table) *er(a*s) at t(e 'utset5 as /ell as)

t(e de+en,e '+ t(e /('le) t' t('se deser0$n- men) /(' (a0e made mysystem t(e$r '/n! A *($l's'*($,al system ,ann't ,'me +'r/ard armedat all *'$nts l$%e a mat(emat$,al treat$se) and (en,e $t may be.u$te *'ss$ble t' ta%e 'b&e,t$'n t' *art$,ular *assa-es) /($le t(e'r-an$, stru,ture '+ t(e system) ,'ns$dered as a un$ty) (as n'dan-er t' a**re(end! 3ut +e/ *'ssess t(e ab$l$ty) and st$ll +e/ert(e $n,l$nat$'n) t' ta%e a ,'m*re(ens$0e 0$e/ '+ a ne/ system! 3y,'n+$n$n- t(e 0$e/ t' *art$,ular *assa-es) ta%$n- t(ese 'ut '+ t(e$r,'nne,t$'n and ,'m*ar$n- t(em /$t( 'ne an't(er) $t $s easy t' *$,% 'uta**arent ,'ntrad$,t$'ns) es*e,$ally $n a /'r% /r$tten /$t( any +reed'm'+ style! T(ese ,'ntrad$,t$'ns *la,e t(e /'r% $n an un+a0'urable l$-(t$n t(e eyes '+ t('se /(' rely 'n t(e &ud-ement '+ 't(ers) but areeas$ly re,'n,$led by t('se /(' (a0e mastered t(e $dea '+ t(e /('le! I+

a t(e'ry *'ssesses stab$l$ty $n $tsel+) t(e a,t$'n and rea,t$'n/($,( seemed at +$rst t' t(reaten $ts e$sten,e ser0e 'nly) $n t(e,'urse '+ t$me) t' sm''t( d'/n any su*er+$,$al r'u-(ness 'r$ne.ual$ty) and5 $+ men '+ $ns$-(t) $m*art$al$ty) and truly *'*ular-$+ts) turn t(e$r attent$'n t' $t5 t' se,ure t' $t) $n a s('rt t$me)t(e re.u$s$te ele-an,e als'!

K'n$-sber-) A*r$l 1787!INTRO#UCTION

INTRO#UCTION!

I! O+ t(e d$++eren,e bet/een Pure and Em*$r$,al Kn'/led-e

T(at all 'ur %n'/led-e be-$ns /$t( e*er$en,e t(ere ,an be n' d'ubt!F'r ('/ $s $t *'ss$ble t(at t(e +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n s('uld bea/a%ened $nt' eer,$se 't(er/$se t(an by means '+ 'b&e,ts /($,( a++e,t'ur senses) and *artly '+ t(emsel0es *r'du,e re*resentat$'ns) *artlyr'use 'ur *'/ers '+ understand$n- $nt' a,t$0$ty) t' ,'m*are t','nne,t) 'r t' se*arate t(ese) and s' t' ,'n0ert t(e ra/ mater$al '+'ur sensu'us $m*ress$'ns $nt' a %n'/led-e '+ 'b&e,ts) /($,( $s,alled e*er$en,e@ In res*e,t '+ t$me) t(ere+'re) n' %n'/led-e '+ 'urs$s ante,edent t' e*er$en,e) but be-$ns /$t( $t!

3ut) t('u-( all 'ur %n'/led-e be-$ns /$t( e*er$en,e) $t by n' means+'ll'/s t(at all ar$ses 'ut '+ e*er$en,e! F'r) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) $t $s

.u$te *'ss$ble t(at 'ur em*$r$,al %n'/led-e $s a ,'m*'und '+ t(at/($,( /e re,e$0e t(r'u-( $m*ress$'ns) and t(at /($,( t(e +a,ulty '+,'-n$t$'n su**l$es +r'm $tsel+ =sensu'us $m*ress$'ns -$0$n- merely t(e',,as$'n>) an add$t$'n /($,( /e ,ann't d$st$n-u$s( +r'm t(e 'r$-$nalelement -$0en by sense) t$ll l'n- *ra,t$,e (as made us attent$0e t')and s%$l+ul $n se*arat$n- $t! It $s) t(ere+'re) a .uest$'n /($,(re.u$res ,l'se $n0est$-at$'n) and n't t' be ans/ered at +$rst s$-(t)/(et(er t(ere e$sts a %n'/led-e alt'-et(er $nde*endent '+ e*er$en,e)and e0en '+ all sensu'us $m*ress$'ns@ Kn'/led-e '+ t($s %$nd $s ,alleda *r$'r$) $n ,'ntrad$st$n,t$'n t' em*$r$,al %n'/led-e) /($,( (as $tss'ur,es a *'ster$'r$) t(at $s) $n e*er$en,e!

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3ut t(e e*ress$'n) 9a *r$'r$)9 $s n't as yet de+$n$te en'u-(ade.uately t' $nd$,ate t(e /('le mean$n- '+ t(e .uest$'n ab'0estarted! F'r) $n s*ea%$n- '+ %n'/led-e /($,( (as $ts s'ur,es $ne*er$en,e) /e are /'nt t' say) t(at t($s 'r t(at may be %n'/n a*r$'r$) be,ause /e d' n't der$0e t($s %n'/led-e $mmed$ately +r'me*er$en,e) but +r'm a -eneral rule) /($,() ('/e0er) /e (a0e $tsel+b'rr'/ed +r'm e*er$en,e! T(us) $+ a man underm$ned ($s ('use) /e say)

9(e m$-(t %n'/ a *r$'r$ t(at $t /'uld (a0e +allen49 t(at $s) (e neededn't t' (a0e /a$ted +'r t(e e*er$en,e t(at $t d$d a,tually +all! 3utst$ll) a *r$'r$) (e ,'uld n't %n'/ e0en t($s mu,(! F'r) t(at b'd$esare (ea0y) and) ,'nse.uently) t(at t(ey +all /(en t(e$r su**'rts areta%en a/ay) must (a0e been %n'/n t' ($m *re0$'usly) by means '+e*er$en,e!

3y t(e term 9%n'/led-e a *r$'r$)9 t(ere+'re) /e s(all $n t(ese.uel understand) n't su,( as $s $nde*endent '+ t($s 'r t(at %$nd'+ e*er$en,e) but su,( as $s abs'lutely s' '+ all e*er$en,e! O**'sedt' t($s $s em*$r$,al %n'/led-e) 'r t(at /($,( $s *'ss$ble 'nly a*'ster$'r$) t(at $s) t(r'u-( e*er$en,e! Kn'/led-e a *r$'r$ $se$t(er *ure 'r $m*ure! Pure %n'/led-e a *r$'r$ $s t(at /$t( /($,( n'

em*$r$,al element $s m$ed u*! F'r eam*le) t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9E0ery,(an-e (as a ,ause)9 $s a *r'*'s$t$'n a *r$'r$) but $m*ure) be,ause,(an-e $s a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( ,an 'nly be der$0ed +r'm e*er$en,e!

II! T(e Human Intelle,t) e0en $n an Un*($l's'*($,al State)

$s $n P'ssess$'n '+ Certa$n C'-n$t$'ns 9a *r$'r$9!

T(e .uest$'n n'/ $s as t' a ,r$ter$'n) by /($,( /e may se,urelyd$st$n-u$s( a *ure +r'm an em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n! E*er$en,e n' d'ubttea,(es us t(at t($s 'r t(at 'b&e,t $s ,'nst$tuted $n su,( and su,(a manner) but n't t(at $t ,'uld n't *'ss$bly e$st 't(er/$se! N'/)$n t(e +$rst *la,e) $+ /e (a0e a *r'*'s$t$'n /($,( ,'nta$ns t(e $dea

'+ ne,ess$ty $n $ts 0ery ,'n,e*t$'n) $t $s a $+) m're'0er) $t $s n'tder$0ed +r'm any 't(er *r'*'s$t$'n) unless +r'm 'ne e.ually$n0'l0$n- t(e $dea '+ ne,ess$ty) $t $s abs'lutely *r$'r$! Se,'ndly) anem*$r$,al &ud-ement ne0er e($b$ts str$,t and abs'lute) but 'nlyassumed and ,'m*arat$0e un$0ersal$ty =by $ndu,t$'n>4 t(ere+'re) t(em'st /e ,an say $s5 s' +ar as /e (a0e ($t(ert' 'bser0ed) t(ere $s n'e,e*t$'n t' t($s 'r t(at rule! I+) 'n t(e 't(er (and) a &ud-ement,arr$es /$t( $t str$,t and abs'lute un$0ersal$ty) t(at $s) adm$ts '+n' *'ss$ble e,e*t$'n) $t $s n't der$0ed +r'm e*er$en,e) but $s 0al$dabs'lutely a *r$'r$!

Em*$r$,al un$0ersal$ty $s) t(ere+'re) 'nly an arb$trary etens$'n '+0al$d$ty) +r'm t(at /($,( may be *red$,ated '+ a *r'*'s$t$'n 0al$d

$n m'st ,ases) t' t(at /($,( $s asserted '+ a *r'*'s$t$'n /($,(('lds -''d $n all4 as) +'r eam*le) $n t(e a++$rmat$'n) 9All b'd$esare (ea0y!9 2(en) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) str$,t un$0ersal$ty ,(ara,ter$;es a&ud-ement) $t ne,essar$ly $nd$,ates an't(er *e,ul$ar s'ur,e '+%n'/led-e) namely) a +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n a *r$'r$! Ne,ess$ty andstr$,t un$0ersal$ty) t(ere+'re) are $n+all$ble tests +'rd$st$n-u$s($n- *ure +r'm em*$r$,al %n'/led-e) and are $nse*arably,'nne,ted /$t( ea,( 't(er! 3ut as $n t(e use '+ t(ese ,r$ter$a t(eem*$r$,al l$m$tat$'n $s s'met$mes m're eas$ly dete,ted t(an t(e,'nt$n-en,y '+ t(e &ud-ement) 'r t(e unl$m$ted un$0ersal$ty /($,( /eatta,( t' a &ud-ement $s '+ten a m're ,'n0$n,$n- *r''+ t(an $ts

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ne,ess$ty) $t may be ad0$sable t' use t(e ,r$ter$a se*arately) ea,(be$n- by $tsel+ $n+all$ble!

N'/) t(at $n t(e s*(ere '+ (uman ,'-n$t$'n /e (a0e &ud-ements/($,( are ne,essary) and $n t(e str$,test sense un$0ersal),'nse.uently *ure a *r$'r$) $t /$ll be an easy matter t' s('/! I+ /edes$re an eam*le +r'm t(e s,$en,es) /e need 'nly ta%e any *r'*'s$t$'n$n mat(emat$,s! I+ /e ,ast 'ur eyes u*'n t(e ,'mm'nest '*erat$'ns '+

t(e understand$n-) t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9E0ery ,(an-e must (a0e a,ause)9 /$ll am*ly ser0e 'ur *ur*'se! In t(e latter ,ase) $ndeed)t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a ,ause s' *la$nly $n0'l0es t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ane,ess$ty '+ ,'nne,t$'n /$t( an e++e,t) and '+ a str$,t un$0ersal$ty'+ t(e la/) t(at t(e 0ery n't$'n '+ a ,ause /'uld ent$relyd$sa**ear) /ere /e t' der$0e $t) l$%e Hume) +r'm a +re.uentass',$at$'n '+ /(at (a**ens /$t( t(at /($,( *re,edes4 and t(e (ab$tt(en,e 'r$-$nat$n- '+ ,'nne,t$n- re*resentat$'ns5 t(e ne,ess$ty$n(erent $n t(e &ud-ement be$n- t(ere+'re merely sub&e,t$0e!3es$des) /$t('ut see%$n- +'r su,( eam*les '+ *r$n,$*les e$st$n- a*r$'r$ $n ,'-n$t$'n) /e m$-(t eas$ly s('/ t(at su,( *r$n,$*les are t(e$nd$s*ensable bas$s '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e $tsel+) and,'nse.uently *r'0e t(e$r e$sten,e a *r$'r$! F'r /(en,e ,'uld 'ur

e*er$en,e $tsel+ a,.u$re ,erta$nty) $+ all t(e rules 'n /($,( $tde*ends /ere t(emsel0es em*$r$,al) and ,'nse.uently +'rtu$t'us@ N''ne) t(ere+'re) ,an adm$t t(e 0al$d$ty '+ t(e use '+ su,( rules as+$rst *r$n,$*les! 3ut) +'r t(e *resent) /e may ,'ntent 'ursel0es/$t( (a0$n- establ$s(ed t(e +a,t) t(at /e d' *'ssess and eer,$se a+a,ulty '+ *ure a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n4 and) se,'ndly) /$t( (a0$n- *'$nted'ut t(e *r'*er tests '+ su,( ,'-n$t$'n) namely) un$0ersal$ty andne,ess$ty!

N't 'nly $n &ud-ements) ('/e0er) but e0en $n ,'n,e*t$'ns) $s an a*r$'r$ 'r$-$n man$+est! F'r eam*le) $+ /e ta%e a/ay by de-rees +r'm'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ a b'dy all t(at ,an be re+erred t' mere sensu'use*er$en,e5 ,'l'ur) (ardness 'r s'+tness) /e$-(t) e0en

$m*enetrab$l$ty5 t(e b'dy /$ll t(en 0an$s(4 but t(e s*a,e /($,( $t',,u*$ed st$ll rema$ns) and t($s $t $s utterly $m*'ss$ble t'ann$($late $n t('u-(t! A-a$n) $+ /e ta%e a/ay) $n l$%e manner) +r'm'ur em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'n '+ any 'b&e,t) ,'r*'real 'r $n,'r*'real)all *r'*ert$es /($,( mere e*er$en,e (as tau-(t us t' ,'nne,t /$t( $t)st$ll /e ,ann't t($n% a/ay t('se t(r'u-( /($,( /e ,'-$tate $t assubstan,e) 'r ad(er$n- t' substan,e) alt('u-( 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+substan,e $s m're determ$ned t(an t(at '+ an 'b&e,t! C'm*elled)t(ere+'re) by t(at ne,ess$ty /$t( /($,( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ substan,e+'r,es $tsel+ u*'n us) /e must ,'n+ess t(at $t (as $ts seat $n 'ur+a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n a *r$'r$!

III! P($l's'*(y stands $n need '+ a S,$en,e /($,( s(all

#eterm$ne t(e P'ss$b$l$ty) Pr$n,$*les) and Etent '+

Human Kn'/led-e 9a *r$'r$9

O+ +ar m're $m*'rtan,e t(an all t(at (as been ab'0e sa$d) $s t(e,'ns$derat$'n t(at ,erta$n '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'ns r$se ,'m*letely ab'0e t(es*(ere '+ all *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) and by means '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) t'/($,( t(ere e$sts $n t(e /('le etent '+ e*er$en,e n','rres*'nd$n- 'b&e,t) seem t' etend t(e ran-e '+ 'ur &ud-ementsbey'nd $ts b'unds! And &ust $n t($s trans,endental 'r su*ersens$ble

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s*(ere) /(ere e*er$en,e a++'rds us ne$t(er $nstru,t$'n n'r-u$dan,e) l$e t(e $n0est$-at$'ns '+ reas'n) /($,() 'n a,,'unt '+ t(e$r$m*'rtan,e) /e ,'ns$der +ar *re+erable t') and as (a0$n- a +ar m'reele0ated a$m t(an) all t(at t(e understand$n- ,an a,($e0e /$t($n t(es*(ere '+ sensu'us *(en'mena! S' ($-( a 0alue d' /e set u*'n t(ese$n0est$-at$'ns) t(at e0en at t(e r$s% '+ err'r) /e *ers$st $n+'ll'/$n- t(em 'ut) and *erm$t ne$t(er d'ubt n'r d$sre-ard n'r$nd$++eren,e t' restra$n us +r'm t(e *ursu$t! T(ese una0'$dable

*r'blems '+ mere *ure reas'n are 'd) +reed'm ='+ /$ll>) and$mm'rtal$ty! T(e s,$en,e /($,() /$t( all $ts *rel$m$nar$es) (as +'r$ts es*e,$al 'b&e,t t(e s'lut$'n '+ t(ese *r'blems $s namedmeta*(ys$,s5 a s,$en,e /($,( $s at t(e 0ery 'utset d'-mat$,al) t(at$s) $t ,'n+$dently ta%es u*'n $tsel+ t(e ee,ut$'n '+ t($s tas%/$t('ut any *re0$'us $n0est$-at$'n '+ t(e ab$l$ty 'r $nab$l$ty '+reas'n +'r su,( an underta%$n-!

N'/ t(e sa+e -r'und '+ e*er$en,e be$n- t(us aband'ned) $t seemsne0ert(eless natural t(at /e s('uld (es$tate t' ere,t a bu$ld$n-/$t( t(e ,'-n$t$'ns /e *'ssess) /$t('ut %n'/$n- /(en,e t(ey ,'me)and 'n t(e stren-t( '+ *r$n,$*les) t(e 'r$-$n '+ /($,( $sund$s,'0ered! Instead '+ t(us try$n- t' bu$ld /$t('ut a +'undat$'n) $t

$s rat(er t' be e*e,ted t(at /e s('uld l'n- a-' (a0e *ut t(e.uest$'n) ('/ t(e understand$n- ,an arr$0e at t(ese a *r$'r$,'-n$t$'ns) and /(at $s t(e etent) 0al$d$ty) and /'rt( /($,( t(ey may*'ssess@ 2e say) 9T($s $s natural en'u-()9 mean$n- by t(e /'rdnatural) t(at /($,( $s ,'ns$stent /$t( a &ust and reas'nable /ay '+t($n%$n-4 but $+ /e understand by t(e term) t(at! /($,( usually(a**ens) n't($n- $ndeed ,'uld be m're natural and m're,'m*re(ens$ble t(an t(at t($s $n0est$-at$'n s('uld be le+t l'n-unattem*ted! F'r 'ne *art '+ 'ur *ure %n'/led-e) t(e s,$en,e '+mat(emat$,s) (as been l'n- +$rmly establ$s(ed) and t(us leads us t'+'rm +latter$n- e*e,tat$'ns /$t( re-ard t' 't(ers) t('u-( t(ese maybe '+ .u$te a d$++erent nature! 3es$des) /(en /e -et bey'nd t(e b'unds'+ e*er$en,e) /e are '+ ,'urse sa+e +r'm '**'s$t$'n $n t(at

.uarter4 and t(e ,(arm '+ /$den$n- t(e ran-e '+ 'ur %n'/led-e $s s'-reat t(at) unless /e are br'u-(t t' a standst$ll by s'me e0$dent,'ntrad$,t$'n) /e (urry 'n und'ubt$n-ly $n 'ur ,'urse! T($s)('/e0er) may be a0'$ded) $+ /e are su++$,$ently ,aut$'us $n t(e,'nstru,t$'n '+ 'ur +$,t$'ns) /($,( are n't t(e less +$,t$'ns 'nt(at a,,'unt!

"at(emat$,al s,$en,e a++'rds us a br$ll$ant eam*le) ('/ +ar)$nde*endently '+ all e*er$en,e) /e may ,arry 'ur a *r$'r$%n'/led-e! It $s true t(at t(e mat(emat$,$an ',,u*$es ($msel+ /$t('b&e,ts and ,'-n$t$'ns 'nly $n s' +ar as t(ey ,an be re*resented bymeans '+ $ntu$t$'n! 3ut t($s ,$r,umstan,e $s eas$ly '0erl''%ed)be,ause t(e sa$d $ntu$t$'n ,an $tsel+ be -$0en a *r$'r$) and t(ere+'re

$s (ardly t' be d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm a mere *ure ,'n,e*t$'n! #e,e$0ed bysu,( a *r''+ '+ t(e *'/er '+ reas'n) /e ,an *er,e$0e n' l$m$ts t't(e etens$'n '+ 'ur %n'/led-e! T(e l$-(t d'0e ,lea0$n- $n +ree +l$-(tt(e t($n a$r) /('se res$stan,e $t +eels) m$-(t $ma-$ne t(at (erm'0ements /'uld be +ar m're +ree and ra*$d $n a$rless s*a,e! &ust $nt(e same /ay d$d Plat') aband'n$n- t(e /'rld '+ sense be,ause '+ t(enarr'/ l$m$ts $t sets t' t(e understand$n-) 0enture u*'n t(e /$n-s'+ $deas bey'nd $t) $nt' t(e 0'$d s*a,e '+ *ure $ntelle,t! He d$dn't re+le,t t(at (e made n' real *r'-ress by all ($s e++'rts4 +'r (emet /$t( n' res$stan,e /($,( m$-(t ser0e ($m +'r a su**'rt) as $t/ere) /(ere'n t' rest) and 'n /($,( (e m$-(t a**ly ($s *'/ers) $n

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'rder t' let t(e $ntelle,t a,.u$re m'mentum +'r $ts *r'-ress! It $s)$ndeed) t(e ,'mm'n +ate '+ (uman reas'n $n s*e,ulat$'n) t' +$n$s(t(e $m*'s$n- ed$+$,e '+ t('u-(t as ra*$dly as *'ss$ble) and t(en +'rt(e +$rst t$me t' be-$n t' eam$ne /(et(er t(e +'undat$'n $s a s'l$d'ne 'r n'! Arr$0ed at t($s *'$nt) all s'rts '+ e,uses are s'u-(ta+ter) $n 'rder t' ,'ns'le us +'r $ts /ant '+ stab$l$ty) 'r rat(er)$ndeed) t' enable Us t' d$s*ense alt'-et(er /$t( s' late and dan-er'usan $n0est$-at$'n! 3ut /(at +rees us dur$n- t(e *r',ess '+ bu$ld$n-

+r'm all a**re(ens$'n 'r sus*$,$'n) and +latters us $nt' t(e bel$e+ '+$ts s'l$d$ty) $s t($s! A -reat *art) *er(a*s t(e -reatest *art) '+ t(ebus$ness '+ 'ur reas'n ,'ns$sts $n t(e analysat$'n '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( /e already *'ssess '+ 'b&e,ts! 3y t($s means /e -a$na mult$tude '+ ,'-n$t$'ns) /($,( alt('u-( really n't($n- m're t(anelu,$dat$'ns 'r e*lanat$'ns '+ t(at /($,( =t('u-( $n a ,'n+usedmanner> /as already t('u-(t $n 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns) are) at least $nres*e,t '+ t(e$r +'rm) *r$;ed as ne/ $ntr's*e,t$'ns4 /($lst) s' +ar asre-ards t(e$r matter 'r ,'ntent) /e (a0e really made n' add$t$'n t''ur ,'n,e*t$'ns) but 'nly d$s$n0'l0ed t(em! 3ut as t($s *r',ess d'es+urn$s( a real *r$'r$ %n'/led-e) /($,( (as a sure *r'-ress anduse+ul results) reas'n) de,e$0ed by t($s) sl$*s $n) /$t('ut be$n-$tsel+ a/are '+ $t) assert$'ns '+ a .u$te d$++erent %$nd4 $n /($,() t'

-$0en ,'n,e*t$'ns $t adds 't(ers) a *r$'r$ $ndeed) but ent$rely+'re$-n t' t(em) /$t('ut 'ur %n'/$n- ('/ $t arr$0es at t(ese) and)$ndeed) /$t('ut su,( a .uest$'n e0er su--est$n- $tsel+! I s(allt(ere+'re at 'n,e *r',eed t' eam$ne t(e d$++eren,e bet/een t(eset/' m'des '+ %n'/led-e!

ID! O+ t(e #$++eren,e 3et/een Analyt$,al and Synt(et$,al ud-ements!

In all &ud-ements /(ere$n t(e relat$'n '+ a sub&e,t t' t(e *red$,ate$s ,'-$tated =I ment$'n a++$rmat$0e &ud-ements 'nly (ere4 t(ea**l$,at$'n t' ne-at$0e /$ll be 0ery easy>) t($s relat$'n $s*'ss$ble $n t/' d$++erent /ays! E$t(er t(e *red$,ate 3 bel'n-s t't(e sub&e,t A) as s'me/(at /($,( $s ,'nta$ned =t('u-( ,'0ertly> $n t(e

,'n,e*t$'n A4 'r t(e *red$,ate 3 l$es ,'m*letely 'ut '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'nA) alt('u-( $t stands $n ,'nne,t$'n /$t( $t! In t(e +$rst $nstan,e)I term t(e &ud-ement analyt$,al) $n t(e se,'nd) synt(et$,al!Analyt$,al &ud-ements =a++$rmat$0e> are t(ere+'re t('se $n /($,( t(e,'nne,t$'n '+ t(e *red$,ate /$t( t(e sub&e,t $s ,'-$tated t(r'u-($dent$ty4 t('se $n /($,( t($s ,'nne,t$'n $s ,'-$tated /$t('ut$dent$ty) are ,alled synt(et$,al &ud-ements! T(e +'rmer may be,alled e*l$,at$0e) t(e latter au-mentat$0e &ud-ements4 be,ause t(e+'rmer add $n t(e *red$,ate n't($n- t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(esub&e,t) but 'nly analyse $t $nt' $ts ,'nst$tuent ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,(/ere t('u-(t already $n t(e sub&e,t) alt('u-( $n a ,'n+used manner4t(e latter add t' 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e sub&e,t a *red$,ate /($,( /asn't ,'nta$ned $n $t) and /($,( n' analys$s ,'uld e0er (a0e

d$s,'0ered t(ere$n! F'r eam*le) /(en I say) 9All b'd$es areetended)9 t($s $s an analyt$,al &ud-ement! F'r I need n't -' bey'ndt(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ b'dy $n 'rder t' +$nd etens$'n ,'nne,ted /$t( $t)but merely analyse t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) t(at $s) be,'me ,'ns,$'us '+ t(eman$+'ld *r'*ert$es /($,( I t($n% $n t(at ,'n,e*t$'n) $n 'rder t'd$s,'0er t($s *red$,ate $n $t6 $t $s t(ere+'re an analyt$,al&ud-ement! On t(e 't(er (and) /(en I say) 9All b'd$es are (ea0y)9t(e *red$,ate $s s'met($n- t'tally d$++erent +r'm t(at /($,( I t($n%$n t(e mere ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a b'dy! 3y t(e add$t$'n '+ su,( a *red$,ate)t(ere+'re) $t be,'mes a synt(et$,al &ud-ement!

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ud-ements '+ e*er$en,e) as su,() are al/ays synt(et$,al! F'r $t/'uld be absurd t' t($n% '+ -r'und$n- an analyt$,al &ud-ement 'ne*er$en,e) be,ause $n +'rm$n- su,( a &ud-ement I need n't -' 'ut '+t(e s*(ere '+ my ,'n,e*t$'ns) and t(ere+'re re,'urse t' t(etest$m'ny '+ e*er$en,e $s .u$te unne,essary! T(at 9b'd$es areetended9 $s n't an em*$r$,al &ud-ement) but a *r'*'s$t$'n /($,(stands +$rm a *r$'r$! F'r be+'re address$n- mysel+ t' e*er$en,e) Ialready (a0e $n my ,'n,e*t$'n all t(e re.u$s$te ,'nd$t$'ns +'r t(e

&ud-ement) and I (a0e 'nly t' etra,t t(e *red$,ate +r'm t(e,'n,e*t$'n) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,'ntrad$,t$'n) and t(erebyat t(e same t$me be,'me ,'ns,$'us '+ t(e ne,ess$ty '+ t(e &ud-ement) ane,ess$ty /($,( I ,'uld ne0er learn +r'm e*er$en,e! On t(e 't(er(and) t('u-( at +$rst I d' n't at all $n,lude t(e *red$,ate '+/e$-(t $n my ,'n,e*t$'n '+ b'dy $n -eneral) t(at ,'n,e*t$'n st$ll$nd$,ates an 'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e) a *art '+ t(e t'tal$ty '+e*er$en,e) t' /($,( I ,an st$ll add 't(er *arts4 and t($s I d' /(en Ire,'-n$;e by 'bser0at$'n t(at b'd$es are (ea0y! I ,an ,'-n$;ebe+'re(and by analys$s t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ b'dy t(r'u-( t(e,(ara,ter$st$,s '+ etens$'n) $m*enetrab$l$ty) s(a*e) et,!) all/($,( are ,'-$tated $n t($s ,'n,e*t$'n! 3ut n'/ I etend my %n'/led-e)and l''%$n- ba,% 'n e*er$en,e +r'm /($,( I (ad der$0ed t($s

,'n,e*t$'n '+ b'dy) I +$nd /e$-(t at all t$mes ,'nne,ted /$t( t(eab'0e ,(ara,ter$st$,s) and t(ere+'re I synt(et$,ally add t' my,'n,e*t$'ns t($s as a *red$,ate) and say) 9All b'd$es are (ea0y!9 T(us$t $s e*er$en,e u*'n /($,( rests t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e synt(es$s'+ t(e *red$,ate '+ /e$-(t /$t( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ b'dy) be,ause b't(,'n,e*t$'ns) alt('u-( t(e 'ne $s n't ,'nta$ned $n t(e 't(er) st$llbel'n- t' 'ne an't(er ='nly ,'nt$n-ently) ('/e0er>) as *arts '+ a/('le) namely) '+ e*er$en,e) /($,( $s $tsel+ a synt(es$s '+$ntu$t$'ns!

3ut t' synt(et$,al &ud-ements a *r$'r$) su,( a$d $s ent$rely/ant$n-! I+ I -' 'ut '+ and bey'nd t(e ,'n,e*t$'n A) $n 'rder t're,'-n$;e an't(er 3 as ,'nne,ted /$t( $t) /(at +'undat$'n (a0e I t'

rest 'n) /(ereby t' render t(e synt(es$s *'ss$ble@ I (a0e (ere n'l'n-er t(e ad0anta-e '+ l''%$n- 'ut $n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e +'r/(at I /ant! <et us ta%e) +'r eam*le) t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9E0eryt($n-t(at (a**ens (as a ,ause!9 In t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ 9s'met($n- t(at(a**ens)9 I $ndeed t($n% an e$sten,e /($,( a ,erta$n t$meante,edes) and +r'm t($s I ,an der$0e analyt$,al &ud-ements! 3ut t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ a ,ause l$es .u$te 'ut '+ t(e ab'0e ,'n,e*t$'n) and$nd$,ates s'met($n- ent$rely d$++erent +r'm 9t(at /($,( (a**ens)9and $s ,'nse.uently n't ,'nta$ned $n t(at ,'n,e*t$'n! H'/ t(en am Iable t' assert ,'n,ern$n- t(e -eneral ,'n,e*t$'n5 9t(at /($,((a**ens95 s'met($n- ent$rely d$++erent +r'm t(at ,'n,e*t$'n) and t're,'-n$;e t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,ause alt('u-( n't ,'nta$ned $n $t) yet asbel'n-$n- t' $t) and e0en ne,essar$ly@ /(at $s (ere t(e un%n'/n )

u*'n /($,( t(e understand$n- rests /(en $t bel$e0es $t (as +'und)'ut '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n A a +'re$-n *red$,ate 3) /($,( $t ne0ert(eless,'ns$ders t' be ,'nne,ted /$t( $t@ It ,ann't be e*er$en,e) be,auset(e *r$n,$*le addu,ed annees t(e t/' re*resentat$'ns) ,ause ande++e,t) t' t(e re*resentat$'n e$sten,e) n't 'nly /$t( un$0ersal$ty)/($,( e*er$en,e ,ann't -$0e) but als' /$t( t(e e*ress$'n '+ne,ess$ty) t(ere+'re ,'m*letely a *r$'r$ and +r'm *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns!U*'n su,( synt(et$,al) t(at $s au-mentat$0e *r'*'s$t$'ns) de*endst(e /('le a$m '+ 'ur s*e,ulat$0e %n'/led-e a *r$'r$4 +'r alt('u-(analyt$,al &ud-ements are $ndeed ($-(ly $m*'rtant and ne,essary)t(ey are s') 'nly t' arr$0e at t(at ,learness '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,(

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$s re.u$s$te +'r a sure and etended synt(es$s) and t($s al'ne $s areal a,.u$s$t$'n!

D! In all T(e'ret$,al S,$en,es '+ Reas'n) Synt(et$,al ud-ements

9a *r$'r$9 are ,'nta$ned as Pr$n,$*les!

1! "at(emat$,al &ud-ements are al/ays synt(et$,al! H$t(ert' t($s

+a,t) t('u-( $n,'ntestably true and 0ery $m*'rtant $n $ts,'nse.uen,es) seems t' (a0e es,a*ed t(e analysts '+ t(e (uman m$nd)nay) t' be $n ,'m*lete '**'s$t$'n t' all t(e$r ,'n&e,tures! F'r as$t /as +'und t(at mat(emat$,al ,'n,lus$'ns all *r',eed a,,'rd$n- t't(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,'ntrad$,t$'n =/($,( t(e nature '+ e0ery a*'de$,t$,,erta$nty re.u$res>) *e'*le be,ame *ersuaded t(at t(e +undamental*r$n,$*les '+ t(e s,$en,e als' /ere re,'-n$;ed and adm$tted $n t(esame /ay! 3ut t(e n't$'n $s +alla,$'us4 +'r alt('u-( a synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'n ,an ,erta$nly be d$s,erned by means '+ t(e *r$n,$*le '+,'ntrad$,t$'n) t($s $s *'ss$ble 'nly /(en an't(er synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'n *re,edes) +r'm /($,( t(e latter $s dedu,ed) but ne0er '+$tsel+ /($,(

3e+'re all) be $t 'bser0ed) t(at *r'*er mat(emat$,al *r'*'s$t$'nsare al/ays &ud-ements a *r$'r$) and n't em*$r$,al) be,ause t(ey,arry al'n- /$t( t(em t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ne,ess$ty) /($,( ,ann't be-$0en by e*er$en,e! I+ t($s be demurred t') $t matters n't4 I /$llt(en l$m$t my assert$'n t' *ure mat(emat$,s) t(e 0ery ,'n,e*t$'n '+/($,( $m*l$es t(at $t ,'ns$sts '+ %n'/led-e alt'-et(er n'n5em*$r$,aland a *r$'r$!

2e m$-(t) $ndeed at +$rst su**'se t(at t(e *r'*'s$t$'n 7 G 1B $sa merely analyt$,al *r'*'s$t$'n) +'ll'/$n- =a,,'rd$n- t' t(e *r$n,$*le'+ ,'ntrad$,t$'n> +r'm t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a sum '+ se0en and +$0e!3ut $+ /e re-ard $t m're narr'/ly) /e +$nd t(at 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+t(e sum '+ se0en and +$0e ,'nta$ns n't($n- m're t(an t(e un$t$n- '+

b't( sums $nt' 'ne) /(ereby $t ,ann't at all be ,'-$tated /(at t($ss$n-le number $s /($,( embra,es b't(! T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t/el0e $s byn' means 'bta$ned by merely ,'-$tat$n- t(e un$'n '+ se0en and +$0e4and /e may analyse 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+ su,( a *'ss$ble sum as l'n- as /e/$ll) st$ll /e s(all ne0er d$s,'0er $n $t t(e n't$'n '+ t/el0e! 2emust -' bey'nd t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns) and (a0e re,'urse t' an $ntu$t$'n/($,( ,'rres*'nds t' 'ne '+ t(e t/'5 'ur +$0e +$n-ers) +'r eam*le) 'rl$%e Se-ner $n ($s Ar$t(met$, +$0e *'$nts) and s' by de-rees) addt(e un$ts ,'nta$ned $n t(e +$0e -$0en $n t(e $ntu$t$'n) t' t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ se0en! F'r I +$rst ta%e t(e number 7) and) +'r t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,all$n- $n t(e a$d '+ t(e +$n-ers '+ my (and as'b&e,ts '+ $ntu$t$'n) I add t(e un$ts) /($,( I be+'re t''% t'-et(er t'ma%e u* t(e number ) -radually n'/ by means '+ t(e mater$al $ma-e

my (and) t' t(e number 7) and by t($s *r',ess) I at len-t( see t(enumber 1B ar$se! T(at 7 s('uld be added t' ) I (a0e ,erta$nly,'-$tated $n my ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a sum 7 G ) but n't t(at t($s sum /ase.ual t' 1B! Ar$t(met$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns are t(ere+'re al/ayssynt(et$,al) '+ /($,( /e may be,'me m're ,learly ,'n0$n,ed by try$n-lar-e numbers! F'r $t /$ll t(us be,'me .u$te e0$dent t(at) turn andt/$st 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns as /e may) $t $s $m*'ss$ble) /$t('ut (a0$n-re,'urse t' $ntu$t$'n) t' arr$0e at t(e sum t'tal 'r *r'du,t bymeans '+ t(e mere analys$s '+ 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns! &ust as l$ttle $s any*r$n,$*le '+ *ure -e'metry analyt$,al! 9A stra$-(t l$ne bet/een t/'*'$nts $s t(e s('rtest)9 $s a synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n! F'r my

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,'n,e*t$'n '+ stra$-(t ,'nta$ns n' n't$'n '+ .uant$ty) but $s merely.ual$tat$0e! T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e s('rtest $s t(ere+'re +'re /('llyan add$t$'n) and by n' analys$s ,an $t be etra,ted +r'm 'ur,'n,e*t$'n '+ a stra$-(t l$ne! Intu$t$'n must t(ere+'re (ere lend$ts a$d) by means '+ /($,() and t(us 'nly) 'ur synt(es$s $s *'ss$ble!

S'me +e/ *r$n,$*les *re*'s$ted by -e'metr$,$ans are) $ndeed)really analyt$,al) and de*end 'n t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,'ntrad$,t$'n!

T(ey ser0e) ('/e0er) l$%e $dent$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns) as l$n%s $n t(e,(a$n '+ met('d) n't as *r$n,$*les5 +'r eam*le) a a) t(e /('le $se.ual t' $tsel+) 'r =aGb> a) t(e /('le $s -reater t(an $ts *art! Andyet e0en t(ese *r$n,$*les t(emsel0es) t('u-( t(ey der$0e t(e$r0al$d$ty +r'm *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns) are 'nly adm$tted $n mat(emat$,sbe,ause t(ey ,an be *resented $n $ntu$t$'n! 2(at ,auses us (ere,'mm'nly t' bel$e0e t(at t(e *red$,ate '+ su,( a*'de$,t$, &ud-ements$s already ,'nta$ned $n 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n) and t(at t(e &ud-ement $st(ere+'re analyt$,al) $s merely t(e e.u$0',al nature '+ t(ee*ress$'n! 2e must &'$n $n t('u-(t a ,erta$n *red$,ate t' a -$0en,'n,e*t$'n) and t($s ne,ess$ty ,lea0es already t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n!3ut t(e .uest$'n $s) n't /(at /e must &'$n $n t('u-(t t' t(e -$0en,'n,e*t$'n) but /(at /e really t($n% t(ere$n) t('u-( 'nly 'bs,urely)

and t(en $t be,'mes man$+est t(at t(e *red$,ate *erta$ns t' t(ese,'n,e*t$'ns) ne,essar$ly $ndeed) yet n't as t('u-(t $n t(e,'n,e*t$'n $tsel+) but by 0$rtue '+ an $ntu$t$'n) /($,( must beadded t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n!

B! T(e s,$en,e '+ natural *($l's'*(y =*(ys$,s> ,'nta$ns $n $tsel+synt(et$,al &ud-ements a *r$'r$) as *r$n,$*les! I s(all addu,e t/'*r'*'s$t$'ns! F'r $nstan,e) t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9In all ,(an-es '+ t(emater$al /'rld) t(e .uant$ty '+ matter rema$ns un,(an-ed94 'r) t(at)9In all ,'mmun$,at$'n '+ m't$'n) a,t$'n and rea,t$'n must al/ays bee.ual!9 In b't( '+ t(ese) n't 'nly $s t(e ne,ess$ty) and t(ere+'ret(e$r 'r$-$n a *r$'r$ ,lear) but als' t(at t(ey are synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'ns! F'r $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ matter) I d' n't ,'-$tate $ts

*ermanen,y) but merely $ts *resen,e $n s*a,e) /($,( $t +$lls! It(ere+'re really -' 'ut '+ and bey'nd t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ matter) $n'rder t' t($n% 'n t' $t s'met($n- a *r$'r$) /($,( I d$d n't t($n% $n$t! T(e *r'*'s$t$'n $s t(ere+'re n't analyt$,al) but synt(et$,al)and ne0ert(eless ,'n,e$0ed a *r$'r$4 and s' $t $s /$t( re-ard t' t(e't(er *r'*'s$t$'ns '+ t(e *ure *art '+ natural *($l's'*(y!

! As t' meta*(ys$,s) e0en $+ /e l''% u*'n $t merely as an attem*teds,$en,e) yet) +r'm t(e nature '+ (uman reas'n) an $nd$s*ensable 'ne)/e +$nd t(at $t must ,'nta$n synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns a *r$'r$! It$s n't merely t(e duty '+ meta*(ys$,s t' d$sse,t) and t(erebyanalyt$,ally t' $llustrate t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( /e +'rm a *r$'r$ '+t($n-s4 but /e see% t' /$den t(e ran-e '+ 'ur a *r$'r$ %n'/led-e!

F'r t($s *ur*'se) /e must a0a$l 'ursel0es '+ su,( *r$n,$*les as adds'met($n- t' t(e 'r$-$nal ,'n,e*t$'n5 s'met($n- n't $dent$,al /$t()n'r ,'nta$ned $n $t) and by means '+ synt(et$,al &ud-ements a*r$'r$) lea0e +ar be($nd us t(e l$m$ts '+ e*er$en,e4 +'r eam*le)$n t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9t(e /'rld must (a0e a be-$nn$n-)9 and su,(l$%e! T(us meta*(ys$,s) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e *r'*er a$m '+ t(e s,$en,e),'ns$sts merely '+ synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns a *r$'r$!

DI! T(e Un$0ersal Pr'blem '+ Pure Reas'n!

It $s etremely ad0anta-e'us t' be able t' br$n- a number '+

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$n0est$-at$'ns under t(e +'rmula '+ a s$n-le *r'blem! F'r $n t($smanner) /e n't 'nly +a,$l$tate 'ur '/n lab'ur) $nasmu,( as /e de+$ne$t ,learly t' 'ursel0es) but als' render $t m're easy +'r 't(ers t'de,$de /(et(er /e (a0e d'ne &ust$,e t' 'ur underta%$n-! T(e *r'*er*r'blem '+ *ure reas'n) t(en) $s ,'nta$ned $n t(e .uest$'n6 9H'/ aresynt(et$,al &ud-ements a *r$'r$ *'ss$ble@9

T(at meta*(ys$,al s,$en,e (as ($t(ert' rema$ned $n s' 0a,$llat$n-

a state '+ un,erta$nty and ,'ntrad$,t$'n) $s 'nly t' be attr$butedt' t(e +a,t t(at t($s -reat *r'blem) and *er(a*s e0en t(e d$++eren,ebet/een analyt$,al and synt(et$,al &ud-ements) d$d n't s''nersu--est $tsel+ t' *($l's'*(ers! U*'n t(e s'lut$'n '+ t($s *r'blem)'r u*'n su++$,$ent *r''+ '+ t(e $m*'ss$b$l$ty '+ synt(et$,al %n'/led-ea *r$'r$) de*ends t(e e$sten,e 'r d'/n+all '+ t(e s,$en,e '+meta*(ys$,s! Am'n- *($l's'*(ers) #a0$d Hume ,ame t(e nearest '+ all t't($s *r'blem4 yet $t ne0er a,.u$red $n ($s m$nd su++$,$ent*re,$s$'n) n'r d$d (e re-ard t(e .uest$'n $n $ts un$0ersal$ty! Ont(e ,'ntrary) (e st'**ed s('rt at t(e synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n '+ t(e,'nne,t$'n '+ an e++e,t /$t( $ts ,ause =*r$n,$*$um ,ausal$tat$s>)$ns$st$n- t(at su,( *r'*'s$t$'n a *r$'r$ /as $m*'ss$ble! A,,'rd$n-t' ($s ,'n,lus$'ns) t(en) all t(at /e term meta*(ys$,al s,$en,e $s a

mere delus$'n) ar$s$n- +r'm t(e +an,$ed $ns$-(t '+ reas'n $nt' t(at/($,( $s $n trut( b'rr'/ed +r'm e*er$en,e) and t' /($,( (ab$t (as-$0en t(e a**earan,e '+ ne,ess$ty! A-a$nst t($s assert$'n) destru,t$0et' all *ure *($l's'*(y) (e /'uld (a0e been -uarded) (ad (e (ad 'ur*r'blem be+'re ($s eyes $n $ts un$0ersal$ty! F'r (e /'uld t(en (a0e*er,e$0ed t(at) a,,'rd$n- t' ($s '/n ar-ument) t(ere l$%e/$se ,'uldn't be any *ure mat(emat$,al s,$en,e) /($,( assuredly ,ann't e$st/$t('ut synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns a *r$'r$5 an absurd$ty +r'm /($,( ($s-''d understand$n- must (a0e sa0ed ($m!

In t(e s'lut$'n '+ t(e ab'0e *r'blem $s at t(e same t$me,'m*re(ended t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e use '+ *ure reas'n $n t(e+'undat$'n and ,'nstru,t$'n '+ all s,$en,es /($,( ,'nta$n

t(e'ret$,al %n'/led-e a *r$'r$ '+ 'b&e,ts) t(at $s t' say) t(eans/er t' t(e +'ll'/$n- .uest$'ns6

H'/ $s *ure mat(emat$,al s,$en,e *'ss$ble@

H'/ $s *ure natural s,$en,e *'ss$ble@

Res*e,t$n- t(ese s,$en,es) as t(ey d' ,erta$nly e$st) $t may /$t(*r'*r$ety be as%ed) ('/ t(ey are *'ss$ble@5 +'r t(at t(ey must be*'ss$ble $s s('/n by t(e +a,t '+ t(e$r really e$st$n-! 3ut as t'meta*(ys$,s) t(e m$serable *r'-ress $t (as ($t(ert' made) and t(e +a,tt(at '+ n' 'ne system yet br'u-(t +'r/ard) +ar as re-ards $ts truea$m) ,an $t be sa$d t(at t($s s,$en,e really e$sts) lea0es any 'ne at

l$berty t' d'ubt /$t( reas'n t(e 0ery *'ss$b$l$ty '+ $ts e$sten,e!

As t' t(e e$sten,e '+ *ure natural s,$en,e) 'r *(ys$,s) *er(a*smany may st$ll e*ress d'ubts! 3ut /e (a0e 'nly t' l''% at t(ed$++erent *r'*'s$t$'ns /($,( are ,'mm'nly treated '+ at t(e,'mmen,ement '+ *r'*er =em*$r$,al> *(ys$,al s,$en,e5 t('se) +'ream*le) relat$n- t' t(e *ermanen,e '+ t(e same .uant$ty '+ matter)t(e 0$s $nert$ae) t(e e.ual$ty '+ a,t$'n and rea,t$'n) et,!5 t' bes''n ,'n0$n,ed t(at t(ey +'rm a s,$en,e '+ *ure *(ys$,s =*(ys$,a *ura)'r rat$'nal$s>) /($,( /ell deser0es t' be se*arately e*'sed as as*e,$al s,$en,e) $n $ts /('le etent) /(et(er t(at be -reat 'r

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,'n+$ned!

Jet) $n a ,erta$n sense) t($s %$nd '+ %n'/led-e mustun.uest$'nably be l''%ed u*'n as -$0en4 $n 't(er /'rds) meta*(ys$,smust be ,'ns$dered as really e$st$n-) $+ n't as a s,$en,e)ne0ert(eless as a natural d$s*'s$t$'n '+ t(e (uman m$nd =meta*(ys$,anatural$s>! F'r (uman reas'n) /$t('ut any $nst$-at$'ns $m*utable t't(e mere 0an$ty '+ -reat %n'/led-e) un,eas$n-ly *r'-resses) ur-ed 'n

by $ts '/n +eel$n- '+ need) t'/ards su,( .uest$'ns as ,ann't beans/ered by any em*$r$,al a**l$,at$'n '+ reas'n) 'r *r$n,$*les der$0edt(ere+r'm4 and s' t(ere (as e0er really e$sted $n e0ery man s'mesystem '+ meta*(ys$,s! It /$ll al/ays e$st) s' s''n as reas'na/a%es t' t(e eer,$se '+ $ts *'/er '+ s*e,ulat$'n! And n'/ t(e.uest$'n ar$ses6 9H'/ $s meta*(ys$,s) as a natural d$s*'s$t$'n)*'ss$ble@9 In 't(er /'rds) ('/) +r'm t(e nature '+ un$0ersal (umanreas'n) d' t('se .uest$'ns ar$se /($,( *ure reas'n *r'*'ses t' $tsel+)and /($,( $t $s $m*elled by $ts '/n +eel$n- '+ need t' ans/er as/ell as $t ,an@

3ut as $n all t(e attem*ts ($t(ert' made t' ans/er t(e .uest$'ns/($,( reas'n $s *r'm*ted by $ts 0ery nature t' *r'*'se t' $tsel+)

+'r eam*le) /(et(er t(e /'rld (ad a be-$nn$n-) 'r (as e$sted +r'metern$ty) $t (as al/ays met /$t( una0'$dable ,'ntrad$,t$'ns) /e mustn't rest sat$s+$ed /$t( t(e mere natural d$s*'s$t$'n '+ t(e m$nd t'meta*(ys$,s) t(at $s) /$t( t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e +a,ulty '+ *urereas'n) /(en,e) $ndeed) s'me s'rt '+ meta*(ys$,al system al/aysar$ses4 but $t must be *'ss$ble t' arr$0e at ,erta$nty $n re-ard t't(e .uest$'n /(et(er /e %n'/ 'r d' n't %n'/ t(e t($n-s '+ /($,(meta*(ys$,s treats! 2e must be able t' arr$0e at a de,$s$'n 'n t(esub&e,ts '+ $ts .uest$'ns) 'r 'n t(e ab$l$ty 'r $nab$l$ty '+ reas'n t'+'rm any &ud-ement res*e,t$n- t(em4 and t(ere+'re e$t(er t' etend/$t( ,'n+$den,e t(e b'unds '+ 'ur *ure reas'n) 'r t' set str$,tlyde+$ned and sa+e l$m$ts t' $ts a,t$'n! T($s last .uest$'n) /($,(ar$ses 'ut '+ t(e ab'0e un$0ersal *r'blem) /'uld *r'*erly run t(us6

9H'/ $s meta*(ys$,s *'ss$ble as a s,$en,e@9

T(us) t(e ,r$t$.ue '+ reas'n leads at last) naturally andne,essar$ly) t' s,$en,e4 and) 'n t(e 't(er (and) t(e d'-mat$,al use '+reas'n /$t('ut ,r$t$,$sm leads t' -r'undless assert$'ns) a-a$nst /($,('t(ers e.ually s*e,$'us ,an al/ays be set) t(us end$n- una0'$dably$n s,e*t$,$sm!

3es$des) t($s s,$en,e ,ann't be '+ -reat and +'rm$dable *r'l$$ty)be,ause $t (as n't t' d' /$t( 'b&e,ts '+ reas'n) t(e 0ar$ety '+/($,( $s $ne(aust$ble) but merely /$t( Reas'n (ersel+ and (er*r'blems4 *r'blems /($,( ar$se 'ut '+ (er '/n b's'm) and are n't*r'*'sed t' (er by t(e nature '+ 'ut/ard t($n-s) but by (er '/n

nature! And /(en 'n,e Reas'n (as *re0$'usly be,'me able ,'m*letelyt' understand (er '/n *'/er $n re-ard t' 'b&e,ts /($,( s(e meets/$t( $n e*er$en,e) $t /$ll be easy t' determ$ne se,urely t(e etentand l$m$ts '+ (er attem*ted a**l$,at$'n t' 'b&e,ts bey'nd t(e ,'n+$nes'+ e*er$en,e!

2e may and must) t(ere+'re) re-ard t(e attem*ts ($t(ert' made t'establ$s( meta*(ys$,al s,$en,e d'-mat$,ally as n'n5e$stent! F'r/(at '+ analys$s) t(at $s) mere d$sse,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) $s,'nta$ned $n 'ne 'r 't(er) $s n't t(e a$m '+) but 'nly a *re*arat$'n+'r meta*(ys$,s *r'*er) /($,( (as +'r $ts 'b&e,t t(e etens$'n) by

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means '+ synt(es$s) '+ 'ur a *r$'r$ %n'/led-e! And +'r t($s *ur*'se)mere analys$s $s '+ ,'urse useless) be,ause $t 'nly s('/s /(at $s,'nta$ned $n t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns) but n't ('/ /e arr$0e) a *r$'r$) att(em4 and t($s $t $s (er duty t' s('/) $n 'rder t' be ablea+ter/ards t' determ$ne t(e$r 0al$d use $n re-ard t' all 'b&e,ts '+e*er$en,e) t' all %n'/led-e $n -eneral! 3ut l$ttle sel+5den$al)$ndeed) $s needed t' -$0e u* t(ese *retens$'ns) see$n- t(e unden$able)and $n t(e d'-mat$, m'de '+ *r',edure) $ne0$table ,'ntrad$,t$'ns '+

Reas'n /$t( (ersel+) (a0e l'n- s$n,e ru$ned t(e re*utat$'n '+ e0erysystem '+ meta*(ys$,s t(at (as a**eared u* t' t($s t$me! It /$llre.u$re m're +$rmness t' rema$n undeterred by d$++$,ulty +r'm/$t($n) and '**'s$t$'n +r'm /$t('ut) +r'm endea0'ur$n-) by a met('d.u$te '**'sed t' all t('se ($t(ert' +'ll'/ed) t' +urt(er t(e -r'/t(and +ru$t+ulness '+ a s,$en,e $nd$s*ensable t' (uman reas'n5 a s,$en,e+r'm /($,( e0ery bran,( $t (as b'rne may be ,ut a/ay) but /('ser''ts rema$n $ndestru,t$ble!

DII! Idea and #$0$s$'n '+ a Part$,ular S,$en,e) under t(e

Name '+ a Cr$t$.ue '+ Pure Reas'n!

Fr'm all t(at (as been sa$d) t(ere results t(e $dea '+ a*art$,ular s,$en,e) /($,( may be ,alled t(e Cr$t$.ue '+ Pure Reas'n!F'r reas'n $s t(e +a,ulty /($,( +urn$s(es us /$t( t(e *r$n,$*les '+%n'/led-e a *r$'r$! Hen,e) *ure reas'n $s t(e +a,ulty /($,( ,'nta$nst(e *r$n,$*les '+ ,'-n$;$n- anyt($n- abs'lutely a *r$'r$! An 'r-an'n'+ *ure reas'n /'uld be a ,'m*end$um '+ t('se *r$n,$*les a,,'rd$n-t' /($,( al'ne all *ure ,'-n$t$'ns a *r$'r$ ,an be 'bta$ned! T(e,'m*letely etended a**l$,at$'n '+ su,( an 'r-an'n /'uld a++'rd us asystem '+ *ure reas'n! As t($s) ('/e0er) $s demand$n- a -reat deal)and $t $s yet d'ubt+ul /(et(er any etens$'n '+ 'ur %n'/led-e be(ere *'ss$ble) 'r) $+ s') $n /(at ,ases4 /e ,an re-ard a s,$en,e '+t(e mere ,r$t$,$sm '+ *ure reas'n) $ts s'ur,es and l$m$ts) as t(e*r'*aedeut$, t' a system '+ *ure reas'n! Su,( a s,$en,e must n't be

,alled a d',tr$ne) but 'nly a ,r$t$.ue '+ *ure reas'n4 and $ts use) $nre-ard t' s*e,ulat$'n) /'uld be 'nly ne-at$0e) n't t' enlar-e t(eb'unds '+) but t' *ur$+y) 'ur reas'n) and t' s($eld $t a-a$nsterr'r5 /($,( al'ne $s n' l$ttle -a$n! I a**ly t(e termtrans,endental t' all %n'/led-e /($,( $s n't s' mu,( ',,u*$ed /$t('b&e,ts as /$t( t(e m'de '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(ese 'b&e,ts) s' +aras t($s m'de '+ ,'-n$t$'n $s *'ss$ble a *r$'r$! A system '+ su,(,'n,e*t$'ns /'uld be ,alled trans,endental *($l's'*(y! 3ut t($s)a-a$n) $s st$ll bey'nd t(e b'unds '+ 'ur *resent essay! F'r as su,(a s,$en,e must ,'nta$n a ,'m*lete e*'s$t$'n n't 'nly '+ 'ursynt(et$,al a *r$'r$) but '+ 'ur analyt$,al a *r$'r$ %n'/led-e) $t$s '+ t'' /$de a ran-e +'r 'ur *resent *ur*'se) be,ause /e d' n'tre.u$re t' ,arry 'ur analys$s any +art(er t(an $s ne,essary t'

understand) $n t(e$r +ull etent) t(e *r$n,$*les '+ synt(es$s a*r$'r$) /$t( /($,( al'ne /e (a0e t' d'! T($s $n0est$-at$'n) /($,( /e,ann't *r'*erly ,all a d',tr$ne) but 'nly a trans,endental ,r$t$.ue)be,ause $t a$ms n't at t(e enlar-ement) but at t(e ,'rre,t$'n and-u$dan,e) '+ 'ur %n'/led-e) and $s t' ser0e as a t'u,(st'ne '+ t(e/'rt( 'r /'rt(lessness '+ all %n'/led-e a *r$'r$) $s t(e s'le 'b&e,t'+ 'ur *resent essay! Su,( a ,r$t$.ue $s ,'nse.uently) as +ar as*'ss$ble) a *re*arat$'n +'r an 'r-an'n4 and $+ t($s ne/ 'r-an'n s('uldbe +'und t' +a$l) at least +'r a ,an'n '+ *ure reas'n) a,,'rd$n- t'/($,( t(e ,'m*lete system '+ t(e *($l's'*(y '+ *ure reas'n) /(et(er $tetend 'r l$m$t t(e b'unds '+ t(at reas'n) m$-(t 'ne day be set

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+'rt( b't( analyt$,ally and synt(et$,ally! F'r t(at t($s $s*'ss$ble) nay) t(at su,( a system $s n't '+ s' -reat etent as t'*re,lude t(e ('*e '+ $ts e0er be$n- ,'m*leted) $s e0$dent! F'r /e (a0en't (ere t' d' /$t( t(e nature '+ 'ut/ard 'b&e,ts) /($,( $s$n+$n$te) but s'lely /$t( t(e m$nd) /($,( &ud-es '+ t(e nature '+'b&e,ts) and) a-a$n) /$t( t(e m$nd 'nly $n res*e,t '+ $ts ,'-n$t$'na *r$'r$! And t(e 'b&e,t '+ 'ur $n0est$-at$'ns) as $t $s n't t' bes'u-(t /$t('ut) but) alt'-et(er /$t($n) 'ursel0es) ,ann't rema$n

,'n,ealed) and $n all *r'bab$l$ty $s l$m$ted en'u-( t' be ,'m*letelysur0eyed and +a$rly est$mated) a,,'rd$n- t' $ts /'rt( 'r/'rt(lessness! St$ll less let t(e reader (ere e*e,t a ,r$t$.ue '+b''%s and systems '+ *ure reas'n4 'ur *resent 'b&e,t $s e,lus$0elya ,r$t$.ue '+ t(e +a,ulty '+ *ure reas'n $tsel+! Only /(en /e ma%et($s ,r$t$.ue 'ur +'undat$'n) d' /e *'ssess a *ure t'u,(st'ne +'rest$mat$n- t(e *($l's'*($,al 0alue '+ an,$ent and m'dern /r$t$n-s 'nt($s sub&e,t4 and /$t('ut t($s ,r$ter$'n) t(e $n,'m*etent ($st'r$an 'r&ud-e de,$des u*'n and ,'rre,ts t(e -r'undless assert$'ns '+ 't(ers/$t( ($s '/n) /($,( (a0e t(emsel0es &ust as l$ttle +'undat$'n!

Trans,endental *($l's'*(y $s t(e $dea '+ a s,$en,e) +'r /($,( t(eCr$t$.ue '+ Pure Reas'n must s%et,( t(e /('le *lan

ar,($te,t'n$,ally) t(at $s) +r'm *r$n,$*les) /$t( a +ull -uarantee +'rt(e 0al$d$ty and stab$l$ty '+ all t(e *arts /($,( enter $nt' t(ebu$ld$n-! It $s t(e system '+ all t(e *r$n,$*les '+ *ure reas'n! I+t($s Cr$t$.ue $tsel+ d'es n't assume t(e t$tle '+ trans,endental*($l's'*(y) $t $s 'nly be,ause) t' be a ,'m*lete system) $t 'u-(t t','nta$n a +ull analys$s '+ all (uman %n'/led-e a *r$'r$! Our,r$t$.ue must) $ndeed) lay be+'re us a ,'m*lete enumerat$'n '+ all t(erad$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( ,'nst$tute t(e sa$d *ure %n'/led-e! 3ut +r'mt(e ,'m*lete analys$s '+ t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns t(emsel0es) as als' +r'ma ,'m*lete $n0est$-at$'n '+ t('se der$0ed +r'm t(em) $t absta$ns/$t( reas'n4 *artly be,ause $t /'uld be de0$at$n- +r'm t(e end $n 0$e/t' ',,u*y $tsel+ /$t( t($s analys$s) s$n,e t($s *r',ess $s n'tattended /$t( t(e d$++$,ulty and $nse,ur$ty t' be +'und $n t(e

synt(es$s) t' /($,( 'ur ,r$t$.ue $s ent$rely de0'ted) and *artlybe,ause $t /'uld be $n,'ns$stent /$t( t(e un$ty '+ 'ur *lan t'burden t($s essay /$t( t(e 0$nd$,at$'n '+ t(e ,'m*leteness '+ su,(an analys$s and dedu,t$'n) /$t( /($,() a+ter all) /e (a0e at *resentn't($n- t' d'! T($s ,'m*leteness '+ t(e analys$s '+ t(ese rad$,al,'n,e*t$'ns) as /ell as '+ t(e dedu,t$'n +r'm t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns a *r$'r$/($,( may be -$0en by t(e analys$s) /e ,an) ('/e0er) eas$ly atta$n)*r'0$ded 'nly t(at /e are $n *'ssess$'n '+ all t(ese rad$,al,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,( are t' ser0e as *r$n,$*les '+ t(e synt(es$s) andt(at $n res*e,t '+ t($s ma$n *ur*'se n't($n- $s /ant$n-!

T' t(e Cr$t$.ue '+ Pure Reas'n) t(ere+'re) bel'n-s all t(at,'nst$tutes trans,endental *($l's'*(y4 and $t $s t(e ,'m*lete $dea

'+ trans,endental *($l's'*(y) but st$ll n't t(e s,$en,e $tsel+4be,ause $t 'nly *r',eeds s' +ar /$t( t(e analys$s as $s ne,essary t't(e *'/er '+ &ud-$n- ,'m*letely '+ 'ur synt(et$,al %n'/led-e a *r$'r$!

T(e *r$n,$*al t($n- /e must attend t') $n t(e d$0$s$'n '+ t(e*arts '+ a s,$en,e l$%e t($s) $s t(at n' ,'n,e*t$'ns must enter $t/($,( ,'nta$n au-(t em*$r$,al4 $n 't(er /'rds) t(at t(e %n'/led-e a*r$'r$ must be ,'m*letely *ure! Hen,e) alt('u-( t(e ($-(est *r$n,$*lesand +undamental ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ m'ral$ty are ,erta$nly ,'-n$t$'ns a*r$'r$) yet t(ey d' n't bel'n- t' trans,endental *($l's'*(y4be,ause) t('u-( t(ey ,erta$nly d' n't lay t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ *a$n)

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*leasure) des$res) $n,l$nat$'ns) et,! =/($,( are all '+ em*$r$,al'r$-$n>) at t(e +'undat$'n '+ $ts *re,e*ts) yet st$ll $nt' t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ duty5 as an 'bsta,le t' be '0er,'me) 'r as an $n,$tement/($,( s('uld n't be made $nt' a m't$0e5 t(ese em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'nsmust ne,essar$ly enter) $n t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ a system '+ *urem'ral$ty! Trans,endental *($l's'*(y $s ,'nse.uently a *($l's'*(y '+t(e *ure and merely s*e,ulat$0e reas'n! F'r all t(at $s *ra,t$,al)s' +ar as $t ,'nta$ns m't$0es) relates t' +eel$n-s) and t(ese bel'n-

t' em*$r$,al s'ur,es '+ ,'-n$t$'n!

I+ /e /$s( t' d$0$de t($s s,$en,e +r'm t(e un$0ersal *'$nt '+ 0$e/'+ a s,$en,e $n -eneral) $t 'u-(t t' ,'m*re(end) +$rst) a #',tr$ne'+ t(e Elements) and) se,'ndly) a #',tr$ne '+ t(e "et('d '+ *urereas'n! Ea,( '+ t(ese ma$n d$0$s$'ns /$ll (a0e $ts subd$0$s$'ns) t(ese*arate reas'ns +'r /($,( /e ,ann't (ere *art$,ular$;e! Only s'mu,( seems ne,essary) by /ay '+ $ntr'du,t$'n '+ *rem'n$t$'n) t(att(ere are t/' s'ur,es '+ (uman %n'/led-e =/($,( *r'bably s*r$n- +r'm a,'mm'n) but t' us un%n'/n r''t>) namely) sense and understand$n-! 3yt(e +'rmer) 'b&e,ts are -$0en t' us4 by t(e latter) t('u-(t! S' +ar ast(e +a,ulty '+ sense may ,'nta$n re*resentat$'ns a *r$'r$) /($,(+'rm t(e ,'nd$t$'ns under /($,( 'b&e,ts are -$0en) $n s' +ar $t

bel'n-s t' trans,endental *($l's'*(y! T(e trans,endental d',tr$ne '+sense must +'rm t(e +$rst *art '+ 'ur s,$en,e '+ elements) be,ause t(e,'nd$t$'ns under /($,( al'ne t(e 'b&e,ts '+ (uman %n'/led-e are-$0en must *re,ede t('se under /($,( t(ey are t('u-(t!

I!

TRANSCEN#ENTA< #OCTRINE OF E<E"ENTS!

FIRST PART! TRANSCEN#ENTA< AESTHETIC!

SS I! Intr'du,t'ry!

In /(ats'e0er m'de) 'r by /(ats'e0er means) 'ur %n'/led-e may relatet' 'b&e,ts) $t $s at least .u$te ,lear t(at t(e 'nly manner $n /($,($t $mmed$ately relates t' t(em $s by means '+ an $ntu$t$'n! T' t($s ast(e $nd$s*ensable -r'und/'r%) all t('u-(t *'$nts! 3ut an $ntu$t$'n ,anta%e *la,e 'nly $n s' +ar as t(e 'b&e,t $s -$0en t' us! T($s) a-a$n)$s 'nly *'ss$ble) t' man at least) 'n ,'nd$t$'n t(at t(e 'b&e,t a++e,tt(e m$nd $n a ,erta$n manner! T(e ,a*a,$ty +'r re,e$0$n-re*resentat$'ns =re,e*t$0$ty> t(r'u-( t(e m'de $n /($,( /e area++e,ted by 'b&e,ts) 'b&e,ts) $s ,alled sens$b$l$ty! 3y means '+sens$b$l$ty) t(ere+'re) 'b&e,ts are -$0en t' us) and $t al'ne+urn$s(es us /$t( $ntu$t$'ns4 by t(e understand$n- t(ey are t('u-(t)and +r'm $t ar$se ,'n,e*t$'ns! 3ut an t('u-(t must d$re,tly) 'r$nd$re,tly) by means '+ ,erta$n s$-ns) relate ult$mately t'

$ntu$t$'ns4 ,'nse.uently) /$t( us) t' sens$b$l$ty) be,ause $n n' 't(er/ay ,an an 'b&e,t be -$0en t' us!

T(e e++e,t '+ an 'b&e,t u*'n t(e +a,ulty '+ re*resentat$'n) s' +aras /e are a++e,ted by t(e sa$d 'b&e,t) $s sensat$'n! T(at s'rt '+$ntu$t$'n /($,( relates t' an 'b&e,t by means '+ sensat$'n $s ,alledan em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n! T(e undeterm$ned 'b&e,t '+ an em*$r$,al$ntu$t$'n $s ,alled *(en'men'n! T(at /($,( $n t(e *(en'men'n,'rres*'nds t' t(e sensat$'n) I term $ts matter4 but t(at /($,(e++e,ts t(at t(e ,'ntent '+ t(e *(en'men'n ,an be arran-ed under,erta$n relat$'ns) I ,all $ts +'rm! 3ut t(at $n /($,( 'ur sensat$'ns

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are merely arran-ed) and by /($,( t(ey are sus,e*t$ble '+ assum$n- a,erta$n +'rm) ,ann't be $tsel+ sensat$'n! It $s) t(en) t(e matter '+all *(en'mena t(at $s -$0en t' us a *'ster$'r$4 t(e +'rm must l$eready a *r$'r$ +'r t(em $n t(e m$nd) and ,'nse.uently ,an bere-arded se*arately +r'm all sensat$'n!

I ,all all re*resentat$'ns *ure) $n t(e trans,endental mean$n- '+t(e /'rd) /(ere$n n't($n- $s met /$t( t(at bel'n-s t' sensat$'n! And

a,,'rd$n-ly /e +$nd e$st$n- $n t(e m$nd a *r$'r$) t(e *ure +'rm '+sensu'us $ntu$t$'ns $n -eneral) $n /($,( all t(e man$+'ld ,'ntent '+t(e *(en'menal /'rld $s arran-ed and 0$e/ed under ,erta$n relat$'ns!T($s *ure +'rm '+ sens$b$l$ty I s(all ,all *ure $ntu$t$'n! T(us) $+I ta%e a/ay +r'm 'ur re*resentat$'n '+ a b'dy all t(at t(eunderstand$n- t($n%s as bel'n-$n- t' $t) as substan,e) +'r,e)d$0$s$b$l$ty) et,!) and als' /(ate0er bel'n-s t' sensat$'n) as$m*enetrab$l$ty) (ardness) ,'l'ur) et,!4 yet t(ere $s st$lls'met($n- le+t us +r'm t($s em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n) namely) etens$'n ands(a*e! T(ese bel'n- t' *ure $ntu$t$'n) /($,( e$sts a *r$'r$ $n t(em$nd) as a mere +'rm '+ sens$b$l$ty) and /$t('ut any real 'b&e,t '+t(e senses 'r any sensat$'n!

T(e s,$en,e '+ all t(e *r$n,$*les '+ sens$b$l$ty a *r$'r$) I ,alltrans,endental aest(et$,! T(ere must) t(en) be su,( a s,$en,e +'rm$n-t(e +$rst *art '+ t(e trans,endental d',tr$ne '+ elements) $n,'ntrad$st$n,t$'n t' t(at *art /($,( ,'nta$ns t(e *r$n,$*les '+ *uret('u-(t) and /($,( $s ,alled trans,endental l'-$,!

T(e ermans are t(e 'nly *e'*le /(' at *resent use t($s /'rd t'$nd$,ate /(at 't(ers ,all t(e ,r$t$.ue '+ taste! At t(e +'undat$'n'+ t($s term l$es t(e d$sa**'$nted ('*e) /($,( t(e em$nent analyst)3aum-arten) ,'n,e$0ed) '+ sub&e,t$n- t(e ,r$t$,$sm '+ t(e beaut$+ul t'*r$n,$*les '+ reas'n) and s' '+ ele0at$n- $ts rules $nt' a s,$en,e!3ut ($s endea0'urs /ere 0a$n! F'r t(e sa$d rules 'r ,r$ter$a are) $nres*e,t t' t(e$r ,($e+ s'ur,es) merely em*$r$,al) ,'nse.uently ne0er

,an ser0e as determ$nate la/s a *r$'r$) by /($,( 'ur &ud-ement $nmatters '+ taste $s t' be d$re,ted! It $s rat(er 'ur &ud-ement /($,(+'rms t(e *r'*er test as t' t(e ,'rre,tness '+ t(e *r$n,$*les! On t($sa,,'unt $t $s ad0$sable t' -$0e u* t(e use '+ t(e term asdes$-nat$n- t(e ,r$t$.ue '+ taste) and t' a**ly $t s'lely t' t(atd',tr$ne) /($,( $s true s,$en,e5 t(e s,$en,e '+ t(e la/s '+sens$b$l$ty5 and t(us ,'me nearer t' t(e lan-ua-e and t(e sense '+ t(ean,$ents $n t(e$r /ell5%n'/n d$0$s$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,ts '+ ,'-n$t$'n $nt'a$'t(eta %a$ n'eta) 'r t' s(are $t /$t( s*e,ulat$0e *($l's'*(y) andem*l'y $t *artly $n a trans,endental) *artly $n a *sy,('l'-$,als$-n$+$,at$'n!

In t(e s,$en,e '+ trans,endental aest(et$, a,,'rd$n-ly) /e s(all

+$rst $s'late sens$b$l$ty 'r t(e sensu'us +a,ulty) by se*arat$n-+r'm $t all t(at $s anneed t' $ts *er,e*t$'ns by t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+understand$n-) s' t(at n't($n- be le+t but em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n! In t(enet *la,e /e s(all ta%e a/ay +r'm t($s $ntu$t$'n all t(at bel'n-st' sensat$'n) s' t(at n't($n- may rema$n but *ure $ntu$t$'n) and t(emere +'rm '+ *(en'mena) /($,( $s all t(at t(e sens$b$l$ty ,an a++'rd a*r$'r$! Fr'm t($s $n0est$-at$'n $t /$ll be +'und t(at t(ere are t/'*ure +'rms '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) as *r$n,$*les '+ %n'/led-e a *r$'r$)namely) s*a,e and t$me! T' t(e ,'ns$derat$'n '+ t(ese /e s(all n'/*r',eed!

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SECTION I! O+ S*a,e!

SS B! "eta*(ys$,al E*'s$t$'n '+ t($s C'n,e*t$'n!

3y means '+ t(e eternal sense =a *r'*erty '+ t(e m$nd>) /ere*resent t' 'ursel0es 'b&e,ts as /$t('ut us) and t(ese all $ns*a,e! Here$n al'ne are t(e$r s(a*e) d$mens$'ns) and relat$'ns t' ea,('t(er determ$ned 'r determ$nable! T(e $nternal sense) by means '+

/($,( t(e m$nd ,'ntem*lates $tsel+ 'r $ts $nternal state) -$0es)$ndeed) n' $ntu$t$'n '+ t(e s'ul as an 'b&e,t4 yet t(ere $sne0ert(eless a determ$nate +'rm) under /($,( al'ne t(e ,'ntem*lat$'n'+ 'ur $nternal state $s *'ss$ble) s' t(at all /($,( relates t' t(e$n/ard determ$nat$'ns '+ t(e m$nd $s re*resented $n relat$'ns '+ t$me!O+ t$me /e ,ann't (a0e any eternal $ntu$t$'n) any m're t(an /e ,an(a0e an $nternal $ntu$t$'n '+ s*a,e! 2(at t(en are t$me and s*a,e@ Aret(ey real e$sten,es@ Or) are t(ey merely relat$'ns 'rdeterm$nat$'ns '+ t($n-s) su,() ('/e0er) as /'uld e.ually bel'n- t't(ese t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) t('u-( t(ey s('uld ne0er be,'me 'b&e,ts '+$ntu$t$'n4 'r) are t(ey su,( as bel'n- 'nly t' t(e +'rm '+$ntu$t$'n) and ,'nse.uently t' t(e sub&e,t$0e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ t(em$nd) /$t('ut /($,( t(ese *red$,ates '+ t$me and s*a,e ,'uld n't be

atta,(ed t' any 'b&e,t@ In 'rder t' be,'me $n+'rmed 'n t(ese *'$nts)/e s(all +$rst -$0e an e*'s$t$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ s*a,e! 3ye*'s$t$'n) I mean t(e ,lear) t('u-( n't deta$led) re*resentat$'n '+t(at /($,( bel'n-s t' a ,'n,e*t$'n4 and an e*'s$t$'n $smeta*(ys$,al /(en $t ,'nta$ns t(at /($,( re*resents t(e ,'n,e*t$'nas -$0en a *r$'r$!

1! S*a,e $s n't a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( (as been der$0ed +r'm 'ut/arde*er$en,es! F'r) $n 'rder t(at ,erta$n sensat$'ns may relate t's'met($n- /$t('ut me =t(at $s) t' s'met($n- /($,( ',,u*$es a d$++erent*art '+ s*a,e +r'm t(at $n /($,( I am>4 $n l$%e manner) $n 'rdert(at I may re*resent t(em n't merely as /$t('ut) '+) and near t'ea,( 't(er) but als' $n se*arate *la,es) t(e re*resentat$'n '+ s*a,e

must already e$st as a +'undat$'n! C'nse.uently) t(e re*resentat$'n'+ s*a,e ,ann't be b'rr'/ed +r'm t(e relat$'ns '+ eternal *(en'menat(r'u-( e*er$en,e4 but) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) t($s eternal e*er$en,e$s $tsel+ 'nly *'ss$ble t(r'u-( t(e sa$d ante,edent re*resentat$'n!

B! S*a,e t(en $s a ne,essary re*resentat$'n a *r$'r$) /($,( ser0es+'r t(e +'undat$'n '+ all eternal $ntu$t$'ns! 2e ne0er ,an $ma-$ne 'rma%e a re*resentat$'n t' 'ursel0es '+ t(e n'n5e$sten,e '+ s*a,e)t('u-( /e may eas$ly en'u-( t($n% t(at n' 'b&e,ts are +'und $n $t!It must) t(ere+'re) be ,'ns$dered as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ *(en'mena) and by n' means as a determ$nat$'n de*endent'n t(em) and $s a re*resentat$'n a *r$'r$) /($,( ne,essar$lysu**l$es t(e bas$s +'r eternal *(en'mena!

! S*a,e $s n' d$s,urs$0e) 'r as /e say) -eneral ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(erelat$'ns '+ t($n-s) but a *ure $ntu$t$'n! F'r) $n t(e +$rst *la,e) /e,an 'nly re*resent t' 'ursel0es 'ne s*a,e) and) /(en /e tal% '+ d$0erss*a,es) /e mean 'nly *arts '+ 'ne and t(e same s*a,e! "'re'0er)t(ese *arts ,ann't ante,ede t($s 'ne all5embra,$n- s*a,e) as t(e,'m*'nent *arts +r'm /($,( t(e a--re-ate ,an be made u*) but ,an be,'-$tated 'nly as e$st$n- $n $t! S*a,e $s essent$ally 'ne) andmult$*l$,$ty $n $t) ,'nse.uently t(e -eneral n't$'n '+ s*a,es) '+ t($s'r t(at s*a,e) de*ends s'lely u*'n l$m$tat$'ns! Hen,e $t +'ll'/st(at an a *r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n =/($,( $s n't em*$r$,al> l$es at t(e r''t

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'+ all 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ s*a,e! T(us) m're'0er) t(e *r$n,$*les '+-e'metry5 +'r eam*le) t(at 9$n a tr$an-le) t/' s$des t'-et(er are-reater t(an t(e t($rd)9 are ne0er dedu,ed +r'm -eneral ,'n,e*t$'ns '+l$ne and tr$an-le) but +r'm $ntu$t$'n) and t($s a *r$'r$) /$t(a*'de$,t$, ,erta$nty!

! S*a,e $s re*resented as an $n+$n$te -$0en .uant$ty! N'/ e0ery,'n,e*t$'n must $ndeed be ,'ns$dered as a re*resentat$'n /($,( $s

,'nta$ned $n an $n+$n$te mult$tude '+ d$++erent *'ss$blere*resentat$'ns) /($,() t(ere+'re) ,'m*r$ses t(ese under $tsel+4 butn' ,'n,e*t$'n) as su,() ,an be s' ,'n,e$0ed) as $+ $t ,'nta$ned /$t($n$tsel+ an $n+$n$te mult$tude '+ re*resentat$'ns! Ne0ert(eless) s*a,e$s s' ,'n,e$0ed '+) +'r all *arts '+ s*a,e are e.ually ,a*able '+be$n- *r'du,ed t' $n+$n$ty! C'nse.uently) t(e 'r$-$nalre*resentat$'n '+ s*a,e $s an $ntu$t$'n a *r$'r$) and n't a,'n,e*t$'n!

SS ! Trans,endental E*'s$t$'n '+ t(e C'n,e*t$'n '+ S*a,e!

3y a trans,endental e*'s$t$'n) I mean t(e e*lanat$'n '+ a,'n,e*t$'n) as a *r$n,$*le) /(en,e ,an be d$s,erned t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+

't(er synt(et$,al a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'ns! F'r t($s *ur*'se) $t $sre.u$s$te) +$rstly) t(at su,( ,'-n$t$'ns d' really +l'/ +r'm t(e -$0en,'n,e*t$'n4 and) se,'ndly) t(at t(e sa$d ,'-n$t$'ns are 'nly*'ss$ble under t(e *resu**'s$t$'n '+ a -$0en m'de '+ e*la$n$n- t($s,'n,e*t$'n!

e'metry $s a s,$en,e /($,( determ$nes t(e *r'*ert$es '+ s*a,esynt(et$,ally) and yet a *r$'r$! 2(at) t(en) must be 'urre*resentat$'n '+ s*a,e) $n 'rder t(at su,( a ,'-n$t$'n '+ $t may be*'ss$ble@ It must be 'r$-$nally $ntu$t$'n) +'r +r'm a mere ,'n,e*t$'n)n' *r'*'s$t$'ns ,an be dedu,ed /($,( -' 'ut bey'nd t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) andyet t($s (a**ens $n -e'metry! =Intr'd! D!> 3ut t($s $ntu$t$'n mustbe +'und $n t(e m$nd a *r$'r$) t(at $s) be+'re any *er,e*t$'n '+

'b&e,ts) ,'nse.uently must be *ure) n't em*$r$,al) $ntu$t$'n! F'r-e'metr$,al *r$n,$*les are al/ays a*'de$,t$,) t(at $s) un$ted /$t( t(e,'ns,$'usness '+ t(e$r ne,ess$ty) as6 9S*a,e (as 'nly t(reed$mens$'ns!9 3ut *r'*'s$t$'ns '+ t($s %$nd ,ann't be em*$r$,al&ud-ements) n'r ,'n,lus$'ns +r'm t(em! =Intr'd! II!> N'/) ('/ ,an aneternal $ntu$t$'n anter$'r t' 'b&e,ts t(emsel0es) and $n /($,( 'ur,'n,e*t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts ,an be determ$ned a *r$'r$) e$st $n t(e (umanm$nd@ Ob0$'usly n't 't(er/$se t(an $n s' +ar as $t (as $ts seat $n t(esub&e,t 'nly) as t(e +'rmal ,a*a,$ty '+ t(e sub&e,t?s be$n- a++e,tedby 'b&e,ts) and t(ereby '+ 'bta$n$n- $mmed$ate re*resentat$'n) t(at$s) $ntu$t$'n4 ,'nse.uently) 'nly as t(e +'rm '+ t(e eternal sense $n-eneral!

T(us $t $s 'nly by means '+ 'ur e*lanat$'n t(at t(e *'ss$b$l$ty'+ -e'metry) as a synt(et$,al s,$en,e a *r$'r$) be,'mes,'m*re(ens$ble! E0ery m'de '+ e*lanat$'n /($,( d'es n't s('/ ust($s *'ss$b$l$ty) alt('u-( $n a**earan,e $t may be s$m$lar t' 'urs),an /$t( t(e utm'st ,erta$nty be d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm $t by t(ese mar%s!

SS ! C'n,lus$'ns +r'm t(e +'re-'$n- C'n,e*t$'ns!

=a> S*a,e d'es S*a,e d'es n't re*resent any *r'*erty '+ 'b&e,ts ast($n-s $n t(emsel0es) n'r d'es $t re*resent t(em $n t(e$r relat$'ns t'ea,( 't(er4 $n 't(er /'rds) s*a,e d'es n't re*resent t' us any

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determ$nat$'n '+ 'b&e,ts su,( as atta,(es t' t(e 'b&e,ts t(emsel0es)and /'uld rema$n) e0en t('u-( all sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e$ntu$t$'n /ere abstra,ted! F'r ne$t(er abs'lute n'r relat$0edeterm$nat$'ns '+ 'b&e,ts ,an be $ntu$ted *r$'r t' t(e e$sten,e '+t(e t($n-s t' /($,( t(ey bel'n-) and t(ere+'re n't a *r$'r$!

=b> S*a,e $s n't($n- else t(an t(e +'rm '+ all *(en'mena '+ t(eeternal sense) t(at $s) t(e sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e

sens$b$l$ty) under /($,( al'ne eternal $ntu$t$'n $s *'ss$ble! N'/)be,ause t(e re,e*t$0$ty 'r ,a*a,$ty '+ t(e sub&e,t t' be a++e,ted by'b&e,ts ne,essar$ly ante,edes all $ntu$t$'ns '+ t(ese 'b&e,ts) $t $seas$ly underst''d ('/ t(e +'rm '+ all *(en'mena ,an be -$0en $n t(em$nd *re0$'us t' all a,tual *er,e*t$'ns) t(ere+'re a *r$'r$) and ('/$t) as a *ure $ntu$t$'n) $n /($,( all 'b&e,ts must be determ$ned),an ,'nta$n *r$n,$*les '+ t(e relat$'ns '+ t(ese 'b&e,ts *r$'r t'all e*er$en,e!

It $s t(ere+'re +r'm t(e (uman *'$nt '+ 0$e/ 'nly t(at /e ,ans*ea% '+ s*a,e) etended 'b&e,ts) et,! I+ /e de*art +r'm t(esub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'n) under /($,( al'ne /e ,an 'bta$n eternal$ntu$t$'n) 'r) $n 't(er /'rds) by means '+ /($,( /e are a++e,ted by

'b&e,ts) t(e re*resentat$'n '+ s*a,e (as n' mean$n- /(ats'e0er! T($s*red$,ate $s 'nly a**l$,able t' t($n-s $n s' +ar as t(ey a**ear t' us)t(at $s) are 'b&e,ts '+ sens$b$l$ty! T(e ,'nstant +'rm '+ t($sre,e*t$0$ty) /($,( /e ,all sens$b$l$ty) $s a ne,essary ,'nd$t$'n '+all relat$'ns $n /($,( 'b&e,ts ,an be $ntu$ted as e$st$n- /$t('ut us)and /(en abstra,t$'n '+ t(ese 'b&e,ts $s made) $s a *ure $ntu$t$'n) t'/($,( /e -$0e t(e name '+ s*a,e! It $s ,lear t(at /e ,ann't ma%e t(es*e,$al ,'nd$t$'ns '+ sens$b$l$ty $nt' ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty'+ t($n-s) but 'nly '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e$r e$sten,e as +ar ast(ey are *(en'mena! And s' /e may ,'rre,tly say t(at s*a,e ,'nta$nsall /($,( ,an a**ear t' us eternally) but n't all t($n-s ,'ns$deredas t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) be t(ey $ntu$ted 'r n't) 'r by /(ats'e0ersub&e,t 'ne /$ll! As t' t(e $ntu$t$'ns '+ 't(er t($n%$n- be$n-s) /e

,ann't &ud-e /(et(er t(ey are 'r are n't b'und by t(e same,'nd$t$'ns /($,( l$m$t 'ur '/n $ntu$t$'n) and /($,( +'r us areun$0ersally 0al$d! I+ /e &'$n t(e l$m$tat$'n '+ a &ud-ement t' t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e sub&e,t) t(en t(e &ud-ement /$ll *'ssessun,'nd$t$'ned 0al$d$ty! F'r eam*le) t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9All 'b&e,ts arebes$de ea,( 't(er $n s*a,e)9 $s 0al$d 'nly under t(e l$m$tat$'n t(att(ese t($n-s are ta%en as 'b&e,ts '+ 'ur sensu'us $ntu$t$'n! 3ut $+I &'$n t(e ,'nd$t$'n t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n and say) 9All t($n-s) aseternal *(en'mena) are bes$de ea,( 't(er $n s*a,e)9 t(en t(e rule$s 0al$d un$0ersally) and /$t('ut any l$m$tat$'n! Our e*'s$t$'ns),'nse.uently) tea,( t(e real$ty =$!e!) t(e 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty> '+s*a,e $n re-ard '+ all /($,( ,an be *resented t' us eternally as'b&e,t) and at t(e same t$me als' t(e $deal$ty '+ s*a,e $n re-ard t'

'b&e,ts /(en t(ey are ,'ns$dered by means '+ reas'n as t($n-s $nt(emsel0es) t(at $s) /$t('ut re+eren,e t' t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ 'ursens$b$l$ty! 2e ma$nta$n) t(ere+'re) t(e em*$r$,al real$ty '+ s*a,e $nre-ard t' all *'ss$ble eternal e*er$en,e) alt('u-( /e must adm$t $tstrans,endental $deal$ty4 $n 't(er /'rds) t(at $t $s n't($n-) s' s''nas /e /$t(dra/ t(e ,'nd$t$'n u*'n /($,( t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ alle*er$en,e de*ends and l''% u*'n s*a,e as s'met($n- t(at bel'n-s t't($n-s $n t(emsel0es!

3ut) /$t( t(e e,e*t$'n '+ s*a,e) t(ere $s n' re*resentat$'n)sub&e,t$0e and re+ err$n- t' s'met($n- eternal t' us) /($,( ,'uld

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be ,alled 'b&e,t$0e a *r$'r$! F'r t(ere are n' 't(er sub&e,t$0ere*resentat$'ns +r'm /($,( /e ,an dedu,e synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns a*r$'r$) as /e ,an +r'm t(e $ntu$t$'n '+ s*a,e! =See SS !>T(ere+'re) t' s*ea% a,,urately) n' $deal$ty /(ate0er bel'n-s t' t(ese)alt('u-( t(ey a-ree $n t($s res*e,t /$t( t(e re*resentat$'n '+s*a,e) t(at t(ey bel'n- merely t' t(e sub&e,t$0e nature '+ t(e m'de '+sensu'us *er,e*t$'n4 su,( a m'de) +'r eam*le) as t(at '+ s$-(t) '+(ear$n-) and '+ +eel$n-) by means '+ t(e sensat$'ns '+ ,'l'ur)

s'und) and (eat) but /($,() be,ause t(ey are 'nly sensat$'ns and n't$ntu$t$'ns) d' n't '+ t(emsel0es -$0e us t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ any'b&e,t) least '+ all) an a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n! "y *ur*'se) $n t(eab'0e remar%) $s merely t($s6 t' -uard any 'ne a-a$nst $llustrat$n-t(e asserted $deal$ty '+ s*a,e by eam*les .u$te $nsu++$,$ent) +'ream*le) by ,'l'ur) taste) et,!4 +'r t(ese must be ,'ntem*lated n't as*r'*ert$es '+ t($n-s) but 'nly as ,(an-es $n t(e sub&e,t) ,(an-es/($,( may be d$++erent $n d$++erent men! F'r) $n su,( a ,ase) t(at/($,( $s 'r$-$nally a mere *(en'men'n) a r'se) +'r eam*le) $s ta%enby t(e em*$r$,al understand$n- +'r a t($n- $n $tsel+) t('u-( t'e0ery d$++erent eye) $n res*e,t '+ $ts ,'l'ur) $t may a**eard$++erent! On t(e ,'ntrary) t(e trans,endental ,'n,e*t$'n '+ *(en'mena$n s*a,e $s a ,r$t$,al adm'n$t$'n) t(at) $n -eneral) n't($n- /($,(

$s $ntu$ted $n s*a,e $s a t($n- $n $tsel+) and t(at s*a,e $s n't a+'rm /($,( bel'n-s as a *r'*erty t' t($n-s4 but t(at 'b&e,ts are .u$teun%n'/n t' us $n t(emsel0es) and /(at /e ,all 'ut/ard 'b&e,ts) aren't($n- else but mere re*resentat$'ns '+ 'ur sens$b$l$ty) /('se +'rm$s s*a,e) but /('se real ,'rrelate) t(e t($n- $n $tsel+) $s n't%n'/n by means '+ t(ese re*resentat$'ns) n'r e0er ,an be) butres*e,t$n- /($,() $n e*er$en,e) n' $n.u$ry $s e0er made!

SECTION II! O+ T$me!

SS "eta*(ys$,al E*'s$t$'n '+ t($s C'n,e*t$'n!

1! T$me $s n't an em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'n! F'r ne$t(er ,'e$sten,e

n'r su,,ess$'n /'uld be *er,e$0ed by us) $+ t(e re*resentat$'n '+ t$med$d n't e$st as a +'undat$'n a *r$'r$! 2$t('ut t($s *resu**'s$t$'n /e,'uld n't re*resent t' 'ursel0es t(at t($n-s e$st t'-et(er at 'ne andt(e same t$me) 'r at d$++erent t$mes) t(at $s) ,'ntem*'rane'usly) 'r$n su,,ess$'n!

B! T$me $s a ne,essary re*resentat$'n) ly$n- at t(e +'undat$'n '+all 'ur $ntu$t$'ns! 2$t( re-ard t' *(en'mena $n -eneral) /e ,ann'tt($n% a/ay t$me +r'm t(em) and re*resent t(em t' 'ursel0es as 'ut '+and un,'nne,ted /$t( t$me) but /e ,an .u$te /ell re*resent t''ursel0es t$me 0'$d '+ *(en'mena! T$me $s t(ere+'re -$0en a *r$'r$! In$t al'ne $s all real$ty '+ *(en'mena *'ss$ble! T(ese may all beann$($lated $n t('u-(t) but t$me $tsel+) as t(e un$0ersal ,'nd$t$'n '+

t(e$r *'ss$b$l$ty) ,ann't be s' annulled!

! On t($s ne,ess$ty a *r$'r$ $s als' +'unded t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+a*'de$,t$, *r$n,$*les '+ t(e relat$'ns '+ t$me) 'r a$'ms '+ t$me $n-eneral) su,( as6 9T$me (as 'nly 'ne d$mens$'n)9 9#$++erent t$mesare n't ,'e$stent but su,,ess$0e9 =as d$++erent s*a,es are n'tsu,,ess$0e but ,'e$stent>! T(ese *r$n,$*les ,ann't be der$0ed +r'me*er$en,e) +'r $t /'uld -$0e ne$t(er str$,t un$0ersal$ty) n'ra*'de$,t$, ,erta$nty! 2e s('uld 'nly be able t' say) 9s' ,'mm'ne*er$en,e tea,(es us)9 but n't 9$t must be s'!9 T(ey are 0al$d asrules) t(r'u-( /($,() $n -eneral) e*er$en,e $s *'ss$ble4 and t(ey

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$nstru,t us res*e,t$n- e*er$en,e) and n't by means '+ $t!

! T$me $s n't a d$s,urs$0e) 'r as $t $s ,alled) -eneral ,'n,e*t$'n)but a *ure +'rm '+ t(e sensu'us $ntu$t$'n! #$++erent t$mes aremerely *arts '+ 'ne and t(e same t$me! 3ut t(e re*resentat$'n /($,(,an 'nly be -$0en by a s$n-le 'b&e,t $s an $ntu$t$'n! 3es$des) t(e*r'*'s$t$'n t(at d$++erent t$mes ,ann't be ,'e$stent ,'uld n't beder$0ed +r'm a -eneral ,'n,e*t$'n! F'r t($s *r'*'s$t$'n $s

synt(et$,al) and t(ere+'re ,ann't s*r$n- 'ut '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns al'ne!It $s t(ere+'re ,'nta$ned $mmed$ately $n t(e $ntu$t$'n andre*resentat$'n '+ t$me!

! T(e $n+$n$ty '+ t$me s$-n$+$es n't($n- m're t(an t(at e0erydeterm$ned .uant$ty '+ t$me $s *'ss$ble 'nly t(r'u-( l$m$tat$'ns '+'ne t$me ly$n- at t(e +'undat$'n! C'nse.uently) t(e 'r$-$nalre*resentat$'n) t$me) must be -$0en as unl$m$ted! 3ut as t(edeterm$nate re*resentat$'n '+ t(e *arts '+ t$me and '+ e0ery.uant$ty '+ an 'b&e,t ,an 'nly be 'bta$ned by l$m$tat$'n) t(e ,'m*letere*resentat$'n '+ t$me must n't be +urn$s(ed by means '+,'n,e*t$'ns) +'r t(ese ,'nta$n 'nly *art$al re*resentat$'ns!C'n,e*t$'ns) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) must (a0e $mmed$ate $ntu$t$'n +'r

t(e$r bas$s!

SS L Trans,endental E*'s$t$'n '+ t(e C'n,e*t$'n '+ T$me!

I may (ere re+er t' /(at $s sa$d ab'0e =SS ) >) /(ere) +'r 'r sa%e'+ bre0$ty) I (a0e *la,ed under t(e (ead '+ meta*(ys$,al e*'s$t$'n)t(at /($,( $s *r'*erly trans,endental! Here I s(all add t(at t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,(an-e) and /$t( $t t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ m't$'n) as,(an-e '+ *la,e) $s *'ss$ble 'nly t(r'u-( and $n t(e re*resentat$'n '+t$me4 t(at $+ t($s re*resentat$'n /ere n't an $ntu$t$'n =$nternal> a*r$'r$) n' ,'n,e*t$'n) '+ /(ate0er %$nd) ,'uld render ,'m*re(ens$blet(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ ,(an-e) $n 't(er /'rds) '+ a ,'n&un,t$'n '+,'ntrad$,t'r$ly '**'sed *red$,ates $n 'ne and t(e same 'b&e,t) +'r

eam*le) t(e *resen,e '+ a t($n- $n a *la,e and t(e n'n5*resen,e '+t(e same t($n- $n t(e same *la,e! It $s 'nly $n t$me t(at $t $s*'ss$ble t' meet /$t( t/' ,'ntrad$,t'r$ly '**'sed determ$nat$'ns $n'ne t($n-) t(at $s) a+ter ea,( 't(er! t(us 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t$mee*la$ns t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ s' mu,( synt(et$,al %n'/led-e a *r$'r$) as$s e($b$ted $n t(e -eneral d',tr$ne '+ m't$'n) /($,( $s n't al$ttle +ru$t+ul!

SS 7 C'n,lus$'ns +r'm t(e ab'0e C'n,e*t$'ns!

=a> T$me $s n't s'met($n- /($,( subs$sts '+ $tsel+) 'r /($,( $n(eres$n t($n-s as an 'b&e,t$0e determ$nat$'n) and t(ere+'re rema$ns) /(enabstra,t$'n $s made '+ t(e sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e $ntu$t$'n '+

t($n-s! F'r $n t(e +'rmer ,ase) $t /'uld be s'met($n- real) yet/$t('ut *resent$n- t' any *'/er '+ *er,e*t$'n any real 'b&e,t! Int(e latter ,ase) as an 'rder 'r determ$nat$'n $n(erent $n t($n-st(emsel0es) $t ,'uld n't be ante,edent t' t($n-s) as t(e$r,'nd$t$'n) n'r d$s,erned 'r $ntu$ted by means '+ synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'ns a *r$'r$! 3ut all t($s $s .u$te *'ss$ble /(en /e re-ardt$me as merely t(e sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'n under /($,( all 'ur $ntu$t$'nsta%e *la,e! F'r $n t(at ,ase) t($s +'rm '+ t(e $n/ard $ntu$t$'n ,an bere*resented *r$'r t' t(e 'b&e,ts) and ,'nse.uently a *r$'r$!

=b> T$me $s n't($n- else t(an t(e +'rm '+ t(e $nternal sense) t(at

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$s) '+ t(e $ntu$t$'ns '+ sel+ and '+ 'ur $nternal state! F'r t$me,ann't be any determ$nat$'n '+ 'ut/ard *(en'mena! It (as t' d' ne$t(er/$t( s(a*e n'r *'s$t$'n4 'n t(e ,'ntrary) $t determ$nes t(e relat$'n'+ re*resentat$'ns $n 'ur $nternal state! And *re,$sely be,ause t($s$nternal $ntu$t$'n *resents t' us n' s(a*e 'r +'rm) /e endea0'ur t'su**ly t($s /ant by anal'-$es) and re*resent t(e ,'urse '+ t$me by al$ne *r'-ress$n- t' $n+$n$ty) t(e ,'ntent '+ /($,( ,'nst$tutes aser$es /($,( $s 'nly '+ 'ne d$mens$'n4 and /e ,'n,lude +r'm t(e

*r'*ert$es '+ t($s l$ne as t' all t(e *r'*ert$es '+ t$me) /$t( t($ss$n-le e,e*t$'n) t(at t(e *arts '+ t(e l$ne are ,'e$stent) /($lstt('se '+ t$me are su,,ess$0e! Fr'm t($s $t $s ,lear als' t(at t(ere*resentat$'n '+ t$me $s $tsel+ an $ntu$t$'n) be,ause all $tsrelat$'ns ,an be e*ressed $n an eternal $ntu$t$'n!

=,> T$me $s t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'n a *r$'r$ '+ all *(en'mena/(ats'e0er! S*a,e) as t(e *ure +'rm '+ eternal $ntu$t$'n) $sl$m$ted as a ,'nd$t$'n a *r$'r$ t' eternal *(en'mena al'ne! On t(e't(er (and) be,ause all re*resentat$'ns) /(et(er t(ey (a0e 'r (a0e n'teternal t($n-s +'r t(e$r 'b&e,ts) st$ll $n t(emsel0es) asdeterm$nat$'ns '+ t(e m$nd) bel'n- t' 'ur $nternal state4 andbe,ause t($s $nternal state $s sub&e,t t' t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'n '+

t(e $nternal $ntu$t$'n) t(at $s) t' t$me5 t$me $s a ,'nd$t$'n a *r$'r$'+ all *(en'mena /(ats'e0er5 t(e $mmed$ate ,'nd$t$'n '+ all$nternal) and t(ereby t(e med$ate ,'nd$t$'n '+ all eternal *(en'mena!I+ I ,an say a *r$'r$) 9All 'ut/ard *(en'mena are $n s*a,e) anddeterm$ned a *r$'r$ a,,'rd$n- t' t(e relat$'ns '+ s*a,e)9 I ,anals') +r'm t(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e $nternal sense) a++$rm un$0ersally)9All *(en'mena $n -eneral) t(at $s) all 'b&e,ts '+ t(e senses) are$n t$me and stand ne,essar$ly $n relat$'ns '+ t$me!9

I+ /e abstra,t 'ur $nternal $ntu$t$'n '+ 'ursel0es and alleternal $ntu$t$'ns) *'ss$ble 'nly by 0$rtue '+ t($s $nternal$ntu$t$'n and *resented t' us by 'ur +a,ulty '+ re*resentat$'n) and,'nse.uently ta%e 'b&e,ts as t(ey are $n t(emsel0es) t(en t$me $s

n't($n-! It $s 'nly '+ 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty $n re-ard t' *(en'mena)be,ause t(ese are t($n-s /($,( /e re-ard as 'b&e,ts '+ 'ur senses!It n' l'n-er 'b&e,t$0e /e) ma%e abstra,t$'n '+ t(e sensu'usness '+ 'ur$ntu$t$'n) $n 't(er /'rds) '+ t(at m'de '+ re*resentat$'n /($,( $s*e,ul$ar t' us) and s*ea% '+ t($n-s $n -eneral! T$me $s t(ere+'remerely a sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'n '+ 'ur =(uman> $ntu$t$'n =/($,( $sal/ays sensu'us) t(at $s) s' +ar as /e are a++e,ted by 'b&e,ts>) and$n $tsel+) $nde*endently '+ t(e m$nd 'r sub&e,t) $s n't($n-!Ne0ert(eless) $n res*e,t '+ all *(en'mena) ,'nse.uently '+ allt($n-s /($,( ,'me /$t($n t(e s*(ere '+ 'ur e*er$en,e) $t $sne,essar$ly 'b&e,t$0e! 2e ,ann't say) 9All t($n-s are $n t$me)9be,ause $n t($s ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t($n-s $n -eneral) /e abstra,t andma%e n' ment$'n '+ any s'rt '+ $ntu$t$'n '+ t($n-s! 3ut t($s $s t(e

*r'*er ,'nd$t$'n under /($,( t$me bel'n-s t' 'ur re*resentat$'n '+'b&e,ts! I+ /e add t(e ,'nd$t$'n t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) and say) 9Allt($n-s) as *(en'mena) t(at $s) 'b&e,ts '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) are $nt$me)9 t(en t(e *r'*'s$t$'n (as $ts s'und 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty andun$0ersal$ty a *r$'r$!

2(at /e (a0e n'/ set +'rt( tea,(es) t(ere+'re) t(e em*$r$,al real$ty'+ t$me4 t(at $s) $ts 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty $n re+eren,e t' all 'b&e,ts/($,( ,an e0er be *resented t' 'ur senses! And as 'ur $ntu$t$'n $sal/ays sensu'us) n' 'b&e,t e0er ,an be *resented t' us $ne*er$en,e) /($,( d'es n't ,'me under t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t$me! On t(e

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't(er (and) /e deny t' t$me all ,la$m t' abs'lute real$ty4 t(at $s) /edeny t(at $t) /$t('ut (a0$n- re-ard t' t(e +'rm '+ 'ur sensu'us$ntu$t$'n) abs'lutely $n(eres $n t($n-s as a ,'nd$t$'n 'r *r'*erty!Su,( *r'*ert$es as bel'n- t' 'b&e,ts as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es ne0er ,anbe *resented t' us t(r'u-( t(e med$um '+ t(e senses! Here$n,'ns$sts) t(ere+'re) t(e trans,endental $deal$ty '+ t$me) a,,'rd$n- t'/($,() $+ /e abstra,t t(e sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n)$t $s n't($n-) and ,ann't be re,%'ned as subs$st$n- 'r $n(er$n- $n

'b&e,ts as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) $nde*endently '+ $ts relat$'n t''ur $ntu$t$'n! t($s $deal$ty) l$%e t(at '+ s*a,e) $s n't t' be*r'0ed 'r $llustrated by +alla,$'us anal'-$es /$t( sensat$'ns) +'rt($s reas'n5 t(at $n su,( ar-uments 'r $llustrat$'ns) /e ma%e t(e*resu**'s$t$'n t(at t(e *(en'men'n) $n /($,( su,( and su,(*red$,ates $n(ere) (as 'b&e,t$0e real$ty) /($le $n t($s ,ase /e ,an'nly +$nd su,( an 'b&e,t$0e real$ty as $s $tsel+ em*$r$,al) t(at $s)re-ards t(e 'b&e,t as a mere *(en'men'n! In re+eren,e t' t($s sub&e,t)see t(e remar% $n Se,t$'n I =SS >

SS 8 Elu,$dat$'n!

A-a$nst t($s t(e'ry) /($,( -rants em*$r$,al real$ty t' t$me) but

den$es t' $t abs'lute and trans,endental real$ty) I (a0e (eard +r'm$ntell$-ent men an 'b&e,t$'n s' unan$m'usly ur-ed t(at I ,'n,lude t(at$t must naturally *resent $tsel+ t' e0ery reader t' /('m t(ese,'ns$derat$'ns are n'0el! It runs t(us6 9C(an-es are real9 =t($s t(e,'nt$nual ,(an-e $n 'ur '/n re*resentat$'ns dem'nstrates) e0ent('u-( t(e e$sten,e '+ all eternal *(en'mena) t'-et(er /$t( t(e$r,(an-es) $s den$ed>! N'/) ,(an-es are 'nly *'ss$ble $n t$me) andt(ere+'re t$me must be s'met($n- real! 3ut t(ere $s n' d$++$,ulty $nans/er$n- t($s! I -rant t(e /('le ar-ument! T$me) n' d'ubt) $ss'met($n- real) t(at $s) $t $s t(e real +'rm '+ 'ur $nternal$ntu$t$'n! It t(ere+'re (as sub&e,t$0e real$ty) $n re+eren,e t' 'ur$nternal e*er$en,e) t(at $s) I (a0e really t(e re*resentat$'n '+ t$meand '+ my determ$nat$'ns t(ere$n! T$me) t(ere+'re) $s n't t' be

re-arded as an 'b&e,t) but as t(e m'de '+ re*resentat$'n '+ mysel+as an 'b&e,t! 3ut $+ I ,'uld $ntu$te mysel+) 'r be $ntu$ted by an't(erbe$n-) /$t('ut t($s ,'nd$t$'n '+ sens$b$l$ty) t(en t('se 0erydeterm$nat$'ns /($,( /e n'/ re*resent t' 'ursel0es as ,(an-es) /'uld*resent t' us a %n'/led-e $n /($,( t(e re*resentat$'n '+ t$me) and,'nse.uently '+ ,(an-e) /'uld n't a**ear! T(e em*$r$,al real$ty '+t$me) t(ere+'re) rema$ns) as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ all 'ur e*er$en,e!3ut abs'lute real$ty) a,,'rd$n- t' /(at (as been sa$d ab'0e) ,ann't be-ranted $t! T$me $s n't($n- but t(e +'rm '+ 'ur $nternal $ntu$t$'n!I+ /e ta%e a/ay +r'm $t t(e s*e,$al ,'nd$t$'n '+ 'ur sens$b$l$ty)t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t$me als' 0an$s(es4 and $t $n(eres n't $n t(e'b&e,ts t(emsel0es) but s'lely $n t(e sub&e,t ='r m$nd> /($,( $ntu$test(em!

I ,an $ndeed say 9my re*resentat$'ns +'ll'/ 'ne an't(er) 'r aresu,,ess$0e94 but t($s means 'nly t(at /e are ,'ns,$'us '+ t(em as $n asu,,ess$'n) t(at $s) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e +'rm '+ t(e $nternal sense!T$me) t(ere+'re) $s n't a t($n- $n $tsel+) n'r $s $t any 'b&e,t$0edeterm$nat$'n *erta$n$n- t') 'r $n(erent $n t($n-s!

3ut t(e reas'n /(y t($s 'b&e,t$'n $s s' unan$m'usly br'u-(ta-a$nst 'ur d',tr$ne '+ t$me) and t(at t'' by d$s*utants /(' ,ann'tstart any $ntell$-$ble ar-uments a-a$nst t(e d',tr$ne '+ t(e$deal$ty '+ s*a,e) $s t($s5 t(ey (a0e n' ('*e '+ dem'nstrat$n-

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a*'de$,t$,ally t(e abs'lute real$ty '+ s*a,e) be,ause t(e d',tr$ne'+ $deal$sm $s a-a$nst t(em) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( t(e real$ty '+eternal 'b&e,ts $s n't ,a*able '+ any str$,t *r''+! On t(e 't(er(and) t(e real$ty '+ t(e 'b&e,t '+ 'ur $nternal sense =t(at $s) mysel+and my $nternal state> $s ,lear $mmed$ately t(r'u-( ,'ns,$'usness! T(e+'rmer5 eternal 'b&e,ts $n s*a,e5 m$-(t be a mere delus$'n) but t(elatter5 t(e 'b&e,t '+ my $nternal *er,e*t$'n5 $s unden$ably real! T(eyd' n't) ('/e0er) re+le,t t(at b't() /$t('ut .uest$'n '+ t(e$r

real$ty as re*resentat$'ns) bel'n- 'nly t' t(e -enus *(en'men'n) /($,((as al/ays t/' as*e,ts) t(e 'ne) t(e 'b&e,t ,'ns$dered as a t($n- $n$tsel+) /$t('ut re-ard t' t(e m'de '+ $ntu$t$n- $t) and t(e nature'+ /($,( rema$ns +'r t($s 0ery reas'n *r'blemat$,al) t(e 't(er) t(e+'rm '+ 'ur $ntu$t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t) /($,( must be s'u-(t n't $n t(e'b&e,t as a t($n- $n $tsel+) but $n t(e sub&e,t t' /($,( $t a**ears5/($,( +'rm '+ $ntu$t$'n ne0ert(eless bel'n-s really and ne,essar$ly t't(e *(en'menal 'b&e,t!

T$me and s*a,e are) t(ere+'re) t/' s'ur,es '+ %n'/led-e) +r'm /($,()a *r$'r$) 0ar$'us synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'ns ,an be dra/n! O+ t($s /e +$nda str$%$n- eam*le $n t(e ,'-n$t$'ns '+ s*a,e and $ts relat$'ns) /($,(+'rm t(e +'undat$'n '+ *ure mat(emat$,s! T(ey are t(e t/' *ure +'rms

'+ all $ntu$t$'ns) and t(ereby ma%e synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns a*r$'r$ *'ss$ble! 3ut t(ese s'ur,es '+ %n'/led-e be$n- merely,'nd$t$'ns '+ 'ur sens$b$l$ty) d' t(ere+'re) and as su,() str$,tlydeterm$ne t(e$r '/n ran-e and *ur*'se) $n t(at t(ey d' n't and,ann't *resent 'b&e,ts as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) but are a**l$,ablet' t(em s'lely $n s' +ar as t(ey are ,'ns$dered as sensu'us *(en'mena!T(e s*(ere '+ *(en'mena $s t(e 'nly s*(ere '+ t(e$r 0al$d$ty) and $+/e 0enture 'ut '+ t($s) n' +urt(er 'b&e,t$0e use ,an be made '+t(em! F'r t(e rest) t($s +'rmal real$ty '+ t$me and s*a,e lea0es t(e0al$d$ty '+ 'ur em*$r$,al %n'/led-e uns(a%en4 +'r 'ur ,erta$nty $nt(at res*e,t $s e.ually +$rm) /(et(er t(ese +'rms ne,essar$ly $n(ere$n t(e t($n-s t(emsel0es) 'r 'nly $n 'ur $ntu$t$'ns '+ t(em! On t(e't(er (and) t('se /(' ma$nta$n t(e abs'lute real$ty '+ t$me and s*a,e)

/(et(er as essent$ally subs$st$n-) 'r 'nly $n(er$n-) as m'd$+$,at$'ns)$n t($n-s) must +$nd t(emsel0es at utter 0ar$an,e /$t( t(e*r$n,$*les '+ e*er$en,e $tsel+! F'r) $+ t(ey de,$de +'r t(e +$rst0$e/) and ma%e s*a,e and t$me $nt' substan,es) t($s be$n- t(e s$deta%en by mat(emat$,al natural *($l's'*(ers) t(ey must adm$t t/'sel+5subs$st$n- n'nent$t$es) $n+$n$te and eternal) /($,( e$st =yet/$t('ut t(ere be$n- anyt($n- real> +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ ,'nta$n$n- $nt(emsel0es e0eryt($n- t(at $s real! I+ t(ey ad'*t t(e se,'nd 0$e/ '+$n(eren,e) /($,( $s *re+erred by s'me meta*(ys$,al natural*($l's'*(ers) and re-ard s*a,e and t$me as relat$'ns =,'nt$-u$ty $ns*a,e 'r su,,ess$'n $n t$me>) abstra,ted +r'm e*er$en,e) t('u-(re*resented ,'n+usedly $n t($s state '+ se*arat$'n) t(ey +$ndt(emsel0es $n t(at ,ase ne,ess$tated t' deny t(e 0al$d$ty '+

mat(emat$,al d',tr$nes a *r$'r$ $n re+eren,e t' real t($n-s =+'ream*le) $n s*a,e>5 at all e0ents t(e$r a*'de$,t$, ,erta$nty! F'r su,(,erta$nty ,ann't be +'und $n an a *'ster$'r$ *r'*'s$t$'n4 and t(e,'n,e*t$'ns a *r$'r$ '+ s*a,e and t$me are) a,,'rd$n- t' t($s '*$n$'n)mere ,reat$'ns '+ t(e $ma-$nat$'n) (a0$n- t(e$r s'ur,e really $ne*er$en,e) $nasmu,( as) 'ut '+ relat$'ns abstra,ted +r'me*er$en,e) $ma-$nat$'n (as made u* s'met($n- /($,( ,'nta$ns)$ndeed) -eneral statements '+ t(ese relat$'ns) yet '+ /($,( n'a**l$,at$'n ,an be made /$t('ut t(e restr$,t$'ns atta,(ed t(eret' bynature! T(e +'rmer '+ t(ese *art$es -a$ns t($s ad0anta-e) t(at t(ey%ee* t(e s*(ere '+ *(en'mena +ree +'r mat(emat$,al s,$en,e! On t(e

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't(er (and) t(ese 0ery ,'nd$t$'ns =s*a,e and t$me> embarrass t(em-reatly) /(en t(e understand$n- endea0'urs t' *ass t(e l$m$ts '+t(at s*(ere! T(e latter (as) $ndeed) t($s ad0anta-e) t(at t(ere*resentat$'ns '+ s*a,e and t$me d' n't ,'me $n t(e$r /ay /(en t(ey/$s( t' &ud-e '+ 'b&e,ts) n't as *(en'mena) but merely $n t(e$rrelat$'n t' t(e understand$n-! #e0'$d) ('/e0er) '+ a true and'b&e,t$0ely 0al$d a *r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n) t(ey ,an ne$t(er +urn$s( anybas$s +'r t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ mat(emat$,al ,'-n$t$'ns a *r$'r$) n'r

br$n- t(e *r'*'s$t$'ns '+ e*er$en,e $nt' ne,essary a,,'rdan,e /$t(t('se '+ mat(emat$,s! In 'ur t(e'ry '+ t(e true nature '+ t(ese t/''r$-$nal +'rms '+ t(e sens$b$l$ty) b't( d$++$,ult$es are surm'unted!

In ,'n,lus$'n) t(at trans,endental aest(et$, ,ann't ,'nta$n any m'ret(an t(ese t/' elements5 s*a,e and t$me) $s su++$,$ently 'b0$'us+r'm t(e +a,t t(at all 't(er ,'n,e*t$'ns a**erta$n$n- t'sens$b$l$ty) e0en t(at '+ m't$'n) /($,( un$tes $n $tsel+ b't(elements) *resu**'se s'met($n- em*$r$,al! "'t$'n) +'r eam*le)*resu**'ses t(e *er,e*t$'n '+ s'met($n- m'0able! 3ut s*a,e,'ns$dered $n $tsel+ ,'nta$ns n't($n- m'0able) ,'nse.uently m't$'nmust be s'met($n- /($,( $s +'und $n s*a,e 'nly t(r'u-( e*er$en,e5$n 't(er /'rds) an em*$r$,al datum! In l$%e manner) trans,endental

aest(et$, ,ann't number t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,(an-e am'n- $ts data a*r$'r$4 +'r t$me $tsel+ d'es n't ,(an-e) but 'nly s'met($n- /($,( $s$n t$me! T' a,.u$re t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,(an-e) t(ere+'re) t(e*er,e*t$'n '+ s'me e$st$n- 'b&e,t and '+ t(e su,,ess$'n '+ $tsdeterm$nat$'ns) $n 'ne /'rd) e*er$en,e) $s ne,essary!

SS M eneral Remar%s 'n Trans,endental Aest(et$,!

I! In 'rder t' *re0ent any m$sunderstand$n-) $t /$ll be re.u$s$te)$n t(e +$rst *la,e) t' re,a*$tulate) as ,learly as *'ss$ble) /(at'ur '*$n$'n $s /$t( res*e,t t' t(e +undamental nature '+ 'ursensu'us ,'-n$t$'n $n -eneral! 2e (a0e $ntended) t(en) t' say t(at all'ur $ntu$t$'n $s n't($n- but t(e re*resentat$'n '+ *(en'mena4 t(at t(e

t($n-s /($,( /e $ntu$te) are n't $n t(emsel0es t(e same as 'urre*resentat$'ns '+ t(em $n $ntu$t$'n) n'r are t(e$r relat$'ns $nt(emsel0es s' ,'nst$tuted as t(ey a**ear t' us4 and t(at $+ /e ta%ea/ay t(e sub&e,t) 'r e0en 'nly t(e sub&e,t$0e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ 'ursenses $n -eneral) t(en n't 'nly t(e nature and relat$'ns '+ 'b&e,ts$n s*a,e and t$me) but e0en s*a,e and t$me t(emsel0es d$sa**ear4 andt(at t(ese) as *(en'mena) ,ann't e$st $n t(emsel0es) but 'nly $nus! 2(at may be t(e nature '+ 'b&e,ts ,'ns$dered as t($n-s $nt(emsel0es and /$t('ut re+eren,e t' t(e re,e*t$0$ty '+ 'ur sens$b$l$ty$s .u$te un%n'/n t' us! 2e %n'/ n't($n- m're t(an 'ur m'de '+*er,e$0$n- t(em) /($,( $s *e,ul$ar t' us) and /($,() t('u-( n't '+ne,ess$ty *erta$n$n- t' e0ery an$mated be$n-) $s s' t' t(e /('le (umanra,e! 2$t( t($s al'ne /e (a0e t' d'! S*a,e and t$me are t(e *ure +'rms

t(ere'+4 sensat$'n t(e matter! T(e +'rmer al'ne ,an /e ,'-n$;e a*r$'r$) t(at $s) ante,edent t' all a,tual *er,e*t$'n4 and +'r t($sreas'n su,( ,'-n$t$'n $s ,alled *ure $ntu$t$'n! T(e latter $s t(at$n 'ur ,'-n$t$'n /($,( $s ,alled ,'-n$t$'n a *'ster$'r$) t(at $s)em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n! T(e +'rmer a**erta$n abs'lutely and ne,essar$lyt' 'ur sens$b$l$ty) '+ /(ats'e0er %$nd 'ur sensat$'ns may be4 t(elatter may be '+ 0ery d$0ers$+$ed ,(ara,ter! Su**'s$n- t(at /es('uld ,arry 'ur em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n e0en t' t(e 0ery ($-(est de-ree'+ ,learness) /e s('uld n't t(ereby ad0an,e 'ne ste* nearer t' a%n'/led-e '+ t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ 'b&e,ts as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es!F'r /e ,'uld 'nly) at best) arr$0e at a ,'m*lete ,'-n$t$'n '+ 'ur

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'/n m'de '+ $ntu$t$'n) t(at $s '+ 'ur sens$b$l$ty) and t($s al/aysunder t(e ,'nd$t$'ns 'r$-$nally atta,($n- t' t(e sub&e,t) namely)t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ s*a,e and t$me4 /($le t(e .uest$'n6 92(at are'b&e,ts ,'ns$dered as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es@9 rema$ns unans/erable e0ena+ter t(e m'st t('r'u-( eam$nat$'n '+ t(e *(en'menal /'rld!

T' say) t(en) t(at all 'ur sens$b$l$ty $s n't($n- but t(e ,'n+usedre*resentat$'n '+ t($n-s ,'nta$n$n- e,lus$0ely t(at /($,( bel'n-s

t' t(em as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) and t($s under an a,,umulat$'n '+,(ara,ter$st$, mar%s and *art$al re*resentat$'ns /($,( /e ,ann'td$st$n-u$s( $n ,'ns,$'usness) $s a +als$+$,at$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n'+ sens$b$l$ty and *(en'men$;at$'n) /($,( renders 'ur /('le d',tr$net(ere'+ em*ty and useless! T(e d$++eren,e bet/een a ,'n+used and a,lear re*resentat$'n $s merely l'-$,al and (as n't($n- t' d' /$t(,'ntent! N' d'ubt t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ r$-(t) as em*l'yed by a s'undunderstand$n-) ,'nta$ns all t(at t(e m'st subtle $n0est$-at$'n ,'uldun+'ld +r'm $t) alt('u-() $n t(e 'rd$nary *ra,t$,al use '+ t(e /'rd)/e are n't ,'ns,$'us '+ t(e man$+'ld re*resentat$'ns ,'m*r$sed $nt(e ,'n,e*t$'n! 3ut /e ,ann't +'r t($s reas'n assert t(at t(e 'rd$nary,'n,e*t$'n $s a sensu'us 'ne) ,'nta$n$n- a mere *(en'men'n) +'rr$-(t ,ann't a**ear as a *(en'men'n4 but t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ $t l$es

$n t(e understand$n-) and re*resents a *r'*erty =t(e m'ral *r'*erty>'+ a,t$'ns) /($,( bel'n-s t' t(em $n t(emsel0es! On t(e 't(er (and)t(e re*resentat$'n $n $ntu$t$'n '+ a b'dy ,'nta$ns n't($n- /($,( ,'uldbel'n- t' an 'b&e,t ,'ns$dered as a t($n- $n $tsel+) but merely t(e*(en'men'n 'r a**earan,e '+ s'met($n-) and t(e m'de $n /($,( /e area++e,ted by t(at a**earan,e4 and t($s re,e*t$0$ty '+ 'ur +a,ulty '+,'-n$t$'n $s ,alled sens$b$l$ty) and rema$ns t't' ,ael' d$++erent +r'mt(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t $n $tsel+) e0en t('u-( /e s('uld eam$net(e ,'ntent '+ t(e *(en'men'n t' t(e 0ery b'tt'm!

It must be adm$tted t(at t(e <e$bn$t;52'l+$an *($l's'*(y (asass$-ned an ent$rely err'ne'us *'$nt '+ 0$e/ t' all $n0est$-at$'ns$nt' t(e nature and 'r$-$n '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'ns) $nasmu,( as $t re-ards

t(e d$st$n,t$'n bet/een t(e sensu'us and t(e $ntelle,tual as merelyl'-$,al) /(ereas $t $s *la$nly trans,endental) and ,'n,erns n't merelyt(e ,learness 'r 'bs,ur$ty) but t(e ,'ntent and 'r$-$n '+ b't(! F'rt(e +a,ulty '+ sens$b$l$ty n't 'nly d'es n't *resent us /$t( an$nd$st$n,t and ,'n+used ,'-n$t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts as t($n-s $nt(emsel0es) but) $n +a,t) -$0es us n' %n'/led-e '+ t(ese at all! Ont(e ,'ntrary) s' s''n as /e abstra,t $n t('u-(t 'ur '/n sub&e,t$0enature) t(e 'b&e,t re*resented) /$t( t(e *r'*ert$es as,r$bed t' $tby sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) ent$rely d$sa**ears) be,ause $t /as 'nly t($ssub&e,t$0e nature t(at determ$ned t(e +'rm '+ t(e 'b&e,t as a*(en'men'n!

In *(en'mena) /e ,'mm'nly) $ndeed) d$st$n-u$s( t(at /($,(

essent$ally bel'n-s t' t(e $ntu$t$'n '+ t(em) and $s 0al$d +'r t(esensu'us +a,ulty '+ e0ery (uman be$n-) +r'm t(at /($,( bel'n-s t't(e same $ntu$t$'n a,,$dentally) as 0al$d n't +'r t(e sensu'us +a,ulty$n -eneral) but +'r a *art$,ular state 'r 'r-an$;at$'n '+ t($s 'r t(atsense! A,,'rd$n-ly) /e are a,,ust'med t' say t(at t(e +'rmer $s a,'-n$t$'n /($,( re*resents t(e 'b&e,t $tsel+) /($lst t(e latter*resents 'nly a *art$,ular a**earan,e 'r *(en'men'n t(ere'+! T($sd$st$n,t$'n) ('/e0er) $s 'nly em*$r$,al! I+ /e st'* (ere =as $susual>) and d' n't re-ard t(e em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n as $tsel+ a mere*(en'men'n =as /e 'u-(t t' d'>) $n /($,( n't($n- t(at ,an a**erta$n t'a t($n- $n $tsel+ $s t' be +'und) 'ur trans,endental d$st$n,t$'n $s

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l'st) and /e bel$e0e t(at /e ,'-n$;e 'b&e,ts as t($n-s $nt(emsel0es) alt('u-( $n t(e /('le ran-e '+ t(e sensu'us /'rld)$n0est$-ate t(e nature '+ $ts 'b&e,ts as *r'+'undly as /e may) /e (a0et' d' /$t( n't($n- but *(en'mena! T(us) /e ,all t(e ra$nb'/ a merea**earan,e '+ *(en'men'n $n a sunny s('/er) and t(e ra$n) t(ereal$ty 'r t($n- $n $tsel+4 and t($s $s r$-(t en'u-() $+ /e understandt(e latter ,'n,e*t$'n $n a merely *(ys$,al sense) t(at $s) as t(at/($,( $n un$0ersal e*er$en,e) and under /(ate0er ,'nd$t$'ns '+

sensu'us *er,e*t$'n) $s %n'/n $n $ntu$t$'n t' be s' and s' determ$ned)and n't 't(er/$se! 3ut $+ /e ,'ns$der t($s em*$r$,al datum-enerally) and $n.u$re) /$t('ut re+eren,e t' $ts a,,'rdan,e /$t( all'ur senses) /(et(er t(ere ,an be d$s,'0ered $n $t au-(t /($,(re*resents an 'b&e,t as a t($n- $n $tsel+ =t(e ra$ndr'*s '+ ,'urse aren't su,() +'r t(ey are) as *(en'mena) em*$r$,al 'b&e,ts>) t(e .uest$'n'+ t(e relat$'n '+ t(e re*resentat$'n t' t(e 'b&e,t $s trans,endental4and n't 'nly are t(e ra$ndr'*s mere *(en'mena) but e0en t(e$r ,$r,ular+'rm) nay) t(e s*a,e $tsel+ t(r'u-( /($,( t(ey +all) $s n't($n- $n$tsel+) but b't( are mere m'd$+$,at$'ns 'r +undamental d$s*'s$t$'ns '+'ur sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) /($lst t(e trans,endental 'b&e,t rema$ns +'rus utterly un%n'/n!

T(e se,'nd $m*'rtant ,'n,ern '+ 'ur aest(et$, $s t(at $t d'es n't'bta$n +a0'ur merely as a *laus$ble (y*'t(es$s) but *'ssess asund'ubted a ,(ara,ter '+ ,erta$nty as ,an be demanded '+ any t(e'ry/($,( $s t' ser0e +'r an 'r-an'n! In 'rder +ully t' ,'n0$n,e t(ereader '+ t($s ,erta$nty) /e s(all sele,t a ,ase /($,( /$ll ser0e t'ma%e $ts 0al$d$ty a**arent) and als' t' $llustrate /(at (as beensa$d $n SS !

Su**'se) t(en) t(at s*a,e and t$me are $n t(emsel0es 'b&e,t$0e)and ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e5 *'ss$b$l$ty '+ 'b&e,ts as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es!In t(e +$rst *la,e) $t $s e0$dent t(at b't( *resent us) /$t( 0ery manya*'de$,t$, and synt(et$, *r'*'s$t$'ns a *r$'r$) but es*e,$allys*a,e5 and +'r t($s reas'n /e s(all *re+er $t +'r $n0est$-at$'n at

*resent! As t(e *r'*'s$t$'ns '+ -e'metry are ,'-n$;ed synt(et$,allya *r$'r$) and /$t( a*'de$,t$, ,erta$nty) I $n.u$re6 2(en,e d' y'u'bta$n *r'*'s$t$'ns '+ t($s %$nd) and 'n /(at bas$s d'es t(eunderstand$n- rest) $n 'rder t' arr$0e at su,( abs'lutely ne,essaryand un$0ersally 0al$d trut(s@

T(ere $s n' 't(er /ay t(an t(r'u-( $ntu$t$'ns 'r ,'n,e*t$'ns) assu,(4 and t(ese are -$0en e$t(er a *r$'r$ 'r a *'ster$'r$! T(e latter)namely) em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns) t'-et(er /$t( t(e em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n'n /($,( t(ey are +'unded) ,ann't a++'rd any synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'n) e,e*t su,( as $s $tsel+ als' em*$r$,al) t(at $s) a*r'*'s$t$'n '+ e*er$en,e! 3ut an em*$r$,al *r'*'s$t$'n ,ann't *'ssesst(e .ual$t$es '+ ne,ess$ty and abs'lute un$0ersal$ty) /($,()

ne0ert(eless) are t(e ,(ara,ter$st$,s '+ all -e'metr$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns!As t' t(e +$rst and 'nly means t' arr$0e at su,( ,'-n$t$'ns) namely)t(r'u-( mere ,'n,e*t$'ns 'r $ntu$t$'ns a *r$'r$) $t $s .u$te ,leart(at +r'm mere ,'n,e*t$'ns n' synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'ns) but 'nlyanalyt$,al 'nes) ,an be 'bta$ned! Ta%e) +'r eam*le) t(e*r'*'s$t$'n6 9T/' stra$-(t l$nes ,ann't en,l'se a s*a,e) and /$t(t(ese al'ne n' +$-ure $s *'ss$ble)9 and try t' dedu,e $t +r'm t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ a stra$-(t l$ne and t(e number t/'4 'r ta%e t(e*r'*'s$t$'n6 9It $s *'ss$ble t' ,'nstru,t a +$-ure /$t( t(ree stra$-(tl$nes)9 and endea0'ur) $n l$%e manner) t' dedu,e $t +r'm t(e mere,'n,e*t$'n '+ a stra$-(t l$ne and t(e number t(ree! All y'ur

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endea0'urs are $n 0a$n) and y'u +$nd y'ursel+ +'r,ed t' (a0ere,'urse t' $ntu$t$'n) as) $n +a,t) -e'metry al/ays d'es! J'ut(ere+'re -$0e y'ursel+ an 'b&e,t $n $ntu$t$'n! 3ut '+ /(at %$nd $st($s $ntu$t$'n@ Is $t a *ure a *r$'r$) 'r $s $t an em*$r$,al$ntu$t$'n@ I+ t(e latter) t(en ne$t(er an un$0ersally 0al$d) mu,( lessan a*'de$,t$, *r'*'s$t$'n ,an ar$se +r'm $t) +'r e*er$en,e ne0er,an -$0e us any su,( *r'*'s$t$'n! J'u must) t(ere+'re) -$0e y'ursel+an 'b&e,t a *r$'r$ $n $ntu$t$'n) and u*'n t(at -r'und y'ur synt(et$,al

*r'*'s$t$'n! N'/ $+ t(ere d$d n't e$st /$t($n y'u a +a,ulty '+$ntu$t$'n a *r$'r$4 $+ t($s sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'n /ere n't $n res*e,tt' $ts +'rm als' t(e un$0ersal ,'nd$t$'n a *r$'r$ under /($,( al'net(e 'b&e,t '+ t($s eternal $ntu$t$'n $s $tsel+ *'ss$ble4 $+ t(e'b&e,t =t(at $s) t(e tr$an-le> /ere s'met($n- $n $tsel+) /$t('utrelat$'n t' y'u t(e sub&e,t4 ('/ ,'uld y'u a++$rm t(at t(at /($,( l$esne,essar$ly $n y'ur sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'ns $n 'rder t' ,'nstru,t atr$an-le) must als' ne,essar$ly bel'n- t' t(e tr$an-le $n $tsel+@F'r t' y'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(ree l$nes) y'u ,'uld n't add anyt($n- ne/=t(at $s) t(e +$-ure>4 /($,() t(ere+'re) must ne,essar$ly be +'und$n t(e 'b&e,t) be,ause t(e 'b&e,t $s -$0en be+'re y'ur ,'-n$t$'n)and n't by means '+ $t! I+) t(ere+'re) s*a,e =and t$me als'> /eren't a mere +'rm '+ y'ur $ntu$t$'n) /($,( ,'nta$ns ,'nd$t$'ns a *r$'r$)

under /($,( al'ne t($n-s ,an be,'me eternal 'b&e,ts +'r y'u) and/$t('ut /($,( sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'ns t(e 'b&e,ts are $n t(emsel0esn't($n-) y'u ,'uld n't ,'nstru,t any synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n/(ats'e0er re-ard$n- eternal 'b&e,ts! It $s t(ere+'re n't merely*'ss$ble 'r *r'bable) but $ndub$tably ,erta$n) t(at s*a,e and t$me) ast(e ne,essary ,'nd$t$'ns '+ all 'ur eternal and $nternale*er$en,e) are merely sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ all 'ur $ntu$t$'ns) $nrelat$'n t' /($,( all 'b&e,ts are t(ere+'re mere *(en'mena) and n'tt($n-s $n t(emsel0es) *resented t' us $n t($s *art$,ular manner! And+'r t($s reas'n) $n res*e,t t' t(e +'rm '+ *(en'mena) mu,( may be sa$da *r$'r$) /($lst '+ t(e t($n- $n $tsel+) /($,( may l$e at t(e+'undat$'n '+ t(ese *(en'mena) $t $s $m*'ss$ble t' say anyt($n-!

II! In ,'n+$rmat$'n '+ t($s t(e'ry '+ t(e $deal$ty '+ t(e eternalas /ell as $nternal sense) ,'nse.uently '+ all 'b&e,ts '+ sense) asmere *(en'mena) /e may es*e,$ally remar% t(at all $n 'ur ,'-n$t$'nt(at bel'n-s t' $ntu$t$'n ,'nta$ns n't($n- m're t(an mere relat$'ns!=T(e +eel$n-s '+ *a$n and *leasure) and t(e /$ll) /($,( are n't,'-n$t$'ns) are e,e*ted!> T(e relat$'ns) t' /$t) '+ *la,e $n an$ntu$t$'n =etens$'n>) ,(an-e '+ *la,e =m't$'n>) and la/s a,,'rd$n- t'/($,( t($s ,(an-e $s determ$ned =m'0$n- +'r,es>! T(at) ('/e0er)/($,( $s *resent $n t($s 'r t(at *la,e) 'r any '*erat$'n -'$n- 'n)'r result ta%$n- *la,e $n t(e t($n-s t(emsel0es) /$t( t(e e,e*t$'n '+,(an-e '+ *la,e) $s n't -$0en t' us by $ntu$t$'n! N'/ by means '+ mererelat$'ns) a t($n- ,ann't be %n'/n $n $tsel+4 and $t may t(ere+'rebe +a$rly ,'n,luded) t(at) as t(r'u-( t(e eternal sense n't($n- but

mere re*resentat$'ns '+ relat$'ns are -$0en us) t(e sa$d eternalsense $n $ts re*resentat$'n ,an ,'nta$n 'nly t(e relat$'n '+ t(e'b&e,t t' t(e sub&e,t) but n't t(e essent$al nature '+ t(e 'b&e,t as at($n- $n $tsel+!

T(e same $s t(e ,ase /$t( t(e $nternal $ntu$t$'n) n't 'nlybe,ause) $n t(e $nternal $ntu$t$'n) t(e re*resentat$'n '+ t(e eternalsenses ,'nst$tutes t(e mater$al /$t( /($,( t(e m$nd $s ',,u*$ed4 butbe,ause t$me) $n /($,( /e *la,e) and /($,( $tsel+ ante,edes t(e,'ns,$'usness '+) t(ese re*resentat$'ns $n e*er$en,e) and /($,() ast(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e m'de a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( 'b&e,ts are *la,ed

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$n t(e m$nd) l$es at t(e +'undat$'n '+ t(em) ,'nta$ns relat$'ns '+ t(esu,,ess$0e) t(e ,'e$stent) and '+ t(at /($,( al/ays must be,'e$stent /$t( su,,ess$'n) t(e *ermanent! N'/ t(at /($,() asre*resentat$'n) ,an ante,ede e0ery eer,$se '+ t('u-(t ='+ an 'b&e,t>)$s $ntu$t$'n4 and /(en $t ,'nta$ns n't($n- but relat$'ns) $t $s t(e+'rm '+ t(e $ntu$t$'n) /($,() as $t *resents us /$t( n're*resentat$'n) e,e*t $n s' +ar as s'met($n- $s *la,ed $n t(e m$nd),an be n't($n- else t(an t(e m'de $n /($,( t(e m$nd $s a++e,ted by $ts

'/n a,t$0$ty) t' /$t5 $ts *resent$n- t' $tsel+ re*resentat$'ns),'nse.uently t(e m'de $n /($,( t(e m$nd $s a++e,ted by $tsel+4 t(at$s) $t ,an be n't($n- but an $nternal sense $n res*e,t t' $ts +'rm!E0eryt($n- t(at $s re*resented t(r'u-( t(e med$um '+ sense $s s' +ar*(en'menal4 ,'nse.uently) /e must e$t(er re+use alt'-et(er t' adm$t an$nternal sense) 'r t(e sub&e,t) /($,( $s t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(at sense),'uld 'nly be re*resented by $t as *(en'men'n) and n't as $t /'uld&ud-e '+ $tsel+) $+ $ts $ntu$t$'n /ere *ure s*'ntane'us a,t$0$ty) t(at$s) /ere $ntelle,tual! T(e d$++$,ulty (ere l$es /('lly $n t(e.uest$'n6 H'/ ,an t(e sub&e,t (a0e an $nternal $ntu$t$'n '+ $tsel+@3ut t($s d$++$,ulty $s ,'mm'n t' e0ery t(e'ry! T(e ,'ns,$'usness '+sel+ =a**er,e*t$'n> $s t(e s$m*le re*resentat$'n '+ t(e 9e-'94 and$+ by means '+ t(at re*resentat$'n al'ne) all t(e man$+'ld

re*resentat$'ns $n t(e sub&e,t /ere s*'ntane'usly -$0en) t(en 'ur$nternal $ntu$t$'n /'uld be $ntelle,tual! T($s ,'ns,$'usness $n manre.u$res an $nternal *er,e*t$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld re*resentat$'ns/($,( are *re0$'usly -$0en $n t(e sub&e,t4 and t(e manner $n /($,(t(ese re*resentat$'ns are -$0en $n t(e m$nd /$t('ut s*'ntane$ty) must)'n a,,'unt '+ t($s d$++eren,e =t(e /ant '+ s*'ntane$ty>) be ,alledsens$b$l$ty! I+ t(e +a,ulty '+ sel+5,'ns,$'usness $s t' a**re(end /(atl$es $n t(e m$nd) $t must all a,t t(at and ,an $n t($s /ay al'ne*r'du,e an $ntu$t$'n '+ sel+! 3ut t(e +'rm '+ t($s $ntu$t$'n) /($,(l$es $n t(e 'r$-$nal ,'nst$tut$'n '+ t(e m$nd) determ$nes) $n t(ere*resentat$'n '+ t$me) t(e manner $n /($,( t(e man$+'ldre*resentat$'ns are t' ,'mb$ne t(emsel0es $n t(e m$nd4 s$n,e t(esub&e,t $ntu$tes $tsel+) n't as $t /'uld re*resent $tsel+

$mmed$ately and s*'ntane'usly) but a,,'rd$n- t' t(e manner $n /($,(t(e m$nd $s $nternally a++e,ted) ,'nse.uently) as $t a**ears) andn't as $t $s!

III! 2(en /e say t(at t(e $ntu$t$'n '+ eternal 'b&e,ts) and als't(e sel+5$ntu$t$'n '+ t(e sub&e,t) re*resent b't() 'b&e,ts andsub&e,t) $n s*a,e and t$me) as t(ey a++e,t 'ur senses) t(at $s) ast(ey a**ear5 t($s $s by n' means e.u$0alent t' assert$n- t(at t(ese'b&e,ts are mere $llus'ry a**earan,es! F'r /(en /e s*ea% '+ t($n-sas *(en'mena) t(e 'b&e,ts) nay) e0en t(e *r'*ert$es /($,( /e as,r$bet' t(em) are l''%ed u*'n as really -$0en4 'nly t(at) $n s' +ar as t($s'r t(at *r'*erty de*ends u*'n t(e m'de '+ $ntu$t$'n '+ t(e sub&e,t) $nt(e relat$'n '+ t(e -$0en 'b&e,t t' t(e sub&e,t) t(e 'b&e,t as

*(en'men'n $s t' be d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm t(e 'b&e,t as a t($n- $n$tsel+! T(us I d' n't say t(at b'd$es seem 'r a**ear t' be eternal t'me) 'r t(at my s'ul seems merely t' be -$0en $n my sel+5,'ns,$'usness)alt('u-( I ma$nta$n t(at t(e *r'*ert$es '+ s*a,e and t$me) $n,'n+'rm$ty t' /($,( I set b't() as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e$r e$sten,e)ab$de $n my m'de '+ $ntu$t$'n) and n't $n t(e 'b&e,ts $n t(emsel0es!It /'uld be my '/n +ault) $+ 'ut '+ t(at /($,( I s('uld re,%'n as*(en'men'n) I made mere $llus'ry a**earan,e! 3ut t($s /$ll n't(a**en) be,ause '+ 'ur *r$n,$*le '+ t(e $deal$ty '+ all sensu'us$ntu$t$'ns! On t(e ,'ntrary) $+ /e as,r$be 'b&e,t$0e real$ty t't(ese +'rms '+ re*resentat$'n) $t be,'mes $m*'ss$ble t' a0'$d ,(an-$n-

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e0eryt($n- $nt' mere a**earan,e! F'r $+ /e re-ard s*a,e and t$me as*r'*ert$es) /($,( must be +'und $n 'b&e,ts as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) ass$ne .u$bus n'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e$r e$sten,e) and re+le,t'n t(e absurd$t$es $n /($,( /e t(en +$nd 'ursel0es $n0'l0ed)$nasmu,( as /e are ,'m*elled t' adm$t t(e e$sten,e '+ t/' $n+$n$tet($n-s) /($,( are ne0ert(eless n't substan,es) n'r anyt($n- really$n(er$n- $n substan,es) nay) t' adm$t t(at t(ey are t(e ne,essary,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ all t($n-s) and m're'0er) t(at t(ey

must ,'nt$nue t' e$st) alt('u-( all e$st$n- t($n-s /ere ann$($lated5/e ,ann't blame t(e -''d 3er%eley +'r de-rad$n- b'd$es t' mere$llus'ry a**earan,es! Nay) e0en 'ur '/n e$sten,e) /($,( /'uld $n t($s,ase de*end u*'n t(e sel+5e$stent real$ty '+ su,( a mere n'nent$ty ast$me) /'uld ne,essar$ly be ,(an-ed /$t( $t $nt' mere a**earan,e5 anabsurd$ty /($,( n' 'ne (as as yet been -u$lty '+!

T(e *red$,ates '+ t(e *(en'men'n ,an be a++$ed t' t(e 'b&e,t$tsel+ $n relat$'n t' 'ur sensu'us +a,ulty4 +'r eam*le) t(e red,'l'ur 'r t(e *er+ume t' t(e r'se! 3ut =$llus'ry> a**earan,e ne0er ,anbe attr$buted as a *red$,ate t' an 'b&e,t) +'r t($s 0ery reas'n)t(at $t attr$butes t' t($s 'b&e,t $n $tsel+ t(at /($,( bel'n-s t' $t'nly $n relat$'n t' 'ur sensu'us +a,ulty) 'r t' t(e sub&e,t $n

-eneral) e!-!) t(e t/' (andles /($,( /ere +'rmerly as,r$bed t' Saturn!T(at /($,( $s ne0er t' be +'und $n t(e 'b&e,t $tsel+) but al/ays $nt(e relat$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t t' t(e sub&e,t) and /($,( m're'0er $s$nse*arable +r'm 'ur re*resentat$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t) /e den'm$nate*(en'men'n! T(us t(e *red$,ates '+ s*a,e and t$me are r$-(tlyattr$buted t' 'b&e,ts '+ t(e senses as su,() and $n t($s t(ere $s n'$llus$'n! On t(e ,'ntrary) $+ I as,r$be redness '+ t(e r'se as a t($n-$n $tsel+) 'r t' Saturn ($s (andles) 'r etens$'n t' all eternal'b&e,ts) ,'ns$dered as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) /$t('ut re-ard$n- t(edeterm$nate relat$'n '+ t(ese 'b&e,ts t' t(e sub&e,t) and /$t('utl$m$t$n- my &ud-ement t' t(at relat$'n5 t(en) and t(en 'nly) ar$ses$llus$'n!

ID! In natural t(e'l'-y) /(ere /e t($n% '+ an 'b&e,t5 'd5 /($,(ne0er ,an be an 'b&e,t '+ $ntu$t$'n t' us) and e0en t' ($msel+ ,anne0er be an 'b&e,t '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) /e ,are+ully a0'$dattr$but$n- t' ($s $ntu$t$'n t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ s*a,e and t$me5 and$ntu$t$'n all ($s ,'-n$t$'n must be) and n't t('u-(t) /($,( al/ays$n,ludes l$m$tat$'n! 3ut /$t( /(at r$-(t ,an /e d' t($s $+ /e ma%et(em +'rms '+ 'b&e,ts as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) and su,() m're'0er)as /'uld ,'nt$nue t' e$st as a *r$'r$ ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e e$sten,e'+ t($n-s) e0en t('u-( t(e t($n-s t(emsel0es /ere ann$($lated@ F'ras ,'nd$t$'ns '+ all e$sten,e $n -eneral) s*a,e and t$me must be,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e Su*reme 3e$n- als'! 3ut $+ /e d'n't t(us ma%e t(em 'b&e,t$0e +'rms '+ all t($n-s) t(ere $s n' 't(er/ay le+t t(an t' ma%e t(em sub&e,t$0e +'rms '+ 'ur m'de '+

$ntu$t$'n5 eternal and $nternal4 /($,( $s ,alled sensu'us) be,ause $t$s n't *r$m$t$0e) t(at $s) $s n't su,( as -$0es $n $tsel+ t(ee$sten,e '+ t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(e $ntu$t$'n =a m'de '+ $ntu$t$'n /($,()s' +ar as /e ,an &ud-e) ,an bel'n- 'nly t' t(e Creat'r>) but $sde*endent 'n t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e 'b&e,t) $s *'ss$ble) t(ere+'re) 'nly'n ,'nd$t$'n t(at t(e re*resentat$0e +a,ulty '+ t(e sub&e,t $sa++e,ted by t(e 'b&e,t!

It $s) m're'0er) n't ne,essary t(at /e s('uld l$m$t t(e m'de '+$ntu$t$'n $n s*a,e and t$me t' t(e sensu'us +a,ulty '+ man! It may/ell be t(at all +$n$te t($n%$n- be$n-s must ne,essar$ly $n t($s

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res*e,t a-ree /$t( man =t('u-( as t' t($s /e ,ann't de,$de>) butsens$b$l$ty d'es n't 'n a,,'unt '+ t($s un$0ersal$ty ,ease t' besens$b$l$ty) +'r t($s 0ery reas'n) t(at $t $s a dedu,ed =$ntu$tusder$0at$0us>) and n't an 'r$-$nal =$ntu$tus 'r$-$nar$us>) ,'nse.uentlyn't an $ntelle,tual $ntu$t$'n) and t($s $ntu$t$'n) as su,() +'rreas'ns ab'0e ment$'ned) seems t' bel'n- s'lely t' t(e Su*reme3e$n-) but ne0er t' a be$n- de*endent) .u'ad $ts e$sten,e) as /ell as$ts $ntu$t$'n =/($,( $ts e$sten,e determ$nes and l$m$ts relat$0ely t'

-$0en 'b&e,ts>! T($s latter remar%) ('/e0er) must be ta%en 'nly asan $llustrat$'n) and n't as any *r''+ '+ t(e trut( '+ 'uraest(et$,al t(e'ry!

SS 1 C'n,lus$'n '+ t(e Trans,endental Aest(et$,!

2e (a0e n'/ ,'m*letely be+'re us 'ne *art '+ t(e s'lut$'n '+ t(e-rand -eneral *r'blem '+ trans,endental *($l's'*(y) namely) t(e.uest$'n6 9H'/ are synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns a *r$'r$ *'ss$ble@9 T(at$s t' say) /e (a0e s('/n t(at /e are $n *'ssess$'n '+ *ure a *r$'r$$ntu$t$'ns) namely) s*a,e and t$me) $n /($,( /e +$nd) /(en $n a&ud-ement a *r$'r$ /e *ass 'ut bey'nd t(e -$0en ,'n,e*t$'n)s'met($n- /($,( $s n't d$s,'0erable $n t(at ,'n,e*t$'n) but $s

,erta$nly +'und a *r$'r$ $n t(e $ntu$t$'n /($,( ,'rres*'nds t' t(e,'n,e*t$'n) and ,an be un$ted synt(et$,ally /$t( $t! 3ut t(e&ud-ements /($,( t(ese *ure $ntu$t$'ns enable us t' ma%e) ne0errea,( +art(er t(an t' 'b&e,ts '+ t(e senses) and are 0al$d 'nly +'r'b&e,ts '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e!INTRO

SECON# PART! TRANSCEN#ENTA< <OIC!

INTRO#UCTION! Idea '+ a Trans,endental <'-$,!

I! O+ <'-$, $n eneral!

Our %n'/led-e s*r$n-s +r'm t/' ma$n s'ur,es $n t(e m$nd) +$rst '+/($,( $s t(e +a,ulty 'r *'/er '+ re,e$0$n- re*resentat$'ns=re,e*t$0$ty +'r $m*ress$'ns>4 t(e se,'nd $s t(e *'/er '+ ,'-n$;$n- bymeans '+ t(ese re*resentat$'ns =s*'ntane$ty $n t(e *r'du,t$'n '+,'n,e*t$'ns>! T(r'u-( t(e +$rst an 'b&e,t $s -$0en t' us4 t(r'u-(t(e se,'nd) $t $s) $n relat$'n t' t(e re*resentat$'n =/($,( $s amere determ$nat$'n '+ t(e m$nd>) t('u-(t! Intu$t$'n and ,'n,e*t$'ns,'nst$tute) t(ere+'re) t(e elements '+ all 'ur %n'/led-e) s' t(atne$t(er ,'n,e*t$'ns /$t('ut an $ntu$t$'n $n s'me /ay ,'rres*'nd$n-t' t(em) n'r $ntu$t$'n /$t('ut ,'n,e*t$'ns) ,an a++'rd us a ,'-n$t$'n!3't( are e$t(er *ure 'r em*$r$,al! T(ey are! em*$r$,al) /(en sensat$'n=/($,( *resu**'ses t(e a,tual *resen,e '+ t(e 'b&e,t> $s ,'nta$ned$n t(em4 and *ure) /(en n' sensat$'n $s m$ed /$t( t(e re*resentat$'n!

Sensat$'ns /e may ,all t(e matter '+ sensu'us ,'-n$t$'n! Pure$ntu$t$'n ,'nse.uently ,'nta$ns merely t(e +'rm under /($,(s'met($n- $s $ntu$ted) and *ure ,'n,e*t$'n 'nly t(e +'rm '+ t(et('u-(t '+ an 'b&e,t! Only *ure $ntu$t$'ns and *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns are*'ss$ble a *r$'r$4 t(e em*$r$,al 'nly a *'ster$'r$!

2e a**ly t(e term sens$b$l$ty t' t(e re,e*t$0$ty '+ t(e m$nd +'r$m*ress$'ns) $n s' +ar as $t $s $n s'me /ay a++e,ted4 and) 'n t(e't(er (and) /e ,all t(e +a,ulty '+ s*'ntane'usly *r'du,$n-re*resentat$'ns) 'r t(e s*'ntane$ty '+ ,'-n$t$'n) understand$n-! Ournature $s s' ,'nst$tuted t(at $ntu$t$'n /$t( us ne0er ,an be 't(er

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t(an sensu'us) t(at $s) $t ,'nta$ns 'nly t(e m'de $n /($,( /e area++e,ted by 'b&e,ts! On t(e 't(er (and) t(e +a,ulty '+ t($n%$n- t(e'b&e,t '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n $s t(e understand$n-! Ne$t(er '+ t(ese+a,ult$es (as a *re+eren,e '0er t(e 't(er! 2$t('ut t(e sensu'us+a,ulty n' 'b&e,t /'uld be -$0en t' us) and /$t('ut t(eunderstand$n- n' 'b&e,t /'uld be t('u-(t! T('u-(ts /$t('ut ,'ntent are0'$d4 $ntu$t$'ns /$t('ut ,'n,e*t$'ns) bl$nd! Hen,e $t $s asne,essary +'r t(e m$nd t' ma%e $ts ,'n,e*t$'ns sensu'us =t(at $s) t'

&'$n t' t(em t(e 'b&e,t $n $ntu$t$'n>) as t' ma%e $ts $ntu$t$'ns$ntell$-$ble =t(at $s) t' br$n- t(em under ,'n,e*t$'ns>! Ne$t(er '+t(ese +a,ult$es ,an e,(an-e $ts *r'*er +un,t$'n! Understand$n- ,ann't$ntu$te) and t(e sensu'us +a,ulty ,ann't t($n%! $n n' 't(er /ay t(an+r'm t(e un$ted '*erat$'n '+ b't() ,an %n'/led-e ar$se! 3ut n' 'ne'u-(t) 'n t($s a,,'unt) t' '0erl''% t(e d$++eren,e '+ t(e elements,'ntr$buted by ea,(4 /e (a0e rat(er -reat reas'n ,are+ully t' se*arateand d$st$n-u$s( t(em! 2e t(ere+'re d$st$n-u$s( t(e s,$en,e '+ t(e la/s'+ sens$b$l$ty) t(at $s) aest(et$,) +r'm t(e s,$en,e '+ t(e la/s '+t(e understand$n-) t(at $s) l'-$,!

N'/) l'-$, $n $ts turn may be ,'ns$dered as t/'+'ld5 namely) asl'-$, '+ t(e -eneral) 'r '+ t(e *art$,ular use '+ t(e understand$n-!

T(e +$rst ,'nta$ns t(e abs'lutely ne,essary la/s '+ t('u-(t) /$t('ut/($,( n' use /(ats'e0er '+ t(e understand$n- $s *'ss$ble) and -$0esla/s t(ere+'re t' t(e understand$n-) /$t('ut re-ard t' t(ed$++eren,e '+ 'b&e,ts 'n /($,( $t may be em*l'yed! T(e l'-$, '+ t(e*art$,ular use '+ t(e understand$n- ,'nta$ns t(e la/s '+ ,'rre,tt($n%$n- u*'n a *art$,ular ,lass '+ 'b&e,ts! T(e +'rmer may be,alled elemental l'-$,5 t(e latter) t(e 'r-an'n '+ t($s 'r t(at*art$,ular s,$en,e! T(e latter $s +'r t(e m'st *art em*l'yed $n t(es,(''ls) as a *r'*aedeut$, t' t(e s,$en,es) alt('u-() $ndeed)a,,'rd$n- t' t(e ,'urse '+ (uman reas'n) $t $s t(e last t($n- /earr$0e at) /(en t(e s,$en,e (as been already matured) and needs 'nlyt(e +$n$s($n- t'u,(es t'/ards $ts ,'rre,t$'n and ,'m*let$'n4 +'r 'ur%n'/led-e '+ t(e 'b&e,ts '+ 'ur attem*ted s,$en,e must be t'lerably

etens$0e and ,'m*lete be+'re /e ,an $nd$,ate t(e la/s by /($,( as,$en,e '+ t(ese 'b&e,ts ,an be establ$s(ed!

eneral l'-$, $s a-a$n e$t(er *ure 'r a**l$ed! In t(e +'rmer) /eabstra,t all t(e em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns under /($,( t(e understand$n- $seer,$sed4 +'r eam*le) t(e $n+luen,e '+ t(e senses) t(e *lay '+ t(e+antasy 'r $ma-$nat$'n) t(e la/s '+ t(e mem'ry) t(e +'r,e '+ (ab$t) '+$n,l$nat$'n) et,!) ,'nse.uently als') t(e s'ur,es '+ *re&ud$,e5 $n a/'rd) /e abstra,t all ,auses +r'm /($,( *art$,ular ,'-n$t$'ns ar$se)be,ause t(ese ,auses re-ard t(e understand$n- under ,erta$n,$r,umstan,es '+ $ts a**l$,at$'n) and) t' t(e %n'/led-e '+ t(eme*er$en,e $s re.u$red! Pure -eneral l'-$, (as t' d') t(ere+'re)merely /$t( *ure a *r$'r$ *r$n,$*les) and $s a ,an'n '+

understand$n- and reas'n) but 'nly $n res*e,t '+ t(e +'rmal *art '+t(e$r use) be t(e ,'ntent /(at $t may) em*$r$,al 'r trans,endental!eneral l'-$, $s ,alled a**l$ed) /(en $t $s d$re,ted t' t(e la/s '+t(e use '+ t(e understand$n-) under t(e sub&e,t$0e em*$r$,al,'nd$t$'ns /($,( *sy,('l'-y tea,(es us! It (as t(ere+'re em*$r$,al*r$n,$*les) alt('u-() at t(e same t$me) $t $s $n s' +ar -eneral)t(at $t a**l$es t' t(e eer,$se '+ t(e understand$n-) /$t('ut re-ardt' t(e d$++eren,e '+ 'b&e,ts! On t($s a,,'unt) m're'0er) $t $s ne$t(era ,an'n '+ t(e understand$n- $n -eneral) n'r an 'r-an'n '+ a*art$,ular s,$en,e) but merely a ,at(art$, '+ t(e (uman understand$n-!

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In -eneral l'-$,) t(ere+'re) t(at *art /($,( ,'nst$tutes *urel'-$, must be ,are+ully d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm t(at /($,( ,'nst$tutesa**l$ed =t('u-( st$ll -eneral> l'-$,! T(e +'rmer al'ne $s *r'*erlys,$en,e) alt('u-( s('rt and dry) as t(e met('d$,al e*'s$t$'n '+ anelemental d',tr$ne '+ t(e understand$n- 'u-(t t' be! In t($s)t(ere+'re) l'-$,$ans must al/ays bear $n m$nd t/' rules6

1! As -eneral l'-$,) $t ma%es abstra,t$'n '+ all ,'ntent '+ t(e

,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-) and '+ t(e d$++eren,e '+ 'b&e,ts)and (as t' d' /$t( n't($n- but t(e mere +'rm '+ t('u-(t!

B! As *ure l'-$,) $t (as n' em*$r$,al *r$n,$*les) and ,'nse.uentlydra/s n't($n- =,'ntrary t' t(e ,'mm'n *ersuas$'n> +r'm *sy,('l'-y)/($,( t(ere+'re (as n' $n+luen,e 'n t(e ,an'n '+ t(e understand$n-! It$s a dem'nstrated d',tr$ne) and e0eryt($n- $n $t must be ,erta$n,'m*letely a *r$'r$!

2(at I ,alled a**l$ed l'-$, =,'ntrary t' t(e ,'mm'n a,,e*tat$'n '+t($s term) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( $t s('uld ,'nta$n ,erta$n eer,$ses+'r t(e s,('lar) +'r /($,( *ure l'-$, -$0es t(e rules>) $s are*resentat$'n '+ t(e understand$n-) and '+ t(e rules '+ $ts ne,essary

em*l'yment $n ,'n,ret') t(at $s t' say) under t(e a,,$dental,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e sub&e,t) /($,( may e$t(er ($nder 'r *r'm'te t($sem*l'yment) and /($,( are all -$0en 'nly em*$r$,ally! T(us a**l$edl'-$, treats '+ attent$'n) $ts $m*ed$ments and ,'nse.uen,es) '+ t(e'r$-$n '+ err'r) '+ t(e state '+ d'ubt) (es$tat$'n) ,'n0$,t$'n)et,!) and t' $t $s related *ure -eneral l'-$, $n t(e same /ay t(at*ure m'ral$ty) /($,( ,'nta$ns 'nly t(e ne,essary m'ral la/s '+ a+ree /$ll) $s related t' *ra,t$,al et($,s) /($,( ,'ns$ders t(esela/s under all t(e $m*ed$ments '+ +eel$n-s) $n,l$nat$'ns) and *ass$'nst' /($,( men are m're 'r less sub&e,ted) and /($,( ne0er ,an +urn$s(us /$t( a true and dem'nstrated s,$en,e) be,ause $t) as /ell asa**l$ed l'-$,) re.u$res em*$r$,al and *sy,('l'-$,al *r$n,$*les!

II! O+ Trans,endental <'-$,!

eneral l'-$,) as /e (a0e seen) ma%es abstra,t$'n '+ all ,'ntent'+ ,'-n$t$'n) t(at $s) '+ all relat$'n '+ ,'-n$t$'n t' $ts 'b&e,t) andre-ards 'nly t(e l'-$,al +'rm $n t(e relat$'n '+ ,'-n$t$'ns t' ea,('t(er) t(at $s) t(e +'rm '+ t('u-(t $n -eneral! 3ut as /e (a0e b't(*ure and em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'ns =as trans,endental aest(et$, *r'0es>) $nl$%e manner a d$st$n,t$'n m$-(t be dra/n bet/een *ure and em*$r$,alt('u-(t ='+ 'b&e,ts>! In t($s ,ase) t(ere /'uld e$st a %$nd '+ l'-$,)$n /($,( /e s('uld n't ma%e abstra,t$'n '+ all ,'ntent '+ ,'-n$t$'n4+'r 'r l'-$, /($,( s('uld ,'m*r$se merely t(e la/s '+ *ure t('u-(t ='+an 'b&e,t>) /'uld '+ ,'urse e,lude all t('se ,'-n$t$'ns /($,( /ere '+em*$r$,al ,'ntent! T($s %$nd '+ l'-$, /'uld als' eam$ne t(e 'r$-$n '+

'ur ,'-n$t$'ns '+ 'b&e,ts) s' +ar as t(at 'r$-$n ,ann't be as,r$bed t't(e 'b&e,ts t(emsel0es4 /($le) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) -eneral l'-$, (asn't($n- t' d' /$t( t(e 'r$-$n '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'ns) but ,'ntem*lates'ur re*resentat$'ns) be t(ey -$0en *r$m$t$0ely a *r$'r$ $n'ursel0es) 'r be t(ey 'nly '+ em*$r$,al 'r$-$n) s'lely a,,'rd$n- t't(e la/s /($,( t(e understand$n- 'bser0es $n em*l'y$n- t(em $n t(e*r',ess '+ t('u-(t) $n relat$'n t' ea,( 't(er! C'nse.uently) -enerall'-$, treats '+ t(e +'rm '+ t(e understand$n- 'nly) /($,( ,an bea**l$ed t' re*resentat$'ns) +r'm /(ate0er s'ur,e t(ey may (a0e ar$sen!

And (ere I s(all ma%e a remar%) /($,( t(e reader must bear /ell $n

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m$nd $n t(e ,'urse '+ t(e +'ll'/$n- ,'ns$derat$'ns) t' /$t) t(at n'te0ery ,'-n$t$'n a *r$'r$) but 'nly t('se t(r'u-( /($,( /e ,'-n$;e t(atand ('/ ,erta$n re*resentat$'ns =$ntu$t$'ns 'r ,'n,e*t$'ns> area**l$ed 'r are *'ss$ble 'nly a *r$'r$4 t(at $s t' say) t(e a *r$'r$*'ss$b$l$ty '+ ,'-n$t$'n and t(e a *r$'r$ use '+ $t aretrans,endental! T(ere+'re ne$t(er $s s*a,e) n'r any a *r$'r$-e'metr$,al determ$nat$'n '+ s*a,e) a trans,endental Re*resentat$'n)but 'nly t(e %n'/led-e t(at su,( a re*resentat$'n $s n't '+

em*$r$,al 'r$-$n) and t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ $ts relat$n- t' 'b&e,ts '+e*er$en,e) alt('u-( $tsel+ a *r$'r$) ,an be ,alled trans,endental! S'als') t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ s*a,e t' 'b&e,ts $n -eneral /'uld betrans,endental4 but $+ $t be l$m$ted t' 'b&e,ts '+ sense $t $sem*$r$,al! T(us) t(e d$st$n,t$'n '+ t(e trans,endental and em*$r$,albel'n-s 'nly t' t(e ,r$t$.ue '+ ,'-n$t$'ns) and d'es n't ,'n,ern t(erelat$'n '+ t(ese t' t(e$r 'b&e,t!

A,,'rd$n-ly) $n t(e e*e,tat$'n t(at t(ere may *er(a*s be,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( relate a *r$'r$ t' 'b&e,ts) n't as *ure 'rsensu'us $ntu$t$'ns) but merely as a,ts '+ *ure t('u-(t =/($,( aret(ere+'re ,'n,e*t$'ns) but ne$t(er '+ em*$r$,al n'r aest(et$,al'r$-$n>5 $n t($s e*e,tat$'n) I say) /e +'rm t' 'ursel0es) by

ant$,$*at$'n) t(e $dea '+ a s,$en,e '+ *ure understand$n- and rat$'nal,'-n$t$'n) by means '+ /($,( /e may ,'-$tate 'b&e,ts ent$rely a*r$'r$! A s,$en,e '+ t($s %$nd) /($,( s('uld determ$ne t(e 'r$-$n) t(eetent) and t(e 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty '+ su,( ,'-n$t$'ns) must be,alled trans,endental l'-$,) be,ause $t (as n't) l$%e -eneral l'-$,)t' d' /$t( t(e la/s '+ understand$n- and reas'n $n relat$'n t'em*$r$,al as /ell as *ure rat$'nal ,'-n$t$'ns /$t('ut d$st$n,t$'n) but,'n,erns $tsel+ /$t( t(ese 'nly $n an a *r$'r$ relat$'n t' 'b&e,ts!

III! O+ t(e #$0$s$'n '+ eneral <'-$, $nt' Analyt$, and #$ale,t$,!

T(e 'ld .uest$'n /$t( /($,( *e'*le s'u-(t t' *us( l'-$,$ans $nt' a,'rner) s' t(at t(ey must e$t(er (a0e re,'urse t' *$t$+ul s'*($sms

'r ,'n+ess t(e$r $-n'ran,e) and ,'nse.uently t(e 0an$ty '+ t(e$r /('leart) $s t($s6 92(at $s trut(@9 T(e de+$n$t$'n '+ t(e /'rd trut() t'/$t) 9t(e a,,'rdan,e '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n /$t( $ts 'b&e,t)9 $s *resu**'sed$n t(e .uest$'n4 but /e des$re t' be t'ld) $n t(e ans/er t' $t) /(at$s t(e un$0ersal and se,ure ,r$ter$'n '+ t(e trut( '+ e0ery ,'-n$t$'n!

T' %n'/ /(at .uest$'ns /e may reas'nably *r'*'se $s $n $tsel+ astr'n- e0$den,e '+ sa-a,$ty and $ntell$-en,e! F'r $+ a .uest$'n be$n $tsel+ absurd and unsus,e*t$ble '+ a rat$'nal ans/er) $t $sattended /$t( t(e dan-er5 n't t' ment$'n t(e s(ame t(at +alls u*'n t(e*ers'n /(' *r'*'ses $t5 '+ sedu,$n- t(e un-uarded l$stener $nt' ma%$n-absurd ans/ers) and /e are *resented /$t( t(e r$d$,ul'us s*e,ta,le'+ 'ne =as t(e an,$ents sa$d> 9m$l%$n- t(e (e5-'at) and t(e 't(er

('ld$n- a s$e0e!9

I+ trut( ,'ns$sts $n t(e a,,'rdan,e '+ a ,'-n$t$'n /$t( $ts'b&e,t) t($s 'b&e,t must be) $*s' +a,t') d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm all't(ers4 +'r a ,'-n$t$'n $s +alse $+ $t d'es n't a,,'rd /$t( t(e 'b&e,tt' /($,( $t relates) alt('u-( $t ,'nta$ns s'met($n- /($,( may bea++$rmed '+ 't(er 'b&e,ts! N'/ an un$0ersal ,r$ter$'n '+ trut( /'uldbe t(at /($,( $s 0al$d +'r all ,'-n$t$'ns) /$t('ut d$st$n,t$'n '+t(e$r 'b&e,ts! 3ut $t $s e0$dent t(at s$n,e) $n t(e ,ase '+ su,( a,r$ter$'n) /e ma%e abstra,t$'n '+ all t(e ,'ntent '+ a ,'-n$t$'n =t(at$s) '+ all relat$'n t' $ts 'b&e,t>) and trut( relates *re,$sely t'

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t($s ,'ntent) $t must be utterly absurd t' as% +'r a mar% '+ t(e trut('+ t($s ,'ntent '+ ,'-n$t$'n4 and t(at) a,,'rd$n-ly) a su++$,$ent) andat t(e same t$me un$0ersal) test '+ trut( ,ann't *'ss$bly be +'und! As/e (a0e already termed t(e ,'ntent '+ a ,'-n$t$'n $ts matter) /e s(allsay6 9O+ t(e trut( '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'ns $n res*e,t '+ t(e$r matter) n'un$0ersal test ,an be demanded) be,ause su,( a demand $ssel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry!9

On t(e 't(er (and) /$t( re-ard t' 'ur ,'-n$t$'n $n res*e,t '+ $tsmere +'rm =e,lud$n- all ,'ntent>) $t $s e.ually man$+est t(atl'-$,) $n s' +ar as $t e($b$ts t(e un$0ersal and ne,essary la/s '+t(e understand$n-) must $n t(ese 0ery la/s *resent us /$t( ,r$ter$a '+trut(! 2(ate0er ,'ntrad$,ts t(ese rules $s +alse) be,ause t(erebyt(e understand$n- $s made t' ,'ntrad$,t $ts '/n un$0ersal la/s '+t('u-(t4 t(at $s) t' ,'ntrad$,t $tsel+! T(ese ,r$ter$a) ('/e0er) a**lys'lely t' t(e +'rm '+ trut() t(at $s) '+ t('u-(t $n -eneral) and $n s'+ar t(ey are *er+e,tly a,,urate) yet n't su++$,$ent! F'r alt('u-( a,'-n$t$'n may be *er+e,tly a,,urate as t' l'-$,al +'rm) t(at $s) n'tsel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry) $t $s n't/$t(stand$n- .u$te *'ss$ble t(at $t mayn't stand $n a-reement /$t( $ts 'b&e,t! C'nse.uently) t(e merelyl'-$,al ,r$ter$'n '+ trut() namely) t(e a,,'rdan,e '+ a ,'-n$t$'n /$t(

t(e un$0ersal and +'rmal la/s '+ understand$n- and reas'n) $sn't($n- m're t(an t(e ,'nd$t$' s$ne .ua n'n) 'r ne-at$0e ,'nd$t$'n'+ all trut(! Fart(er t(an t($s l'-$, ,ann't -') and t(e err'r /($,(de*ends n't 'n t(e +'rm) but 'n t(e ,'ntent '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n) $t (asn' test t' d$s,'0er!

eneral l'-$,) t(en) res'l0es t(e /('le +'rmal bus$ness '+understand$n- and reas'n $nt' $ts elements) and e($b$ts t(em as*r$n,$*les '+ all l'-$,al &ud-$n- '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'ns! T($s *art '+l'-$, may) t(ere+'re) be ,alled analyt$,) and $s at least t(e ne-at$0etest '+ trut() be,ause all ,'-n$t$'ns must +$rst '+ an be est$matedand tr$ed a,,'rd$n- t' t(ese la/s be+'re /e *r',eed t' $n0est$-atet(em $n res*e,t '+ t(e$r ,'ntent) $n 'rder t' d$s,'0er /(et(er t(ey

,'nta$n *'s$t$0e trut( $n re-ard t' t(e$r 'b&e,t! 3e,ause) ('/e0er)t(e mere +'rm '+ a ,'-n$t$'n) a,,urately as $t may a,,'rd /$t( l'-$,alla/s) $s $nsu++$,$ent t' su**ly us /$t( mater$al ='b&e,t$0e> trut() n''ne) by means '+ l'-$, al'ne) ,an 0enture t' *red$,ate anyt($n- '+'r de,$de ,'n,ern$n- 'b&e,ts) unless (e (as 'bta$ned) $nde*endently '+l'-$,) /ell5-r'unded $n+'rmat$'n ab'ut t(em) $n 'rder a+ter/ards t'eam$ne) a,,'rd$n- t' l'-$,al la/s) $nt' t(e use and ,'nne,t$'n) $na ,'(er$n- /('le) '+ t(at $n+'rmat$'n) 'r) /(at $s st$ll better)merely t' test $t by t(em! N't/$t(stand$n-) t(ere l$es s' sedu,t$0ea ,(arm $n t(e *'ssess$'n '+ a s*e,$'us art l$%e t($s5 an art /($,(-$0es t' all 'ur ,'-n$t$'ns t(e +'rm '+ t(e understand$n-) alt('u-(/$t( res*e,t t' t(e ,'ntent t(ere'+ /e may be sadly de+$,$ent5 t(at-eneral l'-$,) /($,( $s merely a ,an'n '+ &ud-ement) (as been em*l'yed

as an 'r-an'n +'r t(e a,tual *r'du,t$'n) 'r rat(er +'r t(e semblan,e'+ *r'du,t$'n) '+ 'b&e,t$0e assert$'ns) and (as t(us been -r'sslym$sa**l$ed! N'/ -eneral l'-$,) $n $ts assumed ,(ara,ter '+ 'r-an'n) $s,alled d$ale,t$,!

#$++erent as are t(e s$-n$+$,at$'ns $n /($,( t(e an,$ents usedt($s term +'r a s,$en,e 'r an art) /e may sa+ely $n+er) +r'm t(e$ra,tual em*l'yment '+ $t) t(at /$t( t(em $t /as n't($n- else t(an al'-$, '+ $llus$'n5 a s'*($st$,al art +'r -$0$n- $-n'ran,e) nay) e0en$ntent$'nal s'*($str$es) t(e ,'l'ur$n- '+ trut() $n /($,( t(et('r'u-(ness '+ *r',edure /($,( l'-$, re.u$res /as $m$tated) and t(e$r

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t'*$, em*l'yed t' ,l'a% t(e em*ty *retens$'ns! N'/ $t may be ta%enas a sa+e and use+ul /arn$n-) t(at -eneral l'-$,) ,'ns$dered as an'r-an'n) must al/ays be a l'-$, '+ $llus$'n) t(at $s) bed$ale,t$,al) +'r) as $t tea,(es us n't($n- /(ate0er res*e,t$n- t(e,'ntent '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'ns) but merely t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e$ra,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e understand$n-) /($,( d' n't relate t' and are.u$te $nd$++erent $n res*e,t '+ 'b&e,ts) any attem*t t' em*l'y $t asan $nstrument ='r-an'n> $n 'rder t' etend and enlar-e t(e ran-e '+

'ur %n'/led-e must end $n mere *rat$n-4 any 'ne be$n- able t' ma$nta$n'r '**'se) /$t( s'me a**earan,e '+ trut() any s$n-le assert$'n/(ate0er!

Su,( $nstru,t$'n $s .u$te unbe,'m$n- t(e d$-n$ty '+ *($l's'*(y!F'r t(ese reas'ns /e (a0e ,('sen t' den'm$nate t($s *art '+ l'-$,d$ale,t$,) $n t(e sense '+ a ,r$t$.ue '+ d$ale,t$,al $llus$'n) and/e /$s( t(e term t' be s' underst''d $n t($s *la,e!

ID! O+ t(e #$0$s$'n '+ Trans,endental <'-$, $nt' Trans,endental

Analyt$, and #$ale,t$,!

In trans,endental l'-$, /e $s'late t(e understand$n- =as $ntrans,endental aest(et$, t(e sens$b$l$ty> and sele,t +r'm 'ur,'-n$t$'n merely t(at *art '+ t('u-(t /($,( (as $ts 'r$-$n $n t(eunderstand$n- al'ne! T(e eer,$se '+ t($s *ure ,'-n$t$'n) ('/e0er)de*ends u*'n t($s as $ts ,'nd$t$'n) t(at 'b&e,ts t' /($,( $t may bea**l$ed be -$0en t' us $n $ntu$t$'n) +'r /$t('ut $ntu$t$'n t(e /('le'+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n $s /$t('ut 'b&e,ts) and $s t(ere+'re .u$te 0'$d! T(at*art '+ trans,endental l'-$,) t(en) /($,( treats '+ t(e elements '+*ure ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-) and '+ t(e *r$n,$*les /$t('ut/($,( n' 'b&e,t at all ,an be t('u-(t) $s trans,endental analyt$,) andat t(e same t$me a l'-$, '+ trut(! F'r n' ,'-n$t$'n ,an ,'ntrad$,t $t)/$t('ut l's$n- at t(e same t$me all ,'ntent) t(at $s) l's$n- allre+eren,e t' an 'b&e,t) and t(ere+'re all trut(! 3ut be,ause /e are

0ery eas$ly sedu,ed $nt' em*l'y$n- t(ese *ure ,'-n$t$'ns and*r$n,$*les '+ t(e understand$n- by t(emsel0es) and t(at e0en bey'ndt(e b'undar$es '+ e*er$en,e) /($,( yet $s t(e 'nly s'ur,e /(en,e /e,an 'bta$n matter ='b&e,ts> 'n /($,( t('se *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns may beem*l'yed5 understand$n- runs t(e r$s% '+ ma%$n-) by means '+ em*tys'*($sms) a mater$al and 'b&e,t$0e use '+ t(e mere +'rmal *r$n,$*les'+ t(e *ure understand$n-) and '+ *ass$n- &ud-ements 'n 'b&e,ts/$t('ut d$st$n,t$'n5 'b&e,ts /($,( are n't -$0en t' us) nay) *er(a*s,ann't be -$0en t' us $n any /ay! N'/) as $t 'u-(t *r'*erly t' be 'nlya ,an'n +'r &ud-$n- '+ t(e em*$r$,al use '+ t(e understand$n-) t($s%$nd '+ l'-$, $s m$sused /(en /e see% t' em*l'y $t as an 'r-an'n '+t(e un$0ersal and unl$m$ted eer,$se '+ t(e understand$n-) and attem*t/$t( t(e *ure understand$n- al'ne t' &ud-e synt(et$,ally) a++$rm)

and determ$ne res*e,t$n- 'b&e,ts $n -eneral! In t($s ,ase t(e eer,$se'+ t(e *ure understand$n- be,'mes d$ale,t$,al! T(e se,'nd *art '+'ur trans,endental l'-$, must t(ere+'re be a ,r$t$.ue '+ d$ale,t$,al$llus$'n) and t($s ,r$t$.ue /e s(all term trans,endental d$ale,t$,5n't mean$n- $t as an art '+ *r'du,$n- d'-mat$,ally su,( $llus$'n =anart /($,( $s un+'rtunately t'' ,urrent am'n- t(e *ra,t$t$'ners '+meta*(ys$,al &u--l$n->) but as a ,r$t$.ue '+ understand$n- andreas'n $n re-ard t' t(e$r (y*er*(ys$,al use! T($s ,r$t$.ue /$ll e*'set(e -r'undless nature '+ t(e *retens$'ns '+ t(ese t/' +a,ult$es) and$n0al$date t(e$r ,la$ms t' t(e d$s,'0ery and enlar-ement '+ 'ur,'-n$t$'ns merely by means '+ trans,endental *r$n,$*les) and s('/ t(at

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t(e *r'*er em*l'yment '+ t(ese +a,ult$es $s t' test t(e &ud-ementsmade by t(e *ure understand$n-) and t' -uard $t +r'm s'*($st$,aldelus$'n!

Trans,endental <'-$,! FIRST #IDISION!

TRANSCEN#ENTA< ANA<JTIC!

SS I!

Trans,endental analyt$, $s t(e d$sse,t$'n '+ t(e /('le '+ 'ur a*r$'r$ %n'/led-e $nt' t(e elements '+ t(e *ure ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(eunderstand$n-! In 'rder t' e++e,t 'ur *ur*'se) $t $s ne,essary6 =1>T(at t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns be *ure and n't em*$r$,al4 =B> T(at t(ey bel'n-n't t' $ntu$t$'n and sens$b$l$ty) but t' t('u-(t and understand$n-4=> T(at t(ey be elementary ,'n,e*t$'ns) and as su,() .u$ted$++erent +r'm dedu,ed 'r ,'m*'und ,'n,e*t$'ns4 => T(at 'ur table'+ t(ese elementary ,'n,e*t$'ns be ,'m*lete) and +$ll u* t(e /('les*(ere '+ t(e *ure understand$n-! N'/ t($s ,'m*leteness '+ a s,$en,e,ann't be a,,e*ted /$t( ,'n+$den,e 'n t(e -uarantee '+ a mere est$mate'+ $ts e$sten,e $n an a--re-ate +'rmed 'nly by means '+ re*eated

e*er$ments and attem*ts! T(e ,'m*leteness /($,( /e re.u$re $s*'ss$ble 'nly by means '+ an $dea '+ t(e t'tal$ty '+ t(e a *r$'r$,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-) and t(r'u-( t(e t(ereby determ$nedd$0$s$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( +'rm t(e sa$d /('le4 ,'nse.uently)'nly by means '+ t(e$r ,'nne,t$'n $n a system! Pure understand$n-d$st$n-u$s(es $tsel+ n't merely +r'm e0eryt($n- em*$r$,al) but als','m*letely +r'm all sens$b$l$ty! It $s a un$ty sel+5subs$stent)sel+5su++$,$ent) and n't t' be enlar-ed by any add$t$'ns +r'm /$t('ut!Hen,e t(e sum '+ $ts ,'-n$t$'n ,'nst$tutes a system t' be determ$nedby and ,'m*r$sed under an $dea4 and t(e ,'m*leteness andart$,ulat$'n '+ t($s system ,an at t(e same t$me ser0e as a test '+t(e ,'rre,tness and -enu$neness '+ all t(e *arts '+ ,'-n$t$'n t(atbel'n- t' $t! T(e /('le '+ t($s *art '+ trans,endental l'-$,

,'ns$sts '+ t/' b''%s) '+ /($,( t(e 'ne ,'nta$ns t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns)and t(e 't(er t(e *r$n,$*les '+ *ure understand$n-!

3OOK I!

Analyt$, '+ C'n,e*t$'ns! SS B

3y t(e term Analyt$, '+ C'n,e*t$'ns) I d' n't understand t(eanalys$s '+ t(ese) 'r t(e usual *r',ess $n *($l's'*($,al$n0est$-at$'ns '+ d$sse,t$n- t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( *resent t(emsel0es)a,,'rd$n- t' t(e$r ,'ntent) and s' ma%$n- t(em ,lear4 but I mean t(e($t(ert' l$ttle attem*ted d$sse,t$'n '+ t(e +a,ulty '+ understand$n-$tsel+) $n 'rder t' $n0est$-ate t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns a

*r$'r$) by l''%$n- +'r t(em $n t(e understand$n- al'ne) as t(e$rb$rt(*la,e) and analys$n- t(e *ure use '+ t($s +a,ulty! F'r t($s $st(e *r'*er duty '+ a trans,endental *($l's'*(y4 /(at rema$ns $s t(el'-$,al treatment '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns $n *($l's'*(y $n -eneral! 2es(all t(ere+'re +'ll'/ u* t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns e0en t' t(e$r -erms andbe-$nn$n-s $n t(e (uman understand$n-) $n /($,( t(ey l$e) unt$l t(eyare de0el'*ed 'n ',,as$'ns *resented by e*er$en,e) and) +reed byt(e same understand$n- +r'm t(e em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns atta,($n- t't(em) are set +'rt( $n t(e$r unall'yed *ur$ty!t

CHAPTER I! O+ t(e Trans,endental Clue t' t(e #$s,'0ery '+ all Pure

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


C'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e Understand$n-!

Intr'du,t'ry! SS

2(en /e ,all $nt' *lay a +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n) d$++erent ,'n,e*t$'nsman$+est t(emsel0es a,,'rd$n- t' t(e d$++erent ,$r,umstan,es) and ma%e%n'/n t($s +a,ulty) and assemble t(emsel0es $nt' a m're 'r less

etens$0e ,'lle,t$'n) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e t$me 'r *enetrat$'n t(at (asbeen a**l$ed t' t(e ,'ns$derat$'n '+ t(em! 2(ere t($s *r',ess),'ndu,ted as $t $s me,(an$,ally) s' t' s*ea%) /$ll end) ,ann't bedeterm$ned /$t( ,erta$nty! 3es$des) t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( /ed$s,'0er $n t($s (a*(a;ard manner *resent t(emsel0es by n' means $n'rder and systemat$, un$ty) but are at last ,'u*led t'-et(er 'nlya,,'rd$n- t' resemblan,es t' ea,( 't(er) and arran-ed $n ser$es)a,,'rd$n- t' t(e .uant$ty '+ t(e$r ,'ntent) +r'm t(e s$m*ler t' t(em're ,'m*le5 ser$es /($,( are anyt($n- but systemat$,) t('u-( n'talt'-et(er /$t('ut a ,erta$n %$nd '+ met('d $n t(e$r ,'nstru,t$'n!a

Trans,endental *($l's'*(y (as t(e ad0anta-e) and m're'0er t(eduty) '+ sear,($n- +'r $ts ,'n,e*t$'ns a,,'rd$n- t' a *r$n,$*le4

be,ause t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns s*r$n- *ure and unm$ed 'ut '+ t(eunderstand$n- as an abs'lute un$ty) and t(ere+'re must be ,'nne,ted/$t( ea,( 't(er a,,'rd$n- t' 'ne ,'n,e*t$'n 'r $dea! A ,'nne,t$'n '+t($s %$nd) ('/e0er) +urn$s(es us /$t( a ready *re*ared rule) by/($,( $ts *r'*er *la,e may be ass$-ned t' e0ery *ure ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(eunderstand$n-) and t(e ,'m*leteness '+ t(e system '+ all be determ$neda *r$'r$5 b't( /($,( /'uld 't(er/$se (a0e been de*endent 'n mere,('$,e 'r ,(an,e!,

SECTION 1! O+ de+$ned ab'0e Use '+ understand$n- $n eneral! SS

T(e understand$n- /as de+$ned ab'0e 'nly ne-at$0ely) as an'n5sensu'us +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n! N'/) $nde*endently '+

sens$b$l$ty) /e ,ann't *'ss$bly (a0e any $ntu$t$'n4 ,'nse.uently)t(e understand$n- $s n' +a,ulty '+ $ntu$t$'n! 3ut bes$des $ntu$t$'nt(ere $s n' 't(er m'de '+ ,'-n$t$'n) e,e*t t(r'u-( ,'n,e*t$'ns4,'nse.uently) t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ e0ery) at least '+ e0ery (uman)understand$n- $s a ,'-n$t$'n t(r'u-( ,'n,e*t$'ns5 n't $ntu$t$0e) butd$s,urs$0e! All $ntu$t$'ns) as sensu'us) de*end 'n a++e,t$'ns4,'n,e*t$'ns) t(ere+'re) u*'n +un,t$'ns! 3y t(e /'rd +un,t$'n Iunderstand t(e un$ty '+ t(e a,t '+ arran-$n- d$0erse re*resentat$'nsunder 'ne ,'mm'n re*resentat$'n! C'n,e*t$'ns) t(en) are based 'n t(es*'ntane$ty '+ t('u-(t) as sensu'us $ntu$t$'ns are 'n t(ere,e*t$0$ty '+ $m*ress$'ns! N'/) t(e understand$n- ,ann't ma%e any't(er use '+ t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns t(an t' &ud-e by means '+ t(em! As n're*resentat$'n) e,e*t an $ntu$t$'n) relates $mmed$ately t' $ts

'b&e,t) a ,'n,e*t$'n ne0er relates $mmed$ately t' an 'b&e,t) but'nly t' s'me 't(er re*resentat$'n t(ere'+) be t(at an $ntu$t$'n 'r$tsel+ a ,'n,e*t$'n! A &ud-ement) t(ere+'re) $s t(e med$ate,'-n$t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t) ,'nse.uently t(e re*resentat$'n '+ are*resentat$'n '+ $t! In e0ery &ud-ement t(ere $s a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,(a**l$es t') and $s 0al$d +'r many 't(er ,'n,e*t$'ns) and /($,( am'n-t(ese ,'m*re(ends als' a -$0en re*resentat$'n) t($s last be$n-$mmed$ately ,'nne,ted /$t( an 'b&e,t! F'r eam*le) $n t(e &ud-ement59All b'd$es are d$0$s$ble)9 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+ d$0$s$ble a**l$es t'0ar$'us 't(er ,'n,e*t$'ns4 am'n- t(ese) ('/e0er) $t $s (ere*art$,ularly a**l$ed t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ b'dy) and t($s ,'n,e*t$'n '+

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b'dy relates t' ,erta$n *(en'mena /($,( ',,ur t' us! T(ese 'b&e,ts)t(ere+'re) are med$ately re*resented by t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+d$0$s$b$l$ty! All &ud-ements) a,,'rd$n-ly) are +un,t$'ns '+ un$ty $n'ur re*resentat$'ns) $nasmu,( as) $nstead '+ an $mmed$ate) a ($-(erre*resentat$'n) /($,( ,'m*r$ses t($s and 0ar$'us 't(ers) $s used +'r'ur ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t) and t(ereby many *'ss$ble ,'-n$t$'nsare ,'lle,ted $nt' 'ne! 3ut /e ,an redu,e all a,ts '+ t(eunderstand$n- t' &ud-ements) s' t(at understand$n- may be

re*resented as t(e +a,ulty '+ &ud-$n-! F'r $t $s) a,,'rd$n- t' /(at(as been sa$d ab'0e) a +a,ulty '+ t('u-(t! N'/ t('u-(t $s ,'-n$t$'n bymeans '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns! 3ut ,'n,e*t$'ns) as *red$,ates '+ *'ss$ble&ud-ements) relate t' s'me re*resentat$'n '+ a yet undeterm$ned'b&e,t! T(us t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ b'dy $nd$,ates s'met($n-5 +'ream*le) metal5 /($,( ,an be ,'-n$;ed by means '+ t(at ,'n,e*t$'n!It $s t(ere+'re a ,'n,e*t$'n) +'r t(e reas'n al'ne t(at 't(erre*resentat$'ns are ,'nta$ned under $t) by means '+ /($,( $t ,anrelate t' 'b&e,ts! It $s t(ere+'re t(e *red$,ate t' a *'ss$ble&ud-ement4 +'r eam*le6 9E0ery metal $s a b'dy!9 All t(e +un,t$'ns'+ t(e understand$n- t(ere+'re ,an be d$s,'0ered) /(en /e ,an,'m*letely e($b$t t(e +un,t$'ns '+ un$ty $n &ud-ements! And t(at t($smay be e++e,ted 0ery eas$ly) t(e +'ll'/$n- se,t$'n /$ll s('/!m

SECTION II! O+ t(e <'-$,al Fun,t$'n '+ t(e Understand$n- $n

ud-ements! SS

I+ /e abstra,t all t(e ,'ntent '+ a &ud-ement) and ,'ns$der 'nly t(e$ntelle,tual +'rm t(ere'+) /e +$nd t(at t(e +un,t$'n '+ t('u-(t $n a&ud-ement ,an be br'u-(t under +'ur (eads) '+ /($,( ea,( ,'nta$nst(ree m'menta! T(ese may be ,'n0en$ently re*resented $n t(e+'ll'/$n- table6+

1

Quant$ty '+ &ud-ements

Un$0ersal

Part$,ular

S$n-ular

B

Qual$ty Relat$'n

A++$rmat$0e Cate-'r$,al

Ne-at$0e Hy*'t(et$,al

In+$n$te #$s&un,t$0e

"'dal$ty

Pr'blemat$,al

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Assert'r$,al

A*'de$,t$,al

As t($s d$0$s$'n a**ears t' d$++er $n s'me) t('u-( n't essent$al*'$nts) +r'm t(e usual te,(n$.ue '+ l'-$,$ans) t(e +'ll'/$n-'bser0at$'ns) +'r t(e *re0ent$'n '+ 't(er/$se *'ss$blem$sunderstand$n-) /$ll n't be /$t('ut t(e$r use!m

1! <'-$,$ans say) /$t( &ust$,e) t(at $n t(e use '+ &ud-ements $nsyll'-$sms) s$n-ular &ud-ements may be treated l$%e un$0ersal 'nes!F'r) *re,$sely be,ause a s$n-ular &ud-ement (as n' etent at all)$ts *red$,ate ,ann't re+er t' a *art '+ t(at /($,( $s ,'nta$ned $n t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e sub&e,t and be e,luded +r'm t(e rest! T(e *red$,ate$s 0al$d +'r t(e /('le ,'n,e*t$'n &ust as $+ $t /ere a -eneral,'n,e*t$'n) and (ad etent) t' t(e /('le '+ /($,( t(e *red$,atea**l$ed! On t(e 't(er (and) let us ,'m*are a s$n-ular /$t( a -eneral&ud-ement) merely as a ,'-n$t$'n) $n re-ard t' .uant$ty! T(es$n-ular &ud-ement relates t' t(e -eneral 'ne) as un$ty t' $n+$n$ty)and $s t(ere+'re $n $tsel+ essent$ally d$++erent! T(us) $+ /e est$matea s$n-ular &ud-ement =&ud$,$um s$n-ulare> n't merely a,,'rd$n- t'

$ts $ntr$ns$, 0al$d$ty as a &ud-ement) but als' as a ,'-n$t$'n-enerally) a,,'rd$n- t' $ts .uant$ty $n ,'m*ar$s'n /$t( t(at '+'t(er ,'-n$t$'ns) $t $s t(en ent$rely d$++erent +r'm a -eneral&ud-ement =&ud$,$um ,'mmune>) and $n a ,'m*lete table '+ t(e m'menta'+ t('u-(t deser0es a se*arate *la,e5 t('u-() $ndeed) t($s /'uld n'tbe ne,essary $n a l'-$, l$m$ted merely t' t(e ,'ns$derat$'n '+ t(e use'+ &ud-ements $n re+eren,e t' ea,( 't(er!'

B! In l$%e manner) $n trans,endental l'-$,) $n+$n$te must bed$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm a++$rmat$0e &ud-ements) alt('u-( $n -eneral l'-$,t(ey are r$-(tly en'u-( ,lassed under a++$rmat$0e! eneral l'-$,abstra,ts all ,'ntent '+ t(e *red$,ate =t('u-( $t be ne-at$0e>) and'nly ,'ns$ders /(et(er t(e sa$d *red$,ate be a++$rmed 'r den$ed '+ t(e

sub&e,t! 3ut trans,endental l'-$, ,'ns$ders als' t(e /'rt( 'r,'ntent '+ t($s l'-$,al a++$rmat$'n5 an a++$rmat$'n by means '+ amerely ne-at$0e *red$,ate) and $n.u$res ('/ mu,( t(e sum t'tal '+'ur ,'-n$t$'n -a$ns by t($s a++$rmat$'n! F'r eam*le) $+ I say '+t(e s'ul) 9It $s n't m'rtal95 by t($s ne-at$0e &ud-ement I s('uld atleast /ard '++ err'r! N'/) by t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9T(e s'ul $s n'tm'rtal)9 I (a0e) $n res*e,t '+ t(e l'-$,al +'rm) really a++$rmed)$nasmu,( as I t(ereby *la,e t(e s'ul $n t(e unl$m$ted s*(ere '+$mm'rtal be$n-s! N'/) be,ause '+ t(e /('le s*(ere '+ *'ss$blee$sten,es) t(e m'rtal ',,u*$es 'ne *art) and t(e $mm'rtal t(e't(er) ne$t(er m're n'r less $s a++$rmed by t(e *r'*'s$t$'n t(ant(at t(e s'ul $s 'ne am'n- t(e $n+$n$te mult$tude '+ t($n-s /($,(rema$n '0er) /(en I ta%e a/ay t(e /('le m'rtal *art! 3ut by t($s

*r',eed$n- /e a,,'m*l$s( 'nly t($s mu,() t(at t(e $n+$n$te s*(ere '+all *'ss$ble e$sten,es $s $n s' +ar l$m$ted t(at t(e m'rtal $se,luded +r'm $t) and t(e s'ul $s *la,ed $n t(e rema$n$n- *art '+t(e etent '+ t($s s*(ere! 3ut t($s *art rema$ns) n't/$t(stand$n- t($se,e*t$'n) $n+$n$te) and m're and m're *arts may be ta%en a/ay +r'mt(e /('le s*(ere) /$t('ut $n t(e sl$-(test de-ree t(ereby au-ment$n-'r a++$rmat$0ely determ$n$n- 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e s'ul! T(ese&ud-ements) t(ere+'re) $n+$n$te $n res*e,t '+ t(e$r l'-$,al etent)are) $n res*e,t '+ t(e ,'ntent '+ t(e$r ,'-n$t$'n) merelyl$m$tat$0e4 and are ,'nse.uently ent$tled t' a *la,e $n 'urtrans,endental table '+ all t(e m'menta '+ t('u-(t $n &ud-ements)

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be,ause t(e +un,t$'n '+ t(e understand$n- eer,$sed by t(em may*er(a*s be '+ $m*'rtan,e $n t(e +$eld '+ $ts *ure a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n!*

! All relat$'ns '+ t('u-(t $n &ud-ements are t('se =a> '+ t(e*red$,ate t' t(e sub&e,t4 =b> '+ t(e *r$n,$*le t' $ts ,'nse.uen,e4 =,>'+ t(e d$0$ded ,'-n$t$'n and all t(e members '+ t(e d$0$s$'n t' ea,('t(er! In t(e +$rst '+ t(ese t(ree ,lasses) /e ,'ns$der 'nly t/','n,e*t$'ns4 $n t(e se,'nd) t/' &ud-ements4 $n t(e t($rd) se0eral

&ud-ements $n relat$'n t' ea,( 't(er! T(e (y*'t(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n)9I+ *er+e,t &ust$,e e$sts) t(e 'bst$nately /$,%ed are *un$s(ed)9,'nta$ns *r'*erly t(e relat$'n t' ea,( 't(er '+ t/' *r'*'s$t$'ns)namely) 9Per+e,t &ust$,e e$sts)9 and 9T(e 'bst$nately /$,%ed are*un$s(ed!9 2(et(er t(ese *r'*'s$t$'ns are $n t(emsel0es true $s a.uest$'n n't (ere de,$ded! N't($n- $s ,'-$tated by means '+ t($s&ud-ement e,e*t a ,erta$n ,'nse.uen,e! F$nally) t(e d$s&un,t$0e&ud-ement ,'nta$ns a relat$'n '+ t/' 'r m're *r'*'s$t$'ns t' ea,('t(er5 a relat$'n n't '+ ,'nse.uen,e) but '+ l'-$,al '**'s$t$'n) $n s'+ar as t(e s*(ere '+ t(e 'ne *r'*'s$t$'n e,ludes t(at '+ t(e 't(er!3ut $t ,'nta$ns at t(e same t$me a relat$'n '+ ,'mmun$ty) $n s' +ar asall t(e *r'*'s$t$'ns ta%en t'-et(er +$ll u* t(e s*(ere '+ t(e,'-n$t$'n! T(e d$s&un,t$0e &ud-ement ,'nta$ns) t(ere+'re) t(e relat$'n

'+ t(e *arts '+ t(e /('le s*(ere '+ a ,'-n$t$'n) s$n,e t(e s*(ere '+ea,( *art $s a ,'m*lemental *art '+ t(e s*(ere '+ t(e 't(er) ea,(,'ntr$but$n- t' +'rm t(e sum t'tal '+ t(e d$0$ded ,'-n$t$'n! Ta%e) +'ream*le) t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9T(e /'rld e$sts e$t(er t(r'u-( bl$nd,(an,e) 'r t(r'u-( $nternal ne,ess$ty) 'r t(r'u-( an eternal,ause!9 Ea,( '+ t(ese *r'*'s$t$'ns embra,es a *art '+ t(e s*(ere '+'ur *'ss$ble ,'-n$t$'n as t' t(e e$sten,e '+ a /'rld4 all '+ t(emta%en t'-et(er) t(e /('le s*(ere! T' ta%e t(e ,'-n$t$'n 'ut '+ 'ne'+ t(ese s*(eres) $s e.u$0alent t' *la,$n- $t $n 'ne '+ t(e 't(ers4and) 'n t(e 't(er (and) t' *la,e $t $n 'ne s*(ere $s e.u$0alent t'ta%$n- $t 'ut '+ t(e rest! T(ere $s) t(ere+'re) $n a d$s&un,t$0e&ud-ement a ,erta$n ,'mmun$ty '+ ,'-n$t$'ns) /($,( ,'ns$sts $n t($s)t(at t(ey mutually e,lude ea,( 't(er) yet t(ereby determ$ne) as a

/('le) t(e true ,'-n$t$'n) $nasmu,( as) ta%en t'-et(er) t(ey ma%e u*t(e ,'m*lete ,'ntent '+ a *art$,ular -$0en ,'-n$t$'n! And t($s $sall t(at I +$nd ne,essary) +'r t(e sa%e '+ /(at +'ll'/s) t' remar%$n t($s *la,e!$

! T(e m'dal$ty '+ &ud-ements $s a .u$te *e,ul$ar +un,t$'n) /$t(t($s d$st$n-u$s($n- ,(ara,ter$st$,) t(at $t ,'ntr$butes n't($n- t' t(e,'ntent '+ a &ud-ement =+'r bes$des .uant$ty) .ual$ty) and relat$'n)t(ere $s n't($n- m're t(at ,'nst$tutes t(e ,'ntent '+ a &ud-ement>)but ,'n,erns $tsel+ 'nly /$t( t(e 0alue '+ t(e ,'*ula $n relat$'n t't('u-(t $n -eneral! Pr'blemat$,al &ud-ements are t('se $n /($,( t(ea++$rmat$'n 'r ne-at$'n $s a,,e*ted as merely *'ss$ble =ad l$b$tum>!In t(e assert'r$,al) /e re-ard t(e *r'*'s$t$'n as real =true>4 $n

t(e a*'de$,t$,al) /e l''% 'n $t as ne,essary! T(us t(e t/' &ud-ements=ante,edens et ,'nse.uens>) t(e relat$'n '+ /($,( ,'nst$tutes a(y*'t(et$,al &ud-ement) l$%e/$se t('se =t(e members '+ t(e d$0$s$'n>$n /('se re,$*r',$ty t(e d$s&un,t$0e ,'ns$sts) are 'nly *r'blemat$,al!In t(e eam*le ab'0e -$0en t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9T(ere e$sts *er+e,t&ust$,e)9 $s n't stated assert'r$,ally) but as an ad l$b$tum&ud-ement) /($,( s'me'ne may ,(''se t' ad'*t) and t(e ,'nse.uen,eal'ne $s assert'r$,al! Hen,e su,( &ud-ements may be 'b0$'usly +alse)and yet) ta%en *r'blemat$,ally) be ,'nd$t$'ns '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n '+t(e trut(! T(us t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9T(e /'rld e$sts 'nly by bl$nd,(an,e)9 $s $n t(e d$s&un,t$0e &ud-ement '+ *r'blemat$,al $m*'rt 'nly6

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t(at $s t' say) 'ne may a,,e*t $t +'r t(e m'ment) and $t (el*s us=l$%e t(e $nd$,at$'n '+ t(e /r'n- r'ad am'n- all t(e r'ads t(at 'ne,an ta%e> t' +$nd 'ut t(e true *r'*'s$t$'n! T(e *r'blemat$,al*r'*'s$t$'n $s) t(ere+'re) t(at /($,( e*resses 'nly l'-$,al*'ss$b$l$ty =/($,( $s n't 'b&e,t$0e>4 t(at $s) $t e*resses a +ree,('$,e t' adm$t t(e 0al$d$ty '+ su,( a *r'*'s$t$'n5 a merely arb$traryre,e*t$'n '+ $t $nt' t(e understand$n-! T(e assert'r$,al s*ea%s '+l'-$,al real$ty 'r trut(4 as) +'r eam*le) $n a (y*'t(et$,al

syll'-$sm) t(e ante,edens *resents $tsel+ $n a *r'blemat$,al +'rm $nt(e ma&'r) $n an assert'r$,al +'rm $n t(e m$n'r) and $t s('/s t(at t(e*r'*'s$t$'n $s $n (arm'ny /$t( t(e la/s '+ t(e understand$n-! T(ea*'de$,t$,al *r'*'s$t$'n ,'-$tates t(e assert'r$,al as determ$ned byt(ese 0ery la/s '+ t(e understand$n-) ,'nse.uently as a++$rm$n- a*r$'r$) and $n t($s manner $t e*resses l'-$,al ne,ess$ty! N'/ be,auseall $s (ere -radually $n,'r*'rated /$t( t(e understand$n-5 $nasmu,( as$n t(e +$rst *la,e /e &ud-e *r'blemat$,ally4 t(en a,,e*tassert'r$,ally 'ur &ud-ement as true4 lastly) a++$rm $t as $nse*arablyun$ted /$t( t(e understand$n-) t(at $s) as ne,essary and a*'de$,t$,al5/e may sa+ely re,%'n t(ese t(ree +un,t$'ns '+ m'dal$ty as s' manym'menta '+ t('u-(t!m

ust as $+ t('u-(t /ere $n t(e +$rst $nstan,e a +un,t$'n '+ t(eunderstand$n-4 $n t(e se,'nd) '+ &ud-ement4 $n t(e t($rd) '+ reas'n! Aremar% /($,( /$ll be e*la$ned $n t(e se.uel!r

SECTION III! O+ t(e Pure C'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e Understand$n-) 'r

Cate-'r$es! SS L

eneral l'-$,) as (as been re*eatedly sa$d) ma%es abstra,t$'n '+ all,'ntent '+ ,'-n$t$'n) and e*e,ts t' re,e$0e re*resentat$'ns +r'm s'me't(er .uarter) $n 'rder) by means '+ analys$s) t' ,'n0ert t(em $nt','n,e*t$'ns! On t(e ,'ntrary) trans,endental l'-$, (as ly$n- be+'re $tt(e man$+'ld ,'ntent '+ a *r$'r$ sens$b$l$ty) /($,( trans,endental

aest(et$, *resents t' $t $n 'rder t' -$0e matter t' t(e *ure,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-) /$t('ut /($,( trans,endental l'-$,/'uld (a0e n' ,'ntent) and be t(ere+'re utterly 0'$d! N'/ s*a,e andt$me ,'nta$n an $n+$n$te d$0ers$ty '+ determ$nat$'ns '+ *ure a*r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n) but are ne0ert(eless t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e m$nd?sre,e*t$0$ty) under /($,( al'ne $t ,an 'bta$n re*resentat$'ns '+'b&e,ts) and /($,() ,'nse.uently) must al/ays a++e,t t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+t(ese 'b&e,ts! 3ut t(e s*'ntane$ty '+ t('u-(t re.u$res t(at t($sd$0ers$ty be eam$ned a+ter a ,erta$n manner) re,e$0ed $nt' t(em$nd) and ,'nne,ted) $n 'rder a+ter/ards t' +'rm a ,'-n$t$'n 'ut '+$t! T($s Pr',ess I ,all synt(es$s!$

3y t(e /'rd synt(es$s) $n $ts m'st -eneral s$-n$+$,at$'n) I

understand t(e *r',ess '+ &'$n$n- d$++erent re*resentat$'ns t' ea,('t(er and '+ ,'m*re(end$n- t(e$r d$0ers$ty $n 'ne ,'-n$t$'n! T($ssynt(es$s $s *ure /(en t(e d$0ers$ty $s n't -$0en em*$r$,ally but a*r$'r$ =as t(at $n s*a,e and t$me>! Our re*resentat$'ns must be-$0en *re0$'usly t' any analys$s '+ t(em4 and n' ,'n,e*t$'ns ,anar$se) .u'ad t(e$r ,'ntent) analyt$,ally! 3ut t(e synt(es$s '+ ad$0ers$ty =be $t -$0en a *r$'r$ 'r em*$r$,ally> $s t(e +$rst re.u$s$te+'r t(e *r'du,t$'n '+ a ,'-n$t$'n) /($,( $n $ts be-$nn$n-) $ndeed) maybe ,rude and ,'n+used) and t(ere+'re $n need '+ analys$s5 st$ll)synt(es$s $s t(at by /($,( al'ne t(e elements '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'ns are,'lle,ted and un$ted $nt' a ,erta$n ,'ntent) ,'nse.uently $t $s t(e

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


+$rst t($n- 'n /($,( /e must +$ 'ur attent$'n) $+ /e /$s( t'$n0est$-ate t(e 'r$-$n '+ 'ur %n'/led-e!$

Synt(es$s) -enerally s*ea%$n-) $s) as /e s(all a+ter/ards see) t(emere '*erat$'n '+ t(e $ma-$nat$'n5 a bl$nd but $nd$s*ensable+un,t$'n '+ t(e s'ul) /$t('ut /($,( /e s('uld (a0e n' ,'-n$t$'n/(ate0er) but '+ t(e /'r%$n- '+ /($,( /e are seld'm e0en ,'ns,$'us!3ut t' redu,e t($s synt(es$s t' ,'n,e*t$'ns $s a +un,t$'n '+ t(e

understand$n-) by means '+ /($,( /e atta$n t' ,'-n$t$'n) $n t(e *r'*ermean$n- '+ t(e term!m

Pure synt(es$s) re*resented -enerally) -$0es us t(e *ure,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-! 3ut by t($s *ure synt(es$s) I meant(at /($,( rests u*'n a bas$s '+ a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al un$ty! T(us) 'urnumerat$'n =and t($s $s m're 'bser0able $n lar-e numbers> $s asynt(es$s a,,'rd$n- t' ,'n,e*t$'ns) be,ause $t ta%es *la,e a,,'rd$n-t' a ,'mm'n bas$s '+ un$ty =+'r eam*le) t(e de,ade>! 3y means '+ t($s,'n,e*t$'n) t(ere+'re) t(e un$ty $n t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ldbe,'mes ne,essary!b

3y means '+ analys$s d$++erent re*resentat$'ns are br'u-(t under 'ne

,'n,e*t$'n5 an '*erat$'n '+ /($,( -eneral l'-$, treats! On t(e 't(er(and) t(e duty '+ trans,endental l'-$, $s t' redu,e t' ,'n,e*t$'ns)n't re*resentat$'ns) but t(e *ure synt(es$s '+ re*resentat$'ns! T(e+$rst t($n- /($,( must be -$0en t' us +'r t(e sa%e '+ t(e a *r$'r$,'-n$t$'n '+ all 'b&e,ts) $s t(e d$0ers$ty '+ t(e *ure $ntu$t$'n4t(e synt(es$s '+ t($s d$0ers$ty by means '+ t(e $ma-$nat$'n $s t(ese,'nd4 but t($s -$0es) as yet) n' ,'-n$t$'n! T(e ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,(-$0e un$ty t' t($s *ure synt(es$s) and /($,( ,'ns$st s'lely $n t(ere*resentat$'n '+ t($s ne,essary synt(et$,al un$ty) +urn$s( t(et($rd re.u$s$te +'r t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t) and t(ese,'n,e*t$'ns are -$0en by t(e understand$n-!,

T(e same +un,t$'n /($,( -$0es un$ty t' t(e d$++erent

re*resentat$'n $n a &ud-ement) -$0es als' un$ty t' t(e meresynt(es$s '+ d$++erent re*resentat$'ns $n an $ntu$t$'n4 and t($s un$ty/e ,all t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-! T(us) t(e sameunderstand$n-) and by t(e same '*erat$'ns) /(ereby $n ,'n,e*t$'ns)by means '+ analyt$,al un$ty) $t *r'du,ed t(e l'-$,al +'rm '+ a&ud-ement) $ntr'du,es) by means '+ t(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+ t(eman$+'ld $n $ntu$t$'n) a trans,endental ,'ntent $nt' $tsre*resentat$'ns) 'n /($,( a,,'unt t(ey are ,alled *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ t(e understand$n-) and t(ey a**ly a *r$'r$ t' 'b&e,ts) a result n't/$t($n t(e *'/er '+ -eneral l'-$,!/

In t($s manner) t(ere ar$se ea,tly s' many *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+t(e understand$n-) a**ly$n- a *r$'r$ t' 'b&e,ts '+ $ntu$t$'n $n

-eneral) as t(ere are l'-$,al +un,t$'ns $n all *'ss$ble &ud-ements!F'r t(ere $s n' 't(er +un,t$'n 'r +a,ulty e$st$n- $n t(eunderstand$n- bes$des t('se enumerated $n t(at table! T(ese,'n,e*t$'ns /e s(all) /$t( Ar$st'tle) ,all ,ate-'r$es) 'ur *ur*'sebe$n- 'r$-$nally $dent$,al /$t( ($s) n't/$t(stand$n- t(e -reatd$++eren,e $n t(e ee,ut$'n!d

TA3<E OF THE CATEORIES

1 B

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


O+ Quant$ty O+ Qual$ty

Un$ty Real$ty

Plural$ty Ne-at$'n

T'tal$ty <$m$tat$'n

O+ Relat$'n

O+ In(eren,e and Subs$sten,e =substant$a et a,,$dens>

O+ Causal$ty and #e*enden,e =,ause and e++e,t>

O+ C'mmun$ty =re,$*r',$ty bet/een t(e a-ent and *at$ent>

O+ "'dal$ty

P'ss$b$l$ty 5 Im*'ss$b$l$ty

E$sten,e 5 N'n5e$sten,e

Ne,ess$ty 5 C'nt$n-en,e

T($s) t(en) $s a ,atal'-ue '+ all t(e 'r$-$nally *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+t(e synt(es$s /($,( t(e understand$n- ,'nta$ns a *r$'r$) and t(ese,'n,e*t$'ns al'ne ent$tle $t t' be ,alled a *ure understand$n-4$nasmu,( as 'nly by t(em $t ,an render t(e man$+'ld '+ $ntu$t$'n,'n,e$0able) $n 't(er /'rds) t($n% an 'b&e,t '+ $ntu$t$'n! T($sd$0$s$'n $s made systemat$,ally +r'm a ,'mm'n *r$n,$*le) namely t(e

+a,ulty '+ &ud-ement =/($,( $s &ust t(e same as t(e *'/er '+ t('u-(t>)and (as n't ar$sen r(a*s'd$,ally +r'm a sear,( at (a*(a;ard a+ter *ure,'n,e*t$'ns) res*e,t$n- t(e +ull number '+ /($,( /e ne0er ,'uld be,erta$n) $nasmu,( as /e em*l'y $ndu,t$'n al'ne $n 'ur sear,()/$t('ut ,'ns$der$n- t(at $n t($s /ay /e ,an ne0er understand /(ere+'re*re,$sely t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns) and n'ne 't(ers) ab$de $n t(e *ureunderstand$n-! It /as a des$-n /'rt(y '+ an a,ute t($n%er l$%eAr$st'tle) t' sear,( +'r t(ese +undamental ,'n,e*t$'ns! #est$tute)('/e0er) '+ any -u$d$n- *r$n,$*le) (e *$,%ed t(em u* &ust as t(ey',,urred t' ($m) and at +$rst (unted 'ut ten) /($,( (e ,alled,ate-'r$es =*red$,aments>! A+ter/ards be bel$e0ed t(at (e (add$s,'0ered +$0e 't(ers) /($,( /ere added under t(e name '+ *'st*red$,aments! 3ut ($s ,atal'-ue st$ll rema$ned de+e,t$0e! 3es$des)

t(ere are t' be +'und am'n- t(em s'me '+ t(e m'des '+ *ure sens$b$l$ty=.uand') ub$) s$tus) als' *r$us) s$mul>) and l$%e/$se an em*$r$,al,'n,e*t$'n =m'tus>5 /($,( ,an by n' means bel'n- t' t($s-eneal'-$,al re-$ster '+ t(e *ure understand$n-! "'re'0er) t(ere arededu,ed ,'n,e*t$'ns =a,t$') *ass$'> enumerated am'n- t(e 'r$-$nal,'n,e*t$'ns) and) '+ t(e latter) s'me are ent$rely /ant$n-!,

2$t( re-ard t' t(ese) $t $s t' be remar%ed) t(at t(e ,ate-'r$es)as t(e true *r$m$t$0e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e *ure understand$n-) (a0e als't(e$r *ure dedu,ed ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,() $n a ,'m*lete system '+trans,endental *($l's'*(y) must by n' means be *assed '0er4 t('u-(

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$n a merely ,r$t$,al essay /e must be ,'ntented /$t( t(e s$m*lement$'n '+ t(e +a,t!m

<et $t be all'/ed me t' ,all t(ese *ure) but dedu,ed ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ t(e understand$n-) t(e *red$,ables '+ t(e *ure understand$n-) $n,'ntrad$st$n,t$'n t' *red$,aments! I+ /e are $n *'ssess$'n '+ t(e'r$-$nal and *r$m$t$0e) t(e dedu,ed and subs$d$ary ,'n,e*t$'ns ,aneas$ly be added) and t(e -eneal'-$,al tree '+ t(e understand$n-

,'m*letely del$neated! As my *resent a$m $s n't t' set +'rt( a,'m*lete system) but merely t(e *r$n,$*les '+ 'ne) I reser0e t($s tas%+'r an't(er t$me! It may be eas$ly ee,uted by any 'ne /(' /$llre+er t' t(e 'nt'l'-$,al manuals) and sub'rd$nate t' t(e ,ate-'ry '+,ausal$ty) +'r eam*le) t(e *red$,ables '+ +'r,e) a,t$'n) *ass$'n4t' t(at '+ ,'mmun$ty) t('se '+ *resen,e and res$stan,e4 t' t(e,ate-'r$es '+ m'dal$ty) t('se '+ 'r$-$nat$'n) et$n,t$'n) ,(an-e4and s' /$t( t(e rest! T(e ,ate-'r$es ,'mb$ned /$t( t(e m'des '+ *uresens$b$l$ty) 'r /$t( 'ne an't(er) a++'rd a -reat number '+ dedu,ed a*r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns4 a ,'m*lete enumerat$'n '+ /($,( /'uld be ause+ul and n't un*leasant) but $n t($s *la,e a *er+e,tlyd$s*ensable) ',,u*at$'n!d

I *ur*'sely 'm$t t(e de+$n$t$'ns '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es $n t($s treat$se!I s(all analyse t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns 'nly s' +ar as $s ne,essary +'rt(e d',tr$ne '+ met('d) /($,( $s t' +'rm a *art '+ t($s ,r$t$.ue! In asystem '+ *ure reas'n) de+$n$t$'ns '+ t(em /'uld be /$t( &ust$,edemanded '+ me) but t' -$0e t(em (ere /'uld 'nly b$de +r'm 'ur 0$e/t(e ma$n a$m '+ 'ur $n0est$-at$'n) at t(e same t$me ra$s$n- d'ubts and'b&e,t$'ns) t(e ,'ns$derat$'n '+ /($,() /$t('ut $n&ust$,e t' 'urma$n *ur*'se) may be 0ery /ell *'st*'ned t$ll an't(er '**'rtun$ty!"ean/($le) $t 'u-(t t' be su++$,$ently ,lear) +r'm t(e l$ttle /e(a0e already sa$d 'n t($s sub&e,t) t(at t(e +'rmat$'n '+ a ,'m*lete0',abulary '+ *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns) a,,'m*an$ed by all t(e re.u$s$tee*lanat$'ns) $s n't 'nly a *'ss$ble) but an easy underta%$n-! T(e,'m*artments already e$st4 $t $s 'nly ne,essary t' +$ll t(em u*4

and a systemat$, t'*$, l$%e t(e *resent) $nd$,ates /$t( *er+e,t*re,$s$'n t(e *r'*er *la,e t' /($,( ea,( ,'n,e*t$'n bel'n-s) /($le$t read$ly *'$nts 'ut any t(at (a0e n't yet been +$lled u*!$

SS 7

Our table '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es su--ests ,'ns$derat$'ns '+ s'me$m*'rtan,e) /($,( may *er(a*s (a0e s$-n$+$,ant results $n re-ard t't(e s,$ent$+$, +'rm '+ all rat$'nal ,'-n$t$'ns! F'r) t(at t($s table$s use+ul $n t(e t(e'ret$,al *art '+ *($l's'*(y) nay) $nd$s*ensable+'r t(e s%et,($n- '+ t(e ,'m*lete *lan '+ a s,$en,e) s' +ar as t(ats,$en,e rests u*'n ,'n,e*t$'ns a *r$'r$) and +'r d$0$d$n- $tmat(emat$,ally) a,,'rd$n- t' +$ed *r$n,$*les) $s m'st man$+est +r'm

t(e +a,t t(at $t ,'nta$ns all t(e elementary ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n-) nay) e0en t(e +'rm '+ a system '+ t(ese $n t(eunderstand$n- $tsel+) and ,'nse.uently $nd$,ates all t(e m'menta)and als' t(e $nternal arran-ement '+ a *r'&e,ted s*e,ulat$0es,$en,e) as I (a0e else/(ere s('/n! Here +'ll'/ s'me '+ t(ese'bser0at$'ns!'

In t(e "eta*(ys$,al Pr$n,$*les '+ Natural S,$en,e!

I! T($s table) /($,( ,'nta$ns +'ur ,lasses '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n-) may) $n t(e +$rst $nstan,e) be d$0$ded $nt' t/'

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and re*el ea,( 't(er>! And t($s $s an ent$rely d$++erent %$nd '+,'nne,t$'n +r'm t(at /($,( /e +$nd $n t(e mere relat$'n '+ t(e ,auset' t(e e++e,t =t(e *r$n,$*le t' t(e ,'nse.uen,e>) +'r $n su,( a,'nne,t$'n t(e ,'nse.uen,e d'es n't $n $ts turn determ$ne t(e*r$n,$*le) and t(ere+'re d'es n't ,'nst$tute) /$t( t(e latter) a/('le5 &ust as t(e Creat'r d'es n't /$t( t(e /'rld ma%e u* a /('le!T(e *r',ess '+ understand$n- by /($,( $t re*resents t' $tsel+ t(es*(ere '+ a d$0$ded ,'n,e*t$'n) $s em*l'yed als' /(en /e t($n% '+ a

t($n- as d$0$s$ble4 and $n t(e same manner as t(e members '+ t(ed$0$s$'n $n t(e +'rmer e,lude 'ne an't(er) and yet are ,'nne,ted $n'ne s*(ere) s' t(e understand$n- re*resents t' $tsel+ t(e *arts '+ t(elatter) as (a0$n-5 ea,( '+ t(em5 an e$sten,e =as substan,es>)$nde*endently '+ t(e 't(ers) and yet as un$ted $n 'ne /('le!$

SS 8

In t(e trans,endental *($l's'*(y '+ t(e an,$ents t(ere e$sts 'nem're lead$n- d$0$s$'n) /($,( ,'nta$ns *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n-) and /($,() alt('u-( n't numbered am'n- t(e,ate-'r$es) 'u-(t) a,,'rd$n- t' t(em) as ,'n,e*t$'ns a *r$'r$) t' be0al$d '+ 'b&e,ts! 3ut $n t($s ,ase t(ey /'uld au-ment t(e number '+

t(e ,ate-'r$es4 /($,( ,ann't be! T(ese are set +'rt( $n t(e*r'*'s$t$'n) s' ren'/ned am'n- t(e s,(''lmen5 9Qu'dl$bet ens est UNU")DERU") 3ONU"!9 N'/) t('u-( t(e $n+eren,es +r'm t($s *r$n,$*le /eremere taut'l'-$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns) and t('u-( $t $s all'/ed 'nly by,'urtesy t' reta$n a *la,e $n m'dern meta*(ys$,s) yet a t('u-(t/($,( ma$nta$ned $tsel+ +'r su,( a len-t( '+ t$me) ('/e0er em*ty $tseems t' be) deser0es an $n0est$-at$'n '+ $ts 'r$-$n) and &ust$+$est(e ,'n&e,ture t(at $t must be -r'unded $n s'me la/ '+ t(eunderstand$n-) /($,() as $s '+ten t(e ,ase) (as 'nly beenerr'ne'usly $nter*reted! T(ese *retended trans,endental *red$,atesare) $n +a,t) n't($n- but l'-$,al re.u$s$tes and ,r$ter$a '+ all,'-n$t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts) and t(ey em*l'y) as t(e bas$s +'r t($s,'-n$t$'n) t(e ,ate-'r$es '+ .uant$ty) namely) un$ty) *lural$ty) and

t'tal$ty! 3ut t(ese) /($,( must be ta%en as mater$al ,'nd$t$'ns)t(at $s) as bel'n-$n- t' t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s t(emsel0es) t(eyem*l'yed merely $n a +'rmal s$-n$+$,at$'n) as bel'n-$n- t' t(e l'-$,alre.u$s$tes '+ all ,'-n$t$'n) and yet m'st un-uardedly ,(an-ed t(ese,r$ter$a '+ t('u-(t $nt' *r'*ert$es '+ 'b&e,ts) as t($n-s $nt(emsel0es! N'/) $n e0ery ,'-n$t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t) t(ere $s un$ty '+,'n,e*t$'n) /($,( may be ,alled .ual$tat$0e un$ty) s' +ar as by t($sterm /e understand 'nly t(e un$ty $n 'ur ,'nne,t$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld4+'r eam*le) un$ty '+ t(e t(eme $n a *lay) an 'rat$'n) 'r a st'ry!Se,'ndly) t(ere $s trut( $n res*e,t '+ t(e dedu,t$'ns +r'm $t! T(em're true dedu,t$'ns /e (a0e +r'm a -$0en ,'n,e*t$'n) t(e m're,r$ter$a '+ $ts 'b&e,t$0e real$ty! T($s /e m$-(t ,all t(e.ual$tat$0e *lural$ty '+ ,(ara,ter$st$, mar%s) /($,( bel'n- t' a

,'n,e*t$'n as t' a ,'mm'n +'undat$'n) but are n't ,'-$tated as a.uant$ty $n $t! T($rdly) t(ere $s *er+e,t$'n5 /($,( ,'ns$sts $nt($s) t(at t(e *lural$ty +alls ba,% u*'n t(e un$ty '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'n) and a,,'rds ,'m*letely /$t( t(at ,'n,e*t$'n and /$t( n''t(er! T($s /e may den'm$nate .ual$tat$0e ,'m*leteness! Hen,e $t $se0$dent t(at t(ese l'-$,al ,r$ter$a '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ ,'-n$t$'nare merely t(e t(ree ,ate-'r$es '+ .uant$ty m'd$+$ed and trans+'rmedt' su$t an unaut('r$;ed manner '+ a**ly$n- t(em! T(at $s t' say) t(et(ree ,ate-'r$es) $n /($,( t(e un$ty $n t(e *r'du,t$'n '+ t(e.uantum must be ('m'-ene'us t(r'u-('ut) are trans+'rmed s'lely /$t(a 0$e/ t' t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ (eter'-ene'us *arts '+ ,'-n$t$'n $n 'ne

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a,t '+ ,'ns,$'usness) by means '+ t(e .ual$ty '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n)/($,( $s t(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(at ,'nne,t$'n! T(us t(e ,r$ter$'n '+ t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n =n't '+ $ts 'b&e,t> $s t(e de+$n$t$'n '+$t) $n /($,( t(e un$ty '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) t(e trut( '+ all t(at may be$mmed$ately dedu,ed +r'm $t) and +$nally) t(e ,'m*leteness '+ /(at (asbeen t(us dedu,ed) ,'nst$tute t(e re.u$s$tes +'r t(e re*r'du,t$'n '+t(e /('le ,'n,e*t$'n! T(us als') t(e ,r$ter$'n 'r test '+ an(y*'t(es$s $s t(e $ntell$-$b$l$ty '+ t(e re,e$0ed *r$n,$*le '+

e*lanat$'n) 'r $ts un$ty =/$t('ut (el* +r'm any subs$d$ary(y*'t(es$s>5 t(e trut( '+ 'ur dedu,t$'ns +r'm $t =,'ns$sten,y /$t(ea,( 't(er and /$t( e*er$en,e>5 and lastly) t(e ,'m*leteness '+ t(e*r$n,$*le '+ t(e e*lanat$'n '+ t(ese dedu,t$'ns) /($,( re+er t'ne$t(er m're n'r less t(an /(at /as adm$tted $n t(e (y*'t(es$s)rest'r$n- analyt$,ally and a *'ster$'r$) /(at /as ,'-$tatedsynt(et$,ally and a *r$'r$! 3y t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns) t(ere+'re) '+ un$ty)trut() and *er+e,t$'n) /e (a0e made n' add$t$'n t' t(etrans,endental table '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es) /($,( $s ,'m*lete /$t('utt(em! 2e (a0e) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) merely em*l'yed t(e t(ree ,ate-'r$es'+ .uant$ty) sett$n- as$de t(e$r a**l$,at$'n t' 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e)as -eneral l'-$,al la/s '+ t(e ,'ns$sten,y '+ ,'-n$t$'n /$t( $tsel+!a

CHAPTER II O+ t(e #edu,t$'n '+ t(e Pure C'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e

Understand$n-!

SECTION I O+ t(e Pr$n,$*les '+ a Trans,endental #edu,t$'n

$n -eneral! SS M

Tea,(ers '+ &ur$s*ruden,e) /(en s*ea%$n- '+ r$-(ts and ,la$ms)d$st$n-u$s( $n a ,ause t(e .uest$'n '+ r$-(t =.u$d &ur$s> +r'm t(e.uest$'n '+ +a,t =.u$d +a,t$>) and /($le t(ey demand *r''+ '+ b't()t(ey -$0e t' t(e *r''+ '+ t(e +'rmer) /($,( -'es t' establ$s( r$-(t 'r,la$m $n la/) t(e name '+ dedu,t$'n! N'/ /e ma%e use '+ a -reat number

'+ em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns) /$t('ut '**'s$t$'n +r'm any 'ne4 and,'ns$der 'ursel0es) e0en /$t('ut any attem*t at dedu,t$'n) &ust$+$ed$n atta,($n- t' t(em a sense) and a su**'s$t$t$'us s$-n$+$,at$'n)be,ause /e (a0e al/ays e*er$en,e at (and t' dem'nstrate t(e$r'b&e,t$0e real$ty! T(ere e$st als') ('/e0er) usur*ed ,'n,e*t$'ns)su,( as +'rtune) +ate) /($,( ,$r,ulate /$t( alm'st un$0ersal$ndul-en,e) and yet are ',,as$'nally ,(allen-ed by t(e .uest$'n) 9.u$d&ur$s@9 In su,( ,ases) /e (a0e -reat d$++$,ulty $n d$s,'0er$n- anydedu,t$'n +'r t(ese terms) $nasmu,( as /e ,ann't *r'du,e anyman$+est -r'und '+ r$-(t) e$t(er +r'm e*er$en,e 'r +r'm reas'n) 'n/($,( t(e ,la$m t' em*l'y t(em ,an be +'unded!/

Am'n- t(e many ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,( ma%e u* t(e 0ery 0ar$e-ated /eb '+

(uman ,'-n$t$'n) s'me are dest$ned +'r *ure use a *r$'r$)$nde*endent '+ all e*er$en,e4 and t(e$r t$tle t' be s' em*l'yedal/ays re.u$res a dedu,t$'n) $nasmu,( as) t' &ust$+y su,( use '+ t(em)*r''+s +r'm e*er$en,e are n't su++$,$ent4 but $t $s ne,essary t' %n'/('/ t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns ,an a**ly t' 'b&e,ts /$t('ut be$n- der$0ed+r'm e*er$en,e! I term) t(ere+'re) an eam$nat$'n '+ t(e manner $n/($,( ,'n,e*t$'ns ,an a**ly a *r$'r$ t' 'b&e,ts) t(e trans,endentaldedu,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) and I d$st$n-u$s( $t +r'm t(e em*$r$,aldedu,t$'n) /($,( $nd$,ates t(e m'de $n /($,( ,'n,e*t$'n $s 'bta$nedt(r'u-( e*er$en,e and re+le,t$'n t(ere'n4 ,'nse.uently) d'es n't,'n,ern $tsel+ /$t( t(e r$-(t) but 'nly /$t( t(e +a,t '+ 'ur 'bta$n$n-

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,'n,e*t$'ns $n su,( and su,( a manner! 2e (a0e already seen t(at /eare $n *'ssess$'n '+ t/' *er+e,tly d$++erent %$nds '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns)/($,( ne0ert(eless a-ree /$t( ea,( 't(er $n t($s) t(at t(ey b't( a**lyt' 'b&e,ts ,'m*letely a *r$'r$! T(ese are t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ s*a,e andt$me as +'rms '+ sens$b$l$ty) and t(e ,ate-'r$es as *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ t(e understand$n-! T' attem*t an em*$r$,al dedu,t$'n '+ e$t(er '+t(ese ,lasses /'uld be lab'ur $n 0a$n) be,ause t(e d$st$n-u$s($n-,(ara,ter$st$, '+ t(e$r nature ,'ns$sts $n t($s) t(at t(ey a**ly t'

t(e$r 'b&e,ts) /$t('ut (a0$n- b'rr'/ed anyt($n- +r'm e*er$en,et'/ards t(e re*resentat$'n '+ t(em! C'nse.uently) $+ a dedu,t$'n '+t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns $s ne,essary) $t must al/ays be trans,endental!t

"ean/($le) /$t( res*e,t t' t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns) as /$t( res*e,t t' all'ur ,'-n$t$'n) /e ,erta$nly may d$s,'0er $n e*er$en,e) $+ n't t(e*r$n,$*le '+ t(e$r *'ss$b$l$ty) yet t(e ',,as$'n$n- ,auses '+ t(e$r*r'du,t$'n! It /$ll be +'und t(at t(e $m*ress$'ns '+ sense -$0e t(e+$rst ',,as$'n +'r br$n-$n- $nt' a,t$'n t(e /('le +a,ulty '+,'-n$t$'n) and +'r t(e *r'du,t$'n '+ e*er$en,e) /($,( ,'nta$ns t/'0ery d$ss$m$lar elements) namely) a matter +'r ,'-n$t$'n) -$0en by t(esenses) and a ,erta$n +'rm +'r t(e arran-ement '+ t($s matter) ar$s$n-'ut '+ t(e $nner +'unta$n '+ *ure $ntu$t$'n and t('u-(t4 and t(ese) 'n

',,as$'n -$0en by sensu'us $m*ress$'ns) are ,alled $nt' eer,$se and*r'du,e ,'n,e*t$'ns! Su,( an $n0est$-at$'n $nt' t(e +$rst e++'rts '+'ur +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n t' m'unt +r'm *art$,ular *er,e*t$'ns t'-eneral ,'n,e*t$'ns $s und'ubtedly '+ -reat ut$l$ty4 and /e (a0e t't(an% t(e ,elebrated <',%e +'r (a0$n- +$rst '*ened t(e /ay +'r t($s$n.u$ry! 3ut a dedu,t$'n '+ t(e *ure a *r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ ,'ursene0er ,an be made $n t($s /ay) see$n- t(at) $n re-ard t' t(e$r+uture em*l'yment) /($,( must be ent$rely $nde*endent '+ e*er$en,e)t(ey must (a0e a +ar d$++erent ,ert$+$,ate '+ b$rt( t' s('/ +r'mt(at '+ a des,ent +r'm e*er$en,e! T($s attem*ted *(ys$'l'-$,alder$0at$'n) /($,( ,ann't *r'*erly be ,alled dedu,t$'n) be,ause $trelates merely t' a .uaest$' +a,t$) I s(all ent$tle an e*lanat$'n'+ t(e *'ssess$'n '+ a *ure ,'-n$t$'n! It $s t(ere+'re man$+est t(at

t(ere ,an 'nly be a trans,endental dedu,t$'n '+ t(ese ,'n,e*t$'nsand by n' means an em*$r$,al 'ne4 als') t(at all attem*ts at anem*$r$,al dedu,t$'n) $n re-ard t' *ure a *r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns) are 0a$n)and ,an 'nly be made by 'ne /(' d'es n't understand t(e alt'-et(er*e,ul$ar nature '+ t(ese ,'-n$t$'ns!*

3ut alt('u-( $t $s adm$tted t(at t(e 'nly *'ss$ble dedu,t$'n '+ *urea *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n $s a trans,endental dedu,t$'n) $t $s n't) +'rt(at reas'n) *er+e,tly man$+est t(at su,( a dedu,t$'n $s abs'lutelyne,essary! 2e (a0e already tra,ed t' t(e$r s'ur,es t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ s*a,e and t$me) by means '+ a trans,endental dedu,t$'n) and /e (a0ee*la$ned and determ$ned t(e$r 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty a *r$'r$!e'metry) ne0ert(eless) ad0an,es stead$ly and se,urely $n t(e *r'0$n,e

'+ *ure a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'ns) /$t('ut need$n- t' as% +r'm *($l's'*(yany ,ert$+$,ate as t' t(e *ure and le-$t$mate 'r$-$n '+ $ts+undamental ,'n,e*t$'n '+ s*a,e! 3ut t(e use '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $n t($ss,$en,e etends 'nly t' t(e eternal /'rld '+ sense) t(e *ure +'rm'+ t(e $ntu$t$'n '+ /($,( $s s*a,e4 and $n t($s /'rld) t(ere+'re)all -e'metr$,al ,'-n$t$'n) be,ause $t $s +'unded u*'n a *r$'r$$ntu$t$'n) *'ssesses $mmed$ate e0$den,e) and t(e 'b&e,ts '+ t($s,'-n$t$'n are -$0en a *r$'r$ =as re-ards t(e$r +'rm> $n $ntu$t$'n byand t(r'u-( t(e ,'-n$t$'n $tsel+! 2$t( t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+understand$n-) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) ,'mmen,es t(e abs'lute ne,ess$ty '+see%$n- a trans,endental dedu,t$'n) n't 'nly '+ t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


t(emsel0es) but l$%e/$se '+ s*a,e) be,ause) $nasmu,( as t(ey ma%ea++$rmat$'ns ,'n,ern$n- 'b&e,ts n't by means '+ t(e *red$,ates '+$ntu$t$'n and sens$b$l$ty) but '+ *ure t('u-(t a *r$'r$) t(ey a**ly t''b&e,ts /$t('ut any '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ sens$b$l$ty! 3es$des) n'tbe$n- +'unded 'n e*er$en,e) t(ey are n't *resented /$t( any 'b&e,t $na *r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n u*'n /($,() ante,edently t' e*er$en,e) t(eym$-(t base t(e$r synt(es$s! Hen,e results) n't 'nly d'ubt as t' t(e'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty and *r'*er l$m$ts '+ t(e$r use) but t(at e0en 'ur

,'n,e*t$'n '+ s*a,e $s rendered e.u$0',al4 $nasmu,( as /e are 0eryready /$t( t(e a$d '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es) t' ,arry t(e use '+ t($s,'n,e*t$'n bey'nd t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n5 and) +'rt($s reas'n) /e (a0e already +'und a trans,endental dedu,t$'n '+ $tneed+ul! T(e reader) t(en) must be .u$te ,'n0$n,ed '+ t(e abs'lutene,ess$ty '+ a trans,endental dedu,t$'n) be+'re ta%$n- a s$n-le ste*$n t(e +$eld '+ *ure reas'n4 be,ause 't(er/$se (e -'es t' /'r%bl$ndly) and a+ter (e (as /'ndered ab'ut $n all d$re,t$'ns) returns t't(e state '+ utter $-n'ran,e +r'm /($,( (e started! He 'u-(t)m're'0er) ,learly t' re,'-n$;e be+'re(and t(e una0'$dable d$++$,ult$es$n ($s underta%$n-) s' t(at (e may n't a+ter/ards ,'m*la$n '+ t(e'bs,ur$ty $n /($,( t(e sub&e,t $tsel+ $s dee*ly $n0'l0ed) 'r be,'met'' s''n $m*at$ent '+ t(e 'bsta,les $n ($s *at(4 be,ause /e (a0e a

,('$,e '+ 'nly t/' t($n-s5 e$t(er at 'n,e t' -$0e u* all *retens$'nst' %n'/led-e bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) 'r t' br$n-t($s ,r$t$,al $n0est$-at$'n t' ,'m*let$'n!t

2e (a0e been able) /$t( 0ery l$ttle tr'uble) t' ma%e $t,'m*re(ens$ble ('/ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ s*a,e and t$me) alt('u-( a*r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'ns) must ne,essar$ly a**ly t' eternal 'b&e,ts) andrender a synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(ese *'ss$ble) $nde*endently '+ alle*er$en,e! F'r $nasmu,( as 'nly by means '+ su,( *ure +'rm '+sens$b$l$ty an 'b&e,t ,an a**ear t' us) t(at $s) be an 'b&e,t '+em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n) s*a,e and t$me are *ure $ntu$t$'ns) /($,( ,'nta$na *r$'r$ t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ 'b&e,ts as *(en'mena) andan a *r$'r$ synt(es$s $n t(ese $ntu$t$'ns *'ssesses 'b&e,t$0e

0al$d$ty!0

On t(e 't(er (and) t(e ,ate-'r$es '+ t(e understand$n- d' n'tre*resent t(e ,'nd$t$'ns under /($,( 'b&e,ts are -$0en t' us $n$ntu$t$'n4 'b&e,ts ,an ,'nse.uently a**ear t' us /$t('ut ne,essar$ly,'nne,t$n- t(emsel0es /$t( t(ese) and ,'nse.uently /$t('ut anyne,ess$ty b$nd$n- 'n t(e understand$n- t' ,'nta$n a *r$'r$ t(e,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(ese 'b&e,ts! T(us /e +$nd 'ursel0es $n0'l0ed $n ad$++$,ulty /($,( d$d n't *resent $tsel+ $n t(e s*(ere '+sens$b$l$ty) t(at $s t' say) /e ,ann't d$s,'0er ('/ t(e sub&e,t$0e,'nd$t$'ns '+ t('u-(t ,an (a0e 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty) $n 't(er /'rds) ,anbe,'me ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ all ,'-n$t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts4+'r *(en'mena may ,erta$nly be -$0en t' us $n $ntu$t$'n /$t('ut any

(el* +r'm t(e +un,t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-! <et us ta%e) +'ream*le) t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,ause) /($,( $nd$,ates a *e,ul$ar %$nd '+synt(es$s) namely) t(at /$t( s'met($n-) A) s'met($n- ent$relyd$++erent) 3) $s ,'nne,ted a,,'rd$n- t' a la/! It $s n't a *r$'r$man$+est /(y *(en'mena s('uld ,'nta$n anyt($n- '+ t($s %$nd =/e are '+,'urse debarred +r'm a**eal$n- +'r *r''+ t' e*er$en,e) +'r t(e'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty '+ t($s ,'n,e*t$'n must be dem'nstrated a*r$'r$>) and $t (en,e rema$ns d'ubt+ul a *r$'r$) /(et(er su,( a,'n,e*t$'n be n't .u$te 0'$d and /$t('ut any ,'rres*'nd$n- 'b&e,tam'n- *(en'mena! F'r t(at 'b&e,ts '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n must,'rres*'nd t' t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ sens$b$l$ty e$st$n- a *r$'r$

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


$n t(e m$nd $s .u$te e0$dent) +r'm t(e +a,t t(at /$t('ut t(ese t(ey,'uld n't be 'b&e,ts +'r us4 but t(at t(ey must als' ,'rres*'nd t' t(e,'nd$t$'ns /($,( understand$n- re.u$res +'r t(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+t('u-(t $s an assert$'n) t(e -r'unds +'r /($,( are n't s' eas$ly t' bed$s,'0ered! F'r *(en'mena m$-(t be s' ,'nst$tuted as n't t' ,'rres*'ndt' t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e un$ty '+ t('u-(t4 and all t($n-s m$-(t l$e $nsu,( ,'n+us$'n t(at) +'r eam*le) n't($n- ,'uld be met /$t( $n t(es*(ere '+ *(en'mena t' su--est a la/ '+ synt(es$s) and s' ,'rres*'nd

t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,ause and e++e,t4 s' t(at t($s ,'n,e*t$'n /'uldbe .u$te 0'$d) null) and /$t('ut s$-n$+$,an,e! P(en'mena /'uldne0ert(eless ,'nt$nue t' *resent 'b&e,ts t' 'ur $ntu$t$'n4 +'r mere$ntu$t$'n d'es n't $n any res*e,t stand $n need '+ t(e +un,t$'ns '+t('u-(t!t

I+ /e t('u-(t t' +ree 'ursel0es +r'm t(e lab'ur '+ t(ese$n0est$-at$'ns by say$n-6 9E*er$en,e $s ,'nstantly '++er$n- useam*les '+ t(e relat$'n '+ ,ause and e++e,t $n *(en'mena) and*resents us /$t( abundant '**'rtun$ty '+ abstra,t$n- t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+,ause) and s' at t(e same t$me '+ ,'rr'b'rat$n- t(e 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty'+ t($s ,'n,e*t$'n94 /e s('uld $n t($s ,ase be '0erl''%$n- t(e +a,t)t(at t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,ause ,ann't ar$se $n t($s /ay at all4 t(at) 'n

t(e ,'ntrary) $t must e$t(er (a0e an a *r$'r$ bas$s $n t(e)understand$n-) 'r be re&e,ted as a mere ,($mera! F'r t($s ,'n,e*t$'ndemands t(at s'met($n-) A) s('uld be '+ su,( a nature t(at s'met($n-else) 3) s('uld +'ll'/ +r'm $t ne,essar$ly) and a,,'rd$n- t' anabs'lutely un$0ersal la/! 2e may ,erta$nly ,'lle,t +r'm *(en'mena ala/) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( t($s 'r t(at usually (a**ens) but t(eelement '+ ne,ess$ty $s n't t' be +'und $n $t! Hen,e $t $s e0$dentt(at t' t(e synt(es$s '+ ,ause and e++e,t bel'n-s a d$-n$ty) /($,($s utterly /ant$n- $n any em*$r$,al synt(es$s4 +'r $t $s n' mereme,(an$,al synt(es$s) by means '+ add$t$'n) but a dynam$,al 'ne4t(at $s t' say) t(e e++e,t $s n't t' be ,'-$tated as merely anneed t't(e ,ause) but as *'s$ted by and t(r'u-( t(e ,ause) and result$n- +r'm$t! T(e str$,t un$0ersal$ty '+ t($s la/ ne0er ,an be a

,(ara,ter$st$, '+ em*$r$,al la/s) /($,( 'bta$n t(r'u-( $ndu,t$'n'nly a ,'m*arat$0e un$0ersal$ty) t(at $s) an etended ran-e '+*ra,t$,al a**l$,at$'n! 3ut t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-/'uld ent$rely l'se all t(e$r *e,ul$ar ,(ara,ter) $+ /e treated t(emmerely as t(e *r'du,t$'ns '+ e*er$en,e!m

Trans$t$'n t' t(e Trans,endental #edu,t$'n '+ t(e

Cate-'r$es! SS 1

T(ere are 'nly t/' *'ss$ble /ays $n /($,( synt(et$,al re*resentat$'nand $ts 'b&e,ts ,an ,'$n,$de /$t( and relate ne,essar$ly t' ea,('t(er) and) as $t /ere) meet t'-et(er! E$t(er t(e 'b&e,t al'ne ma%es

t(e re*resentat$'n *'ss$ble) 'r t(e re*resentat$'n al'ne ma%es t(e'b&e,t *'ss$ble! In t(e +'rmer ,ase) t(e relat$'n bet/een t(em $s 'nlyem*$r$,al) and an a *r$'r$ re*resentat$'n $s $m*'ss$ble! And t($s $st(e ,ase /$t( *(en'mena) as re-ards t(at $n t(em /($,( $s re+erable t'mere sensat$'n! In t(e latter ,ase5 alt('u-( re*resentat$'n al'ne =+'r'+ $ts ,ausal$ty) by means '+ t(e /$ll) /e d' n't (ere s*ea%> d'es n't*r'du,e t(e 'b&e,t as t' $ts e$sten,e) $t must ne0ert(eless be a*r$'r$ determ$nat$0e $n re-ard t' t(e 'b&e,t) $+ $t $s 'nly by means'+ t(e re*resentat$'n t(at /e ,an ,'-n$;e anyt($n- as an 'b&e,t! N'/t(ere are 'nly t/' ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a ,'-n$t$'n '+'b&e,ts4 +$rstly) $ntu$t$'n) by means '+ /($,( t(e 'b&e,t) t('u-( 'nly

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


as *(en'men'n) $s -$0en4 se,'ndly) ,'n,e*t$'n) by means '+ /($,( t(e'b&e,t /($,( ,'rres*'nds t' t($s $ntu$t$'n $s t('u-(t! 3ut $t $se0$dent +r'm /(at (as been sa$d 'n aest(et$, t(at t(e +$rst ,'nd$t$'n)under /($,( al'ne 'b&e,ts ,an be $ntu$ted) must $n +a,t e$st) as a+'rmal bas$s +'r t(em) a *r$'r$ $n t(e m$nd! 2$t( t($s +'rmal,'nd$t$'n '+ sens$b$l$ty) t(ere+'re) all *(en'mena ne,essar$ly,'rres*'nd) be,ause $t $s 'nly t(r'u-( $t t(at t(ey ,an be *(en'menaat all4 t(at $s) ,an be em*$r$,ally $ntu$ted and -$0en! N'/ t(e

.uest$'n $s /(et(er t(ere d' n't e$st) a *r$'r$ $n t(e m$nd),'n,e*t$'ns '+ understand$n- als') as ,'nd$t$'ns under /($,( al'nes'met($n-) $+ n't $ntu$ted) $s yet t('u-(t as 'b&e,t! I+ t($s .uest$'nbe ans/ered $n t(e a++$rmat$0e) $t +'ll'/s t(at all em*$r$,al,'-n$t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts $s ne,essar$ly ,'n+'rmable t' su,( ,'n,e*t$'ns)s$n,e) $+ t(ey are n't *resu**'sed) $t $s $m*'ss$ble t(at anyt($n- ,anbe an 'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e! N'/ all e*er$en,e ,'nta$ns) bes$des t(e$ntu$t$'n '+ t(e senses t(r'u-( /($,( an 'b&e,t $s -$0en) a ,'n,e*t$'nals' '+ an 'b&e,t t(at $s -$0en $n $ntu$t$'n! A,,'rd$n-ly) ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ 'b&e,ts $n -eneral must l$e as a *r$'r$ ,'nd$t$'ns at t(e+'undat$'n '+ all em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n4 and ,'nse.uently) t(e 'b&e,t$0e0al$d$ty '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es) as a *r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns) /$ll rest u*'nt($s) t(at e*er$en,e =as +ar as re-ards t(e +'rm '+ t('u-(t> $s

*'ss$ble 'nly by t(e$r means! F'r $n t(at ,ase t(ey a**lyne,essar$ly and a *r$'r$ t' 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e) be,ause 'nlyt(r'u-( t(em ,an an 'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e be t('u-(t!t

T(e /('le a$m '+ t(e trans,endental dedu,t$'n '+ all a *r$'r$,'n,e*t$'ns $s t' s('/ t(at t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns are a *r$'r$,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ all e*er$en,e! C'n,e*t$'ns /($,(a++'rd us t(e 'b&e,t$0e +'undat$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,eare +'r t(at 0ery reas'n ne,essary! 3ut t(e analys$s '+ t(ee*er$en,es $n /($,( t(ey are met /$t( $s n't dedu,t$'n) but 'nly an$llustrat$'n '+ t(em) be,ause +r'm e*er$en,e t(ey ,'uld ne0erder$0e t(e attr$bute '+ ne,ess$ty! 2$t('ut t(e$r 'r$-$nala**l$,ab$l$ty and relat$'n t' all *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) $n /($,( all

'b&e,ts '+ ,'-n$t$'n *resent t(emsel0es) t(e relat$'n '+ t(e,ate-'r$es t' 'b&e,ts) '+ /(ate0er nature) /'uld be .u$te$n,'m*re(ens$ble!$

T(e ,elebrated <',%e) +'r /ant '+ due re+le,t$'n 'n t(ese *'$nts)and be,ause (e met /$t( *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- $ne*er$en,e) s'u-(t als' t' dedu,e t(em +r'm e*er$en,e) and yet*r',eeded s' $n,'nse.uently as t' attem*t) /$t( t(e$r a$d) t' arr$0e$t ,'-n$t$'ns /($,( l$e +ar bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ all e*er$en,e! #a0$dHume *er,e$0ed t(at) t' render t($s *'ss$ble) $t /as ne,essary t(att(e ,'n,e*t$'ns s('uld (a0e an a *r$'r$ 'r$-$n! 3ut as (e ,'uld n'te*la$n ('/ $t /as *'ss$ble t(at ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( are n't ,'nne,ted/$t( ea,( 't(er $n t(e understand$n- must ne0ert(eless be t('u-(t as

ne,essar$ly ,'nne,ted $n t(e 'b&e,t5 and $t ne0er ',,urred t' ($m t(att(e understand$n- $tsel+ m$-(t) *er(a*s) by means '+ t(ese,'n,e*t$'ns) be t(e aut('r '+ t(e e*er$en,e $n /($,( $ts 'b&e,ts /ere*resented t' $t5 (e /as +'r,ed t' dr$0e t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns +r'me*er$en,e) t(at $s) +r'm a sub&e,t$0e ne,ess$ty ar$s$n- +r'm re*eatedass',$at$'n '+ e*er$en,es err'ne'usly ,'ns$dered t' be 'b&e,t$0e5$n 'ne /'rd) +r'm (ab$t! 3ut (e *r',eeded /$t( *er+e,t ,'nse.uen,e andde,lared $t t' be $m*'ss$ble) /$t( su,( ,'n,e*t$'ns and t(e *r$n,$*lesar$s$n- +r'm t(em) t' '0erste* t(e l$m$ts '+ e*er$en,e! T(e em*$r$,alder$0at$'n) ('/e0er) /($,( b't( '+ t(ese *($l's'*(ers attr$buted t't(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns) ,ann't *'ss$bly be re,'n,$led /$t( t(e +a,t t(at /e

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


d' *'ssess s,$ent$+$, a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'ns) namely) t('se '+ *uremat(emat$,s and -eneral *(ys$,s!m

T(e +'rmer '+ t(ese t/' ,elebrated men '*ened a /$de d''r t'etra0a-an,e5 =+'r $+ reas'n (as 'n,e und'ubted r$-(t 'n $ts s$de)$t /$ll n't all'/ $tsel+ t' be ,'n+$ned t' set l$m$ts) by 0a-uere,'mmendat$'ns '+ m'derat$'n>4 t(e latter -a0e ($msel+ u* ent$rely t's,e*t$,$sm5 a natural ,'nse.uen,e) a+ter (a0$n- d$s,'0ered) as (e

t('u-(t) t(at t(e +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n /as n't trust/'rt(y! 2e n'/$ntend t' ma%e a tr$al /(et(er $t be n't *'ss$ble sa+ely t' ,'ndu,treas'n bet/een t(ese t/' r',%s) t' ass$-n (er determ$nate l$m$ts)and yet lea0e '*en +'r (er t(e ent$re s*(ere '+ (er le-$t$matea,t$0$ty!a

I s(all merely *rem$se an e*lanat$'n '+ /(at t(e ,ate-'r$es are!T(ey are ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ an 'b&e,t $n -eneral) by means '+ /($,( $ts$ntu$t$'n $s ,'ntem*lated as determ$ned $n relat$'n t' 'ne '+ t(el'-$,al +un,t$'ns '+ &ud-ement! T(e +'ll'/$n- /$ll ma%e t($s *la$n!T(e +un,t$'n '+ t(e ,ate-'r$,al &ud-ement $s t(at '+ t(e relat$'n '+sub&e,t t' *red$,ate4 +'r eam*le) $n t(e *r'*'s$t$'n6 9All b'd$es ared$0$s$ble!9 3ut $n re-ard t' t(e merely l'-$,al use '+ t(e

understand$n-) $t st$ll rema$ns undeterm$ned t' /($,( O+ t(ese t/','n,e*t$'ns bel'n-s t(e +un,t$'n O+ sub&e,t and t' /($,( t(at '+*red$,ate! F'r /e ,'uld als' say6 9S'me d$0$s$ble $s a b'dy!9 3utt(e ,ate-'ry '+ substan,e) /(en t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a b'dy $s br'u-(tunder $t) determ$nes t(at4 and $ts em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n $n e*er$en,emust be ,'ntem*lated al/ays as sub&e,t and ne0er as mere *red$,ate!And s' /$t( all t(e 't(er ,ate-'r$es!A

SECTION II Trans,endental #edu,t$'n '+ t(e *ure C'n,e*t$'ns '+

t(e Understand$n-! SS 11

O+ t(e P'ss$b$l$ty '+ a C'n&un,t$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld re*resentat$'ns

-$0en by Sense!

T(e man$+'ld ,'ntent $n 'ur re*resentat$'ns ,an be -$0en $n an$ntu$t$'n /($,( $s merely sensu'us5 $n 't(er /'rds) $s n't($n- butsus,e*t$b$l$ty4 and t(e +'rm '+ t($s $ntu$t$'n ,an e$st a *r$'r$ $n'ur +a,ulty '+ re*resentat$'n) /$t('ut be$n- anyt($n- else but t(em'de $n /($,( t(e sub&e,t $s a++e,ted! 3ut t(e ,'n&un,t$'n=,'n&un,t$'> '+ a man$+'ld $n $ntu$t$'n ne0er ,an be -$0en us by t(esenses4 $t ,ann't t(ere+'re be ,'nta$ned $n t(e *ure +'rm '+sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) +'r $t $s a s*'ntane'us a,t '+ t(e +a,ulty '+re*resentat$'n! And as /e must) t' d$st$n-u$s( $t +r'm sens$b$l$ty)ent$tle t($s +a,ulty understand$n-4 s' all ,'n&un,t$'n /(et(er

,'ns,$'us 'r un,'ns,$'us) be $t '+ t(e man$+'ld $n $ntu$t$'n) sensu'us'r n'n5sensu'us) 'r '+ se0eral ,'n,e*t$'ns5 $s an a,t '+ t(eunderstand$n-! T' t($s a,t /e s(all -$0e t(e -eneral a**ellat$'n '+synt(es$s) t(ereby t' $nd$,ate) at t(e same t$me) t(at /e ,ann'tre*resent anyt($n- as ,'n&'$ned $n t(e 'b&e,t /$t('ut (a0$n-*re0$'usly ,'n&'$ned $t 'ursel0es! O+ all mental n't$'ns) t(at '+,'n&un,t$'n $s t(e 'nly 'ne /($,( ,ann't be -$0en t(r'u-( 'b&e,ts) but,an be 'r$-$nated 'nly by t(e sub&e,t $tsel+) be,ause $t $s an a,t'+ $ts *urely s*'ntane'us a,t$0$ty! T(e reader /$ll eas$ly en'u-(*er,e$0e t(at t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ ,'n&un,t$'n must be -r'unded $n t(e0ery nature '+ t($s a,t) and t(at $t must be e.ually 0al$d +'r all

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,'n&un,t$'n) and t(at analys$s) /($,( a**ears t' be $ts ,'ntrary)must) ne0ert(eless) al/ays *resu**'se $t4 +'r /(ere t(eunderstand$n- (as n't *re0$'usly ,'n&'$ned) $t ,ann't d$sse,t 'ranalyse) be,ause 'nly as ,'n&'$ned by $t) must t(at /($,( $s t' beanalysed (a0e been -$0en t' 'ur +a,ulty '+ re*resentat$'n!a

3ut t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,'n&un,t$'n $n,ludes) bes$des t(e ,'n,e*t$'n'+ t(e man$+'ld and '+ t(e synt(es$s '+ $t) t(at '+ t(e un$ty '+ $t

als'! C'n&un,t$'n $s t(e re*resentat$'n '+ t(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+t(e man$+'ld! T($s $dea '+ un$ty) t(ere+'re) ,ann't ar$se 'ut '+ t(at'+ ,'n&un,t$'n4 mu,( rat(er d'es t(at $dea) by ,'mb$n$n- $tsel+ /$t(t(e re*resentat$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld) render t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+,'n&un,t$'n *'ss$ble! T($s un$ty) /($,( a *r$'r$ *re,edes all,'n,e*t$'ns '+ ,'n&un,t$'n) $s n't t(e ,ate-'ry '+ un$ty =SS L>4 +'rall t(e ,ate-'r$es are based u*'n l'-$,al +un,t$'ns '+ &ud-ement)and $n t(ese +un,t$'ns /e already (a0e ,'n&un,t$'n) and ,'nse.uentlyun$ty '+ -$0en ,'n,e*t$'ns! It $s t(ere+'re e0$dent t(at t(e,ate-'ry '+ un$ty *resu**'ses ,'n&un,t$'n! 2e must t(ere+'re l''%st$ll ($-(er +'r t($s un$ty =as .ual$tat$0e) SS 8>) $n t(at) namely)/($,( ,'nta$ns t(e -r'und '+ t(e un$ty '+ d$0erse ,'n,e*t$'ns $n&ud-ements) t(e -r'und) ,'nse.uently) '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e

e$sten,e '+ t(e understand$n-) e0en $n re-ard t' $ts l'-$,al use!e

2(et(er t(e re*resentat$'ns are $n t(emsel0es $dent$,al) and,'nse.uently /(et(er 'ne ,an be t('u-(t analyt$,ally by means '+ andt(r'u-( t(e 't(er) $s a .uest$'n /($,( /e need n't at *resent,'ns$der! Our C'ns,$'usness '+ t(e 'ne) /(en /e s*ea% '+ t(e man$+'ld)$s al/ays d$st$n-u$s(able +r'm 'ur ,'ns,$'usness '+ t(e 't(er4 and$t $s 'nly res*e,t$n- t(e synt(es$s '+ t($s =*'ss$ble> ,'ns,$'usnesst(at /e (ere treat!t

O+ t(e Or$-$nally Synt(et$,al Un$ty '+ A**er,e*t$'n! SS 1B

T(e 9I t($n%9 must a,,'m*any all my re*resentat$'ns) +'r 't(er/$se

s'met($n- /'uld be re*resented $n me /($,( ,'uld n't be t('u-(t4 $n't(er /'rds) t(e re*resentat$'n /'uld e$t(er be $m*'ss$ble) 'r atleast be) $n relat$'n t' me) n't($n-! T(at re*resentat$'n /($,( ,an be-$0en *re0$'usly t' all t('u-(t $s ,alled $ntu$t$'n! All t(e d$0ers$ty'r man$+'ld ,'ntent '+ $ntu$t$'n) (as) t(ere+'re) a ne,essary relat$'nt' t(e ?I t($n%)9 $n t(e sub&e,t $n /($,( t($s d$0ers$ty $s +'und! 3utt($s re*resentat$'n) 9I t($n%)9 $s an a,t '+ s*'ntane$ty4 t(at $s t'say) $t ,ann't be re-arded as bel'n-$n- t' mere sens$b$l$ty! I ,all $t*ure a**er,e*t$'n) $n 'rder t' d$st$n-u$s( $t +r'm em*$r$,al4 'r*r$m$t$0e a**er,e*t$'n) be,ause $t $s sel+5,'ns,$'usness /($,() /($lst$t -$0es b$rt( t' t(e re*resentat$'n9 I t($n%)9 must ne,essar$ly be,a*able '+ a,,'m*any$n- all 'ur re*resentat$'ns! It $s $n all a,ts'+ ,'ns,$'usness 'ne and t(e same) and una,,'m*an$ed by $t) n'

re*resentat$'n ,an e$st +'r me! T(e un$ty '+ t($s a**er,e*t$'n I ,allt(e trans,endental un$ty '+ sel+5,'ns,$'usness) $n 'rder t' $nd$,atet(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n ar$s$n- +r'm $t! F'r t(eman$+'ld re*resentat$'ns /($,( are -$0en $n an $ntu$t$'n /'uld n't all'+ t(em be my re*resentat$'ns) $+ t(ey d$d n't all bel'n- t' 'nesel+5,'ns,$'usness) t(at $s) as my re*resentat$'ns =e0en alt('u-( I amn't ,'ns,$'us '+ t(em as su,(>) t(ey must ,'n+'rm t' t(e ,'nd$t$'nunder /($,( al'ne t(ey ,an e$st t'-et(er $n a ,'mm'nsel+5,'ns,$'usness) be,ause 't(er/$se t(ey /'uld n't all /$t('ute,e*t$'n bel'n- t' me! Fr'm t($s *r$m$t$0e ,'n&un,t$'n +'ll'/ many$m*'rtant results!

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$

F'r eam*le) t($s un$0ersal $dent$ty '+ t(e a**er,e*t$'n '+ t(eman$+'ld -$0en $n $ntu$t$'n ,'nta$ns a synt(es$s '+ re*resentat$'nsand $s *'ss$ble 'nly by means '+ t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ t($ssynt(es$s! F'r t(e em*$r$,al ,'ns,$'usness /($,( a,,'m*an$es d$++erentre*resentat$'ns $s $n $tsel+ +ra-mentary and d$sun$ted) and /$t('utrelat$'n t' t(e $dent$ty '+ t(e sub&e,t! T($s relat$'n) t(en) d'es n'te$st be,ause I a,,'m*any e0ery re*resentat$'n /$t( ,'ns,$'usness) but

be,ause I &'$n 'ne re*resentat$'n t' an't(er) and am ,'ns,$'us '+t(e synt(es$s '+ t(em! C'nse.uently) 'nly be,ause I ,an ,'nne,t a0ar$ety '+ -$0en re*resentat$'ns $n 'ne ,'ns,$'usness) $s $t*'ss$ble t(at I ,an re*resent t' mysel+ t(e $dent$ty '+,'ns,$'usness $n t(ese re*resentat$'ns4 $n 't(er /'rds) t(e analyt$,alun$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n $s *'ss$ble 'nly under t(e *resu**'s$t$'n '+ asynt(et$,al un$ty! T(e t('u-(t) 9T(ese re*resentat$'ns -$0en $n$ntu$t$'n bel'n- all '+ t(em t' me)9 $s a,,'rd$n-ly &ust t(e sameas) 9I un$te t(em $n 'ne sel+5,'ns,$'usness) 'r ,an at least s'un$te t(em94 and alt('u-( t($s t('u-(t $s n't $tsel+ t(e ,'ns,$'usness'+ t(e synt(es$s '+ re*resentat$'ns) $t *resu**'ses t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+$t4 t(at $s t' say) +'r t(e reas'n al'ne t(at I ,an ,'m*re(end t(e0ar$ety '+ my re*resentat$'ns $n 'ne ,'ns,$'usness) d' I ,all t(em

my re*resentat$'ns) +'r 't(er/$se I must (a0e as many5,'l'ured and0ar$'us a sel+ as are t(e re*resentat$'ns '+ /($,( I am ,'ns,$'us!Synt(et$,al un$ty '+ t(e man$+'ld $n $ntu$t$'ns) as -$0en a *r$'r$) $st(ere+'re t(e +'undat$'n '+ t(e $dent$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n $tsel+) /($,(ante,edes a *r$'r$ all determ$nate t('u-(t! 3ut t(e ,'n&un,t$'n '+re*resentat$'ns $nt' a ,'n,e*t$'n $s n't t' be +'und $n 'b&e,tst(emsel0es) n'r ,an $t be) as $t /ere) b'rr'/ed +r'm t(em and ta%en u*$nt' t(e understand$n- by *er,e*t$'n) but $t $s 'n t(e ,'ntrary an'*erat$'n '+ t(e understand$n- $tsel+) /($,( $s n't($n- m're t(ant(e +a,ulty '+ ,'n&'$n$n- a *r$'r$ and '+ br$n-$n- t(e 0ar$ety '+-$0en re*resentat$'ns under t(e un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n! T($s*r$n,$*le $s t(e ($-(est $n all (uman ,'-n$t$'n!*

All -eneral ,'n,e*t$'ns5 as su,(5 de*end) +'r t(e$r e$sten,e) 'nt(e analyt$,al un$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness! F'r eam*le) /(en I t($n% '+red $n -eneral) I t(ereby t($n% t' mysel+ a *r'*erty /($,( =as a,(ara,ter$st$, mar%> ,an be d$s,'0ered s'me/(ere) 'r ,an be un$ted/$t( 't(er re*resentat$'ns4 ,'nse.uently) $t $s 'nly by means '+ a+'ret('u-(t *'ss$ble synt(et$,al un$ty t(at I ,an t($n% t' mysel+t(e analyt$,al! A re*resentat$'n /($,( $s ,'-$tated as ,'mm'n t'd$++erent re*resentat$'ns) $s re-arded as bel'n-$n- t' su,( as)bes$des t($s ,'mm'n re*resentat$'n) ,'nta$n s'met($n- d$++erent4,'nse.uently $t must be *re0$'usly t('u-(t $n synt(et$,al un$ty /$t('t(er alt('u-( 'nly *'ss$ble re*resentat$'ns) be+'re I ,an t($n% $n $tt(e analyt$,al un$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness /($,( ma%es $t a ,'n,e*tas,'mmun$s! And t(us t(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n $s t(e

($-(est *'$nt /$t( /($,( /e must ,'nne,t e0ery '*erat$'n '+ t(eunderstand$n-) e0en t(e /('le '+ l'-$,) and a+ter $t 'urtrans,endental *($l's'*(y4 $ndeed) t($s +a,ulty $s t(e understand$n-$tsel+!$

T($s +undamental *r$n,$*le '+ t(e ne,essary un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n $s$ndeed an $dent$,al) and t(ere+'re analyt$,al) *r'*'s$t$'n4 but $tne0ert(eless e*la$ns t(e ne,ess$ty +'r a synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld-$0en $n an $ntu$t$'n) /$t('ut /($,( t(e $dent$ty '+sel+5,'ns,$'usness /'uld be $n,'-$table! F'r t(e e-') as a s$m*lere*resentat$'n) *resents us /$t( n' man$+'ld ,'ntent4 'nly $n

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


$ntu$t$'n) /($,( $s .u$te d$++erent +r'm t(e re*resentat$'n e-') ,an$t be -$0en us) and by means '+ ,'n&un,t$'n $t $s ,'-$tated $n 'nesel+5,'ns,$'usness! An understand$n-) $n /($,( all t(e man$+'ld s('uldbe -$0en by means '+ ,'ns,$'usness $tsel+) /'uld be $ntu$t$0e4 'urunderstand$n- ,an 'nly t($n% and must l''% +'r $ts $ntu$t$'n t' sense!I am) t(ere+'re) ,'ns,$'us '+ my $dent$,al sel+) $n relat$'n t' allt(e 0ar$ety '+ re*resentat$'ns -$0en t' me $n an $ntu$t$'n) be,auseI ,all all '+ t(em my re*resentat$'ns! In 't(er /'rds) I am

,'ns,$'us mysel+ '+ a ne,essary a *r$'r$ synt(es$s '+ myre*resentat$'ns) /($,( $s ,alled t(e 'r$-$nal synt(et$,al un$ty '+a**er,e*t$'n) under /($,( ran% all t(e re*resentat$'ns *resented t'me) but t(at 'nly by means '+ a synt(es$s!m

T(e Pr$n,$*le '+ t(e Synt(et$,al Un$ty '+ A**er,e*t$'n

$s t(e ($-(est Pr$n,$*le '+ all eer,$se '+

t(e Understand$n-! SS 1

T(e su*reme *r$n,$*le '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ all $ntu$t$'n $nrelat$'n t' sens$b$l$ty /as) a,,'rd$n- t' 'ur trans,endental

aest(et$,) t(at all t(e man$+'ld $n $ntu$t$'n be sub&e,t t' t(e +'rmal,'nd$t$'ns '+ s*a,e and t$me! T(e su*reme *r$n,$*le '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty'+ $t $n relat$'n t' t(e understand$n- $s t(at all t(e man$+'ld $n$t be sub&e,t t' ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e 'r$-$nally synt(et$,al un$ty 'ra**er,e*t$'n! T' t(e +'rmer '+ t(ese t/' *r$n,$*les are sub&e,t allt(e 0ar$'us re*resentat$'ns '+ $ntu$t$'n) $n s' +ar as t(ey are-$0en t' us4 t' t(e latter) $n s' +ar as t(ey must be ,a*able '+,'n&un,t$'n $n 'ne ,'ns,$'usness4 +'r /$t('ut t($s n't($n- ,an bet('u-(t 'r ,'-n$;ed) be,ause t(e -$0en re*resentat$'ns /'uld n't(a0e $n ,'mm'n t(e a,t O+ t(e a**er,e*t$'n 9I t($n%9 and t(ere+'re,'uld n't be ,'nne,ted $n 'ne sel+5,'ns,$'usness!,

S*a,e and t$me) and all *'rt$'ns t(ere'+) are $ntu$t$'ns4

,'nse.uently are) /$t( a man$+'ld +'r t(e$r ,'ntent) s$n-lere*resentat$'ns! =See t(e Trans,endental Aest(et$,!> C'nse.uently)t(ey are n't *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns) by means '+ /($,( t(e same,'ns,$'usness $s +'und $n a -reat number '+ re*resentat$'ns4 but) 'nt(e ,'ntrary) t(ey are many re*resentat$'ns ,'nta$ned $n 'ne) t(e,'ns,$'usness '+ /($,( $s) s' t' s*ea%) ,'m*'unded! T(e un$ty '+,'ns,$'usness $s ne0ert(eless synt(et$,al and) t(ere+'re) *r$m$t$0e!Fr'm t($s *e,ul$ar ,(ara,ter '+ ,'ns,$'usness +'ll'/ many $m*'rtant,'nse.uen,es! =See SS B1!>,

Understand$n- $s) t' s*ea% -enerally) t(e +a,ulty O+ ,'-n$t$'ns!T(ese ,'ns$st $n t(e determ$ned relat$'n '+ -$0en re*resentat$'n t' an'b&e,t! 3ut an 'b&e,t $s t(at) $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ /($,( t(e man$+'ld

$n a -$0en $ntu$t$'n $s un$ted! N'/ all un$'n '+ re*resentat$'nsre.u$res un$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness $n t(e synt(es$s '+ t(em!C'nse.uently) $t $s t(e un$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness al'ne t(at,'nst$tutes t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ re*resentat$'ns relat$n- t' an'b&e,t) and t(ere+'re '+ t(e$r 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty) and '+ t(e$rbe,'m$n- ,'-n$t$'ns) and ,'nse.uently) t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(ee$sten,e '+ t(e understand$n- $tsel+!e

T(e +$rst *ure ,'-n$t$'n '+ understand$n-) t(en) u*'n /($,( $s+'unded all $ts 't(er eer,$se) and /($,( $s at t(e same t$me*er+e,tly $nde*endent '+ all ,'nd$t$'ns '+ mere sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) $s

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t(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e 'r$-$nal synt(et$,al un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n!T(us t(e mere +'rm '+ eternal sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) namely) s*a,e)a++'rds us) *er se) n' ,'-n$t$'n4 $t merely ,'ntr$butes t(e man$+'ld$n a *r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n t' a *'ss$ble ,'-n$t$'n! 3ut) $n 'rder t','-n$;e s'met($n- $n s*a,e =+'r eam*le) a l$ne>) I must dra/ $t)and t(us *r'du,e synt(et$,ally a determ$ned ,'n&un,t$'n '+ t(e -$0enman$+'ld) s' t(at t(e un$ty '+ t($s a,t $s at t(e same t$me t(eun$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness =$n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a l$ne>) and by t($s

means al'ne $s an 'b&e,t =a determ$nate s*a,e> ,'-n$;ed! T(esynt(et$,al un$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness $s) t(ere+'re) an 'b&e,t$0e,'nd$t$'n '+ all ,'-n$t$'n) /($,( I d' n't merely re.u$re $n 'rdert' ,'-n$;e an 'b&e,t) but t' /($,( e0ery $ntu$t$'n must ne,essar$ly besub&e,t) $n 'rder t' be,'me an 'b&e,t +'r me4 be,ause $n any 't(er/ay) and /$t('ut t($s synt(es$s) t(e man$+'ld $n $ntu$t$'n ,'uld n'tbe un$ted $n 'ne ,'ns,$'usness!b

T($s *r'*'s$t$'n $s) as already sa$d) $tsel+ analyt$,al) alt('u-( $t,'nst$tutes t(e synt(et$,al un$ty) t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ all t('u-(t4 +'r$t states n't($n- m're t(an t(at all my re*resentat$'ns $n any -$0en$ntu$t$'n must be sub&e,t t' t(e ,'nd$t$'n /($,( al'ne enables me t','nne,t t(em) as my re*resentat$'n /$t( t(e $dent$,al sel+) and s'

t' un$te t(em synt(et$,ally $n 'ne a**er,e*t$'n) by means '+ t(e-eneral e*ress$'n) 9I t($n%!9-

3ut t($s *r$n,$*le $s n't t' be re-arded as a *r$n,$*le +'r e0ery*'ss$ble understand$n-) but 'nly +'r t(e understand$n- by means '+/('se *ure a**er,e*t$'n $n t(e t('u-(t I am) n' man$+'ld ,'ntent $s-$0en! T(e understand$n- 'r m$nd /($,( ,'nta$ned t(e man$+'ld $n$ntu$t$'n) $n and t(r'u-( t(e a,t $tsel+ '+ $ts '/nsel+5,'ns,$'usness) $n 't(er /'rds) an understand$n- by and $n t(ere*resentat$'n '+ /($,( t(e 'b&e,ts '+ t(e re*resentat$'n s('uld att(e same t$me e$st) /'uld n't re.u$re a s*e,$al a,t '+ synt(es$s '+t(e man$+'ld as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e un$ty '+ $ts ,'ns,$'usness) ana,t '+ /($,( t(e (uman understand$n-) /($,( t($n%s 'nly and ,ann't

$ntu$te) (as abs'lute need! 3ut t($s *r$n,$*le $s t(e +$rst*r$n,$*le '+ all t(e '*erat$'ns '+ 'ur understand$n-) s' t(at /e,ann't +'rm t(e least ,'n,e*t$'n '+ any 't(er *'ss$bleunderstand$n-) e$t(er '+ 'ne su,( as s('uld be $tsel+ $ntu$t$'n) 'r*'ssess a sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) but /$t( +'rms d$++erent +r'm t('se '+s*a,e and t$me!s

2(at Ob&e,t$0e Un$ty '+ Sel+5,'ns,$'usness $s! SS 1

It $s by means '+ t(e trans,endental un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n t(atall t(e man$+'ld) -$0en $n an $ntu$t$'n $s un$ted $nt' a ,'n,e*t$'n '+t(e 'b&e,t! On t($s a,,'unt $t $s ,alled 'b&e,t$0e) and must bed$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm t(e sub&e,t$0e un$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness) /($,( $s a

determ$nat$'n '+ t(e $nternal sense) by means '+ /($,( t(e sa$dman$+'ld $n $ntu$t$'n $s -$0en em*$r$,ally t' be s' un$ted! 2(et(erI ,an be em*$r$,ally ,'ns,$'us '+ t(e man$+'ld as ,'e$stent 'r assu,,ess$0e) de*ends u*'n ,$r,umstan,es) 'r em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns! Hen,et(e em*$r$,al un$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness by means '+ ass',$at$'n '+re*resentat$'ns) $tsel+ relates t' a *(en'menal /'rld and $s /('lly,'nt$n-ent! On t(e ,'ntrary) t(e *ure +'rm '+ $ntu$t$'n $n t$me)merely as an $ntu$t$'n) /($,( ,'nta$ns a -$0en man$+'ld) $s sub&e,t t't(e 'r$-$nal un$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness) and t(at s'lely by means '+ t(ene,essary relat$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld $n $ntu$t$'n t' t(e 9I t($n%)9,'nse.uently by means '+ t(e *ure synt(es$s '+ t(e understand$n-)

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/($,( l$es a *r$'r$ at t(e +'undat$'n '+ all em*$r$,al synt(es$s!T(e trans,endental un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n $s al'ne 'b&e,t$0ely 0al$d4t(e em*$r$,al /($,( /e d' n't ,'ns$der $n t($s essay) and /($,( $smerely a un$ty dedu,ed +r'm t(e +'rmer under -$0en ,'nd$t$'ns $n,'n,ret') *'ssesses 'nly sub&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty! One *ers'n ,'nne,tst(e n't$'n ,'n0eyed $n a /'rd /$t( 'ne t($n-) an't(er /$t( an't(ert($n-4 and t(e un$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness $n t(at /($,( $s em*$r$,al)$s) $n relat$'n t' t(at /($,( $s -$0en by e*er$en,e) n't

ne,essar$ly and un$0ersally 0al$d!n

T(e <'-$,al F'rm '+ all ud-ements ,'ns$sts $n t(e Ob&e,t$0e

Un$ty '+ A**er,e*t$'n '+ t(e C'n,e*t$'ns

,'nta$ned t(ere$n! SS 1

I ,'uld ne0er sat$s+y mysel+ /$t( t(e de+$n$t$'n /($,( l'-$,$ans-$0e '+ a &ud-ement! It $s) a,,'rd$n- t' t(em) t(e re*resentat$'n '+ arelat$'n bet/een t/' ,'n,e*t$'ns! I s(all n't d/ell (ere 'n t(e+ault$ness '+ t($s de+$n$t$'n) $n t(at $t su$ts 'nly +'r ,ate-'r$,aland n't +'r (y*'t(et$,al 'r d$s&un,t$0e &ud-ements) t(ese latter

,'nta$n$n- a relat$'n n't '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns but '+ &ud-ements t(emsel0es5a blunder +r'm /($,( many e0$l results (a0e +'ll'/ed! It $s m're$m*'rtant +'r 'ur *resent *ur*'se t' 'bser0e) t(at t($s de+$n$t$'nd'es n't determ$ne $n /(at t(e sa$d relat$'n ,'ns$sts!d

T(e ted$'us d',tr$ne '+ t(e +'ur syll'-$st$, +$-ures ,'n,erns'nly ,ate-'r$,al syll'-$sms4 and alt('u-( $t $s n't($n- m're t(an anart$+$,e by surre*t$t$'usly $ntr'du,$n- $mmed$ate ,'n,lus$'ns=,'nse.uent$ae $mmed$atae> am'n- t(e *rem$ses '+ a *ure syll'-$sm)t' -$0e $sm? -$0e r$se t' an a**earan,e '+ m're m'des '+ dra/$n- a,'n,lus$'n t(an t(at $n t(e +$rst +$-ure) t(e art$+$,e /'uld n't(a0e (ad mu,( su,,ess) (ad n't $ts aut('rs su,,eeded $n br$n-$n-,ate-'r$,al &ud-ements $nt' e,lus$0e res*e,t) as t('se t' /($,( all

't(ers must be re+erred5 a d',tr$ne) ('/e0er) /($,() a,,'rd$n- t' SS) $s utterly +alse!

3ut $+ I $n0est$-ate m're ,l'sely t(e relat$'n '+ -$0en ,'-n$t$'ns$n e0ery &ud-ement) and d$st$n-u$s( $t) as bel'n-$n- t' t(eunderstand$n-) +r'm t(e relat$'n /($,( $s *r'du,ed a,,'rd$n- t' la/s'+ t(e re*r'du,t$0e $ma-$nat$'n =/($,( (as 'nly sub&e,t$0e0al$d$ty>) I +$nd t(at &ud-ement $s n't($n- but t(e m'de '+ br$n-$n--$0en ,'-n$t$'ns under t(e 'b&e,t$0e un$t '+ a**er,e*t$'n! T($s $s*la$n +r'm 'ur use '+ t(e term '+ relat$'n $s $n &ud-ements) $n'rder t' d$st$n-u$s( t(e 'b&e,t$0e un$ty '+ -$0en re*resentat$'ns +r'mt(e sub&e,t$0e un$ty! F'r t($s term $nd$,ates t(e relat$'n '+ t(esere*resentat$'ns t' t(e 'r$-$nal a**er,e*t$'n) and als' t(e$r ne,essary

un$ty) e0en alt('u-( t(e &ud-ement $s em*$r$,al) t(ere+'re ,'nt$n-ent)as $n t(e &ud-ement6 9All b'd$es are (ea0y!9 I d' n't mean by t($s)t(at t(ese re*resentat$'ns d' ne,essar$ly bel'n- t' ea,( 't(er $nem*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n) but t(at by means '+ t(e ne,essary un$ty '+a**re,$at$'n t(ey bel'n- t' ea,( 't(er $n t(e synt(es$s '+ $ntu$t$'ns)t(at $s t' say) t(ey bel'n- t' ea,( 't(er a,,'rd$n- t' *r$n,$*les '+t(e 'b&e,t$0e determ$nat$'n '+ all 'ur re*resentat$'ns) $n s' +ar as,'-n$t$'n ,an ar$se +r'm t(em) t(ese *r$n,$*les be$n- all dedu,ed +r'mt(e ma$n *r$n,$*le '+ t(e trans,endental un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n! Int($s /ay al'ne ,an t(ere ar$se +r'm t($s relat$'n a &ud-ement) t(at$s) a relat$'n /($,( (as 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty) and $s *er+e,tly d$st$n,t

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+r'm t(at relat$'n '+ t(e 0ery same re*resentat$'ns /($,( (as 'nlysub&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty5 a relat$'n) t' /$t) /($,( $s *r'du,ed a,,'rd$n-t' la/s '+ ass',$at$'n! A,,'rd$n- t' t(ese la/s) I ,'uld 'nly say692(en I ('ld $n my (and 'r ,arry a b'dy) I +eel an $m*ress$'n '+/e$-(t94 but I ,'uld n't say6 9It) t(e b'dy) $s (ea0y94 +'r t($s $stantam'unt t' say$n- b't( t(ese re*resentat$'ns are ,'n&'$ned $n t(e'b&e,t) t(at $s) /$t('ut d$st$n,t$'n as t' t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(esub&e,t) and d' n't merely stand t'-et(er $n my *er,e*t$'n) ('/e0er

+re.uently t(e *er,e*t$0e a,t may be re*eated!+

All Sensu'us Intu$t$'ns are sub&e,t t' t(e Cate-'r$es) as

C'nd$t$'ns under /($,( al'ne t(e man$+'ld C'ntent '+

t(em ,an be un$ted $n 'ne C'ns,$'usness! SS 1L

T(e man$+'ld ,'ntent -$0en $n a sensu'us $ntu$t$'n ,'mes ne,essar$lyunder t(e 'r$-$nal synt(et$,al un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n) be,auset(ereby al'ne $s t(e un$ty '+ $ntu$t$'n *'ss$ble =SS 1>! 3ut t(at a,t'+ t(e understand$n-) by /($,( t(e man$+'ld ,'ntent '+ -$0enre*resentat$'ns =/(et(er $ntu$t$'ns 'r ,'n,e*t$'ns> $s br'u-(t under

'ne a**er,e*t$'n) $s t(e l'-$,al +un,t$'n '+ &ud-ements =SS 1>! Allt(e man$+'ld) t(ere+'re) $n s' +ar as $t $s -$0en $n 'ne em*$r$,al$ntu$t$'n) $s determ$ned $n relat$'n t' 'ne '+ t(e l'-$,al +un,t$'ns'+ &ud-ement) by means '+ /($,( $t $s br'u-(t $nt' un$'n $n 'ne,'ns,$'usness! N'/ t(e ,ate-'r$es are n't($n- else t(an t(ese+un,t$'ns '+ &ud-ement s' +ar as t(e man$+'ld $n a -$0en $ntu$t$'n$s determ$ned $n relat$'n t' t(em =SS M>! C'nse.uently) t(e man$+'ld$n a -$0en $ntu$t$'n $s ne,essar$ly sub&e,t t' t(e ,ate-'r$es '+ t(eunderstand$n-!u

Obser0at$'n! SS 17

T(e man$+'ld $n an $ntu$t$'n) /($,( I ,all m$ne) $s re*resented by

means '+ t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e understand$n-) as bel'n-$n- t' t(ene,essary un$ty '+ sel+5,'ns,$'usness) and t($s ta%es *la,e by means'+ t(e ,ate-'ry! T(e ,ate-'ry $nd$,ates a,,'rd$n-ly t(at t(eem*$r$,al ,'ns,$'usness '+ a -$0en man$+'ld $n an $ntu$t$'n $s sub&e,tt' a *ure sel+5,'ns,$'usness a *r$'r$) $n t(e same manner as anem*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n $s sub&e,t t' a *ure sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) /($,($s als' a *r$'r$! In t(e ab'0e *r'*'s$t$'n) t(en) l$es t(e be-$nn$n-'+ a dedu,t$'n '+ t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-! N'/) ast(e ,ate-'r$es (a0e t(e$r 'r$-$n $n t(e understand$n- al'ne)$nde*endently '+ sens$b$l$ty) I must $n my dedu,t$'n ma%eabstra,t$'n '+ t(e m'de $n /($,( t(e man$+'ld '+ an em*$r$,al$ntu$t$'n $s -$0en) $n 'rder t' +$ my attent$'n e,lus$0ely 'n t(eun$ty /($,( $s br'u-(t by t(e understand$n- $nt' t(e $ntu$t$'n by

means '+ t(e ,ate-'ry! In /(at +'ll'/s =SS BB>) $t /$ll be s('/n) +r'mt(e m'de $n /($,( t(e em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n $s -$0en $n t(e +a,ulty '+sens$b$l$ty) t(at t(e un$ty /($,( bel'n-s t' $t $s n' 't(er t(ant(at /($,( t(e ,ate-'ry =a,,'rd$n- t' SS 1L> $m*'ses 'n t(e man$+'ld$n a -$0en $ntu$t$'n) and t(us) $ts a *r$'r$ 0al$d$ty $n re-ard t' all'b&e,ts '+ sense be$n- establ$s(ed) t(e *ur*'se '+ 'ur dedu,t$'n/$ll be +ully atta$ned!/

T(e *r''+ '+ t($s rests 'n t(e re*resented un$ty '+ $ntu$t$'n) bymeans '+ /($,( an 'b&e,t $s -$0en) and /($,( al/ays $n,ludes $n $tsel+a synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld t' be $ntu$ted) and als' t(e relat$'n '+

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t($s latter t' un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n!t

3ut t(ere $s 'ne t($n- $n t(e ab'0e dem'nstrat$'n '+ /($,( I ,'uldn't ma%e abstra,t$'n) namely) t(at t(e man$+'ld t' be $ntu$ted must be-$0en *re0$'usly t' t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e understand$n-) and$nde*endently '+ $t! H'/ t($s ta%es *la,e rema$ns (ere undeterm$ned!F'r $+ I ,'-$tate an understand$n- /($,( /as $tsel+ $ntu$t$0e =as) +'ream*le) a d$0$ne understand$n- /($,( s('uld n't re*resent -$0en

'b&e,ts) but by /('se re*resentat$'n t(e 'b&e,ts t(emsel0es s('uldbe -$0en 'r *r'du,ed>) t(e ,ate-'r$es /'uld *'ssess n' s$-n$+$,an,e $nrelat$'n t' su,( a +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n! T(ey are merely rules +'ran understand$n-) /('se /('le *'/er ,'ns$sts $n t('u-(t) t(at $s) $nt(e a,t '+ subm$tt$n- t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld /($,( $s *resentedt' $t $n $ntu$t$'n +r'm a 0ery d$++erent .uarter) t' t(e un$ty '+a**er,e*t$'n4 a +a,ulty) t(ere+'re) /($,( ,'-n$;es n't($n- *er se) but'nly ,'nne,ts and arran-es t(e mater$al '+ ,'-n$t$'n) t(e $ntu$t$'n)namely) /($,( must be *resented t' $t by means '+ t(e 'b&e,t! 3ut t's('/ reas'ns +'r t($s *e,ul$ar ,(ara,ter '+ 'ur understand$n-s) t(at$t *r'du,es un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n a *r$'r$ 'nly by means '+,ate-'r$es) and a ,erta$n %$nd and number t(ere'+) $s as $m*'ss$ble ast' e*la$n /(y /e are end'/ed /$t( *re,$sely s' many +un,t$'ns '+

&ud-ement and n' m're) 'r /(y t$me and s*a,e are t(e 'nly +'rms '+ 'ur$ntu$t$'n!$

In C'-n$t$'n) $ts A**l$,at$'n t' Ob&e,ts '+ E*er$en,e $s

t(e 'nly le-$t$mate use '+ t(e Cate-'ry! SS 18

T' t($n% an 'b&e,t and t' ,'-n$;e an 'b&e,t are by n' means t(e samet($n-! In ,'-n$t$'n t(ere are t/' elements6 +$rstly) t(e ,'n,e*t$'n)/(ereby an 'b&e,t $s ,'-$tated =t(e ,ate-'ry>4 and) se,'ndly) t(e$ntu$t$'n) /(ereby t(e 'b&e,t $s -$0en! F'r su**'s$n- t(at t' t(e,'n,e*t$'n a ,'rres*'nd$n- $ntu$t$'n ,'uld n't be -$0en) $t /'uldst$ll be a t('u-(t as re-ards $ts +'rm) but /$t('ut any 'b&e,t) and n'

,'-n$t$'n '+ anyt($n- /'uld be *'ss$ble by means '+ $t) $nasmu,( as)s' +ar as I %ne/) t(ere e$sted and ,'uld e$st n't($n- t' /($,( myt('u-(t ,'uld be a**l$ed! N'/ all $ntu$t$'n *'ss$ble t' us $ssensu'us4 ,'nse.uently) 'ur t('u-(t '+ an 'b&e,t by means '+ a *ure,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-) ,an be,'me ,'-n$t$'n +'r us 'nly $ns' +ar as t($s ,'n,e*t$'n $s a**l$ed t' 'b&e,ts '+ t(e senses!Sensu'us $ntu$t$'n $s e$t(er *ure $ntu$t$'n =s*a,e and t$me> 'rem*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n5 '+ t(at /($,( $s $mmed$ately re*resented $n s*a,eand t$me by means '+ sensat$'n as real! T(r'u-( t(e determ$nat$'n '+*ure $ntu$t$'n /e 'bta$n a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'ns '+ 'b&e,ts) as $nmat(emat$,s) but 'nly as re-ards t(e$r +'rm as *(en'mena4 /(et(ert(ere ,an e$st t($n-s /($,( must be $ntu$ted $n t($s +'rm $s n'tt(ereby establ$s(ed! All mat(emat$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns) t(ere+'re) are

n't *er se ,'-n$t$'n) e,e*t $n s' +ar as /e *resu**'se t(at t(eree$st t($n-s /($,( ,an 'nly be re*resented ,'n+'rmably t' t(e +'rm'+ 'ur *ure sensu'us $ntu$t$'n! 3ut t($n-s $n s*a,e and t$me are -$0en'nly $n s' +ar as t(ey are *er,e*t$'ns =re*resentat$'ns a,,'m*an$ed/$t( sensat$'n>) t(ere+'re 'nly by em*$r$,al re*resentat$'n!C'nse.uently t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-) e0en /(en t(eyare a**l$ed t' $ntu$t$'ns a *r$'r$ =as $n mat(emat$,s>) *r'du,e,'-n$t$'n 'nly $n s' +ar as t(ese =and t(ere+'re t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+t(e understand$n- by means '+ t(em> ,an be a**l$ed t' em*$r$,al$ntu$t$'ns! C'nse.uently t(e ,ate-'r$es d' n't) e0en by means '+*ure $ntu$t$'n a++'rd us any ,'-n$t$'n '+ t($n-s4 t(ey ,an 'nly d'

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s' $n s' +ar as t(ey ,an be a**l$ed t' em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n! T(at $s t'say) t(e) ,ate-'r$es ser0e 'nly t' render em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n*'ss$ble! 3ut t($s $s /(at /e ,all e*er$en,e! C'nse.uently) $n,'-n$t$'n) t(e$r a**l$,at$'n t' 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e $s t(e 'nlyle-$t$mate use '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es!l

SS 1M

T(e +'re-'$n- *r'*'s$t$'n $s '+ t(e utm'st $m*'rtan,e) +'r $tdeterm$nes t(e l$m$ts '+ t(e eer,$se '+ t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n- $n re-ard t' 'b&e,ts) &ust as trans,endental aest(et$,determ$ned t(e l$m$ts '+ t(e eer,$se '+ t(e *ure +'rm '+ 'ur sensu'us$ntu$t$'n! S*a,e and t$me) as ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e*resentat$'n '+ 'b&e,ts t' us) are 0al$d n' +urt(er t(an +'r 'b&e,ts'+ sense) ,'nse.uently) 'nly +'r e*er$en,e! 3ey'nd t(ese l$m$tst(ey re*resent t' us n't($n-) +'r t(ey bel'n- 'nly t' sense) and(a0e n' real$ty a*art +r'm $t! T(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n- are +ree +r'm t($s l$m$tat$'n) and etend t' 'b&e,ts'+ $ntu$t$'n $n -eneral) be t(e $ntu$t$'n l$%e 'r unl$%e t' 'urs)*r'0$ded 'nly $t be sensu'us) and n't $ntelle,tual! 3ut t($s etens$'n'+ ,'n,e*t$'ns bey'nd t(e ran-e '+ 'ur $ntu$t$'n $s '+ n' ad0anta-e4

+'r t(ey are t(en mere em*ty ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ 'b&e,ts) as t' t(e*'ss$b$l$ty 'r $m*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ /($,( t(ey +urn$s( us/$t( n' means '+ d$s,'0ery! T(ey are mere +'rms '+ t('u-(t) /$t('ut'b&e,t$0e real$ty) be,ause /e (a0e n' $ntu$t$'n t' /($,( t(esynt(et$,al un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n) /($,( al'ne t(e ,ate-'r$es ,'nta$n),'uld be a**l$ed) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ determ$n$n- an 'b&e,t! Oursensu'us and em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n ,an al'ne -$0e t(em s$-n$+$,an,eand mean$n-!a

I+) t(en) /e su**'se an 'b&e,t '+ a n'n5sensu'us $ntu$t$'n t' be-$0en /e ,an $n t(at ,ase re*resent $t by all t('se *red$,ates /($,(are $m*l$ed $n t(e *resu**'s$t$'n t(at n't($n- a**erta$n$n- t'sensu'us $ntu$t$'n bel'n-s t' $t4 +'r eam*le) t(at $t $s n't

etended) 'r $n s*a,e4 t(at $ts durat$'n $s n't t$me4 t(at $n $t n',(an-e =t(e e++e,t '+ t(e determ$nat$'ns $n t$me> $s t' be met /$t()and s' 'n! 3ut $t $s n' *r'*er %n'/led-e $+ I merely $nd$,ate /(at t(e$ntu$t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t $s n't) /$t('ut be$n- able t' say /(at $s,'nta$ned $n $t) +'r I (a0e n't s('/n t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ an 'b&e,tt' /($,( my *ure ,'n,e*t$'n '+ understand$n- ,'uld be a**l$,able)be,ause I (a0e n't been able t' +urn$s( any $ntu$t$'n ,'rres*'nd$n- t'$t) but am 'nly able t' say t(at 'ur $ntu$t$'n $s n't 0al$d +'r $t!3ut t(e m'st $m*'rtant *'$nt $s t($s) t(at t' a s'met($n- '+ t($s %$ndn't 'ne ,ate-'ry ,an be +'und a**l$,able! Ta%e) +'r eam*le) t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ substan,e) t(at $s) s'met($n- t(at ,an e$st as sub&e,t)but ne0er as mere *red$,ate4 $n re-ard t' t($s ,'n,e*t$'n I am .u$te$-n'rant /(et(er t(ere ,an really be anyt($n- t' ,'rres*'nd t' su,(

a determ$nat$'n '+ t('u-(t) $+ em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n d$d n't a++'rd met(e ',,as$'n +'r $ts a**l$,at$'n! 3ut '+ t($s m're $n t(e se.uel!t

O+ t(e A**l$,at$'n '+ t(e Cate-'r$es t' Ob&e,ts '+ t(e

Senses $n -eneral! SS B

T(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- a**ly t' 'b&e,ts '+$ntu$t$'n $n -eneral) t(r'u-( t(e understand$n- al'ne) /(et(er t(e$ntu$t$'n be 'ur '/n 'r s'me 't(er) *r'0$ded 'nly $t be sensu'us)but are) +'r t($s 0ery reas'n) mere +'rms '+ t('u-(t) by means '+

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/($,( al'ne n' determ$ned 'b&e,t ,an be ,'-n$;ed! T(e synt(es$s 'r,'n&un,t$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld $n t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns relates) /e (a0esa$d) 'nly t' t(e un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n) and $s +'r t($s reas'n t(e-r'und '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n) $n s' +ar as t($s,'-n$t$'n $s de*endent 'n t(e understand$n-! T($s synt(es$s $s)t(ere+'re) n't merely trans,endental) but als' *urely $ntelle,tual!3ut be,ause a ,erta$n +'rm '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n e$sts $n t(e m$nda *r$'r$ /($,( rests 'n t(e re,e*t$0$ty '+ t(e re*resentat$0e

+a,ulty =sens$b$l$ty>) t(e understand$n-) as a s*'ntane$ty) $s able t'determ$ne t(e $nternal sense by means '+ t(e d$0ers$ty '+ -$0enre*resentat$'ns) ,'n+'rmably t' t(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n)and t(us t' ,'-$tate t(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+ t(e a**er,e*t$'n '+t(e man$+'ld '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n a *r$'r$) as t(e ,'nd$t$'n t' /($,(must ne,essar$ly be subm$tted all 'b&e,ts '+ (uman $ntu$t$'n! And $nt($s manner t(e ,ate-'r$es as mere +'rms '+ t('u-(t re,e$0e'b&e,t$0e real$ty) t(at $s) a**l$,at$'n t' 'b&e,ts /($,( are -$0ent' us $n $ntu$t$'n) but t(at 'nly as *(en'mena) +'r $t $s 'nly '+*(en'mena t(at /e are ,a*able '+ a *r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n!*

T($s synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) /($,( $s*'ss$ble and ne,essary a *r$'r$) may be ,alled +$-urat$0e =synt(es$s

s*e,$'sa>) $n ,'ntrad$st$n,t$'n t' t(at /($,( $s ,'-$tated $n t(e mere,ate-'ry $n re-ard t' t(e man$+'ld '+ an $ntu$t$'n $n -eneral) and$s ,alled ,'nne,t$'n 'r ,'n&un,t$'n '+ t(e understand$n- =synt(es$s$ntelle,tual$s>! 3't( are trans,endental) n't merely be,ause t(eyt(emsel0es *re,ede a *r$'r$ all e*er$en,e) but als' be,ause t(ey +'rmt(e bas$s +'r t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ 't(er ,'-n$t$'n a *r$'r$!t

3ut t(e +$-urat$0e synt(es$s) /(en $t (as relat$'n 'nly t' t(e'r$-$nally synt(et$,al un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n) t(at $s t' t(etrans,endental un$ty ,'-$tated $n t(e ,ate-'r$es) must) t' bed$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm t(e *urely $ntelle,tual ,'n&un,t$'n) be ent$tledt(e trans,endental synt(es$s '+ $ma-$nat$'n! Ima-$nat$'n $s t(e+a,ulty '+ re*resent$n- an 'b&e,t e0en /$t('ut $ts *resen,e $n

$ntu$t$'n! N'/) as all 'ur $ntu$t$'n $s sensu'us) $ma-$nat$'n) byreas'n '+ t(e sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'n under /($,( al'ne $t ,an -$0e a,'rres*'nd$n- $ntu$t$'n t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-)bel'n-s t' sens$b$l$ty! 3ut $n s' +ar as t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e$ma-$nat$'n $s an a,t '+ s*'ntane$ty) /($,( $s determ$nat$0e) and n't)l$%e sense) merely determ$nable) and /($,( $s ,'nse.uently able t'determ$ne sense a *r$'r$) a,,'rd$n- t' $ts +'rm) ,'n+'rmably t' t(eun$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n) $n s' +ar $s t(e $ma-$nat$'n a +a,ulty '+determ$n$n- sens$b$l$ty a *r$'r$) and $ts synt(es$s '+ $ntu$t$'nsa,,'rd$n- t' t(e ,ate-'r$es must be t(e trans,endental synt(es$s '+t(e $ma-$nat$'n! It $s an '*erat$'n '+ t(e understand$n- 'nsens$b$l$ty) and t(e +$rst a**l$,at$'n '+ t(e understand$n- t' 'b&e,ts'+ *'ss$ble $ntu$t$'n) and at t(e same t$me t(e bas$s +'r t(e eer,$se

'+ t(e 't(er +un,t$'ns '+ t(at +a,ulty! As +$-urat$0e) $t $sd$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm t(e merely $ntelle,tual synt(es$s) /($,( $s*r'du,ed by t(e understand$n- al'ne) /$t('ut t(e a$d '+ $ma-$nat$'n!N'/) $n s' +ar as $ma-$nat$'n $s s*'ntane$ty) I s'met$mes ,all $t als't(e *r'du,t$0e $ma-$nat$'n) and d$st$n-u$s( $t +r'm t(ere*r'du,t$0e) t(e synt(es$s '+ /($,( $s sub&e,t ent$rely t'em*$r$,al la/s) t('se '+ ass',$at$'n) namely) and /($,() t(ere+'re),'ntr$butes n't($n- t' t(e e*lanat$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a*r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n) and +'r t($s reas'n bel'n-s n't t' trans,endental*($l's'*(y) but t' *sy,('l'-y!*

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2e (a0e n'/ arr$0ed at t(e *r'*er *la,e +'r e*la$n$n- t(e *arad'/($,( must (a0e stru,% e0ery 'ne $n 'ur e*'s$t$'n '+ t(e $nternalsense =SS L>) namely5 ('/ t($s sense re*resents us t' 'ur '/n,'ns,$'usness) 'nly as /e a**ear t' 'ursel0es) n't as /e are $n'ursel0es) be,ause) t' /$t) /e $ntu$te 'ursel0es 'nly as /e are$n/ardly a++e,ted! N'/ t($s a**ears t' be ,'ntrad$,t'ry) $nasmu,( as/e t(us stand $n a *ass$0e relat$'n t' 'ursel0es4 and t(ere+'re $n t(esystems '+ *sy,('l'-y) t(e $nternal sense $s ,'mm'nly (eld t' be 'ne

/$t( t(e +a,ulty '+ a**er,e*t$'n) /($le /e) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) ,are+ullyd$st$n-u$s( t(em!d

T(at /($,( determ$nes t(e $nternal sense $s t(e understand$n-) and$ts 'r$-$nal *'/er '+ ,'n&'$n$n- t(e man$+'ld '+ $ntu$t$'n) t(at $s)'+ br$n-$n- t($s under an a**er,e*t$'n =u*'n /($,( rests t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e understand$n- $tsel+>! N'/) as t(e (umanunderstand$n- $s n't $n $tsel+ a +a,ulty '+ $ntu$t$'n) and $s unablet' eer,$se su,( a *'/er) $n 'rder t' ,'n&'$n) as $t /ere) t(eman$+'ld '+ $ts '/n $ntu$t$'n) t(e synt(es$s '+ understand$n- $s),'ns$dered *er se) n't($n- but t(e un$ty '+ a,t$'n) '+ /($,() as su,()$t $s sel+5,'ns,$'us) e0en a*art +r'm sens$b$l$ty) by /($,() m're'0er)$t $s able t' determ$ne 'ur $nternal sense $n res*e,t '+ t(e

man$+'ld /($,( may be *resented t' $t a,,'rd$n- t' t(e +'rm '+sensu'us $ntu$t$'n! T(us) under t(e name '+ a trans,endental synt(es$s'+ $ma-$nat$'n) t(e understand$n- eer,$ses an a,t$0$ty u*'n t(e*ass$0e sub&e,t) /('se +a,ulty $t $s4 and s' /e are r$-(t $n say$n-t(at t(e $nternal sense $s a++e,ted t(ereby! A**er,e*t$'n and $tssynt(et$,al un$ty are by n' means 'ne and t(e same /$t( t(e $nternalsense! T(e +'rmer) as t(e s'ur,e '+ all 'ur synt(et$,al ,'n&un,t$'n)a**l$es) under t(e name '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es) t' t(e man$+'ld '+$ntu$t$'n $n -eneral) *r$'r t' all sensu'us $ntu$t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts!T(e $nternal sense) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) ,'nta$ns merely t(e +'rm '+$ntu$t$'n) but /$t('ut any synt(et$,al ,'n&un,t$'n '+ t(e man$+'ldt(ere$n) and ,'nse.uently d'es n't ,'nta$n any determ$ned $ntu$t$'n)/($,( $s *'ss$ble 'nly t(r'u-( ,'ns,$'usness '+ t(e determ$nat$'n '+

t(e man$+'ld by t(e trans,endental a,t '+ t(e $ma-$nat$'n =synt(et$,al$n+luen,e '+ t(e understand$n- 'n t(e $nternal sense>) /($,( I (a0enamed +$-urat$0e synt(es$s!n

T($s /e ,an $ndeed al/ays *er,e$0e $n 'ursel0es! 2e ,ann't,'-$tate a -e'metr$,al l$ne /$t('ut dra/$n- $t $n t('u-(t) n'r a,$r,le /$t('ut des,r$b$n- $t) n'r re*resent t(e t(ree d$mens$'ns '+s*a,e /$t('ut dra/$n- t(ree l$nes +r'm t(e same *'$nt *er*end$,ular t''ne an't(er! 2e ,ann't e0en ,'-$tate t$me) unless) $n dra/$n- astra$-(t l$ne =/($,( $s t' ser0e as t(e eternal +$-urat$0ere*resentat$'n '+ t$me>) /e +$ 'ur attent$'n 'n t(e a,t '+ t(esynt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld) /(ereby /e determ$ne su,,ess$0ely t(e$nternal sense) and t(us attend als' t' t(e su,,ess$'n '+ t($s

determ$nat$'n! "'t$'n as an a,t '+ t(e sub&e,t =n't as a determ$nat$'n'+ an 'b&e,t>) ,'nse.uently t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld $n s*a,e)$+ /e ma%e abstra,t$'n '+ s*a,e and attend merely t' t(e a,t by/($,( /e determ$ne t(e $nternal sense a,,'rd$n- t' $ts +'rm) $s t(at/($,( *r'du,es t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ su,,ess$'n! T(e understand$n-)t(ere+'re) d'es by n' means +$nd $n t(e $nternal sense any su,(synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld) but *r'du,es $t) $n t(at $t a++e,ts t($ssense! At t(e same t$me) ('/ 9I /(' t($n%9 $s d$st$n,t +r'm t(e 9I9/($,( $ntu$tes $tsel+ ='t(er m'des '+ $ntu$t$'n be$n- ,'-$table asat least *'ss$ble>) and yet 'ne and t(e same /$t( t($s latter as t(esame sub&e,t4 ('/) t(ere+'re) I am able t' say6 9I) as an $ntell$-en,e

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and t($n%$n- sub&e,t) ,'-n$;e mysel+ as an 'b&e,t t('u-(t) s' +ar as Iam) m're'0er) -$0en t' mysel+ $n $ntu$t$'n5 'nly) l$%e 't(er*(en'mena) n't as I am $n mysel+) and as ,'ns$dered by t(eunderstand$n-) but merely as I a**ear95 $s a .uest$'n t(at (as $n $tne$t(er m're n'r less d$++$,ulty t(an t(e .uest$'n5 9H'/ ,an I be an'b&e,t t' mysel+@9 'r t($s5 9H'/ I ,an be an 'b&e,t '+ my '/n$ntu$t$'n and $nternal *er,e*t$'ns@9 3ut t(at su,( must be t(e +a,t)$+ /e adm$t t(at s*a,e $s merely a *ure +'rm '+ t(e *(en'mena '+

eternal sense) ,an be ,learly *r'0ed by t(e ,'ns$derat$'n t(at /e,ann't re*resent t$me) /($,( $s n't an 'b&e,t '+ eternal $ntu$t$'n)$n any 't(er /ay t(an under t(e $ma-e '+ a l$ne) /($,( /e dra/ $nt('u-(t) a m'de '+ re*resentat$'n /$t('ut /($,( /e ,'uld n't ,'-n$;et(e un$ty '+ $ts d$mens$'n) and als' t(at /e are ne,ess$tated t'ta%e 'ur determ$nat$'n '+ *er$'ds '+ t$me) 'r '+ *'$nts '+ t$me) +'rall 'ur $nternal *er,e*t$'ns +r'm t(e ,(an-es /($,( /e *er,e$0e $n'ut/ard t($n-s! It +'ll'/s t(at /e must arran-e t(e determ$nat$'ns'+ t(e $nternal sense) as *(en'mena $n t$me) ea,tly $n t(e samemanner as /e arran-e t('se '+ t(e eternal senses $n s*a,e! And,'nse.uently) $+ /e -rant) res*e,t$n- t($s latter) t(at by means '+t(em /e %n'/ 'b&e,ts 'nly $n s' +ar as /e are a++e,ted eternally)/e must als' ,'n+ess) /$t( re-ard t' t(e $nternal sense) t(at by means

'+ $t /e $ntu$te 'ursel0es 'nly as /e are $nternally a++e,ted by'ursel0es4 $n 't(er /'rds) as re-ards $nternal $ntu$t$'n) /e ,'-n$;e'ur '/n sub&e,t 'nly as *(en'men'n) and n't as $t $s $n $tsel+!B:'

"'t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t $n s*a,e d'es n't bel'n- t' a *ure s,$en,e),'nse.uently n't t' -e'metry4 be,ause) t(at a t($n- $s m'0able,ann't be %n'/n a *r$'r$) but 'nly +r'm e*er$en,e! 3ut m't$'n),'ns$dered as t(e des,r$*t$'n '+ a s*a,e) $s a *ure a,t '+ t(esu,,ess$0e synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld $n eternal $ntu$t$'n by means '+*r'du,t$0e $ma-$nat$'n) and bel'n-s n't 'nly t' -e'metry) but e0ent' trans,endental *($l's'*(y!t

B: I d' n't see /(y s' mu,( d$++$,ulty s('uld be +'und $n

adm$tt$n- t(at 'ur $nternal sense $s a++e,ted by 'ursel0es! E0erya,t '+ attent$'n eem*l$+$es $t! In su,( an a,t t(e understand$n-determ$nes t(e $nternal sense by t(e synt(et$,al ,'n&un,t$'n /($,($t ,'-$tates) ,'n+'rmably t' t(e $nternal $ntu$t$'n /($,(,'rres*'nds t' t(e man$+'ld $n t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e understand$n-! H'/mu,( t(e m$nd $s usually a++e,ted t(ereby e0ery 'ne /$ll be able t'*er,e$0e $n ($msel+!*

SS B1

On t(e 't(er (and) $n t(e trans,endental synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld,'ntent '+ re*resentat$'ns) ,'nse.uently $n t(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+a**er,e*t$'n) I am ,'ns,$'us '+ mysel+) n't as I a**ear t' mysel+) n'r

as I am $n mysel+) but 'nly t(at 9I am!9 T($s re*resentat$'n $s at('u-(t) n't an $ntu$t$'n! N'/) as $n 'rder t' ,'-n$;e 'ursel0es) $nadd$t$'n t' t(e a,t '+ t($n%$n-) /($,( sub&e,ts t(e man$+'ld '+e0ery *'ss$ble $ntu$t$'n t' t(e un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n) t(ere $sne,essary a determ$nate m'de '+ $ntu$t$'n) /(ereby t($s man$+'ld $s-$0en4 alt('u-( my '/n e$sten,e $s ,erta$nly n't mere *(en'men'n=mu,( less mere $llus$'n>) t(e determ$nat$'n '+ my e$sten,e Can 'nlyta%e *la,e ,'n+'rmably t' t(e +'rm '+ t(e $nternal sense) a,,'rd$n- t't(e *art$,ular m'de $n /($,( t(e man$+'ld /($,( I ,'n&'$n $s -$0en$n $nternal $ntu$t$'n) and I (a0e t(ere+'re n' %n'/led-e '+ mysel+as I am) but merely as I a**ear t' mysel+! T(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ sel+

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$s t(us 0ery +ar +r'm a %n'/led-e '+ sel+) $n /($,( I d' n't use t(e,ate-'r$es) /(ereby I ,'-$tate an 'b&e,t) by means '+ t(e,'n&un,t$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld $n 'ne a**er,e*t$'n! In t(e same /ay asI re.u$re) +'r t(e sa%e '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t d$st$n,t +r'mmysel+) n't 'nly t(e t('u-(t '+ an 'b&e,t $n -eneral =$n t(e,ate-'ry>) but als' an $ntu$t$'n by /($,( t' determ$ne t(at -eneral,'n,e*t$'n) $n t(e same /ay d' I re.u$re) $n 'rder t' t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+mysel+) n't 'nly t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ mysel+ 'r t(e t('u-(t t(at I

t($n% mysel+) but $n add$t$'n an $ntu$t$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld $nmysel+) by /($,( t' determ$ne t($s t('u-(t! It $s true t(at I e$st asan $ntell$-en,e /($,( $s ,'ns,$'us 'nly '+ $ts +a,ulty '+,'n&un,t$'n 'r synt(es$s) but sub&e,ted $n relat$'n t' t(e man$+'ld/($,( t($s $ntell$-en,e (as t' ,'n&'$n t' a l$m$tat$0e ,'n&un,t$'n,alled t(e $nternal sense! "y $ntell$-en,e =t(at $s) I> ,an rendert(at ,'n&un,t$'n 'r synt(es$s *er,e*t$ble 'nly a,,'rd$n- t' t(erelat$'ns '+ t$me) /($,( are .u$te bey'nd t(e *r'*er s*(ere '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- and ,'nse.uently ,'-n$;e $tsel+ $nres*e,t t' an $ntu$t$'n =/($,( ,ann't *'ss$bly be $ntelle,tual) n'r-$0en by t(e understand$n->) 'nly as $t a**ears t' $tsel+) and n'tas $t /'uld ,'-n$;e $tsel+) $+ $ts $ntu$t$'n /ere $ntelle,tual!a

T(e 9I t($n%9 e*resses t(e a,t '+ determ$n$n- my '/n e$sten,e! "ye$sten,e $s t(us already -$0en by t(e a,t '+ ,'ns,$'usness4 but t(em'de $n /($,( I must determ$ne my e$sten,e) t(at $s) t(e m'de $n/($,( I must *la,e t(e man$+'ld bel'n-$n- t' my e$sten,e) $s n'tt(ereby -$0en! F'r t($s *ur*'se $ntu$t$'n '+ sel+ $s re.u$red) andt($s $ntu$t$'n *'ssesses a +'rm -$0en a *r$'r$) namely) t$me) /($,( $ssensu'us) and bel'n-s t' 'ur re,e*t$0$ty '+ t(e determ$nable! N'/)as I d' n't *'ssess an't(er $ntu$t$'n '+ sel+ /($,( -$0es t(edeterm$n$n- $n me ='+ t(e s*'ntane$ty '+ /($,( I am ,'ns,$'us>)*r$'r t' t(e a,t '+ determ$nat$'n) $n t(e same manner as t$me -$0est(e determ$nable) $t $s ,lear t(at I am unable t' determ$ne my '/ne$sten,e as t(at '+ a s*'ntane'us be$n-) but I am 'nly able t're*resent t' mysel+ t(e s*'ntane$ty '+ my t('u-(t) t(at $s) '+ my

determ$nat$'n) and my e$sten,e rema$ns e0er determ$nable $n a*urely sensu'us manner) t(at $s t' say) l$%e t(e e$sten,e '+ a*(en'men'n! 3ut $t $s be,ause '+ t($s s*'ntane$ty t(at I ,all mysel+an $ntell$-en,e!a

Trans,endental #edu,t$'n '+ t(e un$0ersally *'ss$ble

em*l'yment $n e*er$en,e '+ t(e Pure C'n,e*t$'ns

'+ t(e Understand$n-! SS BB

In t(e meta*(ys$,al dedu,t$'n) t(e a *r$'r$ 'r$-$n '+ ,ate-'r$es /as*r'0ed by t(e$r ,'m*lete a,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e -eneral l'-$,al '+

t('u-(t4 $n t(e trans,endental dedu,t$'n /as e($b$ted t(e *'ss$b$l$ty'+ t(e ,ate-'r$es as a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'ns '+ 'b&e,ts '+ an $ntu$t$'n $n-eneral =SS 1L and 17>!At *resent /e are ab'ut t' e*la$n t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ ,'-n$;$n-) a *r$'r$) by means '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es) all'b&e,ts /($,( ,an *'ss$bly be *resented t' 'ur senses) n't) $ndeed)a,,'rd$n- t' t(e +'rm '+ t(e$r $ntu$t$'n) but a,,'rd$n- t' t(e la/s '+t(e$r ,'n&un,t$'n 'r synt(es$s) and t(us) as $t /ere) '+ *res,r$b$n-la/s t' nature and e0en '+ render$n- nature *'ss$ble! F'r $+ t(e,ate-'r$es /ere $nade.uate t' t($s tas%) $t /'uld n't be e0$dent t' us/(y e0eryt($n- t(at $s *resented t' 'ur senses must be sub&e,t t't('se la/s /($,( (a0e an a *r$'r$ 'r$-$n $n t(e understand$n- $tsel+!

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t

I *rem$se t(at by t(e term synt(es$s '+ a**re(ens$'n I understandt(e ,'mb$nat$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld $n an em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n) /(ereby*er,e*t$'n) t(at $s) em*$r$,al ,'ns,$'usness '+ t(e $ntu$t$'n =as*(en'men'n>) $s *'ss$ble!*

2e (a0e a *r$'r$ +'rms '+ t(e eternal and $nternal sensu'us$ntu$t$'n $n t(e re*resentat$'ns '+ s*a,e and t$me) and t' t(ese

must t(e synt(es$s '+ a**re(ens$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld $n a *(en'men'nbe al/ays ,'m+'rmable) be,ause t(e synt(es$s $tsel+ ,an 'nly ta%e*la,e a,,'rd$n- t' t(ese +'rms! 3ut s*a,e and t$me are n't merely+'rms '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) but $ntu$t$'ns t(emsel0es =/($,(,'nta$n a man$+'ld>) and t(ere+'re ,'nta$n a *r$'r$ t(edeterm$nat$'n '+ t(e un$ty '+ t($s man$+'ld! =See t(e Trans,endentAest(et$,!> T(ere+'re $s un$ty '+ t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld/$t('ut 'r /$t($n us) ,'nse.uently als' a ,'n&un,t$'n t' /($,( allt(at $s t' be re*resented as determ$ned $n s*a,e 'r t$me must,'rres*'nd) -$0en a *r$'r$ al'n- /$t( =n't $n> t(ese $ntu$t$'ns) ast(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e synt(es$s '+ all a**re(ens$'n '+ t(em! 3ut t($ssynt(et$,al un$ty ,an be n' 't(er t(an t(at '+ t(e ,'n&un,t$'n '+t(e man$+'ld '+ a -$0en $ntu$t$'n $n -eneral) $n a *r$m$t$0e a,t '+

,'ns,$'usness) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e ,ate-'r$es) but a**l$ed t' 'ursensu'us $ntu$t$'n! C'nse.uently all synt(es$s) /(ereby al'ne $se0en *er,e*t$'n *'ss$ble) $s sub&e,t t' t(e ,ate-'r$es! And) ase*er$en,e $s ,'-n$t$'n by means '+ ,'n&'$ned *er,e*t$'ns) t(e,ate-'r$es are ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e and aret(ere+'re 0al$d a *r$'r$ +'r all 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e!t

S*a,e re*resented as an 'b&e,t =as -e'metry really re.u$res $t t'be> ,'nta$ns m're t(an t(e mere +'rm '+ t(e $ntu$t$'n4 namely) a,'mb$nat$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld -$0en a,,'rd$n- t' t(e +'rm '+ sens$b$l$ty$nt' a re*resentat$'n t(at ,an be $ntu$ted4 s' t(at t(e +'rm '+ t(e$ntu$t$'n -$0es us merely t(e man$+'ld) but t(e +'rmal $ntu$t$'n -$0esun$ty '+ re*resentat$'n! In t(e aest(et$,) I re-arded t($s un$ty as

bel'n-$n- ent$rely t' sens$b$l$ty) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ $nd$,at$n-t(at $t ante,edes all ,'n,e*t$'ns) alt('u-( $t *resu**'ses a synt(es$s/($,( d'es n't bel'n- t' sense) t(r'u-( /($,( al'ne) ('/e0er) all'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ s*a,e and t$me are *'ss$ble! F'r as by means '+t($s un$ty al'ne =t(e understand$n- determ$n$n- t(e sens$b$l$ty> s*a,eand t$me are -$0en as $ntu$t$'ns) $t +'ll'/s t(at t(e un$ty '+ t($s$ntu$t$'n a *r$'r$ bel'n-s t' s*a,e and t$me) and n't t' t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n- =SS B>!,

2(en) t(en) +'r eam*le) I ma%e t(e em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n '+ a ('useby a**re(ens$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld ,'nta$ned t(ere$n $nt' a *er,e*t$'n)t(e ne,essary un$ty '+ s*a,e and '+ my eternal sensu'us $ntu$t$'nl$es at t(e +'undat$'n '+ t($s a,t) and I) as $t /ere) dra/ t(e +'rm

'+ t(e ('use ,'n+'rmably t' t($s synt(et$,al un$ty '+ t(e man$+'ld$n s*a,e! 3ut t($s 0ery synt(et$,al un$ty rema$ns) e0en /(en Iabstra,t t(e +'rm '+ s*a,e) and (as $ts seat $n t(e understand$n-) and$s $n +a,t t(e ,ate-'ry '+ t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e ('m'-ene'us $n an$ntu$t$'n4 t(at $s t' say) t(e ,ate-'ry '+ .uant$ty) t' /($,( t(ea+'resa$d synt(es$s '+ a**re(ens$'n) t(at $s) t(e *er,e*t$'n) mustbe ,'m*letely ,'n+'rmable!b

In t($s manner $t $s *r'0ed) t(at t(e synt(es$s '+ a**re(ens$'n)/($,( $s em*$r$,al) must ne,essar$ly be ,'n+'rmable t' t(e synt(es$s'+ a**er,e*t$'n) /($,( $s $ntelle,tual) and ,'nta$ned a *r$'r$ $n

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t(e ,ate-'ry! It $s 'ne and t(e same s*'ntane$ty /($,( at 'ne t$me)under t(e name '+ $ma-$nat$'n) at an't(er under t(at '+ understand$n-)*r'du,es ,'n&un,t$'n $n t(e man$+'ld '+ $ntu$t$'n!*

T' ta%e an't(er eam*le) /(en I *er,e$0e t(e +ree;$n- '+ /ater) Ia**re(end t/' states =+lu$d$ty and s'l$d$ty>) /($,() as su,() standt'/ard ea,( 't(er mutually $n a relat$'n '+ t$me! 3ut $n t(e t$me)/($,( I *la,e as an $nternal $ntu$t$'n) at t(e +'undat$'n '+ t($s

*(en'men'n) I re*resent t' mysel+ synt(et$,al un$ty '+ t(e man$+'ld)/$t('ut /($,( t(e a+'resa$d relat$'n ,'uld n't be -$0en $n an$ntu$t$'n as determ$ned =$n re-ard t' t(e su,,ess$'n '+ t$me>! N'/t($s synt(et$,al un$ty) as t(e a *r$'r$ ,'nd$t$'n under /($,( I,'n&'$n t(e man$+'ld '+ an $ntu$t$'n) $s) $+ I ma%e abstra,t$'n '+ t(e*ermanent +'rm '+ my $nternal $ntu$t$'n =t(at $s t' say) '+ t$me>) t(e,ate-'ry '+ ,ause) by means '+ /($,() /(en a**l$ed t' mysens$b$l$ty) I determ$ne e0eryt($n- t(at ',,urs a,,'rd$n- t' relat$'ns'+ t$me! C'nse.uently a**re(ens$'n $n su,( an e0ent) and t(e e0ent$tsel+) as +ar as re-ards t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ $ts *er,e*t$'n) standsunder t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e relat$'n '+ ,ause and e++e,t6 and s' $nall 't(er ,ases!a

Cate-'r$es are ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( *res,r$be la/s a *r$'r$ t'*(en'mena) ,'nse.uently t' nature as t(e ,'m*le '+ all *(en'mena=natura mater$al$ter s*e,tata>! And n'/ t(e .uest$'n ar$ses5$nasmu,( as t(ese ,ate-'r$es are n't der$0ed +r'm nature) and d' n'tre-ulate t(emsel0es a,,'rd$n- t' (er as t(e$r m'del =+'r $n t(at,ase t(ey /'uld be em*$r$,al>5 ('/ $t $s ,'n,e$0able t(at naturemust re-ulate (ersel+ a,,'rd$n- t' t(em) $n 't(er /'rds) ('/ t(e,ate-'r$es ,an determ$ne a *r$'r$ t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld '+nature) and yet n't der$0e t(e$r 'r$-$n +r'm (er! T(e +'ll'/$n- $s t(es'lut$'n '+ t($s en$-ma!s

It $s n't $n t(e least m're d$++$,ult t' ,'n,e$0e ('/ t(e la/s '+t(e *(en'mena '+ nature must (arm'n$;e /$t( t(e understand$n- and /$t(

$ts a *r$'r$ +'rm5 t(at $s) $ts +a,ulty '+ ,'n&'$n$n- t(e man$+'ld5t(an $t $s t' understand ('/ t(e *(en'mena t(emsel0es must,'rres*'nd /$t( t(e a *r$'r$ +'rm '+ 'ur sensu'us $ntu$t$'n! F'rla/s d' n't e$st $n t(e *(en'mena any m're t(an t(e *(en'mena e$stas t($n-s $n t(emsel0es! <a/s d' n't e$st e,e*t by relat$'n t' t(esub&e,t $n /($,( t(e *(en'mena $n(ere) $n s' +ar as $t *'ssessesunderstand$n-) &ust as *(en'mena (a0e n' e$sten,e e,e*t byrelat$'n t' t(e same e$st$n- sub&e,t $n s' +ar as $t (as senses! T't($n-s as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) ,'n+'rmab$l$ty t' la/ must ne,essar$lybel'n- $nde*endently '+ an understand$n- t' ,'-n$;e t(em! 3ut*(en'mena are 'nly re*resentat$'ns '+ t($n-s /($,( are utterly un%n'/n$n res*e,t t' /(at t(ey are $n t(emsel0es! 3ut as merere*resentat$'ns) t(ey stand under n' la/ '+ ,'n&un,t$'n e,e*t t(at

/($,( t(e ,'n&'$n$n- +a,ulty *res,r$bes! N'/ t(at /($,( ,'n&'$ns t(eman$+'ld '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n $s $ma-$nat$'n) a mental a,t t' /($,(understand$n- ,'ntr$butes un$ty '+ $ntelle,tual synt(es$s) andsens$b$l$ty) man$+'ldness '+ a**re(ens$'n! N'/ as all *'ss$ble*er,e*t$'n de*ends 'n t(e synt(es$s '+ a**re(ens$'n) and t($sem*$r$,al synt(es$s $tsel+ 'n t(e trans,endental) ,'nse.uently 'nt(e ,ate-'r$es) $t $s e0$dent t(at all *'ss$ble *er,e*t$'ns) andt(ere+'re e0eryt($n- t(at ,an atta$n t' em*$r$,al ,'ns,$'usness)t(at $s) all *(en'mena '+ nature) must) as re-ards t(e$r,'n&un,t$'n) be sub&e,t t' t(e ,ate-'r$es! And nature =,'ns$deredmerely as nature $n -eneral> $s de*endent 'n t(em! as t(e 'r$-$nal

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-r'und '+ (er ne,essary ,'n+'rmab$l$ty t' la/ =as natura +'rmal$ters*e,tata>! 3ut t(e *ure +a,ulty ='+ t(e understand$n-> '+*res,r$b$n- la/s a *r$'r$ t' *(en'mena by means '+ mere ,ate-'r$es) $sn't ,'m*etent t' en'un,e 't(er 'r m're la/s t(an t('se 'n /($,( anature $n -eneral) as a ,'n+'rmab$l$ty t' la/ '+ *(en'mena '+ s*a,eand t$me) de*ends! Part$,ular la/s) $nasmu,( as t(ey ,'n,ernem*$r$,ally determ$ned *(en'mena) ,ann't be ent$rely dedu,ed +r'm *urela/s) alt('u-( t(ey all stand under t(em! E*er$en,e must be

su*eradded $n 'rder t' %n'/ t(ese *art$,ular la/s4 but $n re-ard t'e*er$en,e $n -eneral) and e0eryt($n- t(at ,an be ,'-n$;ed as an'b&e,t t(ere'+) t(ese a *r$'r$ la/s are 'ur 'nly rule and -u$de!'

Result '+ t($s #edu,t$'n '+ t(e C'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e

Understand$n-! SS B

2e ,ann't t($n% any 'b&e,t e,e*t by means '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es4 /e,ann't ,'-n$;e any t('u-(t e,e*t by means '+ $ntu$t$'ns ,'rres*'nd$n-t' t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns! N'/ all 'ur $ntu$t$'ns are sensu'us) and 'ur,'-n$t$'n) $n s' +ar as t(e 'b&e,t '+ $t $s -$0en) $s em*$r$,al! 3utem*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n $s e*er$en,e4 ,'nse.uently n' a *r$'r$

,'-n$t$'n $s *'ss$ble +'r us) e,e*t '+ 'b&e,ts '+ *'ss$blee*er$en,e!e

<est my readers s('uld stumble at t($s assert$'n) and t(e,'n,lus$'ns t(at may be t'' ras(ly dra/n +r'm $t) I must rem$nd t(emt(at t(e ,ate-'r$es $n t(e a,t '+ t('u-(t are by n' means l$m$ted byt(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ 'ur sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) but (a0e an unb'unded s*(ere'+ a,t$'n! It $s 'nly t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t '+ t('u-(t) t(edeterm$n$n- '+ t(e 'b&e,t) /($,( re.u$res $ntu$t$'n! In t(e absen,e '+$ntu$t$'n) 'ur t('u-(t '+ an 'b&e,t may st$ll (a0e true and use+ul,'nse.uen,es $n re-ard t' t(e eer,$se '+ reas'n by t(e sub&e,t! 3utas t($s eer,$se '+ reas'n $s n't al/ays d$re,ted 'n t(e determ$nat$'n'+ t(e 'b&e,t) $n 't(er /'rds) 'n ,'-n$t$'n t(ere'+) but als' 'n t(e

determ$nat$'n '+ t(e sub&e,t and $ts 0'l$t$'n) I d' n't $ntend t'treat '+ $t $n t($s *la,e!t

3ut t($s ,'-n$t$'n) /($,( $s l$m$ted t' 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e) $sn't +'r t(at reas'n der$0ed ent$rely) +r'm) e*er$en,e) but5 andt($s $s asserted '+ t(e *ure $ntu$t$'ns and t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+t(e understand$n-5 t(ere are) un.uest$'nably) elements '+ ,'-n$t$'n)/($,( e$st $n t(e m$nd a *r$'r$! N'/ t(ere are 'nly t/' /ays $n /($,(a ne,essary (arm'ny '+ e*er$en,e /$t( t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ $ts'b&e,ts ,an be ,'-$tated! E$t(er e*er$en,e ma%es t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns*'ss$ble) 'r t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns ma%e e*er$en,e *'ss$ble! T(e +'rmer '+t(ese statements /$ll n't b'ld -''d /$t( res*e,t t' t(e ,ate-'r$es=n'r $n re-ard t' *ure sensu'us $ntu$t$'n>) +'r t(ey are a *r$'r$

,'n,e*t$'ns) and t(ere+'re $nde*endent '+ e*er$en,e! T(e assert$'n '+an em*$r$,al 'r$-$n /'uld attr$bute t' t(em a s'rt '+ -enerat$'ae.u$0',a! C'nse.uently) n't($n- rema$ns but t' ad'*t t(e se,'ndalternat$0e =/($,( *resents us /$t( a system) as $t /ere) '+ t(ee*$-enes$s '+ *ure reas'n>) namely) t(at 'n t(e *art '+ t(eunderstand$n- t(e ,ate-'r$es d' ,'nta$n t(e -r'unds '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty'+ all e*er$en,e! 3ut /$t( res*e,t t' t(e .uest$'ns ('/ t(ey ma%ee*er$en,e *'ss$ble) and /(at are t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$tyt(ere'+ /$t( /($,( t(ey *resent us $n t(e$r a**l$,at$'n t'*(en'mena) t(e +'ll'/$n- se,t$'n 'n t(e trans,endental eer,$se '+ t(e+a,ulty '+ &ud-ement /$ll $n+'rm t(e reader!

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+

It $s .u$te *'ss$ble t(at s'me'ne may *r'*'se a s*e,$es '+*re+'rmat$'n5system '+ *ure reas'n5 a m$ddle /ay bet/een t(e t/'5 t'/$t) t(at t(e ,ate-'r$es are ne$t(er $nnate and +$rst a *r$'r$*r$n,$*les '+ ,'-n$t$'n) n'r der$0ed +r'm e*er$en,e) but are merelysub&e,t$0e a*t$tudes +'r t('u-(t $m*lanted $n us ,'ntem*'rane'usly/$t( 'ur e$sten,e) /($,( /ere s' 'rdered and d$s*'sed by 'ur Creat'r)t(at t(e$r eer,$se *er+e,tly (arm'n$;es /$t( t(e la/s '+ nature /($,(

re-ulate e*er$en,e! N'/) n't t' ment$'n t(at /$t( su,( an(y*'t(es$s $t $s $m*'ss$ble t' say at /(at *'$nt /e must st'* $n t(eem*l'yment '+ *redeterm$ned a*t$tudes) t(e +a,t t(at t(e ,ate-'r$es/'uld $n t($s ,ase ent$rely l'se t(at ,(ara,ter '+ ne,ess$ty /($,($s essent$ally $n0'l0ed $n t(e 0ery ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(em) $s a,'n,lus$0e 'b&e,t$'n t' $t! T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,ause) +'r eam*le)/($,( e*resses t(e ne,ess$ty '+ an e++e,t under a *resu**'sed,'nd$t$'n) /'uld be +alse) $+ $t rested 'nly u*'n su,( an arb$trarysub&e,t$0e ne,ess$ty '+ un$t$n- ,erta$n em*$r$,al re*resentat$'nsa,,'rd$n- t' su,( a rule '+ relat$'n! I ,'uld n't t(en say5 9T(ee++e,t $s ,'nne,ted /$t( $ts ,ause $n t(e 'b&e,t =t(at $s)ne,essar$ly>)9 but 'nly) 9I am s' ,'nst$tuted t(at I ,an t($n% t($sre*resentat$'n as s' ,'nne,ted) and n't 't(er/$se!9 N'/ t($s $s &ust

/(at t(e s,e*t$, /ants! F'r $n t($s ,ase) all 'ur %n'/led-e) de*end$n-'n t(e su**'sed 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty '+ 'ur &ud-ement) $s n't($n- butmere $llus$'n4 n'r /'uld t(ere be /ant$n- *e'*le /(' /'uld deny anysu,( sub&e,t$0e ne,ess$ty $n res*e,t t' t(emsel0es) t('u-( t(ey must+eel $t! At all e0ents) /e ,'uld n't d$s*ute /$t( any 'ne 'n t(at/($,( merely de*ends 'n t(e manner $n /($,( ($s sub&e,t $s 'r-an$;ed!/

S('rt 0$e/ '+ t(e ab'0e #edu,t$'n!

T(e +'re-'$n- dedu,t$'n $s an e*'s$t$'n '+ t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ t(e understand$n- =and /$t( t(em '+ all t(e'ret$,al a *r$'r$,'-n$t$'n>) as *r$n,$*les '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e) but '+e*er$en,e as t(e determ$nat$'n '+ all *(en'mena $n s*a,e and t$me

$n -eneral5 '+ e*er$en,e) +$nally) +r'm t(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e 'r$-$nalsynt(et$,al un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n) as t(e +'rm '+ t(e understand$n- $nrelat$'n t' t$me and s*a,e as 'r$-$nal +'rms '+ sens$b$l$ty!r

I ,'ns$der t(e d$0$s$'n by *ara-ra*(s t' be ne,essary 'nly u* t't($s *'$nt) be,ause /e (ad t' treat '+ t(e elementary ,'n,e*t$'ns!As /e n'/ *r',eed t' t(e e*'s$t$'n '+ t(e em*l'yment '+ t(ese) Is(all n't des$-nate t(e ,(a*ters $n t($s manner any +urt(er!s

3OOK II!

Analyt$, '+ Pr$n,$*les!

eneral l'-$, $s ,'nstru,ted u*'n a *lan /($,( ,'$n,$des ea,tly/$t( t(e d$0$s$'n '+ t(e ($-(er +a,ult$es '+ ,'-n$t$'n! T(ese are)understand$n-) &ud-ement) and reas'n! T($s s,$en,e) a,,'rd$n-ly)treats $n $ts analyt$, '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) &ud-ements) and ,'n,lus$'ns$n ea,t ,'rres*'nden,e /$t( t(e +un,t$'ns and 'rder '+ t('se mental*'/ers /($,( /e $n,lude -enerally under t(e -ener$, den'm$nat$'n '+understand$n-!u

As t($s merely +'rmal l'-$, ma%es abstra,t$'n '+ all ,'ntent '+,'-n$t$'n) /(et(er *ure 'r em*$r$,al) and ',,u*$es $tsel+ /$t( t(emere +'rm '+ t('u-(t =d$s,urs$0e ,'-n$t$'n>) $t must ,'nta$n $n $ts

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analyt$, a ,an'n +'r reas'n! F'r t(e +'rm '+ reas'n (as $ts la/)/($,() /$t('ut ta%$n- $nt' ,'ns$derat$'n t(e *art$,ular nature '+t(e ,'-n$t$'n ab'ut /($,( $t $s em*l'yed) ,an be d$s,'0ered a*r$'r$) by t(e s$m*le analys$s '+ t(e a,t$'n '+ reas'n $nt' $tsm'menta!m

Trans,endental l'-$,) l$m$ted as $t $s t' a determ$nate ,'ntent)t(at '+ *ure a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'ns) t' /$t) ,ann't $m$tate -eneral l'-$,

$n t($s d$0$s$'n! F'r $t $s e0$dent t(at t(e trans,endental em*l'yment'+ reas'n $s n't 'b&e,t$0ely 0al$d) and t(ere+'re d'es n't bel'n- t't(e l'-$, '+ trut( =t(at $s) t' analyt$,>) but as a l'-$, '+ $llus$'n)',,u*$es a *art$,ular de*artment $n t(e s,('last$, system under t(ename '+ trans,endental d$ale,t$,!n

Understand$n- and &ud-ement a,,'rd$n-ly *'ssess $n trans,endentall'-$, a ,an'n '+ 'b&e,t$0ely 0al$d) and t(ere+'re true eer,$se) andare ,'m*re(ended $n t(e analyt$,al de*artment '+ t(at l'-$,! 3utreas'n) $n (er endea0'urs t' arr$0e by a *r$'r$ means at s'me truestatement ,'n,ern$n- 'b&e,ts and t' etend ,'-n$t$'n bey'nd t(e b'unds'+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) $s alt'-et(er d$ale,t$,) and (er $llus'ryassert$'ns ,ann't be ,'nstru,ted $nt' a ,an'n su,( as an analyt$,

'u-(t t' ,'nta$n!'

A,,'rd$n-ly) t(e analyt$, '+ *r$n,$*les /$ll be merely a ,an'n +'rt(e +a,ulty '+ &ud-ement) +'r t(e $nstru,t$'n '+ t($s +a,ulty $n $tsa**l$,at$'n t' *(en'mena '+ t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-)/($,( ,'nta$n t(e ne,essary ,'nd$t$'n +'r t(e establ$s(ment '+ a*r$'r$ la/s! On t($s a,,'unt) alt('u-( t(e sub&e,t '+ t(e +'ll'/$n-,(a*ters $s t(e es*e,$al *r$n,$*les '+ understand$n-) I s(all ma%e use'+ t(e term #',tr$ne '+ t(e +a,ulty '+ &ud-ement) $n 'rder t' de+$nem're *art$,ularly my *resent *ur*'se!m

INTRO#UCTION! O+ t(e Trans,endental Fa,ulty '+ &ud-ement $n eneral!

I+ understand$n- $n -eneral be de+$ned as t(e +a,ulty '+ la/s 'rrules) t(e +a,ulty '+ &ud-ement may be termed t(e +a,ulty '+subsum*t$'n under t(ese rules4 t(at $s) '+ d$st$n-u$s($n- /(et(er t($s'r t(at d'es 'r d'es n't stand under a -$0en rule =,asus datae le-$s>!eneral l'-$, ,'nta$ns n' d$re,t$'ns 'r *re,e*ts +'r t(e +a,ulty '+&ud-ement) n'r ,an $t ,'nta$n any su,(! F'r as $t ma%es abstra,t$'n '+all ,'ntent '+ ,'-n$t$'n) n' duty $s le+t +'r $t) e,e*t t(at '+e*'s$n- analyt$,ally t(e mere +'rm '+ ,'-n$t$'n $n ,'n,e*t$'ns)&ud-ements) and ,'n,lus$'ns) and '+ t(ereby establ$s($n- +'rmalrules +'r all eer,$se '+ t(e understand$n-! N'/ $+ t($s l'-$,/$s(ed t' -$0e s'me -eneral d$re,t$'n ('/ /e s('uld subsume undert(ese rules) t(at $s) ('/ /e s('uld d$st$n-u$s( /(et(er t($s 'r t(atd$d 'r d$d n't stand under t(em) t($s a-a$n ,'uld n't be d'ne

't(er/$se t(an by means '+ a rule! 3ut t($s rule) *re,$sely be,ause $t$s a rule) re.u$res +'r $tsel+ d$re,t$'n +r'm t(e +a,ulty '+&ud-ement! T(us) $t $s e0$dent t(at t(e understand$n- $s ,a*able '+be$n- $nstru,ted by rules) but t(at t(e &ud-ement $s a *e,ul$artalent) /($,( d'es n't) and ,ann't re.u$re tu$t$'n) but 'nly eer,$se!T($s +a,ulty $s t(ere+'re t(e s*e,$+$, .ual$ty '+ t(e s'5,alled m't(er/$t) t(e /ant '+ /($,( n' s,('last$, d$s,$*l$ne ,an ,'m*ensate!/

F'r alt('u-( edu,at$'n may +urn$s() and) as $t /ere) en-ra+t u*'na l$m$ted understand$n- rules b'rr'/ed +r'm 't(er m$nds) yet t(e *'/er'+ em*l'y$n- t(ese rules ,'rre,tly must bel'n- t' t(e *u*$l ($msel+4

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and n' rule /($,( /e ,an *res,r$be t' ($m /$t( t($s *ur*'se $s) $n t(eabsen,e 'r de+$,$en,y '+ t($s -$+t '+ nature) se,ure +r'm m$suse! A*(ys$,$an t(ere+'re) a &ud-e 'r a statesman) may (a0e $n ($s (ead manyadm$rable *at('l'-$,al) &ur$d$,al) 'r *'l$t$,al rules) $n a de-reet(at may enable ($m t' be a *r'+'und tea,(er $n ($s *art$,ulars,$en,e) and yet $n t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t(ese rules (e may 0ery*'ss$bly blunder5 e$t(er be,ause (e $s /ant$n- $n natural &ud-ement=t('u-( n't $n understand$n-> and) /($lst (e ,an ,'m*re(end t(e

-eneral $n abstra,t') ,ann't d$st$n-u$s( /(et(er a *art$,ular ,ase$n ,'n,ret' 'u-(t t' ran% under t(e +'rmer4 'r be,ause ($s +a,ulty'+ &ud-ement bas n't been su++$,$ently eer,$sed by eam*les andreal *ra,t$,e! Indeed) t(e -rand and 'nly use '+ eam*les) $s t's(ar*en t(e &ud-ement! F'r as re-ards t(e ,'rre,tness and *re,$s$'n '+t(e $ns$-(t '+ t(e understand$n-) eam*les are ,'mm'nly $n&ur$'usrat(er t(an 't(er/$se) be,ause) as ,asus $n term$n$s t(ey seld'made.uately +ul+$l t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e rule! 3es$des) t(ey '+ten/ea%en t(e *'/er '+ 'ur understand$n- t' a**re(end rules 'r la/s $nt(e$r un$0ersal$ty) $nde*endently '+ *art$,ular ,$r,umstan,es '+e*er$en,e4 and (en,e) a,,ust'm us t' em*l'y t(em m're as +'rmulaet(an as *r$n,$*les! Eam*les are t(us t(e -'5,art '+ t(e &ud-ement)/($,( (e /(' $s naturally de+$,$ent $n t(at +a,ulty ,ann't a++'rd t'

d$s*ense /$t(!d

#e+$,$en,y $n &ud-ement $s *r'*erly t(at /($,( $s ,alled stu*$d$ty4and +'r su,( a +a$l$n- /e %n'/ n' remedy! A dull 'r narr'/5m$nded*ers'n) t' /('m n't($n- $s /ant$n- but a *r'*er de-ree '+understand$n-) may be $m*r'0ed by tu$t$'n) e0en s' +ar as t' deser0et(e e*$t(et '+ learned! 3ut as su,( *ers'ns +re.uently lab'ur undera de+$,$en,y $n t(e +a,ulty '+ &ud-ement) $t $s n't un,'mm'n t' +$ndmen etremely learned /(' $n t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t(e$r s,$en,e betray alamentable de-ree t($s $rremed$able /ant!l

3ut alt('u-( -eneral l'-$, ,ann't -$0e d$re,t$'ns t' t(e +a,ulty'+ &ud-ement) t(e ,ase $s 0ery d$++erent as re-ards trans,endental

l'-$,) $ns'mu,( t(at $t a**ears t' be t(e es*e,$al duty '+ t(elatter t' se,ure and d$re,t) by means '+ determ$nate rules) t(e+a,ulty '+ &ud-ement $n t(e em*l'yment '+ t(e *ure understand$n-! F'r)as a d',tr$ne) t(at $s) as an endea0'ur t' enlar-e t(e s*(ere '+ t(eunderstand$n- $n re-ard t' *ure a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'ns) *($l's'*(y $s/'rse t(an useless) s$n,e +r'm all t(e attem*ts ($t(ert' made)l$ttle 'r n' -r'und (as been -a$ned! 3ut) as a ,r$t$.ue) $n 'rder t'-uard a-a$nst t(e m$sta%es '+ t(e +a,ulty '+ &ud-ement =la*sus&ud$,$$> $n t(e em*l'yment '+ t(e +e/ *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n- /($,( /e *'ssess) alt('u-( $ts use $s $n t($s ,ase*urely ne-at$0e) *($l's'*(y $s ,alled u*'n t' a**ly all $tsa,uteness and *enetrat$'n!a

3ut trans,endental *($l's'*(y (as t($s *e,ul$ar$ty) t(at bes$des$nd$,at$n- t(e rule) 'r rat(er t(e -eneral ,'nd$t$'n +'r rules)/($,( $s -$0en $n t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-) $t ,an) att(e same t$me) $nd$,ate a *r$'r$ t(e ,ase t' /($,( t(e rule must bea**l$ed! T(e ,ause '+ t(e su*er$'r$ty /($,() $n t($s res*e,t)trans,endental *($l's'*(y *'ssesses ab'0e all 't(er s,$en,es e,e*tmat(emat$,s) l$es $n t($s6 $t treats '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( mustrelate a *r$'r$ t' t(e$r 'b&e,ts) /('se 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty,'nse.uently ,ann't be dem'nstrated a *'ster$'r$) and $s) at t(esame t$me) under t(e 'bl$-at$'n '+ *resent$n- $n -eneral butsu++$,$ent tests) t(e ,'nd$t$'ns under /($,( 'b&e,ts ,an be -$0en $n

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(arm'ny /$t( t('se ,'n,e*t$'ns4 't(er/$se t(ey /'uld be mere l'-$,al+'rms) /$t('ut ,'ntent) and n't *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-!+

Our trans,endental d',tr$ne '+ t(e +a,ulty '+ &ud-ement /$ll ,'nta$nt/' ,(a*ters! T(e +$rst /$ll treat '+ t(e sensu'us ,'nd$t$'n under/($,( al'ne *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- ,an be em*l'yed5t(at $s) '+ t(e s,(emat$sm '+ t(e *ure understand$n-! T(e se,'nd/$ll treat '+ t('se synt(et$,al &ud-ements /($,( are der$0ed a

*r$'r$ +r'm *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- under t('se,'nd$t$'ns) and /($,( l$e a *r$'r$ at t(e +'undat$'n '+ all 't(er,'-n$t$'ns) t(at $s t' say) $t /$ll treat '+ t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e*ure understand$n-!*

TRANSCEN#ENTA< #OCTRINE OF THE FACU<TJ OF U#E"ENT

OR) ANA<JTIC OF PRINCIP<ES!

CHAPTER I! O+ t(e S,(emat$sm at '+ t(e Pure C'n,e*t$'ns

'+ t(e Understand$n-!

In all subsum*t$'ns '+ an 'b&e,t under a ,'n,e*t$'n) t(ere*resentat$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t must be ('m'-ene'us /$t( t(e,'n,e*t$'n4 $n 't(er /'rds) t(e ,'n,e*t$'n must ,'nta$n t(at /($,($s re*resented $n t(e 'b&e,t t' be subsumed under $t! F'r t($s $st(e mean$n- '+ t(e e*ress$'n6 9An 'b&e,t $s ,'nta$ned under a,'n,e*t$'n!9 T(us t(e em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a *late $s ('m'-ene'us/$t( t(e *ure -e'metr$,al ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a ,$r,le) $nasmu,( as t(er'undness /($,( $s ,'-$tated $n t(e +'rmer $s $ntu$ted $n t(e latter!r

3ut *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-) /(en ,'m*ared /$t(em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'ns) 'r e0en /$t( sensu'us $ntu$t$'ns $n -eneral) are.u$te (eter'-ene'us) and ne0er ,an be d$s,'0ered $n any $ntu$t$'n! H'/t(en $s t(e subsum*t$'n '+ t(e latter under t(e +'rmer) and

,'nse.uently t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es t' *(en'mena)*'ss$ble@5 F'r $t $s $m*'ss$ble t' say) +'r eam*le6 9Causal$ty ,an be$ntu$ted t(r'u-( t(e senses and $s ,'nta$ned $n t(e *(en'men'n!95 T($snatural and $m*'rtant .uest$'n +'rms t(e real ,ause '+ t(e ne,ess$ty'+ a trans,endental d',tr$ne '+ t(e +a,ulty '+ &ud-ement) /$t( t(e*ur*'se) t' /$t) '+ s('/$n- ('/ *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n- ,an be a**l$ed t' *(en'mena! In all 't(er s,$en,es)/(ere t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns by /($,( t(e 'b&e,t $s t('u-(t $n t(e -eneralare n't s' d$++erent and (eter'-ene'us +r'm t('se /($,( re*resentt(e 'b&e,t $n ,'n,ret'5 as $t $s -$0en) $t $s .u$te unne,essary t'$nst$tute any s*e,$al $n.u$r$es ,'n,ern$n- t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t(e+'rmer t' t(e latter!+

N'/ $t $s .u$te ,lear t(at t(ere must be s'me t($rd t($n-) /($,('n t(e 'ne s$de $s ('m'-ene'us /$t( t(e ,ate-'ry) and /$t( t(e*(en'men'n 'n t(e 't(er) and s' ma%es t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t(e +'rmer t't(e latter *'ss$ble! T($s med$at$n- re*resentat$'n must be *ure=/$t('ut any em*$r$,al ,'ntent>) and yet must 'n t(e 'ne s$de be$ntelle,tual) 'n t(e 't(er sensu'us! Su,( a re*resentat$'n $s t(etrans,endental s,(ema!t

T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n- ,'nta$ns *ure synt(et$,alun$ty '+ t(e man$+'ld $n -eneral! T$me) as t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(eman$+'ld '+ t(e $nternal sense) ,'nse.uently '+ t(e ,'n&un,t$'n '+ all

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re*resentat$'ns) ,'nta$ns a *r$'r$ a man$+'ld $n t(e *ure $ntu$t$'n!N'/ a trans,endental determ$nat$'n '+ t$me $s s' +ar ('m'-ene'us/$t( t(e ,ate-'ry) /($,( ,'nst$tutes t(e un$ty t(ere'+) t(at $t $sun$0ersal and rests u*'n a rule a *r$'r$! On t(e 't(er (and) $t $ss' +ar ('m'-ene'us /$t( t(e *(en'men'n) $nasmu,( as t$me $s,'nta$ned $n e0ery em*$r$,al re*resentat$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld! T(us ana**l$,at$'n '+ t(e ,ate-'ry t' *(en'mena be,'mes *'ss$ble) by means '+t(e trans,endental determ$nat$'n '+ t$me) /($,() as t(e s,(ema '+

t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-) med$ates t(e subsum*t$'n '+t(e latter under t(e +'rmer!t

A+ter /(at (as been *r'0ed $n 'ur dedu,t$'n '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es) n''ne) $t $s t' be ('*ed) ,an (es$tate as t' t(e *r'*er de,$s$'n '+t(e .uest$'n) /(et(er t(e em*l'yment '+ t(ese *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+t(e understand$n- 'u-(t t' be merely em*$r$,al 'r als' trans,endental4$n 't(er /'rds) /(et(er t(e ,ate-'r$es) as ,'nd$t$'ns '+ a *'ss$blee*er$en,e) relate a *r$'r$ s'lely t' *(en'mena) 'r /(et(er) as,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s $n -eneral) t(e$ra**l$,at$'n ,an be etended t' 'b&e,ts as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es! F'r /e(a0e t(ere seen t(at ,'n,e*t$'ns are .u$te $m*'ss$ble) and utterly/$t('ut s$-n$+$,at$'n) unless e$t(er t' t(em) 'r at least t' t(e

elements '+ /($,( t(ey ,'ns$st) an 'b&e,t be -$0en4 and t(at),'nse.uently) t(ey ,ann't *'ss$bly a**ly t' 'b&e,ts as t($n-s $nt(emsel0es /$t('ut re-ard t' t(e .uest$'n /(et(er and ('/ t(ese may be-$0en t' us4 and) +urt(er) t(at t(e 'nly manner $n /($,( 'b&e,ts ,anbe -$0en t' us $s by means '+ t(e m'd$+$,at$'n '+ 'ur sens$b$l$ty4and) +$nally) t(at *ure a *r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns) $n add$t$'n t' t(e+un,t$'n '+ t(e understand$n- $n t(e ,ate-'ry) must ,'nta$n a *r$'r$+'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ sens$b$l$ty ='+ t(e $nternal sense) namely>)/($,( a-a$n ,'nta$n t(e -eneral ,'nd$t$'n under /($,( al'ne t(e,ate-'ry ,an be a**l$ed t' any 'b&e,t! T($s +'rmal and *ure,'nd$t$'n '+ sens$b$l$ty) t' /($,( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-$s restr$,ted $n $ts em*l'yment) /e s(all name t(e s,(ema '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-) and t(e *r',edure '+ t(e

understand$n- /$t( t(ese s,(emata /e s(all ,all t(e s,(emat$sm '+t(e *ure understand$n-!t

T(e s,(ema $s) $n $tsel+) al/ays a mere *r'du,t '+ t(e$ma-$nat$'n! 3ut) as t(e synt(es$s '+ $ma-$nat$'n (as +'r $ts a$m n's$n-le $ntu$t$'n) but merely un$ty $n t(e determ$nat$'n '+sens$b$l$ty) t(e s,(ema $s ,learly d$st$n-u$s(able +r'm t(e $ma-e!T(us) $+ I *la,e +$0e *'$nts 'ne a+ter an't(er!!!! t($s $s an $ma-e '+t(e number +$0e! On t(e 't(er (and) $+ I 'nly t($n% a number $n-eneral) /($,( may be e$t(er +$0e 'r a (undred) t($s t('u-(t $s rat(ert(e re*resentat$'n '+ a met('d '+ re*resent$n- $n an $ma-e a sum=e!-!) a t('usand> $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( a ,'n,e*t$'n) t(an t(e $ma-e$tsel+) an $ma-e /($,( I s('uld +$nd s'me l$ttle d$++$,ulty $n

re0$e/$n-) and ,'m*ar$n- /$t( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n! N'/ t($sre*resentat$'n '+ a -eneral *r',edure '+ t(e $ma-$nat$'n t' *resent$ts $ma-e t' a ,'n,e*t$'n) I ,all t(e s,(ema '+ t($s ,'n,e*t$'n!$

In trut() $t $s n't $ma-es '+ 'b&e,ts) but s,(emata) /($,( l$e att(e +'undat$'n '+ 'ur *ure sensu'us ,'n,e*t$'ns! N' $ma-e ,'uld e0erbe ade.uate t' 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a tr$an-le $n -eneral! F'r t(e-eneralness '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $t ne0er ,'uld atta$n t') as t($s$n,ludes under $tsel+ all tr$an-les) /(et(er r$-(t5an-led)a,ute5an-led) et,!) /($lst t(e $ma-e /'uld al/ays be l$m$ted t' as$n-le *art '+ t($s s*(ere! T(e s,(ema '+ t(e tr$an-le ,an e$st

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an 'b&e,t) m're 'r less) unt$l $t 0an$s(es $nt' n't($n- = ne-at$'>! T(us t(ere $s a relat$'n and ,'nne,t$'n bet/een real$tyand ne-at$'n) 'r rat(er a trans$t$'n +r'm t(e +'rmer t' t(e latter)/($,( ma%es e0ery real$ty re*resentable t' us as a .uantum4 and t(es,(ema '+ a real$ty as t(e .uant$ty '+ s'met($n- $n s' +ar as $t +$llst$me) $s ea,tly t($s ,'nt$nu'us and un$+'rm -enerat$'n '+ t(e real$ty$n t$me) as /e des,end $n t$me +r'm t(e sensat$'n /($,( (as a,erta$n de-ree) d'/n t' t(e 0an$s($n- t(ere'+) 'r -radually as,end

+r'm ne-at$'n t' t(e .uant$ty t(ere'+!+

T(e s,(ema '+ substan,e $s t(e *ermanen,e '+ t(e real $n t$me4t(at $s) t(e re*resentat$'n '+ $t as a substratum '+ t(e em*$r$,aldeterm$nat$'n '+ t$me4 a substratum /($,( t(ere+'re rema$ns) /($lstall else ,(an-es! =T$me *asses n't) but $n $t *asses t(e e$sten,e'+ t(e ,(an-eable! T' t$me) t(ere+'re) /($,( $s $tsel+ un,(an-eableand *ermanent) ,'rres*'nds t(at /($,( $n t(e *(en'men'n $sun,(an-eable $n e$sten,e) t(at $s) substan,e) and $t $s 'nly by $tt(at t(e su,,ess$'n and ,'e$sten,e '+ *(en'mena ,an be determ$ned$n re-ard t' t$me!>$

T(e s,(ema '+ ,ause and '+ t(e ,ausal$ty '+ a t($n- $s t(e real

/($,() /(en *'s$ted) $s al/ays +'ll'/ed by s'met($n- else! It,'ns$sts) t(ere+'re) $n t(e su,,ess$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld) $n s' +ar ast(at su,,ess$'n $s sub&e,ted t' a rule!t

T(e s,(ema '+ ,'mmun$ty =re,$*r',$ty '+ a,t$'n and rea,t$'n>) 'r t(ere,$*r',al ,ausal$ty '+ substan,es $n res*e,t '+ t(e$r a,,$dents) $st(e ,'e$sten,e '+ t(e determ$nat$'ns '+ t(e 'ne /$t( t('se '+ t(e't(er) a,,'rd$n- t' a -eneral rule!'

T(e s,(ema '+ *'ss$b$l$ty $s t(e a,,'rdan,e '+ t(e synt(es$s '+d$++erent re*resentat$'ns /$t( t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t$me $n -eneral=as) +'r eam*le) '**'s$tes ,ann't e$st t'-et(er at t(e same t$me$n t(e same t($n-) but 'nly a+ter ea,( 't(er>) and $s t(ere+'re t(e

determ$nat$'n '+ t(e re*resentat$'n '+ a t($n- at any t$me!d

T(e s,(ema '+ real$ty $s e$sten,e $n a determ$ned t$me!

T(e s,(ema '+ ne,ess$ty $s t(e e$sten,e '+ an 'b&e,t $n all t$me!

It $s ,lear) +r'm all t($s) t(at t(e s,(ema '+ t(e ,ate-'ry '+.uant$ty ,'nta$ns and re*resents t(e -enerat$'n =synt(es$s> '+ t$me$tsel+) $n t(e su,,ess$0e a**re(ens$'n '+ an 'b&e,t4 t(e s,(ema '+.ual$ty t(e synt(es$s '+ sensat$'n /$t( t(e re*resentat$'n '+ t$me) 'rt(e +$ll$n- u* '+ t$me4 t(e s,(ema '+ relat$'n t(e relat$'n '+*er,e*t$'ns t' ea,( 't(er $n all t$me =t(at $s) a,,'rd$n- t' a rule '+t(e determ$nat$'n '+ t$me>6 and +$nally) t(e s,(ema '+ m'dal$ty and

$ts ,ate-'r$es) t$me $tsel+) as t(e ,'rrelat$0e '+ t(e determ$nat$'n'+ an 'b&e,t5 /(et(er $t d'es bel'n- t' t$me) and ('/! T(e s,(emata)t(ere+'re) are n't($n- but a *r$'r$ determ$nat$'ns '+ t$me a,,'rd$n-t' rules) and t(ese) $n re-ard t' all *'ss$ble 'b&e,ts) +'ll'/$n-t(e arran-ement '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es) relate t' t(e ser$es $n t$me) t(e,'ntent $n t$me) t(e 'rder $n t$me) and +$nally) t' t(e ,'m*le 'rt'tal$ty $n t$me!t

Hen,e $t $s a**arent t(at t(e s,(emat$sm '+ t(e understand$n-) bymeans '+ t(e trans,endental synt(es$s '+ t(e $ma-$nat$'n) am'unts t'n't($n- else t(an t(e un$ty '+ t(e man$+'ld '+ $ntu$t$'n $n t(e

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$nternal sense) and t(us $nd$re,tly t' t(e un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n) as a+un,t$'n ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(e $nternal sense =a re,e*t$0$ty>! T(us)t(e s,(emata '+ t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- are t(e trueand 'nly ,'nd$t$'ns /(ereby 'ur understand$n- re,e$0es ana**l$,at$'n t' 'b&e,ts) and ,'nse.uently s$-n$+$,an,e! F$nally)t(ere+'re) t(e ,ate-'r$es are 'nly ,a*able '+ em*$r$,al use)$nasmu,( as t(ey ser0e merely t' sub&e,t *(en'mena t' t(e un$0ersalrules '+ synt(es$s) by means '+ an a *r$'r$ ne,essary un$ty ='n

a,,'unt '+ t(e ne,essary un$'n '+ all ,'ns,$'usness $n 'ne 'r$-$nala**er,e*t$'n>4 and s' t' render t(em sus,e*t$ble '+ a ,'m*lete,'nne,t$'n $n 'ne e*er$en,e! 3ut /$t($n t($s /('le '+ *'ss$blee*er$en,e l$e all 'ur ,'-n$t$'ns) and $n t(e un$0ersal relat$'n t't($s e*er$en,e ,'ns$sts trans,endental trut() /($,( ante,edes allem*$r$,al trut() and renders t(e latter *'ss$ble!e

It $s) ('/e0er) e0$dent at +$rst s$-(t) t(at alt('u-( t(e s,(emata'+ sens$b$l$ty are t(e s'le a-ents $n real$;$n- t(e ,ate-'r$es) t(eyd') ne0ert(eless) als' restr$,t t(em) t(at $s) t(ey l$m$t t(e,ate-'r$es by ,'nd$t$'ns /($,( l$e bey'nd t(e s*(ere '+ understand$n-5namely) $n sens$b$l$ty! Hen,e t(e s,(ema $s *r'*erly 'nly t(e*(en'men'n) 'r t(e sensu'us ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t $n (arm'ny /$t(

t(e ,ate-'ry! =Numerus est .uant$tas *(aen'men'n5 sensat$' real$tas*(aen'men'n4 ,'nstans et *erdurab$le rerum substant$a *(aen'men'n5aetern$tas) ne,ess$tas) *(aen'mena) et,!> N'/) $+ /e rem'0e arestr$,t$0e ,'nd$t$'n) /e t(ereby am*l$+y) $t a**ears) t(e +'rmerlyl$m$ted ,'n,e*t$'n! In t($s /ay) t(e ,ate-'r$es $n t(e$r *ures$-n$+$,at$'n) +ree +r'm all ,'nd$t$'ns '+ sens$b$l$ty) 'u-(t t' be0al$d '+ t($n-s as t(ey are) and n't) as t(e s,(emata re*resentt(em) merely as t(ey a**ear4 and ,'nse.uently t(e ,ate-'r$es must (a0ea s$-n$+$,an,e +ar m're etended) and /('lly $nde*endent '+ alls,(emata! In trut() t(ere d'es al/ays rema$n t' t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ t(e understand$n-) a+ter abstra,t$n- e0ery sensu'us ,'nd$t$'n) a0alue and s$-n$+$,an,e) /($,( $s) ('/e0er) merely l'-$,al! 3ut $n t($s,ase) n' 'b&e,t $s -$0en t(em) and t(ere+'re t(ey (a0e n' mean$n-

su++$,$ent t' a++'rd us a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t! T(e n't$'n '+substan,e) +'r eam*le) $+ /e lea0e 'ut t(e sensu'us determ$nat$'n'+ *ermanen,e) /'uld mean n't($n- m're t(an a s'met($n- /($,( ,an be,'-$tated as sub&e,t) /$t('ut t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ be,'m$n- a*red$,ate t' anyt($n- else! O+ t($s re*resentat$'n I ,an ma%e n't($n-)$nasmu,( as $t d'es n't $nd$,ate t' me /(at determ$nat$'ns t(e t($n-*'ssesses /($,( must t(us be 0al$d as *rem$er sub&e,t! C'nse.uently)t(e ,ate-'r$es) /$t('ut s,(emata are merely +un,t$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n- +'r t(e *r'du,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) but d' n'tre*resent any 'b&e,t! T($s s$-n$+$,an,e t(ey der$0e +r'msens$b$l$ty) /($,( at t(e same t$me real$;es t(e understand$n- andrestr$,ts $t!r

CHAPTER II! System '+ all Pr$n,$*les '+ t(e Pure Understand$n-!

In t(e +'re-'$n- ,(a*ter /e (a0e merely ,'ns$dered t(e -eneral,'nd$t$'ns under /($,( al'ne t(e trans,endental +a,ulty '+ &ud-ement$s &ust$+$ed $n us$n- t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- +'rsynt(et$,al &ud-ements! Our duty at *resent $s t' e($b$t $nsystemat$, ,'nne,t$'n t('se &ud-ements /($,( t(e understand$n-really *r'du,es a *r$'r$! F'r t($s *ur*'se) 'ur table '+ t(e,ate-'r$es /$ll ,erta$nly a++'rd us t(e natural and sa+e -u$dan,e! F'r$t $s *re,$sely t(e ,ate-'r$es /('se a**l$,at$'n t' *'ss$blee*er$en,e must ,'nst$tute all *ure a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e

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understand$n-4 and t(e relat$'n '+ /($,( t' sens$b$l$ty /$ll) 'nt(at 0ery a,,'unt) *resent us /$t( a ,'m*lete and systemat$, ,atal'-ue'+ all t(e trans,endental *r$n,$*les '+ t(e use '+ t(e understand$n-!'

Pr$n,$*les a *r$'r$ are s' ,alled) n't merely be,ause t(ey ,'nta$n$n t(emsel0es t(e -r'unds '+ 't(er &ud-ements) but als' be,ause t(eyt(emsel0es are n't -r'unded $n ($-(er and m're -eneral ,'-n$t$'ns!T($s *e,ul$ar$ty) ('/e0er) d'es n't ra$se t(em alt'-et(er ab'0e t(e

need '+ a *r''+! F'r alt('u-( t(ere ,'uld be +'und n' ($-(er,'-n$t$'n) and t(ere+'re n' 'b&e,t$0e *r''+) and alt('u-( su,( a*r$n,$*le rat(er ser0es as t(e +'undat$'n +'r all ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e'b&e,t) t($s by n' means ($nders us +r'm dra/$n- a *r''+ +r'm t(esub&e,t$0e s'ur,es '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t!Su,( a *r''+ $s ne,essary) m're'0er) be,ause /$t('ut $t t(e*r$n,$*le m$-(t be l$able t' t(e $m*utat$'n '+ be$n- a mere -ratu$t'usassert$'n!a

In t(e se,'nd *la,e) /e s(all l$m$t 'ur $n0est$-at$'ns t' t('se*r$n,$*les /($,( relate t' t(e ,ate-'r$es! F'r as t' t(e *r$n,$*les '+trans,endental aest(et$,) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( s*a,e and t$me are t(e,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s as *(en'mena) as als' t(e

restr$,t$'n '+ t(ese *r$n,$*les) namely) t(at t(ey ,ann't be a**l$edt' 'b&e,ts as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es5 t(ese) '+ ,'urse) d' n't +all/$t($n t(e s,'*e '+ 'ur *resent $n.u$ry! In l$%e manner) t(e*r$n,$*les '+ mat(emat$,al s,$en,e +'rm n' *art '+ t($s system)be,ause t(ey are all dra/n +r'm $ntu$t$'n) and n't +r'm t(e *ure,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-! T(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(ese*r$n,$*les) ('/e0er) /$ll ne,essar$ly be ,'ns$dered (ere) $nasmu,(as t(ey are synt(et$,al &ud-ements a *r$'r$) n't $ndeed +'r t(e*ur*'se '+ *r'0$n- t(e$r a,,ura,y and a*'de$,t$, ,erta$nty) /($,( $sunne,essary) but merely t' render ,'n,e$0able and dedu,e t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ su,( e0$dent a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'ns!*

3ut /e s(all (a0e als' t' s*ea% '+ t(e *r$n,$*le '+ analyt$,al

&ud-ements) $n '**'s$t$'n t' synt(et$,al &ud-ements) /($,( $s t(e*r'*er sub&e,t '+ 'ur $n.u$r$es) be,ause t($s 0ery '**'s$t$'n /$ll+ree t(e t(e'ry '+ t(e latter +r'm all amb$-u$ty) and *la,e $t ,learlybe+'re 'ur eyes $n $ts true nature!b

SJSTE" OF THE PRINCIP<ES OF THE PURE UN#ERSTAN#IN!

SECTION I! O+ t(e Su*reme Pr$n,$*le '+ all Analyt$,al ud-ements!

2(ate0er may be t(e ,'ntent '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n) and $n /(ate0er manner'ur ,'-n$t$'n may be related t' $ts 'b&e,t) t(e un$0ersal) alt('u-('nly ne-at$0e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ all 'ur &ud-ements $s t(at t(ey d' n't,'ntrad$,t t(emsel0es4 't(er/$se t(ese &ud-ements are $n t(emsel0es

=e0en /$t('ut res*e,t t' t(e 'b&e,t> n't($n-! 3ut alt('u-( t(ere maye$st n' ,'ntrad$,t$'n $n 'ur &ud-ement) $t may ne0ert(eless ,'nne,t,'n,e*t$'ns $n su,( a manner t(at t(ey d' n't ,'rres*'nd t' t(e'b&e,t) 'r /$t('ut any -r'unds e$t(er a *r$'r$ 'r a *'ster$'r$ +'rarr$0$n- at su,( a &ud-ement) and t(us) /$t('ut be$n-sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry) a &ud-ement may ne0ert(eless be e$t(er +alse 'r-r'undless!-

N'/) t(e *r'*'s$t$'n6 9N' sub&e,t ,an (a0e a *red$,ate t(at,'ntrad$,ts $t)9 $s ,alled t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,'ntrad$,t$'n) and $s aun$0ersal but *urely ne-at$0e ,r$ter$'n '+ all trut(! 3ut $t bel'n-s

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t' l'-$, al'ne) be,ause $t $s 0al$d '+ ,'-n$t$'ns) merely as,'-n$t$'ns and /$t('ut res*e,t t' t(e$r ,'ntent) and de,lares t(at t(e,'ntrad$,t$'n ent$rely null$+$es t(em! 2e ,an als') ('/e0er) ma%e a*'s$t$0e use '+ t($s *r$n,$*le) t(at $s) n't merely t' ban$s(+alse(''d and err'r =$n s' +ar as $t rests u*'n ,'ntrad$,t$'n>) butals' +'r t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ trut(! F'r $+ t(e &ud-ement $s analyt$,al)be $t a++$rmat$0e 'r ne-at$0e) $ts trut( must al/ays be re,'-n$;ableby means '+ t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,'ntrad$,t$'n! F'r t(e ,'ntrary '+ t(at

/($,( l$es and $s ,'-$tated as ,'n,e*t$'n $n t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e'b&e,t /$ll be al/ays *r'*erly ne-at$0ed) but t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $tsel+must al/ays be a++$rmed '+ t(e 'b&e,t) $nasmu,( as t(e ,'ntraryt(ere'+ /'uld be $n ,'ntrad$,t$'n t' t(e 'b&e,t!t

2e must t(ere+'re ('ld t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,'ntrad$,t$'n t' be t(eun$0ersal and +ully su++$,$ent Pr$n,$*le '+ all analyt$,al,'-n$t$'n! 3ut as a su++$,$ent ,r$ter$'n '+ trut() $t (as n' +urt(erut$l$ty 'r aut('r$ty! F'r t(e +a,t t(at n' ,'-n$t$'n ,an be at0ar$an,e /$t( t($s *r$n,$*le /$t('ut null$+y$n- $tsel+) ,'nst$tutest($s *r$n,$*le t(e s$ne .ua n'n) but n't t(e determ$n$n- -r'und '+ t(etrut( '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n! As 'ur bus$ness at *resent $s *r'*erly /$t(t(e synt(et$,al *art '+ 'ur %n'/led-e 'nly) /e s(all al/ays be 'n

'ur -uard n't t' trans-ress t($s $n0$'lable *r$n,$*le4 but at t(e samet$me n't t' e*e,t +r'm $t any d$re,t ass$stan,e $n t(eestabl$s(ment '+ t(e trut( '+ any synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n!e

T(ere e$sts) ('/e0er) a +'rmula '+ t($s ,elebrated *r$n,$*le5 a*r$n,$*le merely +'rmal and ent$rely /$t('ut ,'ntent5 /($,( ,'nta$ns asynt(es$s t(at (as been $nad0ertently and .u$te unne,essar$ly m$ed u*/$t( $t! It $s t($s6 9It $s $m*'ss$ble +'r a t($n- t' be and n't t' beat t(e same t$me!9 N't t' ment$'n t(e su*er+lu'usness '+ t(eadd$t$'n '+ t(e /'rd $m*'ss$ble t' $nd$,ate t(e a*'de$,t$,,erta$nty) /($,( 'u-(t t' be sel+5e0$dent +r'm t(e *r'*'s$t$'n $tsel+)t(e *r'*'s$t$'n $s a++e,ted by t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t$me) and as $t /eresays6 9A t($n- A) /($,( $s s'met($n- 3) ,ann't at t(e same t$me be

n'n53!9 3ut b't() 3 as /ell as n'n53) may .u$te /ell e$st $nsu,,ess$'n! F'r eam*le) a man /(' $s y'un- ,ann't at t(e same t$me be'ld4 but t(e same man ,an 0ery /ell be at 'ne t$me y'un-) and atan't(er n't y'un-) t(at $s) 'ld! N'/ t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,'ntrad$,t$'n asa merely l'-$,al *r'*'s$t$'n must n't by any means l$m$t $tsa**l$,at$'n merely t' relat$'ns '+ t$me) and ,'nse.uently a +'rmulal$%e t(e *re,ed$n- $s .u$te +'re$-n t' $ts true *ur*'se! T(em$sunderstand$n- ar$ses $n t($s /ay! 2e +$rst '+ all se*arate a*red$,ate '+ a t($n- +r'm t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e t($n-) anda+ter/ards ,'nne,t /$t( t($s *red$,ate $ts '**'s$te) and (en,e d'n't establ$s( any ,'ntrad$,t$'n /$t( t(e sub&e,t) but 'nly /$t( $ts*red$,ate) /($,( (as been ,'n&'$ned /$t( t(e sub&e,t synt(et$,ally5a ,'ntrad$,t$'n) m're'0er) /($,( 'bta$ns 'nly /(en t(e +$rst and

se,'nd *red$,ate are a++$rmed $n t(e same t$me! I+ I say6 9A man /('$s $-n'rant $s n't learned)9 t(e ,'nd$t$'n 9at t(e same t$me9 mustbe added) +'r (e /(' $s at 'ne t$me $-n'rant) may at an't(er belearned! 3ut $+ I say6 9N' $-n'rant man $s a learned man)9 t(e*r'*'s$t$'n $s analyt$,al) be,ause t(e ,(ara,ter$st$, $-n'ran,e $s n'/a ,'nst$tuent *art '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e sub&e,t4 and $n t($s,ase t(e ne-at$0e *r'*'s$t$'n $s e0$dent $mmed$ately +r'm t(e*r'*'s$t$'n '+ ,'ntrad$,t$'n) /$t('ut t(e ne,ess$ty '+ add$n- t(e,'nd$t$'n 9t(e same t$me!9 T($s $s t(e reas'n /(y I (a0e altered t(e+'rmula '+ t($s *r$n,$*le5 an alterat$'n /($,( s('/s 0ery ,learlyt(e nature '+ an analyt$,al *r'*'s$t$'n!

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t

SECTION II! O+ t(e Su*reme Pr$n,$*le '+ all Synt(et$,al ud-ements!

T(e e*lanat$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ synt(et$,al &ud-ements $s atas% /$t( /($,( -eneral l'-$, (as n't($n- t' d'4 $ndeed s(e needsn't e0en be a,.ua$nted /$t( $ts name! 3ut $n trans,endental l'-$, $t$s t(e m'st $m*'rtant matter t' be dealt /$t(5 $ndeed t(e 'nly 'ne) $+t(e .uest$'n $s '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ synt(et$,al &ud-ements a *r$'r$)

t(e ,'nd$t$'ns and etent '+ t(e$r 0al$d$ty! F'r /(en t($s .uest$'n $s+ully de,$ded) $t ,an rea,( $ts a$m /$t( *er+e,t ease) t(edeterm$nat$'n) t' /$t) '+ t(e etent and l$m$ts '+ t(e *ureunderstand$n-!u

In an analyt$,al &ud-ement I d' n't -' bey'nd t(e -$0en,'n,e*t$'n) $n 'rder t' arr$0e at s'me de,$s$'n res*e,t$n- $t! I+t(e &ud-ement $s a++$rmat$0e) I *red$,ate '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n 'nlyt(at /($,( /as already ,'-$tated $n $t4 $+ ne-at$0e) I merelye,lude +r'm t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $ts ,'ntrary! 3ut $n synt(et$,al&ud-ements) I must -' bey'nd t(e -$0en ,'n,e*t$'n) $n 'rder t','-$tate) $n relat$'n /$t( $t) s'met($n- .u$te d$++erent +r'm t(at/($,( /as ,'-$tated $n $t) a relat$'n /($,( $s ,'nse.uently ne0er

'ne e$t(er '+ $dent$ty 'r ,'ntrad$,t$'n) and by means '+ /($,( t(etrut( 'r err'r '+ t(e &ud-ement ,ann't be d$s,erned merely +r'm t(e&ud-ement $tsel+!&

ranted) t(en) t(at /e must -' 'ut bey'nd a -$0en ,'n,e*t$'n) $n'rder t' ,'m*are $t synt(et$,ally /$t( an't(er) a t($rd t($n- $sne,essary) $n /($,( al'ne t(e synt(es$s '+ t/' ,'n,e*t$'ns ,an'r$-$nate! N'/ /(at $s t($s tert$um .u$d t(at $s t' be t(e med$um '+all synt(et$,al &ud-ements@ It $s 'nly a ,'m*le $n /($,( all 'urre*resentat$'ns are ,'nta$ned) t(e $nternal sense t' /$t) and $ts +'rma *r$'r$) t$me!a

T(e synt(es$s '+ 'ur re*resentat$'ns rests u*'n t(e $ma-$nat$'n4

t(e$r synt(et$,al un$ty =/($,( $s re.u$s$te t' a &ud-ement>) u*'nt(e un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n! In t($s) t(ere+'re) $s t' be s'u-(t t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ synt(et$,al &ud-ements) and as all t(ree ,'nta$n t(es'ur,es '+ a *r$'r$ re*resentat$'ns) t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ *uresynt(et$,al &ud-ements als'4 nay) t(ey are ne,essary u*'n t(ese-r'unds) $+ /e are t' *'ssess a %n'/led-e '+ 'b&e,ts) /($,( restss'lely u*'n t(e synt(es$s '+ re*resentat$'ns!s

I+ a ,'-n$t$'n $s t' (a0e 'b&e,t$0e real$ty) t(at $s) t' relate t'an 'b&e,t) and *'ssess sense and mean$n- $n res*e,t t' $t) $t $sne,essary t(at t(e 'b&e,t be -$0en $n s'me /ay 'r an't(er! 2$t('utt($s) 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns are em*ty) and /e may $ndeed (a0e t('u-(t bymeans '+ t(em) but by su,( t($n%$n- /e (a0e n't) $n +a,t) ,'-n$;ed

anyt($n-) /e (a0e merely *layed /$t( re*resentat$'n! T' -$0e an'b&e,t) $+ t($s e*ress$'n be underst''d $n t(e sense '+ 9t'*resent9 t(e 'b&e,t) n't med$ately but $mmed$ately $n $ntu$t$'n) meansn't($n- else t(an t' a**ly t(e re*resentat$'n '+ $t t' e*er$en,e)be t(at e*er$en,e real 'r 'nly *'ss$ble! S*a,e and t$me t(emsel0es)*ure as t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns are +r'm all t(at $s em*$r$,al) and,erta$n as $t $s t(at t(ey are re*resented +ully a *r$'r$ $n t(e m$nd)/'uld be ,'m*letely /$t('ut 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty) and /$t('ut senseand s$-n$+$,an,e) $+ t(e$r ne,essary use $n t(e 'b&e,ts '+e*er$en,e /ere n't s('/n! Nay) t(e re*resentat$'n '+ t(em $s a meres,(ema) t(at al/ays relates t' t(e re*r'du,t$0e $ma-$nat$'n) /($,(

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,alls u* t(e 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e) /$t('ut /($,( t(ey (a0e n'mean$n-! And s' $t $s /$t( all ,'n,e*t$'ns /$t('ut d$st$n,t$'n!m

T(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e $s) t(en) t(at /($,( -$0es 'b&e,t$0ereal$ty t' all 'ur a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'ns! N'/ e*er$en,e de*ends u*'nt(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+ *(en'mena) t(at $s) u*'n a synt(es$sa,,'rd$n- t' ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e 'b&e,t '+ *(en'mena $n -eneral) asynt(es$s /$t('ut /($,( e*er$en,e ne0er ,'uld be,'me %n'/led-e) but

/'uld be merely a r(a*s'dy '+ *er,e*t$'ns) ne0er +$tt$n- t'-et(er $nt'any ,'nne,ted tet) a,,'rd$n- t' rules '+ a t('r'u-(ly un$ted=*'ss$ble> ,'ns,$'usness) and t(ere+'re ne0er sub&e,ted t' t(etrans,endental and ne,essary un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n! E*er$en,e (ast(ere+'re +'r a +'undat$'n) a *r$'r$ *r$n,$*les '+ $ts +'rm) t(at $st' say) -eneral rules '+ un$ty $n t(e synt(es$s '+ *(en'mena) t(e'b&e,t$0e real$ty '+ /($,( rules) as ne,essary ,'nd$t$'ns e0en '+t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e ,an /($,( rules) as ne,essary,'nd$t$'ns5 e0en '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e5 ,an al/ays be s('/n$n e*er$en,e! 3ut a*art +r'm t($s relat$'n) a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'ns are abs'lutely $m*'ss$ble) be,ause t(ey (a0e n' t($rdterm) t(at $s) n' *ure 'b&e,t) $n /($,( t(e synt(et$,al un$ty ,ane($b$t t(e 'b&e,t$0e real$ty '+ $ts ,'n,e*t$'ns!e

Alt('u-() t(en) res*e,t$n- s*a,e) 'r t(e +'rms /($,( *r'du,t$0e$ma-$nat$'n des,r$bes t(ere$n) /e d' ,'-n$;e mu,( a *r$'r$ $nsynt(et$,al &ud-ements) and are really $n n' need '+ e*er$en,e +'rt($s *ur*'se) su,( %n'/led-e /'uld ne0ert(eless am'unt t' n't($n-but a busy tr$+l$n- /$t( a mere ,($mera) /ere n't s*a,e t' be,'ns$dered as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *(en'mena /($,( ,'nst$tute t(emater$al '+ eternal e*er$en,e! Hen,e t('se *ure synt(et$,al&ud-ements d' relate) t('u-( but med$ately) t' *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) 'rrat(er t' t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e) and u*'n t(at al'ne $s+'unded t(e 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty '+ t(e$r synt(es$s!+

2($le t(en) 'n t(e 'ne (and) e*er$en,e) as em*$r$,al synt(es$s)

$s t(e 'nly *'ss$ble m'de '+ ,'-n$t$'n /($,( -$0es real$ty t' all't(er synt(es$s4 'n t(e 't(er (and) t($s latter synt(es$s) as,'-n$t$'n a *r$'r$) *'ssesses trut() t(at $s) a,,'rdan,e /$t( $ts'b&e,t) 'nly $n s' +ar as $t ,'nta$ns n't($n- m're t(an /(at $sne,essary t' t(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+ e*er$en,e!n

A,,'rd$n-ly) t(e su*reme *r$n,$*le '+ all synt(et$,al &ud-ements $s69E0ery 'b&e,t $s sub&e,t t' t(e ne,essary ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(esynt(et$,al un$ty '+ t(e man$+'ld '+ $ntu$t$'n $n a *'ss$blee*er$en,e!9e

A *r$'r$ synt(et$,al &ud-ements are *'ss$ble /(en /e a**ly t(e+'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e a *r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n) t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e

$ma-$nat$'n) and t(e ne,essary un$ty '+ t(at synt(es$s $n atrans,endental a**er,e*t$'n) t' a *'ss$ble ,'-n$t$'n '+ e*er$en,e)and say6 9T(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e $n -eneralare at t(e same t$me ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e 'b&e,ts '+e*er$en,e) and (a0e) +'r t(at reas'n) 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty $n an a*r$'r$ synt(et$,al &ud-ement!9*

SECTION III! Systemat$, Re*resentat$'n '+ all Synt(et$,al

Pr$n,$*les '+ t(e Pure Understand$n-!

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T(at *r$n,$*les e$st at all $s t' be as,r$bed s'lely t' t(e *ureunderstand$n-) /($,( $s n't 'nly t(e +a,ulty '+ rules $n re-ard t't(at /($,( (a**ens) but $s e0en t(e s'ur,e '+ *r$n,$*les a,,'rd$n-t' /($,( e0eryt($n- t(at ,an be *resented t' us as an 'b&e,t $sne,essar$ly sub&e,t t' rules) be,ause /$t('ut su,( rules /e ne0er,'uld atta$n t' ,'-n$t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t! E0en t(e la/s '+ nature) $+t(ey are ,'ntem*lated as *r$n,$*les '+ t(e em*$r$,al use '+ t(eunderstand$n-) *'ssess als' a ,(ara,ter$st$, '+ ne,ess$ty) and /e

may t(ere+'re at least e*e,t t(em t' be determ$ned u*'n -r'unds /($,(are 0al$d a *r$'r$ and ante,edent t' all e*er$en,e! 3ut all la/s '+nature) /$t('ut d$st$n,t$'n) are sub&e,t t' ($-(er *r$n,$*les '+ t(eunderstand$n-) $nasmu,( as t(e +'rmer are merely a**l$,at$'ns '+ t(elatter t' *art$,ular ,ases '+ e*er$en,e! T(ese ($-(er *r$n,$*lesal'ne t(ere+'re -$0e t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) /($,( ,'nta$ns t(e ne,essary,'nd$t$'n) and) as $t /ere) t(e e*'nent '+ a rule4 e*er$en,e) 'n t(e't(er (and) -$0es t(e ,ase /($,( ,'mes under t(e rule!'

T(ere $s n' dan-er '+ 'ur m$sta%$n- merely em*$r$,al *r$n,$*les+'r *r$n,$*les '+ t(e *ure understand$n-) 'r ,'n0ersely4 +'r t(e,(ara,ter '+ ne,ess$ty) a,,'rd$n- t' ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( d$st$n-u$s( t(elatter) and t(e absen,e '+ t($s $n e0ery em*$r$,al *r'*'s$t$'n) ('/

etens$0ely 0al$d s'e0er $t may be) $s a *er+e,t sa+e-uard a-a$nst,'n+'und$n- t(em! T(ere are) ('/e0er) *ure *r$n,$*les a *r$'r$)/($,( ne0ert(eless I s('uld n't as,r$be t' t(e *ure understand$n-5 +'rt($s reas'n) t(at t(ey are n't der$0ed +r'm *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns) but=alt('u-( by t(e med$at$'n '+ t(e understand$n-> +r'm *ure $ntu$t$'ns!3ut understand$n- $s t(e +a,ulty '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns! Su,( *r$n,$*lesmat(emat$,al s,$en,e *'ssesses) but t(e$r a**l$,at$'n t' e*er$en,e),'nse.uently t(e$r 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty) nay t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ su,( a*r$'r$ synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'ns =t(e dedu,t$'n t(ere'+> rests ent$relyu*'n t(e *ure understand$n-!u

On t($s a,,'unt) I s(all n't re,%'n am'n- my *r$n,$*les t('se '+mat(emat$,s4 t('u-( I s(all $n,lude t('se u*'n t(e *'ss$b$l$ty and

'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty a *r$'r$) '+ *r$n,$*les '+ t(e mat(emat$,als,$en,e) /($,() ,'nse.uently) are t' be l''%ed u*'n as t(e *r$n,$*le'+ t(ese) and /($,( *r',eed +r'm ,'n,e*t$'ns t' $ntu$t$'n) and n't+r'm $ntu$t$'n t' ,'n,e*t$'ns!+

In t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- t'*'ss$ble e*er$en,e) t(e em*l'yment '+ t(e$r synt(es$s $s e$t(ermat(emat$,al 'r dynam$,al) +'r $t $s d$re,ted *artly 'n t(e$ntu$t$'n al'ne) *artly 'n t(e e$sten,e '+ a *(en'men'n! 3ut t(e a*r$'r$ ,'nd$t$'ns '+ $ntu$t$'n are $n relat$'n t' a *'ss$blee*er$en,e abs'lutely ne,essary) t('se '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ 'b&e,ts'+ a *'ss$ble em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n are $n t(emsel0es ,'nt$n-ent!Hen,e t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e mat(emat$,al use '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es /$ll

*'ssess a ,(ara,ter '+ abs'lute ne,ess$ty) t(at $s) /$ll bea*'de$,t$,4 t('se) 'n t(e 't(er (and) '+ t(e dynam$,al use) t(e,(ara,ter '+ an a *r$'r$ ne,ess$ty $ndeed) but 'nly under t(e,'nd$t$'n '+ em*$r$,al t('u-(t $n an e*er$en,e) t(ere+'re 'nlymed$ately and $nd$re,tly! C'nse.uently t(ey /$ll n't *'ssess t(at$mmed$ate e0$den,e /($,( $s *e,ul$ar t' t(e +'rmer) alt('u-( t(e$ra**l$,at$'n t' e*er$en,e d'es n't) +'r t(at reas'n) l'se $ts trut(and ,ert$tude! 3ut '+ t($s *'$nt /e s(all be better able t' &ud-e att(e ,'n,lus$'n '+ t($s system '+ *r$n,$*les!t

T(e table '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es $s naturally 'ur -u$de t' t(e table '+

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*r$n,$*les) be,ause t(ese are n't($n- else t(an rules +'r t(e'b&e,t$0e em*l'yment '+ t(e +'rmer! A,,'rd$n-ly) all *r$n,$*les '+ t(e*ure understand$n- are6*

1

A$'ms

'+ Intu$t$'n

B

Ant$,$*at$'ns Anal'-$es

'+ Per,e*t$'n '+ E*er$en,e

P'stulates '+

Em*$r$,al T('u-(t

$n -eneral

T(ese a**ellat$'ns I (a0e ,('sen ad0$sedly) $n 'rder t(at /e m$-(tn't l'se s$-(t '+ t(e d$st$n,t$'ns $n res*e,t '+ t(e e0$den,e andt(e em*l'yment '+ t(ese *r$n,$*les! It /$ll) ('/e0er) s''n a**eart(at5 a +a,t /($,( ,'n,erns b't( t(e e0$den,e '+ t(ese *r$n,$*les) andt(e a *r$'r$ determ$nat$'n '+ *(en'mena5 a,,'rd$n- t' t(e ,ate-'r$es'+ .uant$ty and .ual$ty =$+ /e attend merely t' t(e +'rm '+ t(ese>)t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(ese ,ate-'r$es are d$st$n-u$s(able +r'm t('se '+t(e t/' 't(ers) $n as mu,( as t(e +'rmer are *'ssessed '+ an$ntu$t$0e) but t(e latter '+ a merely d$s,urs$0e) t('u-( $n b't($nstan,es a ,'m*lete) ,ert$tude! I s(all t(ere+'re ,all t(e +'rmer

mat(emat$,al) and t(e latter dynam$,al *r$n,$*les! It must be'bser0ed) ('/e0er) t(at by t(ese terms I mean &ust as l$ttle $n t(e'ne ,ase t(e *r$n,$*les '+ mat(emat$,s as t('se '+ -eneral=*(ys$,al> dynam$,s $n t(e 't(er! I (a0e (ere $n 0$e/ merely t(e*r$n,$*les '+ t(e *ure understand$n-) $n t(e$r a**l$,at$'n t' t(e$nternal sense =/$t('ut d$st$n,t$'n '+ t(e re*resentat$'ns -$0ent(ere$n>) by means '+ /($,( t(e s,$en,es '+ mat(emat$,s and dynam$,sbe,'me *'ss$ble! A,,'rd$n-ly) I (a0e named t(ese *r$n,$*les rat(er/$t( re+eren,e t' t(e$r a**l$,at$'n t(an t(e$r ,'ntent4 and I s(alln'/ *r',eed t' ,'ns$der t(em $n t(e 'rder $n /($,( t(ey stand $n t(etable!t

All ,'mb$nat$'n =,'n&un,t$'> $s e$t(er ,'m*'s$t$'n =,'m*'s$t$'>

'r ,'nne,t$'n =neus>! T(e +'rmer $s t(e synt(es$s '+ a man$+'ld)t(e *arts '+ /($,( d' n't ne,essar$ly bel'n- t' ea,( 't(er! F'ream*le) t(e t/' tr$an-les $nt' /($,( a s.uare $s d$0$ded by ad$a-'nal) d' n't ne,essar$ly bel'n- t' ea,( 't(er) and '+ t($s %$nd $st(e synt(es$s '+ t(e ('m'-ene'us $n e0eryt($n- t(at ,an bemat(emat$,ally ,'ns$dered! T($s synt(es$s ,an be d$0$ded $nt' t('se '+a--re-at$'n and ,'al$t$'n) t(e +'rmer '+ /($,( $s a**l$ed t'etens$0e) t(e latter t' $ntens$0e .uant$t$es! T(e se,'nd s'rt '+,'mb$nat$'n =neus> $s t(e synt(es$s '+ a man$+'ld) $n s' +ar as $ts*arts d' bel'n- ne,essar$ly t' ea,( 't(er4 +'r eam*le) t(e a,,$dentt' a substan,e) 'r t(e e++e,t t' t(e ,ause! C'nse.uently $t $s a

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synt(es$s '+ t(at /($,( t('u-( (eter'-ene'us) $s re*resented as,'nne,ted a *r$'r$! T($s ,'mb$nat$'n5 n't an arb$trary 'ne5 Ient$tle dynam$,al be,ause $t ,'n,erns t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ t(ee$sten,e '+ t(e man$+'ld! T($s) a-a$n) may be d$0$ded $nt' t(e*(ys$,al synt(es$s) '+ t(e *(en'mena d$0$ded am'n- ea,( 't(er) and t(emeta*(ys$,al synt(es$s) 'r t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ *(en'mena a *r$'r$ $n t(e+a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n!+

1! AIO"S OF INTUITION!

T(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(ese $s6 All Intu$t$'ns are Etens$0e

Quant$t$es!

PROOF!

All *(en'mena ,'nta$n) as re-ards t(e$r +'rm) an $ntu$t$'n $ns*a,e and t$me) /($,( l$es a *r$'r$ at t(e +'undat$'n '+ all /$t('ute,e*t$'n! P(en'mena) t(ere+'re) ,ann't be a**re(ended) t(at $s)re,e$0ed $nt' em*$r$,al ,'ns,$'usness 't(er/$se t(an t(r'u-( t(esynt(es$s '+ a man$+'ld) t(r'u-( /($,( t(e re*resentat$'ns '+ a

determ$nate s*a,e 'r t$me are -enerated4 t(at $s t' say) t(r'u-( t(e,'m*'s$t$'n '+ t(e ('m'-ene'us and t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ t(esynt(et$,al un$ty '+ t($s man$+'ld =('m'-ene'us>! N'/ t(e,'ns,$'usness '+ a ('m'-ene'us man$+'ld $n $ntu$t$'n) $n s' +ar ast(ereby t(e re*resentat$'n '+ an 'b&e,t $s rendered *'ss$ble) $s t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ a .uant$ty =.uant$>! C'nse.uently) e0en t(e *er,e*t$'n'+ an 'b&e,t as *(en'men'n $s *'ss$ble 'nly t(r'u-( t(e samesynt(et$,al un$ty '+ t(e man$+'ld '+ t(e -$0en sensu'us $ntu$t$'n)t(r'u-( /($,( t(e un$ty '+ t(e ,'m*'s$t$'n '+ t(e ('m'-ene'us man$+'ld$n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a .uant$ty $s ,'-$tated4 t(at $s t' say) all*(en'mena are .uant$t$es) and etens$0e .uant$t$es) be,ause as$ntu$t$'ns $n s*a,e 'r t$me t(ey must be re*resented by means '+ t(esame synt(es$s t(r'u-( /($,( s*a,e and t$me t(emsel0es are determ$ned!s

An etens$0e .uant$ty I ,all t(at /(ere$n t(e re*resentat$'n '+t(e *arts renders *'ss$ble =and t(ere+'re ne,essar$ly ante,edes> t(ere*resentat$'n '+ t(e /('le! I ,ann't re*resent t' mysel+ any l$ne)('/e0er small) /$t('ut dra/$n- $t $n t('u-(t) t(at $s) /$t('ut-enerat$n- +r'm a *'$nt all $ts *arts 'ne a+ter an't(er) and $n t($s/ay al'ne *r'du,$n- t($s $ntu$t$'n! Pre,$sely t(e same $s t(e ,ase/$t( e0ery) e0en t(e smallest) *'rt$'n '+ t$me! I ,'-$tate t(ere$n'nly t(e su,,ess$0e *r'-ress +r'm 'ne m'ment t' an't(er) and (en,e) bymeans '+ t(e d$++erent *'rt$'ns '+ t$me and t(e add$t$'n '+ t(em) adeterm$nate .uant$ty '+ t$me $s *r'du,ed! As t(e *ure $ntu$t$'n $n all*(en'mena $s e$t(er t$me 'r s*a,e) s' $s e0ery *(en'men'n $n $ts,(ara,ter '+ $ntu$t$'n an etens$0e .uant$ty) $nasmu,( as $t ,an

'nly be ,'-n$;ed $n 'ur a**re(ens$'n by su,,ess$0e synt(es$s =+r'm*art t' *art>! All *(en'mena are) a,,'rd$n-ly) t' be ,'ns$dered asa--re-ates) t(at $s) as a ,'lle,t$'n '+ *re0$'usly -$0en *arts4/($,( $s n't t(e ,ase /$t( e0ery s'rt '+ .uant$t$es) but 'nly /$t(t('se /($,( are re*resented and a**re(ended by us as etens$0e!t

On t($s su,,ess$0e synt(es$s '+ t(e *r'du,t$0e $ma-$nat$'n) $n t(e-enerat$'n '+ +$-ures) $s +'unded t(e mat(emat$,s '+ etens$'n) 'r-e'metry) /$t( $ts a$'ms) /($,( e*ress t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ sensu'us$ntu$t$'n a *r$'r$) under /($,( al'ne t(e s,(ema '+ a *ure,'n,e*t$'n '+ eternal $ntu$t$'n ,an e$st4 +'r eam*le) 9be t/een t/'

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*'$nts 'nly 'ne stra$-(t l$ne $s *'ss$ble)9 9t/' stra$-(t l$nes ,ann'ten,l'se a s*a,e)9 et,! T(ese are t(e a$'ms /($,( *r'*erly relate 'nlyt' .uant$t$es =.uanta> as su,(!t

3ut) as re-ards t(e .uant$ty '+ a t($n- =.uant$tas>) t(at $s t' say)t(e ans/er t' t(e .uest$'n6 9H'/ lar-e $s t($s 'r t(at 'b&e,t@9alt('u-() $n res*e,t t' t($s .uest$'n) /e (a0e 0ar$'us *r'*'s$t$'nssynt(et$,al and $mmed$ately ,erta$n =$ndem'nstrab$l$a>4 /e (a0e) $n

t(e *r'*er sense '+ t(e term) n' a$'ms! F'r eam*le) t(e*r'*'s$t$'ns6 9I+ e.uals be added t' e.uals) t(e /('les are e.ual949I+ e.uals be ta%en +r'm e.uals) t(e rema$nders are e.ual94 areanalyt$,al) be,ause I am $mmed$ately ,'ns,$'us '+ t(e $dent$ty '+t(e *r'du,t$'n '+ t(e 'ne .uant$ty /$t( t(e *r'du,t$'n '+ t(e 't(er4/(ereas a$'ms must be a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns! On t(e 't(er(and) t(e sel+5e0$dent *r'*'s$t$'ns as t' t(e relat$'n '+ numbers) are,erta$nly synt(et$,al but n't un$0ersal) l$%e t('se '+ -e'metry) and+'r t($s reas'n ,ann't be ,alled a$'ms) but numer$,al +'rmulae!T(at 7 G 1B $s n't an analyt$,al *r'*'s$t$'n! F'r ne$t(er $n t(ere*resentat$'n '+ se0en) n'r '+ +$0e) n'r '+ t(e ,'m*'s$t$'n '+ t(et/' numbers) d' I ,'-$tate t(e number t/el0e! =2(et(er I ,'-$tatet(e number $n t(e add$t$'n '+ b't() $s n't at *resent t(e .uest$'n4

+'r $n t(e ,ase '+ an analyt$,al *r'*'s$t$'n) t(e 'nly *'$nt $s/(et(er I really ,'-$tate t(e *red$,ate $n t(e re*resentat$'n '+ t(esub&e,t!> 3ut alt('u-( t(e *r'*'s$t$'n $s synt(et$,al) $t $sne0ert(eless 'nly a s$n-ular *r'*'s$t$'n! In s' +ar as re-ard $s(ere (ad merely t' t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e ('m'-ene'us =t(e un$ts>) $t,ann't ta%e *la,e e,e*t $n 'ne manner) alt('u-( 'ur use '+ t(esenumbers $s a+ter/ards -eneral! I+ I say6 9A tr$an-le ,an be,'nstru,ted /$t( t(ree l$nes) any t/' '+ /($,( ta%en t'-et(er are-reater t(an t(e t($rd)9 I eer,$se merely t(e *ure +un,t$'n '+ t(e*r'du,t$0e $ma-$nat$'n) /($,( may dra/ t(e l$nes l'n-er 'r s('rter and,'nstru,t t(e an-les at $ts *leasure! On t(e ,'ntrary) t(e numberse0en $s *'ss$ble 'nly $n 'ne manner) and s' $s l$%e/$se t(e numbert/el0e) /($,( results +r'm t(e synt(es$s '+ se0en and +$0e! Su,(

*r'*'s$t$'ns) t(en) ,ann't be termed a$'ms =+'r $n t(at ,ase /es('uld (a0e an $n+$n$ty '+ t(ese>) but numer$,al +'rmulae!s

T($s trans,endental *r$n,$*le '+ t(e mat(emat$,s '+ *(en'mena-reatly enlar-es 'ur a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n! F'r $t $s by t($s *r$n,$*leal'ne t(at *ure mat(emat$,s $s rendered a**l$,able $n all $ts*re,$s$'n t' 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e) and /$t('ut $t t(e 0al$d$ty '+t($s a**l$,at$'n /'uld n't be s' sel+5e0$dent4 'n t(e ,'ntrary),'ntrad$,t$'ns and ,'n+us$'ns (a0e '+ten ar$sen 'n t($s 0ery *'$nt!P(en'mena are n't t($n-s $n t(emsel0es! Em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n $s*'ss$ble 'nly t(r'u-( *ure $ntu$t$'n ='+ s*a,e and t$me>4,'nse.uently) /(at -e'metry a++$rms '+ t(e latter) $s $nd$s*utably0al$d '+ t(e +'rmer! All e0as$'ns) su,( as t(e statement t(at

'b&e,ts '+ sense d' n't ,'n+'rm t' t(e rules '+ ,'nstru,t$'n $ns*a,e =+'r eam*le) t' t(e rule '+ t(e $n+$n$te d$0$s$b$l$ty '+l$nes 'r an-les>) must +all t' t(e -r'und! F'r) $+ t(ese 'b&e,t$'ns('ld -''d) /e deny t' s*a,e) and /$t( $t t' all mat(emat$,s) 'b&e,t$0e0al$d$ty) and n' l'n-er %n'/ /(ere+'re) and ('/ +ar) mat(emat$,s ,anbe a**l$ed t' *(en'mena! T(e synt(es$s '+ s*a,es and t$mes as t(eessent$al +'rm '+ all $ntu$t$'n) $s t(at /($,( renders *'ss$ble t(ea**re(ens$'n '+ a *(en'men'n) and t(ere+'re e0ery eternal e*er$en,e),'nse.uently all ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e4 and/(ate0er mat(emat$,s $n $ts *ure use *r'0es '+ t(e +'rmer) mustne,essar$ly ('ld -''d '+ t(e latter! All 'b&e,t$'ns are but t(e

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,($,aner$es '+ an $ll5$nstru,ted reas'n) /($,( err'ne'usly t($n%s t'l$berate t(e 'b&e,ts '+ sense +r'm t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ 'ursens$b$l$ty) and re*resents t(ese) alt('u-( mere *(en'mena) ast($n-s $n t(emsel0es) *resented as su,( t' 'ur understand$n-! 3ut $nt($s ,ase) n' a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(em ,'uld be*'ss$ble) ,'nse.uently n't t(r'u-( *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ s*a,e and t(es,$en,e /($,( determ$nes t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns) t(at $s t' say)-e'metry) /'uld $tsel+ be $m*'ss$ble!-

B! ANTICIPATIONS OF PERCEPTION!

T(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(ese $s6 In all *(en'mena t(e Real) t(at

/($,( $s an 'b&e,t '+ sensat$'n) (as Intens$0e Quant$ty)

t(at $s) (as a #e-ree!

PROOF!

Per,e*t$'n $s em*$r$,al ,'ns,$'usness) t(at $s t' say) a,'ns,$'usness /($,( ,'nta$ns an element '+ sensat$'n! P(en'mena as

'b&e,ts '+ *er,e*t$'n are n't *ure) t(at $s) merely +'rmal $ntu$t$'ns)l$%e s*a,e and t$me) +'r t(ey ,ann't be *er,e$0ed $n t(emsel0es!T(ey ,'nta$n) t(en) '0er and ab'0e t(e $ntu$t$'n) t(e mater$als +'r an'b&e,t =t(r'u-( /($,( $s re*resented s'met($n- e$st$n- $n s*a,e 'rt$me>) t(at $s t' say) t(ey ,'nta$n t(e real '+ sensat$'n) as are*resentat$'n merely sub&e,t$0e) /($,( -$0es us merely t(e,'ns,$'usness t(at t(e sub&e,t $s a++e,ted) and /($,( /e re+er t' s'meeternal 'b&e,t! N'/) a -radual trans$t$'n +r'm em*$r$,al,'ns,$'usness t' *ure ,'ns,$'usness $s *'ss$ble) $nasmu,( as t(ereal $n t($s ,'ns,$'usness ent$rely 0an$s(es) and t(ere rema$ns amerely +'rmal ,'ns,$'usness =a *r$'r$> '+ t(e man$+'ld $n t$me ands*a,e4 ,'nse.uently t(ere $s *'ss$ble a synt(es$s als' '+ t(e*r'du,t$'n '+ t(e .uant$ty '+ a sensat$'n +r'm $ts ,'mmen,ement)

t(at $s) +r'm t(e *ure $ntu$t$'n 'n/ards u* t' a ,erta$n.uant$ty '+ t(e sensat$'n! N'/ as sensat$'n $n $tsel+ $s n't an'b&e,t$0e re*resentat$'n) and $n $t $s t' be +'und ne$t(er t(e$ntu$t$'n '+ s*a,e n'r '+ t$me) $t ,ann't *'ssess any etens$0e.uant$ty) and yet t(ere d'es bel'n- t' $t a .uant$ty =and t(at bymeans '+ $ts a**re(ens$'n) $n /($,( em*$r$,al ,'ns,$'usness ,an /$t($na ,erta$n t$me r$se +r'm n't($n- u* t' $ts -$0en am'unt>),'nse.uently an $ntens$0e .uant$ty! And t(us /e must as,r$be $ntens$0e.uant$ty) t(at $s) a de-ree '+ $n+luen,e 'n sense t' all 'b&e,ts '+*er,e*t$'n) $n s' +ar as t($s *er,e*t$'n ,'nta$ns sensat$'n!*

All ,'-n$t$'n) by means '+ /($,( I am enabled t' ,'-n$;e anddeterm$ne a *r$'r$ /(at bel'n-s t' em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n) may be

,alled an ant$,$*at$'n4 and /$t('ut d'ubt t($s $s t(e sense $n /($,(E*$,urus em*l'yed ($s e*ress$'n *r('le*s$s! 3ut as t(ere $s $n*(en'mena s'met($n- /($,( $s ne0er ,'-n$;ed a *r$'r$) /($,( 'n t($sa,,'unt ,'nst$tutes t(e *r'*er d$++eren,e bet/een *ure and em*$r$,al,'-n$t$'n) t(at $s t' say) sensat$'n =as t(e matter '+ *er,e*t$'n>) $t+'ll'/s) t(at sensat$'n $s &ust t(at element $n ,'-n$t$'n /($,( ,ann'tbe at all ant$,$*ated! On t(e 't(er (and) /e m$-(t 0ery /ell termt(e *ure determ$nat$'ns $n s*a,e and t$me) as /ell $n re-ard t' +$-ureas t' .uant$ty) ant$,$*at$'ns '+ *(en'mena) be,ause t(ey re*resent a*r$'r$ t(at /($,( may al/ays be -$0en a *'ster$'r$ $n e*er$en,e!3ut su**'se t(at $n e0ery sensat$'n) as sensat$'n $n -eneral)

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/$t('ut any *art$,ular sensat$'n be$n- t('u-(t '+) t(ere e$steds'met($n- /($,( ,'uld be ,'-n$;ed a *r$'r$) t($s /'uld deser0e t' be,alled ant$,$*at$'n $n a s*e,$al sense5 s*e,$al) be,ause $t may seemsur*r$s$n- t' +'restall e*er$en,e) $n t(at /($,( ,'n,erns t(ematter '+ e*er$en,e) and /($,( /e ,an 'nly der$0e +r'm $tsel+! Jetsu,( really $s t(e ,ase (ere!s

A**re(ens$'n) by means '+ sensat$'n al'ne) +$lls 'nly 'ne m'ment)

t(at $s) $+ I d' n't ta%e $nt' ,'ns$derat$'n a su,,ess$'n '+ manysensat$'ns! As t(at $n t(e *(en'men'n) t(e a**re(ens$'n '+ /($,( $sn't a su,,ess$0e synt(es$s ad0an,$n- +r'm *arts t' an ent$rere*resentat$'n) sensat$'n (as t(ere+'re n' etens$0e .uant$ty4 t(e/ant '+ sensat$'n $n a m'ment '+ t$me /'uld re*resent $t as em*ty),'nse.uently O! T(at /($,( $n t(e em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n ,'rres*'nds t'sensat$'n $s real$ty =real$tas *(aen'men'n>4 t(at /($,( ,'rres*'nds t't(e absen,e '+ $t) ne-at$'n O! N'/ e0ery sensat$'n $s ,a*able '+ ad$m$nut$'n) s' t(at $t ,an de,rease) and t(us -radually d$sa**ear!T(ere+'re) bet/een real$ty $n a *(en'men'n and ne-at$'n) t(eree$sts a ,'nt$nu'us ,'n,atenat$'n '+ many *'ss$ble $ntermed$atesensat$'ns) t(e d$++eren,e '+ /($,( +r'm ea,( 't(er $s al/ayssmaller t(an t(at bet/een t(e -$0en sensat$'n and ;er') 'r ,'m*lete

ne-at$'n! T(at $s t' say) t(e real $n a *(en'men'n (as al/ays a.uant$ty) /($,( ('/e0er $s n't d$s,'0erable $n a**re(ens$'n)$nasmu,( as a**re(ens$'n ta%e *la,e by means '+ mere sensat$'n $n'ne $nstant) and n't by t(e su,,ess$0e synt(es$s '+ many sensat$'ns)and t(ere+'re d'es n't *r'-ress +r'm *arts t' t(e /('le! C'nse.uently)$t (as a .uant$ty) but n't an etens$0e .uant$ty!$

N'/ t(at .uant$ty /($,( $s a**re(ended 'nly as un$ty) and $n /($,(*lural$ty ,an be re*resented 'nly by a**r'$mat$'n t' ne-at$'n O)I term $ntens$0e .uant$ty! C'nse.uently) real$ty $n a *(en'men'n (as$ntens$0e .uant$ty) t(at $s) a de-ree! $+ /e ,'ns$der t($s real$tyas ,ause =be $t '+ sensat$'n 'r '+ an't(er real$ty $n t(e*(en'men'n) +'r eam*le) a ,(an-e>) /e ,all t(e de-ree '+ real$ty $n

$ts ,(ara,ter '+ ,ause a m'mentum) +'r eam*le) t(e m'mentum '+/e$-(t4 and +'r t($s reas'n) t(at t(e de-ree 'nly $nd$,ates t(at.uant$ty t(e a**re(ens$'n '+ /($,( $s n't su,,ess$0e) but$nstantane'us! T($s) ('/e0er) I t'u,( u*'n 'nly $n *ass$n-) +'r /$t(,ausal$ty I (a0e at *resent n't($n- t' d'!,

A,,'rd$n-ly) e0ery sensat$'n) ,'nse.uently e0ery real$ty $n*(en'mena) ('/e0er small $t may be) (as a de-ree) t(at $s) an$ntens$0e .uant$ty) /($,( may al/ays be lessened) and bet/eenreal$ty and ne-at$'n t(ere e$sts a ,'nt$nu'us ,'nne,t$'n '+*'ss$ble real$t$es) and *'ss$ble smaller *er,e*t$'ns! E0ery ,'l'ur5+'r eam*le) red5 (as a de-ree) /($,() be $t e0er s' small) $s ne0ert(e smallest) and s' $s $t al/ays /$t( (eat) t(e m'mentum '+ /e$-(t)

et,!e

T($s *r'*erty '+ .uant$t$es) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( n' *art '+ t(em $st(e smallest *'ss$ble =n' *art s$m*le>) $s ,alled t(e$r ,'nt$nu$ty!S*a,e and t$me are .uanta ,'nt$nua) be,ause n' *art '+ t(em ,an be-$0en) /$t('ut en,l's$n- $t /$t($n b'undar$es =*'$nts and m'ments>),'nse.uently) t($s -$0en *art $s $tsel+ a s*a,e 'r a t$me! S*a,e)t(ere+'re) ,'ns$sts 'nly '+ s*a,es) and t$me '+ t$mes! P'$nts andm'ments are 'nly b'undar$es) t(at $s) t(e mere *la,es 'r *'s$t$'ns'+ t(e$r l$m$tat$'n! 3ut *la,es al/ays *resu**'se $ntu$t$'ns /($,( aret' l$m$t 'r determ$ne t(em4 and /e ,ann't ,'n,e$0e e$t(er s*a,e 'r

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t$me ,'m*'sed '+ ,'nst$tuent *arts /($,( are -$0en be+'re s*a,e 'rt$me! Su,( .uant$t$es may als' be ,alled +l'/$n-) be,ause synt(es$s='+ t(e *r'du,t$0e $ma-$nat$'n> $n t(e *r'du,t$'n '+ t(ese.uant$t$es $s a *r'-ress$'n $n t$me) t(e ,'nt$nu$ty '+ /($,( /e area,,ust'med t' $nd$,ate by t(e e*ress$'n +l'/$n-!a

All *(en'mena) t(en) are ,'nt$nu'us .uant$t$es) $n res*e,t b't( t'$ntu$t$'n and mere *er,e*t$'n =sensat$'n) and /$t( $t real$ty>! In t(e

+'rmer ,ase t(ey are etens$0e .uant$t$es4 $n t(e latter) $ntens$0e!2(en t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld '+ a *(en'men'n $s $nterru*ted)t(ere results merely an a--re-ate '+ se0eral *(en'mena) and n't*r'*erly a *(en'men'n as a .uant$ty) /($,( $s n't *r'du,ed by t(e mere,'nt$nuat$'n '+ t(e *r'du,t$0e synt(es$s '+ a ,erta$n %$nd) but by t(ere*et$t$'n '+ a synt(es$s al/ays ,eas$n-! F'r eam*le) $+ I ,allt($rteen d'llars a sum 'r .uant$ty '+ m'ney) I em*l'y t(e term .u$te,'rre,tly) $nasmu,( as I understand by t($rteen d'llars t(e 0alue '+ amar% $n standard s$l0er) /($,( $s) t' be sure) a ,'nt$nu'us.uant$ty) $n /($,( n' *art $s t(e smallest) but e0ery *art m$-(t,'nst$tute a *$e,e '+ m'ney) /($,( /'uld ,'nta$n mater$al +'r st$llsmaller *$e,es! I+) ('/e0er) by t(e /'rds t($rteen d'llars Iunderstand s' many ,'$ns =be t(e$r 0alue $n s$l0er /(at $t may>) $t

/'uld be .u$te err'ne'us t' use t(e e*ress$'n a .uant$ty '+d'llars4 'n t(e ,'ntrary) I must ,all t(em a--re-ate) t(at $s) anumber '+ ,'$ns! And as $n e0ery number /e must (a0e un$ty as t(e+'undat$'n) s' a *(en'men'n ta%en as un$ty $s a .uant$ty) and assu,( al/ays a ,'nt$nu'us .uant$ty =.uantum ,'nt$nuum>!s

N'/) see$n- all *(en'mena) /(et(er ,'ns$dered as etens$0e 'r$ntens$0e) are ,'nt$nu'us .uant$t$es) t(e *r'*'s$t$'n6 9All ,(an-e=trans$t$'n '+ a t($n- +r'm 'ne state $nt' an't(er> $s ,'nt$nu'us)9m$-(t be *r'0ed (ere eas$ly) and /$t( mat(emat$,al e0$den,e) /ere $tn't t(at t(e ,ausal$ty '+ a ,(an-e l$es) ent$rely bey'nd t(e b'unds '+a trans,endental *($l's'*(y) and *resu**'ses em*$r$,al *r$n,$*les! F'r'+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a ,ause /($,( ,(an-es t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t($n-s)

t(at $s) /($,( determ$nes t(em t' t(e ,'ntrary t' a ,erta$n -$0enstate) t(e understand$n- -$0es us a *r$'r$ n' %n'/led-e4 n't merelybe,ause $t (as n' $ns$-(t $nt' t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ $t =+'r su,( $ns$-(t$s absent $n se0eral a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'ns>) but be,ause t(e n't$'n '+,(an-e ,'n,erns 'nly ,erta$n determ$nat$'ns '+ *(en'mena) /($,(e*er$en,e al'ne ,an a,.ua$nt us /$t() /($le t(e$r ,ause l$es $n t(eun,(an-eable! 3ut see$n- t(at /e (a0e n't($n- /($,( /e ,'uld (ereem*l'y but t(e *ure +undamental ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ all *'ss$blee*er$en,e) am'n- /($,( '+ ,'urse n't($n- em*$r$,al ,an be adm$tted)/e dare n't) /$t('ut $n&ur$n- t(e un$ty '+ 'ur system) ant$,$*ate-eneral *(ys$,al s,$en,e) /($,( $s bu$lt u*'n ,erta$n +undamentale*er$en,es!e

Ne0ert(eless) /e are $n n' /ant '+ *r''+s '+ t(e -reat $n+luen,e/($,( t(e *r$n,$*le ab'0e de0el'*ed eer,$ses $n t(e ant$,$*at$'n '+*er,e*t$'ns) and e0en $n su**ly$n- t(e /ant '+ t(em) s' +ar as t's($eld us a-a$nst t(e +alse ,'n,lus$'ns /($,( 't(er/$se /e m$-(tras(ly dra/!r

I+ all real$ty $n *er,e*t$'n (as a de-ree) bet/een /($,( andne-at$'n t(ere $s an endless se.uen,e '+ e0er smaller de-rees) and $+)ne0ert(eless) e0ery sense must (a0e a determ$nate de-ree '+re,e*t$0$ty +'r sensat$'ns4 n' *er,e*t$'n) and ,'nse.uently n'e*er$en,e $s *'ss$ble) /($,( ,an *r'0e) e$t(er $mmed$ately 'r

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med$ately) an ent$re absen,e '+ all real$ty $n a *(en'men'n4 $n't(er /'rds) $t $s $m*'ss$ble e0er t' dra/ +r'm e*er$en,e a *r''+'+ t(e e$sten,e '+ em*ty s*a,e 'r '+ em*ty t$me! F'r $n t(e +$rst*la,e) an ent$re absen,e '+ real$ty $n a sensu'us $ntu$t$'n ,ann't'+ ,'urse be an 'b&e,t '+ *er,e*t$'n4 se,'ndly) su,( absen,e ,ann't bededu,ed +r'm t(e ,'ntem*lat$'n '+ any s$n-le *(en'men'n) and t(ed$++eren,e '+ t(e de-rees $n $ts real$ty4 n'r 'u-(t $t e0er t' beadm$tted $n e*lanat$'n '+ any *(en'men'n! F'r $+ e0en t(e ,'m*lete

$ntu$t$'n '+ a determ$nate s*a,e 'r t$me $s t('r'u-(ly real) t(at$s) $+ n' *art t(ere'+ $s em*ty) yet be,ause e0ery real$ty (as $tsde-ree) /($,() /$t( t(e etens$0e .uant$ty '+ t(e *(en'men'nun,(an-ed) ,an d$m$n$s( t(r'u-( endless -radat$'ns d'/n t' n't($n-=t(e 0'$d>) t(ere must be $n+$n$tely -raduated de-rees) /$t( /($,(s*a,e 'r t$me $s +$lled) and t(e $ntens$0e .uant$ty $n d$++erent*(en'mena may be smaller 'r -reater) alt('u-( t(e etens$0e .uant$ty'+ t(e $ntu$t$'n rema$ns e.ual and unaltered!'

2e s(all -$0e an eam*le '+ t($s! Alm'st all natural *($l's'*(ers)remar%$n- a -reat d$++eren,e $n t(e .uant$ty '+ t(e matter '+d$++erent %$nds $n b'd$es /$t( t(e same 0'lume =*artly 'n a,,'unt '+t(e m'mentum '+ -ra0$ty 'r /e$-(t) *artly 'n a,,'unt '+ t(e m'mentum

'+ res$stan,e t' 't(er b'd$es $n m't$'n>) ,'n,lude unan$m'usly t(att($s 0'lume =etens$0e .uant$ty '+ t(e *(en'men'n> must be 0'$d $n allb'd$es) alt('u-( $n d$++erent *r'*'rt$'n! 3ut /(' /'uld sus*e,t t(att(ese +'r t(e m'st *art mat(emat$,al and me,(an$,al $n.u$rers $nt'nature s('uld -r'und t($s ,'n,lus$'n s'lely 'n a meta*(ys$,al(y*'t(es$s5 a s'rt '+ (y*'t(es$s /($,( t(ey *r'+ess t' d$s*ara-e anda0'$d@ Jet t($s t(ey d') $n assum$n- t(at t(e real $n s*a,e =I mustn't (ere ,all $t $m*enetrab$l$ty 'r /e$-(t) be,ause t(ese areem*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns> $s al/ays $dent$,al) and ,an 'nly bed$st$n-u$s(ed a,,'rd$n- t' $ts etens$0e .uant$ty) t(at $s)mult$*l$,$ty! N'/ t' t($s *resu**'s$t$'n) +'r /($,( t(ey ,an (a0e n'-r'und $n e*er$en,e) and /($,( ,'nse.uently $s merely meta*(ys$,al) I'**'se a trans,endental dem'nstrat$'n) /($,( $t $s true /$ll n't

e*la$n t(e d$++eren,e $n t(e +$ll$n- u* '+ s*a,es) but /($,(ne0ert(eless ,'m*letely d'es a/ay /$t( t(e su**'sed ne,ess$ty '+ t(eab'0e5ment$'ned *resu**'s$t$'n t(at /e ,ann't e*la$n t(e sa$dd$++eren,e 't(er/$se t(an by t(e (y*'t(es$s '+ em*ty s*a,es! T($sdem'nstrat$'n) m're'0er) (as t(e mer$t '+ sett$n- t(e understand$n- atl$berty t' ,'n,e$0e t($s d$st$n,t$'n $n a d$++erent manner) $+ t(ee*lanat$'n '+ t(e +a,t re.u$res any su,( (y*'t(es$s! F'r /e*er,e$0e t(at alt('u-( t/' e.ual s*a,es may be ,'m*letely +$lled bymatters alt'-et(er d$++erent) s' t(at $n ne$t(er '+ t(em $s t(ere le+ta s$n-le *'$nt /(ere$n matter $s n't *resent) ne0ert(eless) e0eryreal$ty (as $ts de-ree ='+ res$stan,e 'r '+ /e$-(t>) /($,() /$t('utd$m$nut$'n '+ t(e etens$0e .uant$ty) ,an be,'me less and less ad$n+$n$tum) be+'re $t *asses $nt' n't($n-ness and d$sa**ears! T(us an

e*ans$'n /($,( +$lls a s*a,e5 +'r eam*le) ,al'r$,) 'r any 't(erreal$ty $n t(e *(en'menal /'rld5 ,an de,rease $n $ts de-rees t'$n+$n$ty) yet /$t('ut lea0$n- t(e smallest *art '+ t(e s*a,e em*ty4 'nt(e ,'ntrary) +$ll$n- $t /$t( t('se lesser de-rees as ,'m*letely asan't(er *(en'men'n ,'uld /$t( -reater! "y $ntent$'n (ere $s by n'means t' ma$nta$n t(at t($s $s really t(e ,ase /$t( t(e d$++eren,e'+ matters) $n re-ard t' t(e$r s*e,$+$, -ra0$ty4 I /$s( 'nly t' *r'0e)+r'm a *r$n,$*le '+ t(e *ure understand$n-) t(at t(e nature '+ 'ur*er,e*t$'ns ma%es su,( a m'de '+ e*lanat$'n *'ss$ble) and t(at $t$s err'ne'us t' re-ard t(e real $n a *(en'men'n as e.ual .u'ad $tsde-ree) and d$++erent 'nly .u'ad $ts a--re-at$'n and etens$0e

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.uant$ty) and t($s) t'') 'n t(e *retended aut('r$ty '+ an a *r$'r$*r$n,$*le '+ t(e understand$n-!*

Ne0ert(eless) t($s *r$n,$*le '+ t(e ant$,$*at$'n '+ *er,e*t$'nmust s'me/(at startle an $n.u$rer /('m $n$t$at$'n $nt'trans,endental *($l's'*(y (as rendered ,aut$'us! 2e must naturallyenterta$n s'me d'ubt /(et(er 'r n't t(e understand$n- ,an en'un,eany su,( synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n as t(at res*e,t$n- t(e de-ree '+

all real$ty $n *(en'mena) and ,'nse.uently t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e$nternal d$++eren,e '+ sensat$'n $tsel+5 abstra,t$'n be$n- made '+ $tsem*$r$,al .ual$ty! T(us $t $s a .uest$'n n't un/'rt(y '+ s'lut$'n69H'/ t(e understand$n- ,an *r'n'un,e synt(et$,ally and a *r$'r$res*e,t$n- *(en'mena) and t(us ant$,$*ate t(ese) e0en $n t(at /($,( $s*e,ul$arly and merely em*$r$,al) t(at) namely) /($,( ,'n,ernssensat$'n $tsel+@9s

T(e .ual$ty '+ sensat$'n $s $n all ,ases merely em*$r$,al) and,ann't be re*resented a *r$'r$ =+'r eam*le) ,'l'urs) taste) et,!>!3ut t(e real5 t(at /($,( ,'rres*'nds t' sensat$'n5 $n '**'s$t$'n t'ne-at$'n O) 'nly re*resents s'met($n- t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ /($,( $n$tsel+ ,'nta$ns a be$n- =e$n seyn>) and s$-n$+$es n't($n- but t(e

synt(es$s $n an em*$r$,al ,'ns,$'usness! T(at $s t' say) t(e em*$r$,al,'ns,$'usness $n t(e $nternal sense ,an be ra$sed +r'm t' e0ery($-(er de-ree) s' t(at t(e 0ery same etens$0e .uant$ty '+$ntu$t$'n) an $llum$nated sur+a,e) +'r eam*le) e,$tes as -reat asensat$'n as an a--re-ate '+ many 't(er sur+a,es less $llum$nated!2e ,an t(ere+'re ma%e ,'m*lete abstra,t$'n '+ t(e etens$0e .uant$ty'+ a *(en'men'n) and re*resent t' 'ursel0es $n t(e mere sensat$'n $n a,erta$n m'mentum) a synt(es$s '+ ('m'-ene'us as,ens$'n +r'm u* t't(e -$0en em*$r$,al ,'ns,$'usness) All sensat$'ns t(ere+'re as su,(are -$0en 'nly a *'ster$'r$) but t($s *r'*erty t(ere'+) namely) t(att(ey (a0e a de-ree) ,an be %n'/n a *r$'r$! It $s /'rt(y '+ remar%)t(at $n res*e,t t' .uant$t$es $n -eneral) /e ,an ,'-n$;e a *r$'r$ 'nlya s$n-le .ual$ty) namely) ,'nt$nu$ty4 but $n res*e,t t' all .ual$ty

=t(e real $n *(en'mena>) /e ,ann't ,'-n$;e a *r$'r$ anyt($n- m're t(ant(e $ntens$0e .uant$ty t(ere'+) namely) t(at t(ey (a0e a de-ree! Allelse $s le+t t' e*er$en,e!e

! ANA<OIES OF EPERIENCE!

T(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(ese $s6 E*er$en,e $s *'ss$ble 'nly

t(r'u-( t(e re*resentat$'n '+ a ne,essary ,'nne,t$'n

'+ Per,e*t$'ns!

PROOF!

E*er$en,e $s an em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n4 t(at $s t' say) a ,'-n$t$'n/($,( determ$nes an 'b&e,t by means '+ *er,e*t$'ns! It $s t(ere+'rea synt(es$s '+ *er,e*t$'ns) a synt(es$s /($,( $s n't $tsel+,'nta$ned $n *er,e*t$'n) but /($,( ,'nta$ns t(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+t(e man$+'ld '+ *er,e*t$'n $n a ,'ns,$'usness4 and t($s un$ty,'nst$tutes t(e essent$al '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts '+ t(e senses)t(at $s) '+ e*er$en,e =n't merely '+ $ntu$t$'n 'r sensat$'n>! N'/$n e*er$en,e 'ur *er,e*t$'ns ,'me t'-et(er ,'nt$n-ently) s' t(at n',(ara,ter '+ ne,ess$ty $n t(e$r ,'nne,t$'n a**ears) 'r ,an a**ear +r'mt(e *er,e*t$'ns t(emsel0es) be,ause a**re(ens$'n $s 'nly a *la,$n-

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t'-et(er '+ t(e man$+'ld '+ em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n) and n' re*resentat$'n'+ a ne,ess$ty $n t(e ,'nne,ted e$sten,e '+ t(e *(en'mena /($,(a**re(ens$'n br$n-s t'-et(er) $s t' be d$s,'0ered t(ere$n! 3ut ase*er$en,e $s a ,'-n$t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts by means '+ *er,e*t$'ns) $t+'ll'/s t(at t(e relat$'n '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ t(eman$+'ld must be re*resented $n e*er$en,e n't as $t $s *ut t'-et(er$n t$me) but as $t $s 'b&e,t$0ely $n t$me! And as t$me $tsel+ ,ann'tbe *er,e$0ed) t(e determ$nat$'n '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ 'b&e,ts $n t$me

,an 'nly ta%e *la,e by means '+ t(e$r ,'nne,t$'n $n t$me $n -eneral),'nse.uently 'nly by means '+ a *r$'r$ ,'nne,t$n- ,'n,e*t$'ns! N'/as t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns al/ays *'ssess t(e ,(ara,ter '+ ne,ess$ty)e*er$en,e $s *'ss$ble 'nly by means '+ a re*resentat$'n '+ t(ene,essary ,'nne,t$'n '+ *er,e*t$'n!n

T(e t(ree m'd$ '+ t$me are *ermanen,e) su,,ess$'n) and,'e$sten,e! A,,'rd$n-ly) t(ere are t(ree rules '+ all relat$'ns '+t$me $n *(en'mena) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( t(e e$sten,e '+ e0ery*(en'men'n $s determ$ned $n res*e,t '+ t(e un$ty '+ all t$me) andt(ese ante,ede all e*er$en,e and render $t *'ss$ble!t

T(e -eneral *r$n,$*le '+ all t(ree anal'-$es rests 'n t(e

ne,essary un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n $n relat$'n t' all *'ss$bleem*$r$,al ,'ns,$'usness =*er,e*t$'n> at e0ery t$me) ,'nse.uently) ast($s un$ty l$es a *r$'r$ at t(e +'undat$'n '+ all mental '*erat$'ns)t(e *r$n,$*le rests 'n t(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+ all *(en'menaa,,'rd$n- t' t(e$r relat$'n $n t$me! F'r t(e 'r$-$nal a**er,e*t$'nrelates t' 'ur $nternal sense =t(e ,'m*le '+ all re*resentat$'ns>)and $ndeed relates a *r$'r$ t' $ts +'rm) t(at $s t' say) t(erelat$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld em*$r$,al ,'ns,$'usness $n t$me! N'/ t($sman$+'ld must be ,'mb$ned $n 'r$-$nal a**er,e*t$'n a,,'rd$n- t'relat$'ns '+ t$me5 a ne,ess$ty $m*'sed by t(e a *r$'r$trans,endental un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n) t' /($,( $s sub&e,ted all t(at,an bel'n- t' my =$!e!) my '/n> ,'-n$t$'n) and t(ere+'re all t(at,an be,'me an 'b&e,t +'r me! T($s synt(et$,al and a *r$'r$

determ$ned un$ty $n relat$'n '+ *er,e*t$'ns $n t$me $s t(ere+'re t(erule6 9All em*$r$,al determ$nat$'ns '+ t$me must be sub&e,t t' rules'+ t(e -eneral determ$nat$'n '+ t$me94 and t(e anal'-$es '+e*er$en,e) '+ /($,( /e are n'/ ab'ut t' treat) must be rules '+t($s nature!t

T(ese *r$n,$*les (a0e t($s *e,ul$ar$ty) t(at t(ey d' n't ,'n,ern*(en'mena) and t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n t(ere'+) butmerely t(e e$sten,e '+ *(en'mena and t(e$r relat$'n t' ea,( 't(er$n re-ard t' t($s e$sten,e! N'/ t(e m'de $n /($,( /e a**re(end at($n- $n a *(en'men'n ,an be determ$ned a *r$'r$ $n su,( a manner t(att(e rule '+ $ts synt(es$s ,an -$0e) t(at $s t' say) ,an *r'du,e t($s a*r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n $n e0ery em*$r$,al eam*le! 3ut t(e e$sten,e '+

*(en'mena ,ann't be %n'/n a *r$'r$) and alt('u-( /e ,'uld arr$0e byt($s *at( at a ,'n,lus$'n '+ t(e +a,t '+ s'me e$sten,e) /e ,'uldn't ,'-n$;e t(at e$sten,e determ$nately) t(at $s t' say) /e s('uld be$n,a*able '+ ant$,$*at$n- $n /(at res*e,t t(e em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n '+$t /'uld be d$st$n-u$s(able +r'm t(at '+ 't(ers!$

T(e t/' *r$n,$*les ab'0e ment$'ned) /($,( I ,alled mat(emat$,al)$n ,'ns$derat$'n '+ t(e +a,t '+ t(e$r aut('r$;$n- t(e a**l$,at$'n '+mat(emat$, *(en'mena) relate t' t(ese *(en'mena 'nly $n re-ard t't(e$r *'ss$b$l$ty) and $nstru,t us ('/ *(en'mena) as +ar as re-ardst(e$r $ntu$t$'n 'r t(e real $n t(e$r *er,e*t$'n) ,an be -enerated

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a,,'rd$n- t' t(e rules '+ a mat(emat$,al synt(es$s! C'nse.uently)numer$,al .uant$t$es) and /$t( t(em t(e determ$nat$'n '+ a*(en'men'n as a .uant$ty) ,an be em*l'yed $n t(e 'ne ,ase as /ell as$n t(e 't(er! T(us) +'r eam*le) 'ut '+ B) $llum$nat$'ns by t(em''n) I m$-(t ,'m*'se and -$0e a *r$'r$) t(at $s ,'nstru,t) t(e de-ree'+ 'ur sensat$'ns '+ t(e sunl$-(t! 2e may t(ere+'re ent$tle t(eset/' *r$n,$*les ,'nst$tut$0e!t

T(e ,ase $s 0ery d$++erent /$t( t('se *r$n,$*les /('se *r'0$n,e $t$s t' sub&e,t t(e e$sten,e '+ *(en'mena t' rules a *r$'r$! F'r ase$sten,e d'es n't adm$t '+ be$n- ,'nstru,ted) $t $s ,lear t(at t(eymust 'nly ,'n,ern t(e relat$'ns '+ e$sten,e and be merelyre-ulat$0e *r$n,$*les! In t($s ,ase) t(ere+'re) ne$t(er a$'ms n'rant$,$*at$'ns are t' be t('u-(t '+! T(us) $+ a *er,e*t$'n $s -$0en us)$n a ,erta$n relat$'n '+ t$me t' 't(er =alt('u-( undeterm$ned>*er,e*t$'ns) /e ,ann't t(en say a *r$'r$) /(at and ('/ -reat =$n.uant$ty> t(e 't(er *er,e*t$'n ne,essar$ly ,'nne,ted /$t( t(e +'rmer$s) but 'nly ('/ $t $s ,'nne,ted) .u'ad $ts e$sten,e) $n t($s -$0enm'dus '+ t$me! Anal'-$es $n *($l's'*(y mean s'met($n- 0ery d$++erent+r'm t(at /($,( t(ey re*resent $n mat(emat$,s! In t(e latter t(eyare +'rmulae) /($,( en'un,e t(e e.ual$ty '+ t/' relat$'ns '+ .uant$ty)

and are al/ays ,'nst$tut$0e) s' t(at $+ t/' terms '+ t(e *r'*'rt$'nare -$0en) t(e t($rd $s als' -$0en) t(at $s) ,an be ,'nstru,ted by t(ea$d '+ t(ese +'rmulae! 3ut $n *($l's'*(y) anal'-y $s n't t(ee.ual$ty '+ t/' .uant$tat$0e but '+ t/' .ual$tat$0e relat$'ns! In t($s,ase) +r'm t(ree -$0en terms) I ,an -$0e a *r$'r$ and ,'-n$;e t(erelat$'n t' a +'urt( member) but n't t($s +'urt( term $tsel+) alt('u-(I ,erta$nly *'ssess a rule t' -u$de me $n t(e sear,( +'r t($s +'urt(term $n e*er$en,e) and a mar% t' ass$st me $n d$s,'0er$n- $t! Ananal'-y '+ e*er$en,e $s t(ere+'re 'nly a rule a,,'rd$n- t' /($,(un$ty '+ e*er$en,e must ar$se 'ut '+ *er,e*t$'ns $n res*e,t t''b&e,ts =*(en'mena> n't as a ,'nst$tut$0e) but merely as are-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le! T(e same ('lds -''d als' '+ t(e *'stulates '+em*$r$,al t('u-(t $n -eneral) /($,( relate t' t(e synt(es$s '+ mere

$ntu$t$'n =/($,( ,'n,erns t(e +'rm '+ *(en'mena>) t(e synt(es$s '+*er,e*t$'n =/($,( ,'n,erns t(e matter '+ *(en'mena>) and t(e synt(es$s'+ e*er$en,e =/($,( ,'n,erns t(e relat$'n '+ t(ese *er,e*t$'ns>!F'r t(ey are 'nly re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*les) and ,learly d$st$n-u$s(able+r'm t(e mat(emat$,al) /($,( are ,'nst$tut$0e) n't $ndeed $n re-ard t't(e ,erta$nty /($,( b't( *'ssess a *r$'r$) but $n t(e m'de '+ e0$den,et(ere'+) ,'nse.uently als' $n t(e manner '+ dem'nstrat$'n!t

3ut /(at (as been 'bser0ed '+ all synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns) and mustbe *art$,ularly remar%ed $n t($s *la,e) $s t($s) t(at t(eseanal'-$es *'ssess s$-n$+$,an,e and 0al$d$ty) n't as *r$n,$*les '+t(e trans,endental) but 'nly as *r$n,$*les '+ t(e em*$r$,al use '+ t(eunderstand$n-) and t(e$r trut( ,an t(ere+'re be *r'0ed 'nly as su,()

and t(at ,'nse.uently t(e *(en'mena must n't be sub&'$ned d$re,tlyunder t(e ,ate-'r$es) but 'nly under t(e$r s,(emata! F'r $+ t(e'b&e,ts t' /($,( t('se *r$n,$*les must be a**l$ed /ere t($n-s $nt(emsel0es) $t /'uld be .u$te $m*'ss$ble t' ,'-n$;e au-(t ,'n,ern$n-t(em synt(et$,ally a *r$'r$! 3ut t(ey are n't($n- but *(en'mena4 a,'m*lete %n'/led-e '+ /($,(5 a %n'/led-e t' /($,( all *r$n,$*les a*r$'r$ must at last relate5 $s t(e 'nly *'ss$ble e*er$en,e! It+'ll'/s t(at t(ese *r$n,$*les ,an (a0e n't($n- else +'r t(e$r a$m t(ant(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n $n t(e un$ty '+ synt(es$s '+*(en'mena! 3ut t($s synt(es$s $s ,'-$tated 'nly $n t(e s,(ema '+ t(e*ure ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-) '+ /('se un$ty) as t(at '+ a

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synt(es$s $n -eneral) t(e ,ate-'ry ,'nta$ns t(e +un,t$'nunrestr$,ted by any sensu'us ,'nd$t$'n! T(ese *r$n,$*les /$llt(ere+'re aut('r$;e us t' ,'nne,t *(en'mena a,,'rd$n- t' an anal'-y)/$t( t(e l'-$,al and un$0ersal un$ty '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) and,'nse.uently t' em*l'y t(e ,ate-'r$es $n t(e *r$n,$*les t(emsel0es4but $n t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t(em t' e*er$en,e) /e s(all use 'nlyt(e$r s,(emata) as t(e %ey t' t(e$r *r'*er a**l$,at$'n) $nstead '+ t(e,ate-'r$es) 'r rat(er t(e latter as restr$,t$n- ,'nd$t$'ns) under

t(e t$tle '+ 9+'rmulae9 '+ t(e +'rmer!t

A! FIRST ANA<OJ!

Pr$n,$*le '+ t(e Permanen,e '+ Substan,e!

In all ,(an-es '+ *(en'mena) substan,e $s *ermanent) and t(e

.uantum t(ere'+ $n nature $s ne$t(er $n,reased n'r d$m$n$s(ed!

PROOF!

All *(en'mena e$st $n t$me) /(ere$n al'ne as substratum) t(at $s)

as t(e *ermanent +'rm '+ t(e $nternal $ntu$t$'n) ,'e$sten,e andsu,,ess$'n ,an be re*resented! C'nse.uently t$me) $n /($,( all ,(an-es'+ *(en'mena must be ,'-$tated) rema$ns and ,(an-es n't) be,ause $t $st(at $n /($,( su,,ess$'n and ,'e$sten,e ,an be re*resented 'nly asdeterm$nat$'ns t(ere'+! N'/) t$me $n $tsel+ ,ann't be an 'b&e,t '+*er,e*t$'n! It +'ll'/s t(at $n 'b&e,ts '+ *er,e*t$'n) t(at $s) $n*(en'mena) t(ere must be +'und a substratum /($,( re*resents t$me $n-eneral) and $n /($,( all ,(an-e 'r ,'e$sten,e ,an be *er,e$0ed bymeans '+ t(e relat$'n '+ *(en'mena t' $t! 3ut t(e substratum '+ allreal$ty) t(at $s) '+ all t(at *erta$ns t' t(e e$sten,e '+ t($n-s)$s substan,e4 all t(at *erta$ns t' e$sten,e ,an be ,'-$tated 'nlyas a determ$nat$'n '+ substan,e! C'nse.uently) t(e *ermanent) $nrelat$'n t' /($,( al'ne ,an all relat$'ns '+ t$me $n *(en'mena be

determ$ned) $s substan,e $n t(e /'rld '+ *(en'mena) t(at $s) t(ereal $n *(en'mena) t(at /($,() as t(e substratum '+ all ,(an-e)rema$ns e0er t(e same! A,,'rd$n-ly) as t($s ,ann't ,(an-e $ne$sten,e) $ts .uant$ty $n nature ,an ne$t(er be $n,reased n'rd$m$n$s(ed!d

Our a**re(ens$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld $n a *(en'men'n $s al/ayssu,,ess$0e) $s C'nse.uently al/ays ,(an-$n-! 3y $t al'ne /e ,'uld)t(ere+'re) ne0er determ$ne /(et(er t($s man$+'ld) as an 'b&e,t '+e*er$en,e) $s ,'e$stent 'r su,,ess$0e) unless $t (ad +'r a+'undat$'n s'met($n- +$ed and *ermanent) '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ /($,(all su,,ess$'n and ,'e$sten,e are n't($n- but s' many m'des =m'd$'+ t$me>! Only $n t(e *ermanent) t(en) are relat$'ns '+ t$me

*'ss$ble =+'r s$multane$ty and su,,ess$'n are t(e 'nly relat$'ns $nt$me>4 t(at $s t' say) t(e *ermanent $s t(e substratum '+ 'urem*$r$,al re*resentat$'n '+ t$me $tsel+) $n /($,( al'ne alldeterm$nat$'n '+ t$me $s *'ss$ble! Permanen,e $s) $n +a,t) &ustan't(er e*ress$'n +'r t$me) as t(e ab$d$n- ,'rrelate '+ all e$sten,e'+ *(en'mena) and '+ all ,(an-e) and '+ all ,'e$sten,e! F'r ,(an-ed'es n't a++e,t t$me $tsel+) but 'nly t(e *(en'mena $n t$me =&ust as,'e$sten,e ,ann't be re-arded as a m'dus '+ t$me $tsel+) see$n-t(at $n t$me n' *arts are ,'e$stent) but all su,,ess$0e>! I+ /e/ere t' attr$bute su,,ess$'n t' t$me $tsel+) /e s('uld be 'bl$-ed t','-$tate an't(er t$me) $n /($,( t($s su,,ess$'n /'uld be *'ss$ble!

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It $s 'nly by means '+ t(e *ermanent t(at e$sten,e $n d$++erent *arts'+ t(e su,,ess$0e ser$es '+ t$me re,e$0es a .uant$ty) /($,( /e ent$tledurat$'n! F'r $n mere su,,ess$'n) e$sten,e $s *er*etually 0an$s($n-and re,'mmen,$n-) and t(ere+'re ne0er (as e0en t(e least .uant$ty!2$t('ut t(e *ermanent) t(en) n' relat$'n $n t$me $s *'ss$ble! N'/)t$me $n $tsel+ $s n't an 'b&e,t '+ *er,e*t$'n4 ,'nse.uently t(e*ermanent $n *(en'mena must be re-arded as t(e substratum '+ alldeterm$nat$'n '+ t$me) and ,'nse.uently als' as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e

*'ss$b$l$ty '+ all synt(et$,al un$ty '+ *er,e*t$'ns) t(at $s) '+e*er$en,e4 and all e$sten,e and all ,(an-e $n t$me ,an 'nly bere-arded as a m'de $n t(e e$sten,e '+ t(at /($,( ab$des un,(an-eably!T(ere+'re) $n all *(en'mena) t(e *ermanent $s t(e 'b&e,t $n $tsel+)t(at $s) t(e substan,e =*(en'men'n>4 but all t(at ,(an-es 'r ,an,(an-e bel'n-s 'nly t' t(e m'de '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ t($s substan,e'r substan,es) ,'nse.uently t' $ts determ$nat$'ns!'

I +$nd t(at $n all a-es n't 'nly t(e *($l's'*(er) but e0en t(e,'mm'n understand$n-) (as *re*'s$ted t($s *ermanen,e as a substratum'+ all ,(an-e $n *(en'mena4 $ndeed) I am ,'m*elled t' bel$e0e t(att(ey /$ll al/ays a,,e*t t($s as an $ndub$table +a,t! Only t(e*($l's'*(er e*resses ($msel+ $n a m're *re,$se and de+$n$te manner)

/(en (e says6 9In all ,(an-es $n t(e /'rld) t(e substan,e rema$ns) andt(e a,,$dents al'ne are ,(an-eable!9 3ut '+ t($s de,$dedly synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'n) I n'/(ere meet /$t( e0en an attem*t at *r''+4 nay) $t0ery rarely (as t(e -''d +'rtune t' stand) as $t deser0es t' d') att(e (ead '+ t(e *ure and ent$rely a *r$'r$ la/s '+ nature! In trut()t(e statement t(at substan,e $s *ermanent) $s taut'l'-$,al! F'r t($s0ery *ermanen,e $s t(e -r'und 'n /($,( /e a**ly t(e ,ate-'ry '+substan,e t' t(e *(en'men'n4 and /e s('uld (a0e been 'bl$-ed t'*r'0e t(at $n all *(en'mena t(ere $s s'met($n- *ermanent) '+ t(ee$sten,e '+ /($,( t(e ,(an-eable $s n't($n- but a determ$nat$'n!3ut be,ause a *r''+ '+ t($s nature ,ann't be d'-mat$,al) t(at $s),ann't be dra/n +r'm ,'n,e*t$'ns) $nasmu,( as $t ,'n,erns asynt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n a *r$'r$) and as *($l's'*(ers ne0er

re+le,ted t(at su,( *r'*'s$t$'ns are 0al$d 'nly $n relat$'n t'*'ss$ble e*er$en,e) and t(ere+'re ,ann't be *r'0ed e,e*t by means '+a dedu,t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e) $t $s n' /'nder t(at/($le $t (as ser0ed as t(e +'undat$'n '+ all e*er$en,e =+'r /e +eelt(e need '+ $t $n em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n>) $t (as ne0er been su**'rted by*r''+!*

A *($l's'*(er /as as%ed6 92(at $s t(e /e$-(t '+ sm'%e@9 He ans/ered69Subtra,t +r'm t(e /e$-(t '+ t(e burnt /''d t(e /e$-(t '+ t(erema$n$n- as(es) and y'u /$ll (a0e t(e /e$-(t '+ t(e sm'%e!9 T(us (e*resumed $t t' be $n,'ntr'0ert$ble t(at e0en $n +$re t(e matter=substan,e> d'es n't *er$s() but t(at 'nly t(e +'rm '+ $t under-'esa ,(an-e! In l$%e manner /as t(e say$n-6 9Fr'm n't($n- ,'mes n't($n-)9

'nly an't(er $n+eren,e +r'm t(e *r$n,$*le 'r *ermanen,e) 'r rat(er'+ t(e e0er5ab$d$n- e$sten,e '+ t(e true sub&e,t $n *(en'mena! F'r $+t(at $n t(e *(en'men'n /($,( /e ,all substan,e $s t' be t(e *r'*ersubstratum '+ all determ$nat$'n '+ t$me) $t +'ll'/s t(at all e$sten,e$n *ast as /ell as $n +uture t$me) must be determ$nable by means '+ $tal'ne! Hen,e /e are ent$tled t' a**ly t(e term substan,e t' a*(en'men'n) 'nly be,ause /e su**'se $ts e$sten,e $n all t$me) an't$'n /($,( t(e /'rd *ermanen,e d'es n't +ully e*ress) as $t seemsrat(er t' be re+erable t' +uture t$me! H'/e0er) t(e $nternal ne,ess$ty*er*etually t' be) $s $nse*arably ,'nne,ted /$t( t(e ne,ess$tyal/ays t' (a0e been) and s' t(e e*ress$'n may stand as $t $s!

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9$-n$ de n$($l' n$($l4 $n n$($lum n$l *'sse re0ert$)9 are t/'*r'*'s$t$'ns /($,( t(e an,$ents ne0er *arted) and /($,( *e'*len'/adays s'met$mes m$sta%enly d$s&'$n) be,ause t(ey $ma-$ne t(at t(e*r'*'s$t$'ns a**ly t' 'b&e,ts as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) and t(at t(e+'rmer m$-(t be $n$m$,al t' t(e de*enden,e =e0en $n res*e,t '+ $tssubstan,e als'> '+ t(e /'rld u*'n a su*reme ,ause! 3ut t($sa**re(ens$'n $s ent$rely needless) +'r t(e .uest$'n $n t($s ,ase $s'nly '+ *(en'mena $n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e) t(e un$ty '+ /($,(

ne0er ,'uld be *'ss$ble) $+ /e adm$tted t(e *'ss$b$l$ty t(at ne/t($n-s =$n res*e,t '+ t(e$r substan,e> s('uld ar$se! F'r $n t(at ,ase)/e s('uld l'se alt'-et(er t(at /($,( al'ne ,an re*resent t(e un$ty'+ t$me) t' /$t) t(e $dent$ty '+ t(e substratum) as t(at t(r'u-( /($,(al'ne all ,(an-e *'ssesses ,'m*lete and t('r'u-( un$ty! T($s*ermanen,e $s) ('/e0er) n't($n- but t(e manner $n /($,( /e re*resentt' 'ursel0es t(e e$sten,e '+ t($n-s $n t(e *(en'menal /'rld!t

Pers$us) Sat$rae) $$$!858! 9N't($n- ,an be *r'du,ed +r'mn't($n-4 n't($n- ,an be returned $nt' n't($n-!9:n

T(e determ$nat$'ns '+ a substan,e) /($,( are 'nly *art$,ular m'des'+ $ts e$sten,e) are ,alled a,,$dents! T(ey are al/ays real)

be,ause t(ey ,'n,ern t(e e$sten,e '+ substan,e =ne-at$'ns are 'nlydeterm$nat$'ns) /($,( e*ress t(e n'n5e$sten,e '+ s'met($n- $n t(esubstan,e>! N'/) $+ t' t($s real $n t(e substan,e /e as,r$be a*art$,ular e$sten,e =+'r eam*le) t' m't$'n as an a,,$dent '+matter>) t($s e$sten,e $s ,alled $n(eren,e) $n ,'ntrad$st$n,t$'n t't(e e$sten,e '+ substan,e) /($,( /e ,all subs$sten,e! 3ut (en,e ar$semany m$s,'n,e*t$'ns) and $t /'uld be a m're a,,urate and &ust m'de'+ e*ress$'n t' des$-nate t(e a,,$dent 'nly as t(e m'de $n /($,(t(e e$sten,e '+ a substan,e $s *'s$t$0ely determ$ned! "ean/($le) byreas'n '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e l'-$,al eer,$se '+ 'ur understand$n-)$t $s $m*'ss$ble t' a0'$d se*arat$n-) as $t /ere) t(at /($,( $n t(ee$sten,e '+ a substan,e $s sub&e,t t' ,(an-e) /($lst t(e substan,erema$ns) and re-ard$n- $t $n relat$'n t' t(at /($,( $s *r'*erly

*ermanent and rad$,al! On t($s a,,'unt) t($s ,ate-'ry '+ substan,estands under t(e t$tle '+ relat$'n) rat(er be,ause $t $s t(e ,'nd$t$'nt(ere'+ t(an be,ause $t ,'nta$ns $n $tsel+ any relat$'n!t

N'/) u*'n t($s n't$'n '+ *ermanen,e rests t(e *r'*er n't$'n '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'n ,(an-e! Or$-$n and et$n,t$'n are n't ,(an-es '+ t(at /($,('r$-$nates 'r be,'mes et$n,t! C(an-e $s but a m'de '+ e$sten,e)/($,( +'ll'/s 'n an't(er m'de '+ e$sten,e '+ t(e same 'b&e,t4 (en,eall t(at ,(an-es $s *ermanent) and 'nly t(e ,'nd$t$'n t(ere'+ ,(an-es!N'/ s$n,e t($s mutat$'n a++e,ts 'nly determ$nat$'ns) /($,( ,an (a0ea be-$nn$n- 'r an end) /e may say) em*l'y$n- an e*ress$'n /($,( seemss'me/(at *arad'$,al6 9Only t(e *ermanent =substan,e> $s sub&e,t t',(an-e4 t(e mutable su++ers n' ,(an-e) but rat(er alternat$'n) t(at

$s) /(en ,erta$n determ$nat$'ns ,ease) 't(ers be-$n!9$

C(an-e) /(en) ,ann't be *er,e$0ed by us e,e*t $n substan,es) and'r$-$n 'r et$n,t$'n $n an abs'lute sense) t(at d'es n't ,'n,ernmerely a determ$nat$'n '+ t(e *ermanent) ,ann't be a *'ss$ble*er,e*t$'n) +'r $t $s t($s 0ery n't$'n '+ t(e *ermanent /($,(renders *'ss$ble t(e re*resentat$'n '+ a trans$t$'n +r'm 'ne state$nt' an't(er) and +r'm n'n5be$n- t' be$n-) /($,() ,'nse.uently) ,an beem*$r$,ally ,'-n$;ed 'nly as alternat$n- determ$nat$'ns '+ t(at/($,( $s *ermanent! rant t(at a t($n- abs'lutely be-$ns t' be4 /emust t(en (a0e a *'$nt '+ t$me $n /($,( $t /as n't! 3ut ('/ and by

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/(at ,an /e +$ and determ$ne t($s *'$nt '+ t$me) unless by t(at /($,(already e$sts@ F'r a 0'$d t$me5 *re,ed$n-5 $s n't an 'b&e,t '+*er,e*t$'n4 but $+ /e ,'nne,t t($s be-$nn$n- /$t( 'b&e,ts /($,(e$sted *re0$'usly) and /($,( ,'nt$nue t' e$st t$ll t(e 'b&e,t $n.uest$'n $n .uest$'n be-$ns t' be) t(en t(e latter ,an 'nly be adeterm$nat$'n '+ t(e +'rmer as t(e *ermanent! T(e same ('lds -''d '+t(e n't$'n '+ et$n,t$'n) +'r t($s *resu**'ses t(e em*$r$,alre*resentat$'n '+ a t$me) $n /($,( a *(en'men'n n' l'n-er e$sts!r

Substan,es =$n t(e /'rld '+ *(en'mena> are t(e substratum '+ alldeterm$nat$'ns '+ t$me! T(e be-$nn$n- '+ s'me) and t(e ,eas$n- t' be'+ 't(er substan,es) /'uld utterly d' a/ay /$t( t(e 'nly ,'nd$t$'n'+ t(e em*$r$,al un$ty '+ t$me4 and $n t(at ,ase *(en'mena /'uldrelate t' t/' d$++erent t$mes) $n /($,() s$de by s$de) e$sten,e /'uld*ass4 /($,( $s absurd! F'r t(ere $s 'nly 'ne t$me $n /($,( alld$++erent t$mes must be *la,ed) n't as ,'e$stent) but as su,,ess$0e!d

A,,'rd$n-ly) *ermanen,e $s a ne,essary ,'nd$t$'n under /($,( al'ne*(en'mena) as t($n-s 'r 'b&e,ts) are determ$nable $n a *'ss$blee*er$en,e! 3ut as re-ards t(e em*$r$,al ,r$ter$'n '+ t($s ne,essary*ermanen,e) and /$t( $t '+ t(e substant$al$ty '+ *(en'mena) /e s(all

+$nd su++$,$ent '**'rtun$ty t' s*ea% $n t(e se.uel!+

3! SECON# ANA<OJ!

Pr$n,$*le '+ t(e Su,,ess$'n '+ T$me A,,'rd$n-

t' t(e <a/ '+ Causal$ty!

All ,(an-es ta%e *la,e a,,'rd$n- t' t(e la/ '+ t(e

,'nne,t$'n '+ Cause and E++e,t!

PROOF!

=T(at all *(en'mena $n t(e su,,ess$'n '+ t$me are 'nly ,(an-es) t(at$s) a su,,ess$0e be$n- and n'n5be$n- '+ t(e determ$nat$'ns '+substan,e) /($,( $s *ermanent4 ,'nse.uently t(at a be$n- '+substan,e $tsel+ /($,( +'ll'/s 'n t(e n'n5be$n- t(ere'+) 'r an'n5be$n- '+ substan,e /($,( +'ll'/s 'n t(e be$n- t(ere'+) $n 't(er/'rds) t(at t(e 'r$-$n 'r et$n,t$'n '+ substan,e $tsel+) $s$m*'ss$ble5 all t($s (as been +ully establ$s(ed $n treat$n- '+ t(e+'re-'$n- *r$n,$*le! T($s *r$n,$*le m$-(t (a0e been e*ressed as+'ll'/s6 9All alterat$'n =su,,ess$'n> '+ *(en'mena $s merely,(an-e94 +'r t(e ,(an-es '+ substan,e are n't 'r$-$n 'r et$n,t$'n)be,ause t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,(an-e *resu**'ses t(e same sub&e,t ase$st$n- /$t( t/' '**'s$te determ$nat$'ns) and ,'nse.uently as

*ermanent! A+ter t($s *rem'n$t$'n) /e s(all *r',eed t' t(e *r''+!>*

I *er,e$0e t(at *(en'mena su,,eed 'ne an't(er) t(at $s t' say) astate '+ t($n-s e$sts at 'ne t$me) t(e '**'s$te '+ /($,( e$sted $n a+'rmer state! In t($s ,ase) t(en) I really ,'nne,t t'-et(er t/'*er,e*t$'ns $n t$me! N'/ ,'nne,t$'n $s n't an '*erat$'n '+ meresense and $ntu$t$'n) but $s t(e *r'du,t '+ a synt(et$,al +a,ulty '+$ma-$nat$'n) /($,( determ$nes t(e $nternal sense $n res*e,t '+ arelat$'n '+ t$me! 3ut $ma-$nat$'n ,an ,'nne,t t(ese t/' states $nt/' /ays) s' t(at e$t(er t(e 'ne 'r t(e 't(er may ante,ede $n t$me4+'r t$me $n $tsel+ ,ann't be an 'b&e,t '+ *er,e*t$'n) and /(at $n an

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'b&e,t *re,edes and /(at +'ll'/s ,ann't be em*$r$,ally determ$ned $nrelat$'n t' $t! I am 'nly ,'ns,$'us) t(en) t(at my $ma-$nat$'n*la,es 'ne state be+'re and t(e 't(er a+ter4 n't t(at t(e 'ne stateante,edes t(e 't(er $n t(e 'b&e,t! In 't(er /'rds) t(e 'b&e,t$0erelat$'n '+ t(e su,,ess$0e *(en'mena rema$ns .u$te undeterm$ned bymeans '+ mere *er,e*t$'n! N'/ $n 'rder t(at t($s relat$'n may be,'-n$;ed as determ$ned) t(e relat$'n bet/een t(e t/' states must be s','-$tated t(at $t $s t(ereby determ$ned as ne,essary) /($,( '+ t(em

must be *la,ed be+'re and /($,( a+ter) and n't ,'n0ersely! 3ut t(e,'n,e*t$'n /($,( ,arr$es /$t( $t a ne,ess$ty '+ synt(et$,al un$ty) ,anbe n'ne 't(er t(an a *ure ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n- /($,( d'esn't l$e $n mere *er,e*t$'n4 and $n t($s ,ase $t $s t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+9t(e relat$'n '+ ,ause and e++e,t)9 t(e +'rmer '+ /($,( determ$nes t(elatter $n t$me) as $ts ne,essary ,'nse.uen,e) and n't as s'met($n-/($,( m$-(t *'ss$bly ante,ede ='r /($,( m$-(t $n s'me ,ases n't be*er,e$0ed t' +'ll'/>! It +'ll'/s t(at $t $s 'nly be,ause /e sub&e,tt(e se.uen,e '+ *(en'mena) and ,'nse.uently all ,(an-e) t' t(e la/'+ ,ausal$ty) t(at e*er$en,e $tsel+) t(at $s) em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n'+ *(en'mena) be,'mes *'ss$ble4 and ,'nse.uently) t(at *(en'menat(emsel0es) as 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e) are *'ss$ble 'nly by 0$rtue '+t($s la/!t

Our a**re(ens$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld '+ *(en'mena $s al/ayssu,,ess$0e! T(e re*resentat$'ns '+ *arts su,,eed 'ne an't(er!2(et(er t(ey su,,eed 'ne an't(er $n t(e 'b&e,t als') $s a se,'nd *'$nt+'r re+le,t$'n) /($,( /as n't ,'nta$ned $n t(e +'rmer! N'/ /e may,erta$nly -$0e t(e name '+ 'b&e,t t' e0eryt($n-) e0en t' e0eryre*resentat$'n) s' +ar as /e are ,'ns,$'us t(ere'+4 but /(at t($s /'rdmay mean $n t(e ,ase '+ *(en'mena) n't merely $n s' +ar as t(ey =asre*resentat$'ns> are 'b&e,ts) but 'nly $n s' +ar as t(ey $nd$,ate an'b&e,t) $s a .uest$'n re.u$r$n- dee*er ,'ns$derat$'n! In s' +ar ast(ey) re-arded merely as re*resentat$'ns) are at t(e same t$me 'b&e,ts'+ ,'ns,$'usness) t(ey are n't t' be d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'ma**re(ens$'n) t(at $s) re,e*t$'n $nt' t(e synt(es$s '+ $ma-$nat$'n)

and /e must t(ere+'re say6 9T(e man$+'ld '+ *(en'mena $s al/ays*r'du,ed su,,ess$0ely $n t(e m$nd!9 I+ *(en'mena /ere t($n-s $nt(emsel0es) n' man /'uld be able t' ,'n&e,ture +r'm t(e su,,ess$'n'+ 'ur re*resentat$'ns ('/ t($s man$+'ld $s ,'nne,ted $n t(e 'b&e,t4+'r /e (a0e t' d' 'nly /$t( 'ur re*resentat$'ns! H'/ t($n-s may be$n t(emsel0es) /$t('ut re-ard t' t(e re*resentat$'ns t(r'u-( /($,(t(ey a++e,t us) $s utterly bey'nd t(e s*(ere '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n! N'/alt('u-( *(en'mena are n't t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) and arene0ert(eless t(e 'nly t($n- -$0en t' us t' be ,'-n$;ed) $t $s myduty t' s('/ /(at s'rt '+ ,'nne,t$'n $n t$me bel'n-s t' t(e man$+'ld$n *(en'mena t(emsel0es) /($le t(e re*resentat$'n '+ t($s man$+'ld$n a**re(ens$'n $s al/ays su,,ess$0e! F'r eam*le) t(e a**re(ens$'n '+t(e man$+'ld $n t(e *(en'men'n '+ a ('use /($,( stands be+'re me) $s

su,,ess$0e! N'/ ,'mes t(e .uest$'n /(et(er t(e man$+'ld '+ t($s('use $s $n $tsel+ su,,ess$0e5 /($,( n' 'ne /$ll be at all /$ll$n-t' -rant! 3ut) s' s''n as I ra$se my ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t t' t(etrans,endental s$-n$+$,at$'n t(ere'+) I +$nd t(at t(e ('use $s n't at($n- $n $tsel+) but 'nly a *(en'men'n) t(at $s) a re*resentat$'n) t(etrans,endental 'b&e,t '+ /($,( rema$ns utterly un%n'/n! 2(at t(en am It' understand by t(e .uest$'n6 9H'/ ,an t(e man$+'ld be ,'nne,ted $nt(e *(en'men'n $tsel+5 n't ,'ns$dered as a t($n- $n $tsel+) but merelyas a *(en'men'n@9 Here t(at /($,( l$es $n my su,,ess$0e a**re(ens$'n$s re-arded as re*resentat$'n) /($lst t(e *(en'men'n /($,( $s -$0enme) n't/$t(stand$n- t(at $t $s n't($n- m're t(an a ,'m*le '+ t(ese

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re*resentat$'ns) $s re-arded as t(e 'b&e,t t(ere'+) /$t( /($,( my,'n,e*t$'n) dra/n +r'm t(e re*resentat$'ns '+ a**re(ens$'n) must(arm'n$;e! It $s 0ery s''n seen t(at) as a,,'rdan,e '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n/$t( $ts 'b&e,t ,'nst$tutes trut() t(e .uest$'n n'/ be+'re us ,an 'nlyrelate t' t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ em*$r$,al trut(4 and t(at t(e*(en'men'n) $n '**'s$t$'n t' t(e re*resentat$'ns '+ a**re(ens$'n),an 'nly be d$st$n-u$s(ed t(ere+r'm as t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(em) $+ $t $ssub&e,t t' a rule /($,( d$st$n-u$s(es $t +r'm e0ery 't(er

a**re(ens$'n) and /($,( renders ne,essary a m'de '+ ,'nne,t$'n '+t(e man$+'ld! T(at $n t(e *(en'men'n /($,( ,'nta$ns t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+t($s ne,essary rule '+ a**re(ens$'n) $s t(e 'b&e,t!t

<et us n'/ *r',eed t' 'ur tas%! T(at s'met($n- (a**ens) t(at $s t'say) t(at s'met($n- 'r s'me state e$sts /($,( be+'re /as n't),ann't be em*$r$,ally *er,e$0ed) unless a *(en'men'n *re,edes) /($,(d'es n't ,'nta$n $n $tsel+ t($s state! F'r a real$ty /($,( s('uld+'ll'/ u*'n a 0'$d t$me) $n 't(er /'rds) a be-$nn$n-) /($,( n' state'+ t($n-s *re,edes) ,an &ust as l$ttle be a**re(ended as t(e 0'$d t$me$tsel+! E0ery a**re(ens$'n '+ an e0ent $s t(ere+'re a *er,e*t$'n /($,(+'ll'/s u*'n an't(er *er,e*t$'n! 3ut as t($s $s t(e ,ase /$t( allsynt(es$s '+ a**re(ens$'n) as I (a0e s('/n ab'0e $n t(e eam*le '+ a

('use) my a**re(ens$'n '+ an e0ent $s n't yet su++$,$entlyd$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm 't(er a**re(ens$'ns! 3ut I remar% als' t(at $+ $n a*(en'men'n /($,( ,'nta$ns an ',,urren,e) I ,all t(e ante,edent state'+ my *er,e*t$'n) A) and t(e +'ll'/$n- state) 3) t(e *er,e*t$'n 3,an 'nly +'ll'/ A $n a**re(ens$'n) and t(e *er,e*t$'n A ,ann't+'ll'/ 3) but 'nly *re,ede $t! F'r eam*le) I see a s($* +l'at d'/nt(e stream '+ a r$0er! "y *er,e*t$'n '+ $ts *la,e l'/er d'/n +'ll'/su*'n my *er,e*t$'n '+ $ts *la,e ($-(er u* t(e ,'urse '+ t(e r$0er) and$t $s $m*'ss$ble t(at) $n t(e a**re(ens$'n '+ t($s *(en'men'n) t(e0essel s('uld be *er,e$0ed +$rst bel'/ and a+ter/ards ($-(er u* t(estream! Here) t(ere+'re) t(e 'rder $n t(e se.uen,e '+ *er,e*t$'ns $na**re(ens$'n $s determ$ned4 and by t($s 'rder a**re(ens$'n $sre-ulated! In t(e +'rmer eam*le) my *er,e*t$'ns $n t(e a**re(ens$'n

'+ a ('use m$-(t be-$n at t(e r''+ and end at t(e +'undat$'n) 'r0$,e 0ersa4 'r I m$-(t a**re(end t(e man$+'ld $n t($s em*$r$,al$ntu$t$'n) by -'$n- +r'm le+t t' r$-(t) and +r'm r$-(t t' le+t!A,,'rd$n-ly) $n t(e ser$es '+ t(ese *er,e*t$'ns) t(ere /as n'determ$ned 'rder) /($,( ne,ess$tated my be-$nn$n- at a ,erta$n*'$nt) $n 'rder em*$r$,ally t' ,'nne,t t(e man$+'ld! 3ut t($s rule$s al/ays t' be met /$t( $n t(e *er,e*t$'n '+ t(at /($,( (a**ens)and $t ma%es t(e 'rder '+ t(e su,,ess$0e *er,e*t$'ns $n t(ea**re(ens$'n '+ su,( a *(en'men'n ne,essary!a

I must) t(ere+'re) $n t(e *resent ,ase) dedu,e t(e sub&e,t$0ese.uen,e '+ a**re(ens$'n +r'm t(e 'b&e,t$0e se.uen,e '+ *(en'mena) +'r't(er/$se t(e +'rmer $s .u$te undeterm$ned) and 'ne *(en'men'n $s

n't d$st$n-u$s(able +r'm an't(er! T(e +'rmer al'ne *r'0es n't($n- ast' t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld $n an 'b&e,t) +'r $t $s .u$tearb$trary! T(e latter must ,'ns$st $n t(e 'rder '+ t(e man$+'ld $n a*(en'men'n) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( 'rder t(e a**re(ens$'n '+ 'ne t($n-=t(at /($,( (a**ens> +'ll'/s t(at '+ an't(er t($n- =/($,( *re,edes>)$n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( a rule! In t($s /ay al'ne ,an I be aut('r$;ed t'say '+ t(e *(en'men'n $tsel+) and n't merely '+ my '/n a**re(ens$'n)t(at a ,erta$n 'rder 'r se.uen,e $s t' be +'und t(ere$n! T(at $s) $n't(er /'rds) I ,ann't arran-e my a**re(ens$'n 't(er/$se t(an $n t($s'rder!'

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In ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t($s rule) t(en) $t $s ne,essary t(at $n t(at/($,( ante,edes an e0ent t(ere be +'und t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ a rule)a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( $n t($s e0ent +'ll'/s al/ays and ne,essar$ly4 but I,ann't re0erse t($s and -' ba,% +r'm t(e e0ent) and determ$ne =bya**re(ens$'n> t(at /($,( ante,edes $t! F'r n' *(en'men'n -'es ba,%+r'm t(e su,,eed$n- *'$nt '+ t$me t' t(e *re,ed$n- *'$nt) alt('u-($t d'es ,erta$nly relate t' a *re,ed$n- *'$nt '+ t$me4 +r'm a -$0ent$me) 'n t(e 't(er (and) t(ere $s al/ays a ne,essary *r'-ress$'n t'

t(e determ$ned su,,eed$n- t$me! T(ere+'re) be,ause t(ere ,erta$nly$s s'met($n- t(at +'ll'/s) I must '+ ne,ess$ty ,'nne,t $t /$t(s'met($n- else) /($,( ante,edes) and u*'n /($,( $t +'ll'/s) $n,'n+'rm$ty /$t( a rule) t(at $s ne,essar$ly) s' t(at t(e e0ent) as,'nd$t$'ned) a++'rds ,erta$n $nd$,at$'n '+ a ,'nd$t$'n) and t($s,'nd$t$'n determ$nes t(e e0ent!,

<et us su**'se t(at n't($n- *re,edes an e0ent) u*'n /($,( t($s e0entmust +'ll'/ $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( a rule! All se.uen,e '+ *er,e*t$'n/'uld t(en e$st 'nly $n a**re(ens$'n) t(at $s t' say) /'uld be merelysub&e,t$0e) and $t ,'uld n't t(ereby be 'b&e,t$0ely determ$ned /(att($n- 'u-(t t' *re,ede) and /(at 'u-(t t' +'ll'/ $n *er,e*t$'n! Insu,( a ,ase) /e s('uld (a0e n't($n- but a *lay '+ re*resentat$'ns)

/($,( /'uld *'ssess n' a**l$,at$'n t' any 'b&e,t! T(at $s t' say) $t/'uld n't be *'ss$ble t(r'u-( *er,e*t$'n t' d$st$n-u$s( 'ne *(en'men'n+r'm an't(er) as re-ards relat$'ns '+ t$me4 be,ause t(e su,,ess$'n$n t(e a,t '+ a**re(ens$'n /'uld al/ays be '+ t(e same s'rt) andt(ere+'re t(ere /'uld be n't($n- $n t(e *(en'men'n t' determ$ne t(esu,,ess$'n) and t' render a ,erta$n se.uen,e 'b&e,t$0ely ne,essary!And) $n t($s ,ase) I ,ann't say t(at t/' states $n a *(en'men'n +'ll'/'ne u*'n t(e 't(er) but 'nly t(at 'ne a**re(ens$'n +'ll'/s u*'nan't(er! 3ut t($s $s merely sub&e,t$0e) and d'es n't determ$ne an'b&e,t) and ,'nse.uently ,ann't be (eld t' be ,'-n$t$'n '+ an'b&e,t5 n't e0en $n t(e *(en'menal /'rld!'

A,,'rd$n-ly) /(en /e %n'/ $n e*er$en,e t(at s'met($n- (a**ens) /e

al/ays *resu**'se t(at s'met($n- *re,edes) /(ereu*'n $t +'ll'/s $n,'n+'rm$ty /$t( a rule! F'r 't(er/$se I ,'uld n't say '+ t(e 'b&e,tt(at $t +'ll'/s4 be,ause t(e mere su,,ess$'n $n my a**re(ens$'n) $+ $tbe n't determ$ned by a rule $n relat$'n t' s'met($n- *re,ed$n-) d'esn't aut('r$;e su,,ess$'n $n t(e 'b&e,t! Only) t(ere+'re) $nre+eren,e t' a rule) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( *(en'mena are determ$ned $nt(e$r se.uen,e) t(at $s) as t(ey (a**en) by t(e *re,ed$n- state) ,an Ima%e my sub&e,t$0e synt(es$s ='+ a**re(ens$'n> 'b&e,t$0e) and $t $s'nly under t($s *resu**'s$t$'n t(at e0en t(e e*er$en,e '+ an e0ent $s*'ss$ble!*

N' d'ubt $t a**ears as $+ t($s /ere $n t('r'u-( ,'ntrad$,t$'n t' allt(e n't$'ns /($,( *e'*le (a0e ($t(ert' enterta$ned $n re-ard t' t(e

*r',edure '+ t(e (uman understand$n-! A,,'rd$n- t' t(ese '*$n$'ns)$t $s by means '+ t(e *er,e*t$'n and ,'m*ar$s'n '+ s$m$lar,'nse.uen,es +'ll'/$n- u*'n ,erta$n ante,edent *(en'mena t(at t(eunderstand$n- $s led t' t(e d$s,'0ery '+ a rule) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,(,erta$n e0ents al/ays +'ll'/ ,erta$n *(en'mena) and $t $s 'nly by t($s*r',ess t(at /e atta$n t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,ause! U*'n su,( abas$s) $t $s ,lear t(at t($s ,'n,e*t$'n must be merely em*$r$,al)and t(e rule /($,( $t +urn$s(es us /$t(5 9E0eryt($n- t(at (a**ens must(a0e a ,ause95 /'uld be &ust as ,'nt$n-ent as e*er$en,e $tsel+! T(eun$0ersal$ty and ne,ess$ty '+ t(e rule 'r la/ /'uld be *er+e,tlys*ur$'us attr$butes '+ $t! Indeed) $t ,'uld n't *'ssess un$0ersal

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0al$d$ty) $nasmu,( as $t /'uld n't $n t($s ,ase be a *r$'r$) but+'unded 'n dedu,t$'n! 3ut t(e same $s t(e ,ase /$t( t($s la/ as /$t('t(er *ure a *r$'r$ re*resentat$'ns =e!-!) s*a,e and t$me>) /($,( /e,an dra/ $n *er+e,t ,learness and ,'m*leteness +r'm e*er$en,e) 'nlybe,ause /e (ad already *la,ed t(em t(ere$n) and by t(at means) andby t(at al'ne) (ad rendered e*er$en,e *'ss$ble! Indeed) t(e l'-$,al,learness '+ t($s re*resentat$'n '+ a rule) determ$n$n- t(e ser$es'+ e0ents) $s *'ss$ble 'nly /(en /e (a0e made use t(ere'+ $n

e*er$en,e! Ne0ert(eless) t(e re,'-n$t$'n '+ t($s rule) as a ,'nd$t$'n'+ t(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+ *(en'mena $n t$me) /as t(e -r'und '+e*er$en,e $tsel+ and ,'nse.uently *re,eded $t a *r$'r$!e

It $s n'/ 'ur duty t' s('/ by an eam*le t(at /e ne0er) e0en $ne*er$en,e) attr$bute t' an 'b&e,t t(e n't$'n '+ su,,ess$'n 're++e,t ='+ an e0ent5 t(at $s) t(e (a**en$n- '+ s'met($n- t(at d$dn't e$st be+'re>) and d$st$n-u$s( $t +r'm t(e sub&e,t$0e su,,ess$'n'+ a**re(ens$'n) unless /(en a rule l$es at t(e +'undat$'n) /($,(,'m*els us t' 'bser0e t($s 'rder '+ *er,e*t$'n $n *re+eren,e t' any't(er) and t(at) $ndeed) $t $s t($s ne,ess$ty /($,( +$rst renders*'ss$ble t(e re*resentat$'n '+ a su,,ess$'n $n t(e 'b&e,t!*

2e (a0e re*resentat$'ns /$t($n us) '+ /($,( als' /e ,an be,'ns,$'us! 3ut) ('/e0er /$dely etended) ('/e0er a,,urate andt('r'u-(-'$n- t($s ,'ns,$'usness may be) t(ese re*resentat$'ns arest$ll n't($n- m're t(an re*resentat$'ns) t(at $s) $nternaldeterm$nat$'ns '+ t(e m$nd $n t($s 'r t(at relat$'n '+ t$me! N'/ ('/(a**ens $t t(at t' t(ese re*resentat$'ns /e s('uld set an 'b&e,t) 'rt(at) $n add$t$'n t' t(e$r sub&e,t$0e real$ty) as m'd$+$,at$'ns) /es('uld st$ll +urt(er attr$bute t' t(em a ,erta$n un%n'/n 'b&e,t$0ereal$ty@ It $s ,lear t(at 'b&e,t$0e s$-n$+$,an,y ,ann't ,'ns$st $n arelat$'n t' an't(er re*resentat$'n ='+ t(at /($,( /e des$re t' term'b&e,t>) +'r $n t(at ,ase t(e .uest$'n a-a$n ar$ses6 9H'/ d'es t($s't(er re*resentat$'n -' 'ut '+ $tsel+) and 'bta$n 'b&e,t$0es$-n$+$,an,y '0er and ab'0e t(e sub&e,t$0e) /($,( $s *r'*er t' $t)

as a determ$nat$'n '+ a state '+ m$nd@9 I+ /e try t' d$s,'0er /(ats'rt '+ ne/ *r'*erty t(e relat$'n t' an 'b&e,t -$0es t' 'ur sub&e,t$0ere*resentat$'ns) and /(at ne/ $m*'rtan,e t(ey t(ereby re,e$0e) /es(all +$nd t(at t($s relat$'n (as n' 't(er e++e,t t(an t(at '+render$n- ne,essary t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ 'ur re*resentat$'ns $n a ,erta$nmanner) and '+ sub&e,t$n- t(em t' a rule4 and t(at ,'n0ersely) $t $s'nly be,ause a ,erta$n 'rder $s ne,essary $n t(e relat$'ns '+ t$me'+ 'ur re*resentat$'ns) t(at 'b&e,t$0e s$-n$+$,an,y $s as,r$bed t't(em!t

In t(e synt(es$s '+ *(en'mena) t(e man$+'ld '+ 'ur re*resentat$'ns$s al/ays su,,ess$0e! N'/ (ereby $s n't re*resented an 'b&e,t) +'rby means '+ t($s su,,ess$'n) /($,( $s ,'mm'n t' all a**re(ens$'n) n'

'ne t($n- $s d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm an't(er! 3ut s' s''n as I *er,e$0e'r assume t(at $n t($s su,,ess$'n t(ere $s a relat$'n t' a stateante,edent) +r'm /($,( t(e re*resentat$'n +'ll'/s $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( arule) s' s''n d' I re*resent s'met($n- as an e0ent) 'r as a t($n- t(at(a**ens4 $n 't(er /'rds) I ,'-n$;e an 'b&e,t t' /($,( I must ass$-na ,erta$n determ$nate *'s$t$'n $n t$me) /($,( ,ann't be altered)be,ause '+ t(e *re,ed$n- state $n t(e 'b&e,t! 2(en) t(ere+'re) I*er,e$0e t(at s'met($n- (a**ens) t(ere $s ,'nta$ned $n t($sre*resentat$'n) $n t(e +$rst *la,e) t(e +a,t) t(at s'met($n-ante,edes4 be,ause) $t! $s 'nly $n relat$'n t' t($s t(at t(e*(en'men'n 'bta$ns $ts *r'*er relat$'n '+ t$me) $n 't(er /'rds) e$sts

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a+ter an ante,edent t$me) $n /($,( $t d$d n't e$st! 3ut $t ,anre,e$0e $ts determ$ned *la,e $n t$me 'nly by t(e *resu**'s$t$'n t(ats'met($n- e$sted $n t(e +'re-'$n- state) u*'n /($,( $t +'ll'/s$ne0$tably and al/ays) t(at $s) $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( a rule! Fr'm allt($s $t $s e0$dent t(at) $n t(e +$rst *la,e) I ,ann't re0erse t(e'rder '+ su,,ess$'n) and ma%e t(at /($,( (a**ens *re,ede t(at u*'n/($,( $t +'ll'/s4 and t(at) $n t(e se,'nd *la,e) $+ t(e ante,edentstate be *'s$ted) a ,erta$n determ$nate e0ent $ne0$tably and

ne,essar$ly +'ll'/s! Hen,e $t +'ll'/s t(at t(ere e$sts a ,erta$n'rder $n 'ur re*resentat$'ns) /(ereby t(e *resent -$0es a sure$nd$,at$'n '+ s'me *re0$'usly e$st$n- state) as a ,'rrelate) t('u-(st$ll undeterm$ned) '+ t(e e$st$n- e0ent /($,( $s -$0en5 a,'rrelate /($,( $tsel+ relates t' t(e e0ent as $ts ,'nse.uen,e),'nd$t$'ns $t) and ,'nne,ts $t ne,essar$ly /$t( $tsel+ $n t(e ser$es'+ t$me!'

I+ t(en $t be adm$tted as a ne,essary la/ '+ sens$b$l$ty) and,'nse.uently a +'rmal ,'nd$t$'n '+ all *er,e*t$'n) t(at t(e*re,ed$n- ne,essar$ly determ$nes t(e su,,eed$n- t$me =$nasmu,( as I,ann't arr$0e at t(e su,,eed$n- e,e*t t(r'u-( t(e *re,ed$n->) $t mustl$%e/$se be an $nd$s*ensable la/ '+ em*$r$,al re*resentat$'n '+ t(e

ser$es '+ t$me t(at t(e *(en'mena '+ t(e *ast determ$ne all*(en'mena $n t(e su,,eed$n- t$me) and t(at t(e latter) as e0ents),ann't ta%e *la,e) e,e*t $n s' +ar as t(e +'rmer determ$ne t(e$re$sten,e $n t$me) t(at $s t' say) establ$s( $t a,,'rd$n- t' a rule!F'r $t $s '+ ,'urse 'nly $n *(en'mena t(at /e ,an em*$r$,ally,'-n$;e t($s ,'nt$nu$ty $n t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ t$mes!,

F'r all e*er$en,e and +'r t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e)understand$n- $s $nd$s*ensable) and t(e +$rst ste* /($,( $t ta%es $nt($s s*(ere $s n't t' render t(e re*resentat$'n '+ 'b&e,ts ,lear)but t' render t(e re*resentat$'n '+ an 'b&e,t $n -eneral) *'ss$ble! Itd'es t($s by a**ly$n- t(e 'rder '+ t$me t' *(en'mena) and t(e$re$sten,e! In 't(er /'rds) $t ass$-ns t' ea,( *(en'men'n) as a

,'nse.uen,e) a *la,e $n relat$'n t' *re,ed$n- *(en'mena) determ$neda *r$'r$ $n t$me) /$t('ut /($,( $t ,'uld n't (arm'n$;e /$t( t$me$tsel+) /($,( determ$nes a *la,e a *r$'r$ t' all $ts *arts! T($sdeterm$nat$'n '+ *la,e ,ann't be der$0ed +r'm t(e relat$'n '+*(en'mena t' abs'lute t$me =+'r $t $s n't an 'b&e,t '+ *er,e*t$'n>4but) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) *(en'mena must re,$*r',ally determ$ne t(e *la,es$n t$me '+ 'ne an't(er) and render t(ese ne,essary $n t(e 'rder '+t$me! In 't(er /'rds) /(ate0er +'ll'/s 'r (a**ens) must +'ll'/ $n,'n+'rm$ty /$t( a un$0ersal rule u*'n t(at /($,( /as ,'nta$ned $nt(e +'re-'$n- state! Hen,e ar$ses a ser$es '+ *(en'mena) /($,() bymeans '+ t(e understand$n-) *r'du,es and renders ne,essary ea,tly t(esame 'rder and ,'nt$nu'us ,'nne,t$'n $n t(e ser$es '+ 'ur *'ss$ble*er,e*t$'ns) as $s +'und a *r$'r$ $n t(e +'rm '+ $nternal $ntu$t$'n

=t$me>) $n /($,( all 'ur *er,e*t$'ns must (a0e *la,e!=

T(at s'met($n- (a**ens) t(en) $s a *er,e*t$'n /($,( bel'n-s t' a*'ss$ble e*er$en,e) /($,( be,'mes real 'nly be,ause I l''% u*'n t(e*(en'men'n as determ$ned $n re-ard t' $ts *la,e $n t$me),'nse.uently as an 'b&e,t) /($,( ,an al/ays be +'und by means '+ arule $n t(e ,'nne,ted ser$es '+ my *er,e*t$'ns! 3ut t($s rule '+ t(edeterm$nat$'n '+ a t($n- a,,'rd$n- t' su,,ess$'n $n t$me $s as+'ll'/s6 9In /(at *re,edes may be +'und t(e ,'nd$t$'n) under /($,(an e0ent al/ays =t(at $s) ne,essar$ly> +'ll'/s!9 Fr'm all t($s $t $s'b0$'us t(at t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,ause and e++e,t $s t(e *r$n,$*le '+

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*'ss$ble e*er$en,e) t(at $s) '+ 'b&e,t$0e ,'-n$t$'n '+ *(en'mena)$n re-ard t' t(e$r relat$'ns $n t(e su,,ess$'n '+ t$me!$

T(e *r''+ '+ t($s +undamental *r'*'s$t$'n rests ent$rely 'n t(e+'ll'/$n- m'menta '+ ar-ument! T' all em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n bel'n-st(e synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld by t(e $ma-$nat$'n) a synt(es$s /($,( $sal/ays su,,ess$0e) t(at $s) $n /($,( t(e re*resentat$'ns t(ere$nal/ays +'ll'/ 'ne an't(er! 3ut t(e 'rder '+ su,,ess$'n $n

$ma-$nat$'n $s n't determ$ned) and t(e ser$es '+ su,,ess$0ere*resentat$'ns may be ta%en retr'-ress$0ely as /ell as *r'-ress$0ely!3ut $+ t($s synt(es$s $s a synt(es$s '+ a**re(ens$'n ='+ t(eman$+'ld '+ a -$0en *(en'men'n>)t(en t(e 'rder $s determ$ned $n t(e'b&e,t) 'r t' s*ea% m're a,,urately) t(ere $s t(ere$n an 'rder '+su,,ess$0e synt(es$s /($,( determ$nes an 'b&e,t) and a,,'rd$n- t'/($,( s'met($n- ne,essar$ly *re,edes) and /(en t($s $s *'s$ted)s'met($n- else ne,essar$ly +'ll'/s! I+) t(en) my *er,e*t$'n $s t','nta$n t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ an e0ent) t(at $s) '+ s'met($n- /($,(really (a**ens) $t must be an em*$r$,al &ud-ement) /(ere$n /e t($n%t(at t(e su,,ess$'n $s determ$ned4 t(at $s) $t *resu**'ses an't(er*(en'men'n) u*'n /($,( t($s e0ent +'ll'/s ne,essar$ly) 'r $n,'n+'rm$ty /$t( a rule! I+) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) /(en I *'s$ted t(e

ante,edent) t(e e0ent d$d n't ne,essar$ly +'ll'/) I s('uld be'bl$-ed t' ,'ns$der $t merely as a sub&e,t$0e *lay '+ my$ma-$nat$'n) and $+ $n t($s I re*resented t' mysel+ anyt($n- as'b&e,t$0e) I must l''% u*'n $t as a mere dream! T(us) t(e relat$'n'+ *(en'mena =as *'ss$ble *er,e*t$'ns>) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( t(at/($,( (a**ens $s) as t' $ts e$sten,e) ne,essar$ly determ$ned $nt$me by s'met($n- /($,( ante,edes) $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( a rule5 $n 't(er/'rds) t(e relat$'n '+ ,ause and e++e,t5 $s t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty '+ 'ur em*$r$,al &ud-ements $n re-ard t' t(ese.uen,e '+ *er,e*t$'ns) ,'nse.uently '+ t(e$r em*$r$,al trut() andt(ere+'re '+ e*er$en,e! T(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e relat$'n '+ ,ausal$ty $nt(e su,,ess$'n '+ *(en'mena $s t(ere+'re 0al$d +'r all 'b&e,ts '+e*er$en,e) be,ause $t $s $tsel+ t(e -r'und '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+

e*er$en,e!e

Here) ('/e0er) a d$++$,ulty ar$ses) /($,( must be res'l0ed! T(e*r$n,$*le '+ t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ ,ausal$ty am'n- *(en'mena $s l$m$ted $n'ur +'rmula t' t(e su,,ess$'n t(ere'+) alt('u-( $n *ra,t$,e /e +$ndt(at t(e *r$n,$*le a**l$es als' /(en t(e *(en'mena e$st t'-et(er $nt(e same t$me) and t(at ,ause and e++e,t may be s$multane'us! F'ream*le) t(ere $s (eat $n a r''m) /($,( d'es n't e$st $n t(e '*ena$r! I l''% ab'ut +'r t(e ,ause) and +$nd $t t' be t(e +$re) N'/ t(e+$re as t(e ,ause $s s$multane'us /$t( $ts e++e,t) t(e (eat '+ t(er''m! In t($s ,ase) t(en) t(ere $s n' su,,ess$'n as re-ards t$me)bet/een ,ause and e++e,t) but t(ey are s$multane'us4 and st$ll t(e la/('lds -''d! T(e -reater *art '+ '*erat$n- ,auses $n nature are

s$multane'us /$t( t(e$r e++e,ts) and t(e su,,ess$'n $n t$me '+ t(elatter $s *r'du,ed 'nly be,ause t(e ,ause ,ann't a,($e0e t(e t'tal'+ $ts e++e,t $n 'ne m'ment! 3ut at t(e m'ment /(en t(e e++e,t +$rstar$ses) $t $s al/ays s$multane'us /$t( t(e ,ausal$ty '+ $ts ,ause)be,ause) $+ t(e ,ause (ad but a m'ment be+'re ,eased t' be) t(e e++e,t,'uld n't (a0e ar$sen! Here $t must be s*e,$ally remembered t(at /emust ,'ns$der t(e 'rder '+ t$me and n't t(e la*se t(ere'+! T(erelat$'n rema$ns) e0en t('u-( n' t$me (as ela*sed! T(e t$me bet/eent(e ,ausal$ty '+ t(e ,ause and $ts $mmed$ate e++e,t may ent$rely0an$s() and t(e ,ause and e++e,t be t(us s$multane'us) but t(erelat$'n '+ t(e 'ne t' t(e 't(er rema$ns al/ays determ$nable a,,'rd$n-

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t' t$me! I+) +'r eam*le) I ,'ns$der a leaden ball) /($,( l$es u*'na ,us($'n and ma%es a ('ll'/ $n $t) as a ,ause) t(en $t $ss$multane'us /$t( t(e e++e,t! 3ut I d$st$n-u$s( t(e t/' t(r'u-( t(erelat$'n '+ t$me '+ t(e dynam$,al ,'nne,t$'n '+ b't(! F'r $+ I lay t(eball u*'n t(e ,us($'n) t(en t(e ('ll'/ +'ll'/s u*'n t(e be+'resm''t( sur+a,e4 but su**'s$n- t(e ,us($'n (as) +r'm s'me ,ause 'ran't(er) a ('ll'/) t(ere d'es n't t(ereu*'n +'ll'/ a leaden ball!a

T(us) t(e la/ '+ su,,ess$'n '+ t$me $s $n all $nstan,es t(e 'nlyem*$r$,al ,r$ter$'n '+ e++e,t $n relat$'n t' t(e ,ausal$ty '+ t(eante,edent ,ause! T(e -lass $s t(e ,ause '+ t(e r$s$n- '+ t(e /aterab'0e $ts ('r$;'ntal sur+a,e) alt('u-( t(e t/' *(en'mena are,'ntem*'rane'us! F'r) as s''n as I dra/ s'me /ater /$t( t(e -lass +r'ma lar-er 0essel) an e++e,t +'ll'/s t(ereu*'n) namely) t(e ,(an-e '+t(e ('r$;'ntal state /($,( t(e /ater (ad $n t(e lar-e 0essel $nt' a,'n,a0e) /($,( $t assumes $n t(e -lass!,

T($s ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,ausal$ty leads us t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a,t$'n4t(at '+ a,t$'n) t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ +'r,e4 and t(r'u-( $t) t' t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ substan,e! As I d' n't /$s( t($s ,r$t$,al essay) t(es'le *ur*'se '+ /($,( $s t' treat '+ t(e s'ur,es '+ 'ur synt(et$,al

,'-n$t$'n a *r$'r$) t' be ,r'/ded /$t( analyses /($,( merelye*la$n) but d' n't enlar-e t(e s*(ere '+ 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns) I reser0et(e deta$led e*lanat$'n '+ t(e ab'0e ,'n,e*t$'ns +'r a +uturesystem '+ *ure reas'n! Su,( an analys$s) $ndeed) ee,uted /$t( -reat*art$,ular$ty) may already be +'und $n /ell5%n'/n /'r%s 'n t($ssub&e,t! 3ut I ,ann't at *resent re+ra$n +r'm ma%$n- a +e/ remar%s'n t(e em*$r$,al ,r$ter$'n '+ a substan,e) $n s' +ar as $t seems t' bem're e0$dent and m're eas$ly re,'-n$;ed t(r'u-( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+a,t$'n t(an t(r'u-( t(at '+ t(e *ermanen,e '+ a *(en'men'n!a

2(ere a,t$'n =,'nse.uently a,t$0$ty and +'r,e> e$sts) substan,eals' must e$st) and $n $t al'ne must be s'u-(t t(e seat '+ t(at+ru$t+ul s'ur,e '+ *(en'mena! Dery /ell! 3ut $+ /e are ,alled u*'n

t' e*la$n /(at /e mean by substan,e) and /$s( t' a0'$d t(e 0$,e '+reas'n$n- $n a ,$r,le) t(e ans/er $s by n' means s' easy! H'/ s(all /e,'n,lude $mmed$ately +r'm t(e a,t$'n t' t(e *ermanen,e '+ t(at /($,(a,ts) t($s be$n- ne0ert(eless an essent$al and *e,ul$ar ,r$ter$'n '+substan,e =*(en'men'n>@ 3ut a+ter /(at (as been sa$d ab'0e) t(es'lut$'n '+ t($s .uest$'n be,'mes easy en'u-() alt('u-( by t(e,'mm'n m'de '+ *r',edure5 merely analys$n- 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns5 $t /'uldbe .u$te $m*'ss$ble! T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a,t$'n $nd$,ates t(e relat$'n'+ t(e sub&e,t '+ ,ausal$ty t' t(e e++e,t! N'/ be,ause all e++e,t,'ns$sts $n t(at /($,( (a**ens) t(ere+'re $n t(e ,(an-eable) t(elast sub&e,t t(ere'+ $s t(e *ermanent) as t(e substratum '+ all t(at,(an-es) t(at $s) substan,e! F'r a,,'rd$n- t' t(e *r$n,$*le '+,ausal$ty) a,t$'ns are al/ays t(e +$rst -r'und '+ all ,(an-e $n

*(en'mena and) ,'nse.uently) ,ann't be a *r'*erty '+ a sub&e,t /($,($tsel+ ,(an-es) be,ause $+ t($s /ere t(e ,ase) 't(er a,t$'ns andan't(er sub&e,t /'uld be ne,essary t' determ$ne t($s ,(an-e! Fr'mall t($s $t results t(at a,t$'n al'ne) as an em*$r$,al ,r$ter$'n) $s asu++$,$ent *r''+ '+ t(e *resen,e '+ substant$al$ty) /$t('ut anyne,ess$ty 'n my *art '+ endea0'ur$n- t' d$s,'0er t(e *ermanen,e '+substan,e by a ,'m*ar$s'n! 3es$des) by t($s m'de '+ $ndu,t$'n /e ,'uldn't atta$n t' t(e ,'m*leteness /($,( t(e ma-n$tude and str$,tun$0ersal$ty '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n re.u$res! F'r t(at t(e *r$marysub&e,t '+ t(e ,ausal$ty '+ all ar$s$n- and *ass$n- a/ay) all 'r$-$nand et$n,t$'n) ,ann't $tsel+ =$n t(e s*(ere '+ *(en'mena> ar$se and

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*ass a/ay) $s a s'und and sa+e ,'n,lus$'n) a ,'n,lus$'n /($,( leads ust' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ em*$r$,al ne,ess$ty and *ermanen,e $ne$sten,e) and ,'nse.uently t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a substan,e as*(en'men'n!*

2(en s'met($n- (a**ens) t(e mere +a,t '+ t(e ',,urren,e) /$t('utre-ard t' t(at /($,( ',,urs) $s an 'b&e,t re.u$r$n- $n0est$-at$'n! T(etrans$t$'n +r'm t(e n'n5be$n- '+ a state $nt' t(e e$sten,e '+ $t)

su**'s$n- t(at t($s state ,'nta$ns n' .ual$ty /($,( *re0$'usly e$sted$n t(e *(en'men'n) $s a +a,t '+ $tsel+ demand$n- $n.u$ry! Su,( ane0ent) as (as been s('/n $n N'! A) d'es n't ,'n,ern substan,e =+'rsubstan,e d'es n't t(us 'r$-$nate>) but $ts ,'nd$t$'n 'r state! It$s t(ere+'re 'nly ,(an-e) and n't 'r$-$n +r'm n't($n-! I+ t($s'r$-$n be re-arded as t(e e++e,t '+ a +'re$-n ,ause) $t $s termed,reat$'n) /($,( ,ann't be adm$tted as an e0ent am'n- *(en'mena)be,ause t(e 0ery *'ss$b$l$ty '+ $t /'uld ann$($late t(e un$ty '+e*er$en,e! I+) ('/e0er) I re-ard all t($n-s n't as *(en'mena) butas t($n-s $n t(emsel0es and 'b&e,ts '+ understand$n- al'ne) t(ey)alt('u-( substan,es) may be ,'ns$dered as de*endent) $n res*e,t '+t(e$r e$sten,e) 'n a +'re$-n ,ause! 3ut t($s /'uld re.u$re a 0eryd$++erent mean$n- $n t(e /'rds) a mean$n- /($,( ,'uld n't a**ly t'

*(en'mena as 'b&e,ts '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e!*

H'/ a t($n- ,an be ,(an-ed) ('/ $t $s *'ss$ble t(at u*'n 'ne statee$st$n- $n 'ne *'$nt '+ t$me) an '**'s$te state s('uld +'ll'/ $nan't(er *'$nt '+ t$me5 '+ t($s /e (a0e n't t(e smallest ,'n,e*t$'n a*r$'r$! T(ere $s re.u$s$te +'r t($s t(e %n'/led-e '+ real *'/ers)/($,( ,an 'nly be -$0en em*$r$,ally4 +'r eam*le) %n'/led-e '+m'0$n- +'r,es) 'r) $n 't(er /'rds) '+ ,erta$n su,,ess$0e *(en'mena =asm'0ements> /($,( $nd$,ate t(e *resen,e '+ su,( +'r,es! 3ut t(e +'rm '+e0ery ,(an-e) t(e ,'nd$t$'n under /($,( al'ne $t ,an ta%e *la,e as t(e,'m$n- $nt' e$sten,e '+ an't(er state =be t(e ,'ntent '+ t(e,(an-e) t(at $s) t(e state /($,( $s ,(an-ed) /(at $t may>) and,'nse.uently t(e su,,ess$'n '+ t(e states t(emsel0es ,an 0ery /ell

be ,'ns$dered a *r$'r$) $n relat$'n t' t(e la/ '+ ,ausal$ty and t(e,'nd$t$'ns '+ t$me!,

It must be remar%ed t(at I d' n't s*ea% '+ t(e ,(an-e '+ ,erta$nrelat$'ns) but '+ t(e ,(an-e '+ t(e state! T(us) /(en a b'dy m'0es$n a un$+'rm manner) $t d'es n't ,(an-e $ts state ='+ m't$'n>4 but'nly /(en all m't$'n $n,reases 'r de,reases!'

2(en a substan,e *asses +r'm 'ne state) a) $nt' an't(er state) b)t(e *'$nt '+ t$me $n /($,( t(e latter e$sts $s d$++erent +r'm) andsubse.uent t' t(at $n /($,( t(e +'rmer e$sted! In l$%e manner) t(ese,'nd state) as real$ty =$n t(e *(en'men'n>) d$++ers +r'm t(e+$rst) $n /($,( t(e real$ty '+ t(e se,'nd d$d n't e$st) as b +r'm

;er'! T(at $s t' say) $+ t(e state) b) d$++ers +r'm t(e state) a) 'nly$n res*e,t t' .uant$ty) t(e ,(an-e $s a ,'m$n- $nt' e$sten,e '+ b 5a) /($,( $n t(e +'rmer state d$d n't e$st) and $n relat$'n t' /($,(t(at state $s O!t

N'/ t(e .uest$'n ar$ses ('/ a t($n- *asses +r'm 'ne state a)$nt' an't(er state b! 3et/een t/' m'ments t(ere $s al/ays a,erta$n t$me) and bet/een t/' states e$st$n- $n t(ese m'ments t(ere$s al/ays a d$++eren,e (a0$n- a ,erta$n .uant$ty =+'r all *arts '+*(en'mena are $n t(e$r turn .uant$t$es>! C'nse.uently) e0erytrans$t$'n +r'm 'ne state $nt' an't(er $s al/ays e++e,ted $n a t$me

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,'nta$ned bet/een t/' m'ments) '+ /($,( t(e +$rst determ$nes t(e state/($,( lea0es) and t(e se,'nd determ$nes t(e state $nt' t(e t($n-*asses! t(e t($n- lea0es) and t(e se,'nd determ$nes t(e state $nt'/($,( t(e t($n- 3't( m'ments) t(en) are l$m$tat$'ns '+ t(e t$me '+ a,(an-e) ,'nse.uently '+ t(e $ntermed$ate state bet/een b't() and assu,( t(ey bel'n- t' t(e t'tal '+ t(e ,(an-e! N'/ e0ery ,(an-e (as a,ause) /($,( e0$den,es $ts ,ausal$ty $n t(e /('le t$me dur$n- /($,(t(e ,(ar-e ta%es *la,e! T(e ,ause) t(ere+'re) d'es n't *r'du,e t(e

,(an-e all at 'n,e 'r $n 'ne m'ment) but $n a t$me) s' t(at) as t(et$me -radually $n,reases +r'm t(e ,'mmen,$n- $nstant) a) t' $ts,'m*let$'n at b) $n l$%e manner als') t(e .uant$ty '+ t(e real$ty=b 5 a> $s -enerated t(r'u-( t(e lesser de-rees /($,( are ,'nta$nedbet/een t(e +$rst and last! All ,(an-e $s t(ere+'re *'ss$ble 'nlyt(r'u-( a ,'nt$nu'us a,t$'n '+ t(e ,ausal$ty) /($,() $n s' +ar as $t$s un$+'rm) /e ,all a m'mentum! T(e ,(an-e d'es n't ,'ns$st '+ t(esem'menta) but $s -enerated 'r *r'du,ed by t(em as t(e$r e++e,t!m

Su,( $s t(e la/ '+ t(e ,'nt$nu$ty '+ all ,(an-e) t(e -r'und '+ /($,($s t(at ne$t(er t$me $tsel+ n'r any *(en'men'n $n t$me ,'ns$sts '+*arts /($,( are t(e smallest *'ss$ble) but t(at) n't/$t(stand$n-)t(e state '+ a t($n- *asses $n t(e *r',ess '+ a ,(an-e t(r'u-( all

t(ese *arts) as elements) t' $ts se,'nd state! T(ere $s n' smallestde-ree '+ real$ty $n a *(en'men'n) &ust as t(ere $s n' smallest de-ree$n t(e .uant$ty '+ t$me4 and s' t(e ne/ state '+ real$ty -r'/s u*'ut '+ t(e +'rmer state) t(r'u-( all t(e $n+$n$te de-rees t(ere'+) t(ed$++eren,es '+ /($,( 'ne +r'm an't(er) ta%en all t'-et(er) are lesst(an t(e d$++eren,e bet/een ' and a!t

It $s n't 'ur bus$ness t' $n.u$re (ere $nt' t(e ut$l$ty '+ t($s*r$n,$*le $n t(e $n0est$-at$'n '+ nature! 3ut ('/ su,( a*r'*'s$t$'n) /($,( a**ears s' -reatly t' etend 'ur %n'/led-e '+nature) $s *'ss$ble ,'m*letely a *r$'r$) $s $ndeed a .uest$'n /($,(deser0es $n0est$-at$'n) alt('u-( t(e +$rst 0$e/ seems t' dem'nstratet(e trut( and real$ty '+ t(e *r$n,$*le) and t(e .uest$'n) ('/ $t $s

*'ss$ble) may be ,'ns$dered su*er+lu'us! F'r t(ere are s' many-r'undless *retens$'ns t' t(e enlar-ement '+ 'ur %n'/led-e by *urereas'n t(at /e must ta%e $t as a -eneral rule t' be m$strust+ul '+ allsu,() and /$t('ut a t('r'u-(-'$n- and rad$,al dedu,t$'n) t' bel$e0en't($n- '+ t(e s'rt e0en 'n t(e ,learest d'-mat$,al e0$den,e!n

E0ery add$t$'n t' 'ur em*$r$,al %n'/led-e) and e0ery ad0an,e made $nt(e eer,$se '+ 'ur *er,e*t$'n) $s n't($n- m're t(an an etens$'n '+t(e determ$nat$'n '+ t(e $nternal sense) t(at $s t' say) a *r'-ress$'n$n t$me) be 'b&e,ts t(emsel0es /(at t(ey may) *(en'mena) 'r *ure$ntu$t$'ns! T($s *r'-ress$'n $n t$me determ$nes e0eryt($n-) and $s$tsel+ determ$ned by n't($n- else! T(at $s t' say) t(e *arts '+ t(e*r'-ress$'n e$st 'nly $n t$me) and by means '+ t(e synt(es$s t(ere'+)

and are n't -$0en ante,edently t' $t! F'r t($s reas'n) e0erytrans$t$'n $n *er,e*t$'n t' anyt($n- /($,( +'ll'/s u*'n an't(er $nt$me) $s a determ$nat$'n '+ t$me by means '+ t(e *r'du,t$'n '+ t($s*er,e*t$'n! And as t($s determ$nat$'n '+ t$me $s) al/ays and $n all$ts *arts) a .uant$ty) t(e *er,e*t$'n *r'du,ed $s t' be ,'ns$deredas a .uant$ty /($,( *r',eeds t(r'u-( all $ts de-rees5 n' 'ne '+/($,( $s t(e smallest *'ss$ble5 +r'm ;er' u* t' $ts determ$ned de-ree!Fr'm t($s /e *er,e$0e t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ ,'-n$;$n- a *r$'r$ a la/ '+,(an-es5 a la/) ('/e0er) /($,( ,'n,erns t(e$r +'rm merely! 2e merelyant$,$*ate 'ur '/n a**re(ens$'n) t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'n '+ /($,()$nasmu,( as $t $s $tsel+ t' be +'und $n t(e m$nd ante,edently t' all

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-$0en *(en'mena) must ,erta$nly be ,a*able '+ be$n- ,'-n$;ed a *r$'r$!-

T(us) as t$me ,'nta$ns t(e sensu'us ,'nd$t$'n a *r$'r$ '+ t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ a ,'nt$nu'us *r'-ress$'n '+ t(at /($,( e$sts t' t(at/($,( +'ll'/s $t) t(e understand$n-) by 0$rtue '+ t(e un$ty '+a**er,e*t$'n) ,'nta$ns t(e ,'nd$t$'n a *r$'r$ '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+a ,'nt$nu'us determ$nat$'n '+ t(e *'s$t$'n $n t$me '+ all *(en'mena)and t($s by means '+ t(e ser$es '+ ,auses and e++e,ts) t(e +'rmer '+

/($,( ne,ess$tate t(e se.uen,e '+ t(e latter) and t(ereby renderun$0ersally and +'r all t$me) and by ,'nse.uen,e) 'b&e,t$0ely) 0al$dt(e em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e relat$'ns '+ t$me!t

C! THIR# ANA<OJ!

Pr$n,$*le '+ C'e$sten,e) A,,'rd$n- t' t(e <a/

'+ Re,$*r',$ty 'r C'mmun$ty!

All substan,es) $n s' +ar as t(ey ,an be *er,e$0ed $n s*a,e

at t(e same t$me) e$st $n a state '+ ,'m*lete re,$*r',$ty

'+ a,t$'n!

PROOF!

T($n-s are ,'e$stent) /(en $n em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n t(e *er,e*t$'n '+t(e 'ne ,an +'ll'/ u*'n t(e *er,e*t$'n '+ t(e 't(er) and 0$,e 0ersa5/($,( ,ann't ',,ur $n t(e su,,ess$'n '+ *(en'mena) as /e (a0e s('/n $nt(e e*lanat$'n '+ t(e se,'nd *r$n,$*le! T(us I ,an *er,e$0e t(em''n and t(en t(e eart() 'r ,'n0ersely) +$rst t(e eart( and t(en t(em''n4 and +'r t(e reas'n t(at my *er,e*t$'ns '+ t(ese 'b&e,ts ,anre,$*r',ally +'ll'/ ea,( 't(er) I say) t(ey e$st ,'ntem*'rane'usly!N'/ ,'e$sten,e $s t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e man$+'ld $n t(e same t$me! 3ut

t$me $tsel+ $s n't an 'b&e,t '+ *er,e*t$'n4 and t(ere+'re /e ,ann't,'n,lude +r'm t(e +a,t t(at t($n-s are *la,ed $n t(e same t$me) t(e't(er +a,t) t(at t(e *er,e*t$'n '+ t(ese t($n-s ,an +'ll'/ ea,('t(er re,$*r',ally! T(e synt(es$s '+ t(e $ma-$nat$'n $n a**re(ens$'n/'uld 'nly *resent t' us ea,( '+ t(ese *er,e*t$'ns as *resent $n t(esub&e,t /(en t(e 't(er $s n't *resent) and ,'ntrar$/$se4 but /'uld n'ts('/ t(at t(e 'b&e,ts are ,'e$stent) t(at $s t' say) t(at) $+ t(e 'nee$sts) t(e 't(er als' e$sts $n t(e same t$me) and t(at t($s $sne,essar$ly s') $n 'rder t(at t(e *er,e*t$'ns may be ,a*able '++'ll'/$n- ea,( 't(er re,$*r',ally! It +'ll'/s t(at a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(eunderstand$n- 'r ,ate-'ry '+ t(e re,$*r',al se.uen,e '+ t(edeterm$nat$'ns '+ *(en'mena =e$st$n-) as t(ey d') a*art +r'm ea,('t(er) and yet ,'ntem*'rane'usly>) $s re.u$s$te t' &ust$+y us $n

say$n- t(at t(e re,$*r',al su,,ess$'n '+ *er,e*t$'ns (as $ts+'undat$'n $n t(e 'b&e,t) and t' enable us t' re*resent ,'e$sten,e as'b&e,t$0e! 3ut t(at relat$'n '+ substan,es $n /($,( t(e 'ne ,'nta$nsdeterm$nat$'ns t(e -r'und '+ /($,( $s $n t(e 't(er substan,e) $s t(erelat$'n '+ $n+luen,e! And) /(en t($s $n+luen,e $s re,$*r',al) $t $st(e relat$'n '+ ,'mmun$ty 'r re,$*r',$ty! C'nse.uently t(e ,'e$sten,e'+ substan,es $n s*a,e ,ann't be ,'-n$;ed $n e*er$en,e 't(er/$se t(anunder t(e *re,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e$r re,$*r',al a,t$'n! T($s $s t(ere+'ret(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s t(emsel0es as 'b&e,ts '+e*er$en,e!e

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*er,e*t$'n ='+ a *(en'men'n $n s*a,e> $s se*arated +r'm e0ery 't(erand $s'lated) and t(e ,(a$n '+ em*$r$,al re*resentat$'ns) t(at $s)'+ e*er$en,e) must) /$t( t(e a**earan,e '+ a ne/ 'b&e,t) be-$nent$rely de n'0') /$t('ut t(e least ,'nne,t$'n /$t( *re,ed$n-re*resentat$'ns) and /$t('ut stand$n- t'/ards t(ese e0en $n t(erelat$'n '+ t$me! "y $ntent$'n (ere $s by n' means t' ,'mbat t(en't$'n '+ em*ty s*a,e4 +'r $t may e$st /(ere 'ur *er,e*t$'ns ,ann'te$st) $nasmu,( as t(ey ,ann't rea,( t(eret') and /(ere) t(ere+'re) n'

em*$r$,al *er,e*t$'n '+ ,'e$sten,e ta%es *la,e! 3ut $n t($s ,ase $t$s n't an 'b&e,t '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e!$

erman!

T(e +'ll'/$n- remar%s may be use+ul $n t(e /ay '+ e*lanat$'n! Int(e m$nd) all *(en'mena) as ,'ntents '+ a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) muste$st $n ,'mmun$ty =,'mmun$'> '+ a**er,e*t$'n 'r ,'ns,$'usness) and $ns' +ar as $t $s re.u$s$te t(at 'b&e,ts be re*resented as ,'e$stentand ,'nne,ted) $n s' +ar must t(ey re,$*r',ally determ$ne t(e *'s$t$'n$n t$me '+ ea,( 't(er and t(ereby ,'nst$tute a /('le! I+ t($ssub&e,t$0e ,'mmun$ty $s t' rest u*'n an 'b&e,t$0e bas$s) 'r t' bea**l$ed t' substan,es as *(en'mena) t(e *er,e*t$'n '+ 'ne substan,e

must render *'ss$ble t(e *er,e*t$'n '+ an't(er) and ,'n0ersely! F'r't(er/$se su,,ess$'n) /($,( $s al/ays +'und $n *er,e*t$'ns asa**re(ens$'ns) /'uld be *red$,ated '+ eternal 'b&e,ts) and t(e$rre*resentat$'n '+ t(e$r ,'e$sten,e be t(us $m*'ss$ble! 3ut t($s $sa re,$*r',al $n+luen,e) t(at $s t' say) a real ,'mmun$ty=,'mmer,$um> '+ substan,es) /$t('ut /($,( t(ere+'re t(e em*$r$,alrelat$'n '+ ,'e$sten,e /'uld be a n't$'n bey'nd t(e rea,( '+ 'urm$nds! 3y 0$rtue '+ t($s ,'mmer,$um) *(en'mena) $n s' +ar as t(eyare a*art +r'm) and ne0ert(eless $n ,'nne,t$'n /$t( ea,( 't(er),'nst$tute a ,'m*'s$tum reale! Su,( ,'m*'s$ta are *'ss$ble $n manyd$++erent /ays! T(e t(ree dynam$,al relat$'ns t(en) +r'm /($,( all't(ers s*r$n-) are t('se '+ $n(eren,e) ,'nse.uen,e) and ,'m*'s$t$'n!'

T(ese) t(en) are t(e t(ree anal'-$es '+ e*er$en,e! T(ey are n't($n-m're t(an *r$n,$*les '+ t(e determ$nat$'n '+ t(e e$sten,e '+*(en'mena $n t$me) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e t(ree m'd$ '+ t($sdeterm$nat$'n4 t' /$t) t(e relat$'n t' t$me $tsel+ as a .uant$ty=t(e .uant$ty '+ e$sten,e) t(at $s) durat$'n>) t(e relat$'n $n t$meas a ser$es 'r su,,ess$'n) +$nally) t(e relat$'n $n t$me as t(e,'m*le '+ all e$sten,e =s$multane$ty>! T($s un$ty '+ determ$nat$'n$n re-ard t' t$me $s t('r'u-(ly dynam$,al4 t(at $s t' say) t$me $s n't,'ns$dered as t(at $n /($,( e*er$en,e determ$nes $mmed$ately t' e0erye$sten,e $ts *'s$t$'n4 +'r t($s $s $m*'ss$ble) $nasmu,( as abs'lutet$me $s n't an 'b&e,t '+ *er,e*t$'n) by means '+ /($,( *(en'mena ,anbe ,'nne,ted /$t( ea,( 't(er! On t(e ,'ntrary) t(e rule '+ t(eunderstand$n-) t(r'u-( /($,( al'ne t(e e$sten,e '+ *(en'mena ,an

re,e$0e synt(et$,al un$ty as re-ards relat$'ns '+ t$me) determ$nes +'re0ery *(en'men'n $ts *'s$t$'n $n t$me) and ,'nse.uently a *r$'r$)and /$t( 0al$d$ty +'r all and e0ery t$me!a

3y nature) $n t(e em*$r$,al sense '+ t(e /'rd) /e understand t(et'tal$ty '+ *(en'mena ,'nne,ted) $n res*e,t '+ t(e$r e$sten,e)a,,'rd$n- t' ne,essary rules) t(at $s) la/s! T(ere are t(ere+'re,erta$n la/s =/($,( are m're'0er a *r$'r$> /($,( ma%e nature *'ss$ble4and all em*$r$,al la/s ,an e$st 'nly by means '+ e*er$en,e) and by0$rtue '+ t('se *r$m$t$0e la/s t(r'u-( /($,( e*er$en,e $tsel+ be,'mes*'ss$ble! T(e *ur*'se '+ t(e anal'-$es $s t(ere+'re t' re*resent t' us

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t(e un$ty '+ nature $n t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ all *(en'mena under ,erta$ne*'nents) t(e 'nly bus$ness '+ /($,( $s t' e*ress t(e relat$'n '+t$me =$n s' +ar as $t ,'nta$ns all e$sten,e $n $tsel+> t' t(e un$ty'+ a**er,e*t$'n) /($,( ,an e$st $n synt(es$s 'nly a,,'rd$n- t' rules!T(e ,'mb$ned e*ress$'n '+ all $s t($s6 9All *(en'mena e$st $n 'nenature) and must s' e$st) $nasmu,( as /$t('ut t($s a *r$'r$ un$ty) n'un$ty '+ e*er$en,e) and ,'nse.uently n' determ$nat$'n '+ 'b&e,ts $ne*er$en,e) $s *'ss$ble!9e

As re-ards t(e m'de '+ *r''+ /($,( /e (a0e em*l'yed $n treat$n- '+t(ese trans,endental la/s '+ nature) and t(e *e,ul$ar ,(ara,ter '+/e must ma%e 'ne remar%) /($,( /$ll at t(e same t$me be $m*'rtant as a-u$de $n e0ery 't(er attem*t t' dem'nstrate t(e trut( '+$ntelle,tual and l$%e/$se synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns a *r$'r$! Had /eendea0'ured t' *r'0e t(ese anal'-$es d'-mat$,ally) t(at $s) +r'm,'n,e*t$'ns4 t(at $s t' say) (ad /e em*l'yed t($s met('d $n attem*t$n-t' s('/ t(at e0eryt($n- /($,( e$sts) e$sts 'nly $n t(at /($,( $s*ermanent5 t(at e0ery t($n- 'r e0ent *resu**'ses t(e e$sten,e '+s'met($n- $n a *re,ed$n- state) u*'n /($,( $t +'ll'/s $n ,'n+'rm$ty/$t( a rule5 lastly) t(at $n t(e man$+'ld) /($,( $s ,'e$stent) t(estates ,'e$st $n ,'nne,t$'n /$t( ea,( 't(er a,,'rd$n- t' a rule5

all 'ur lab'ur /'uld (a0e been utterly $n 0a$n! F'r m're ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ t($n-s) analyse t(em as /e may) ,ann't enable us t' ,'n,lude +r'mt(e e$sten,e '+ 'ne 'b&e,t t' t(e e$sten,e '+ an't(er! 2(at 't(er,'urse /as le+t +'r us t' *ursue@ T($s 'nly) t' dem'nstrate t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e as a ,'-n$t$'n $n /($,( at last all'b&e,ts must be ,a*able '+ be$n- *resented t' us) $+ t(ere*resentat$'n '+ t(em $s t' *'ssess any 'b&e,t$0e real$ty! N'/ $nt($s t($rd) t($s med$at$n- term) t(e essent$al +'rm '+ /($,(,'ns$sts $n t(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+ t(e a**er,e*t$'n '+ all*(en'mena) /e +'und a *r$'r$ ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e un$0ersal and ne,essarydeterm$nat$'n as t' t$me '+ all e$sten,es $n t(e /'rld '+*(en'mena) /$t('ut /($,( t(e em*$r$,al determ$nat$'n t(ere'+ as t't$me /'uld $tsel+ be $m*'ss$ble) and /e als' d$s,'0ered rules '+

synt(et$,al un$ty a *r$'r$) by means '+ /($,( /e ,'uld ant$,$*atee*er$en,e! F'r /ant '+ t($s met('d) and +r'm t(e +an,y t(at $t /as*'ss$ble t' d$s,'0er a d'-mat$,al *r''+ '+ t(e synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'ns /($,( are re.u$s$te $n t(e em*$r$,al em*l'yment '+ t(eunderstand$n-) (as $t (a**ened t(at a *r''+ '+ t(e *r$n,$*le '+su++$,$ent reas'n (as been s' '+ten attem*ted) and al/ays $n 0a$n! T(e't(er t/' anal'-$es n'b'dy (as e0er t('u-(t '+) alt('u-( t(ey (a0eal/ays been s$lently em*l'yed by t(e m$nd) be,ause t(e -u$d$n- t(read+urn$s(ed by t(e ,ate-'r$es /as /ant$n-) t(e -u$de /($,( al'ne ,anenable us t' d$s,'0er e0ery ($atus) b't( $n t(e system '+,'n,e*t$'ns and '+ *r$n,$*les!,

T(e un$ty '+ t(e un$0erse) $n /($,( all *(en'mena t' be

,'nne,ted) $s e0$dently a mere ,'nse.uen,e '+ t(e adm$tted *r$n,$*le'+ t(e ,'mmun$ty '+ all substan,es /($,( are ,'e$stent! F'r /eresubstan,es $s'lated) t(ey ,'uld n't as *arts ,'nst$tute a /('le) and/ere t(e$r ,'nne,t$'n =re,$*r',al a,t$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld> n'tne,essary +r'm t(e 0ery +a,t '+ ,'e$sten,e) /e ,'uld n't ,'n,lude+r'm t(e +a,t '+ t(e latter as a merely $deal relat$'n t' t(e +'rmeras a real 'ne! 2e (a0e) ('/e0er) s('/n $n $ts *la,e t(at ,'mmun$ty$s t(e *r'*er -r'und '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ an em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+,'e$sten,e) and t(at /e may t(ere+'re *r'*erly reas'n +r'm t(e lattert' t(e +'rmer as $ts ,'nd$t$'n!t

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! THE POSTU<ATES OF E"PIRICA< THOUHT!

1! T(at /($,( a-rees /$t( t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns =$ntu$t$'n and,'n,e*t$'n> '+ e*er$en,e) $s *'ss$ble!,

B! T(at /($,( ,'(eres /$t( t(e mater$al ,'nd$t$'ns '+ e*er$en,e=sensat$'n>) $s real!=

! T(at /('se ,'(eren,e /$t( t(e real $s determ$ned a,,'rd$n- t'un$0ersal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ e*er$en,e $s =e$sts> ne,essary!u

E*lanat$'n!

T(e ,ate-'r$es '+ m'dal$ty *'ssess t($s *e,ul$ar$ty) t(at t(ey d'n't $n t(e least determ$ne t(e 'b&e,t) 'r enlar-e t(e ,'n,e*t$'n t'/($,( t(ey are anneed as *red$,ates) but 'nly e*ress $ts relat$'n t't(e +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n! T('u-( my ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- $s $n $tsel+,'m*lete) I am st$ll ent$tled t' as% /(et(er t(e 'b&e,t '+ $t $smerely *'ss$ble) 'r /(et(er $t $s als' real) 'r) $+ t(e latter)/(et(er $t $s als' ne,essary! 3ut (ereby t(e 'b&e,t $tsel+ $s n't m'rede+$n$tely determ$ned $n t('u-(t) but t(e .uest$'n $s 'nly $n /(at

relat$'n $t) $n,lud$n- all $ts determ$nat$'ns) stands t' t(eunderstand$n- and $ts em*l'yment $n e*er$en,e) t' t(e em*$r$,al+a,ulty '+ &ud-ement) and t' t(e reas'n '+ $ts a**l$,at$'n t'e*er$en,e!e

F'r t($s 0ery reas'n) t'') t(e ,ate-'r$es '+ m'dal$ty are n't($n-m're t(an e*lanat$'ns '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ *'ss$b$l$ty) real$ty) andne,ess$ty) as em*l'yed $n e*er$en,e) and at t(e same t$me)restr$,t$'ns '+ all t(e ,ate-'r$es t' em*$r$,al use al'ne) n'taut('r$;$n- t(e trans,endental em*l'yment '+ t(em! F'r $+ t(ey aret' (a0e s'met($n- m're t(an a merely l'-$,al s$-n$+$,an,e) and t' bes'met($n- m're t(an a mere analyt$,al e*ress$'n '+ t(e +'rm '+t('u-(t) and t' (a0e a relat$'n t' t($n-s and t(e$r *'ss$b$l$ty)

real$ty) 'r ne,ess$ty) t(ey must ,'n,ern *'ss$ble e*er$en,e and $tssynt(et$,al un$ty) $n /($,( al'ne 'b&e,ts '+ ,'-n$t$'n ,an be -$0en!s

T(e *'stulate '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s re.u$res als') t(at t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e t($n-s a-ree /$t( t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ 'ure*er$en,e $n -eneral! 3ut t($s) t(at $s t' say) t(e 'b&e,t$0e +'rm '+e*er$en,e) ,'nta$ns all t(e %$nds '+ synt(es$s /($,( are re.u$s$te+'r t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts! A ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( ,'nta$ns asynt(es$s must be re-arded as em*ty and) /$t('ut re+eren,e t' an'b&e,t) $+ $ts synt(es$s d'es n't bel'n- t' e*er$en,e5 e$t(er asb'rr'/ed +r'm $t) and $n t($s ,ase $t $s ,alled an em*$r$,al,'n,e*t$'n) 'r su,( as $s t(e -r'und and a *r$'r$ ,'nd$t$'n '+e*er$en,e =$ts +'rm>) and $n t($s ,ase $t $s a *ure ,'n,e*t$'n) a

,'n,e*t$'n /($,( ne0ert(eless bel'n-s t' e*er$en,e) $nasmu,( as $ts'b&e,t ,an be +'und $n t($s al'ne! F'r /(ere s(all /e +$nd t(e,r$ter$'n 'r ,(ara,ter '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ an 'b&e,t /($,( $s,'-$tated by means '+ an a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al ,'n,e*t$'n) $+ n't $nt(e synt(es$s /($,( ,'nst$tutes t(e +'rm '+ em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+'b&e,ts@ T(at $n su,( a ,'n,e*t$'n n' ,'ntrad$,t$'n e$sts $s $ndeed ane,essary l'-$,al ,'nd$t$'n) but 0ery +ar +r'm be$n- su++$,$ent t'establ$s( t(e 'b&e,t$0e real$ty '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) t(at $s) t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ su,( an 'b&e,t as $s t('u-(t $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n! T(us)$n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a +$-ure /($,( $s ,'nta$ned /$t($n t/' stra$-(tl$nes) t(ere $s n' ,'ntrad$,t$'n) +'r t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t/'

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stra$-(t l$nes and '+ t(e$r &un,t$'n ,'nta$n n' ne-at$'n '+ a+$-ure! T(e $m*'ss$b$l$ty $n su,( a ,ase d'es n't rest u*'n t(e,'n,e*t$'n $n $tsel+) but u*'n t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ $t $n s*a,e) t(at$s t' say) u*'n t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ s*a,e and $ts determ$nat$'ns! 3utt(ese (a0e t(emsel0es 'b&e,t$0e real$ty) t(at $s) t(ey a**ly t'*'ss$ble t($n-s) be,ause t(ey ,'nta$n a *r$'r$ t(e +'rm '+e*er$en,e $n -eneral!e

And n'/ /e s(all *r',eed t' *'$nt 'ut t(e etens$0e ut$l$ty and$n+luen,e '+ t($s *'stulate '+ *'ss$b$l$ty! 2(en I re*resent t' mysel+a t($n- t(at $s *ermanent) s' t(at e0eryt($n- $n $t /($,( ,(an-esbel'n-s merely t' $ts state 'r ,'nd$t$'n) +r'm su,( a ,'n,e*t$'n al'neI ne0er ,an ,'-n$;e t(at su,( a t($n- $s *'ss$ble! Or) $+ Ire*resent t' mysel+ s'met($n- /($,( $s s' ,'nst$tuted t(at) /(en $t $s*'s$ted) s'met($n- else +'ll'/s al/ays and $n+all$bly) my t('u-(t,'nta$ns n' sel+5,'ntrad$,t$'n4 but /(et(er su,( a *r'*erty as,ausal$ty $s t' be +'und $n any *'ss$ble t($n-) my t('u-(t al'nea++'rds n' means '+ &ud-$n-! F$nally) I ,an re*resent t' mysel+d$++erent t($n-s =substan,es> /($,( are s' ,'nst$tuted t(at t(estate 'r ,'nd$t$'n '+ 'ne ,auses a ,(an-e $n t(e state '+ t(e 't(er)and re,$*r',ally4 but /(et(er su,( a relat$'n $s a *r'*erty '+

t($n-s ,ann't be *er,e$0ed +r'm t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,( ,'nta$n amerely arb$trary synt(es$s! Only +r'm t(e +a,t) t(ere+'re) t(att(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns e*ress a *r$'r$ t(e relat$'ns '+ *er,e*t$'ns $ne0ery e*er$en,e) d' /e %n'/ t(at t(ey *'ssess 'b&e,t$0e real$ty) t(at$s) trans,endental trut(4 and t(at $nde*endent '+ e*er$en,e) t('u-(n't $nde*endent '+ all relat$'n t' +'rm '+ an e*er$en,e $n -eneraland $ts synt(et$,al un$ty) $n /($,( al'ne 'b&e,ts ,an be em*$r$,ally,'-n$;ed!,

3ut /(en /e +as($'n t' 'ursel0es ne/ ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ substan,es)+'r,es) a,t$'n) and rea,t$'n) +r'm t(e mater$al *resented t' us by*er,e*t$'n) /$t('ut +'ll'/$n- t(e eam*le '+ e*er$en,e $n t(e$r,'nne,t$'n) /e ,reate mere ,($meras) '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ /($,( /e

,ann't d$s,'0er any ,r$ter$'n) be,ause /e (a0e n't ta%en e*er$en,e+'r 'ur $nstru,tress) t('u-( /e (a0e b'rr'/ed t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns +r'm(er! Su,( +$,t$t$'us ,'n,e*t$'ns der$0e t(e$r ,(ara,ter '+ *'ss$b$l$tyn't) l$%e t(e ,ate-'r$es) a *r$'r$) as ,'n,e*t$'ns 'n /($,( alle*er$en,e de*ends) but 'nly) a *'ster$'r$) as ,'n,e*t$'ns -$0en bymeans '+ e*er$en,e $tsel+) and t(e$r *'ss$b$l$ty must e$t(er be,'-n$;ed a *'ster$'r$ and em*$r$,ally) 'r $t ,ann't be ,'-n$;ed atall! A substan,e /($,( $s *ermanently *resent $n s*a,e) yet /$t('ut+$ll$n- $t =l$%e t(at tert$um .u$d bet/een matter and t(e t($n%$n-sub&e,t /($,( s'me (a0e tr$ed t' $ntr'du,e $nt' meta*(ys$,s>) 'r a*e,ul$ar +undamental *'/er '+ t(e m$nd '+ $ntu$t$n- t(e +uture byant$,$*at$'n =$nstead '+ merely $n+err$n- +r'm *ast and *resente0ents>) 'r) +$nally) a *'/er '+ t(e m$nd t' *la,e $tsel+ $n ,'mmun$ty

'+ t('u-(t /$t( 't(er men) ('/e0er d$stant t(ey may be5 t(ese are,'n,e*t$'ns t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ /($,( (as n' -r'und t' rest u*'n! F'rt(ey are n't based u*'n e*er$en,e and $ts %n'/n la/s4 and) /$t('ute*er$en,e) t(ey are a merely arb$trary ,'n&un,t$'n '+ t('u-(ts)/($,() t('u-( ,'nta$n$n- n' $nternal ,'ntrad$,t$'n) (as n' ,la$m t''b&e,t$0e real$ty) ne$t(er) ,'nse.uently) t' t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ su,(an 'b&e,t as $s t('u-(t $n t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns! As +ar as ,'n,ernsreal$ty) $t $s sel+5e0$dent t(at /e ,ann't ,'-$tate su,( a *'ss$b$l$ty$n ,'n,ret' /$t('ut t(e a$d '+ e*er$en,e4 be,ause real$ty $s,'n,erned 'nly /$t( sensat$'n) as t(e matter '+ e*er$en,e) and n't/$t( t(e +'rm '+ t('u-(t) /$t( /($,( /e ,an n' d'ubt $ndul-e $n

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s(a*$n- +an,$es!s

3ut I *ass by e0eryt($n- /($,( der$0es $ts *'ss$b$l$ty +r'mreal$ty $n e*er$en,e) and I *ur*'se treat$n- (ere merely '+ t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s by means '+ a *r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns! I ma$nta$n)t(en) t(at t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s $s n't der$0ed +r'm su,(,'n,e*t$'ns *er se) but 'nly /(en ,'ns$dered as +'rmal and 'b&e,t$0e,'nd$t$'ns '+ an e*er$en,e $n -eneral!,

It seems) $ndeed) as $+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a tr$an-le ,'uld be,'-n$;ed +r'm t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ $t al'ne =/($,( $s ,erta$nly$nde*endent '+ e*er$en,e>4 +'r /e ,an ,erta$nly -$0e t' t(e,'n,e*t$'n a ,'rres*'nd$n- 'b&e,t ,'m*letely a *r$'r$) t(at $s t' say)/e ,an ,'nstru,t $t! 3ut as a tr$an-le $s 'nly t(e +'rm '+ an'b&e,t) $t must rema$n a mere *r'du,t '+ t(e $ma-$nat$'n) and t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ an 'b&e,t ,'rres*'nd$n- t' $t mustrema$n d'ubt+ul) unless /e ,an d$s,'0er s'me 't(er -r'und) unless /e%n'/ t(at t(e +$-ure ,an be ,'-$tated under t(e ,'nd$t$'ns u*'n/($,( all 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e rest! N'/) t(e +a,ts t(at s*a,e $s a+'rmal ,'nd$t$'n a *r$'r$ '+ eternal e*er$en,e) t(at t(e +'rmat$0esynt(es$s) by /($,( /e ,'nstru,t a tr$an-le $n $ma-$nat$'n) $s t(e

0ery same as t(at /e em*l'y $n t(e a**re(ens$'n '+ a *(en'men'n +'rt(e *ur*'se '+ ma%$n- an em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'n '+ $t) are /(at al'ne,'nne,t t(e n't$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ su,( a t($n-) /$t( t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ $t! In t(e same manner) t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ ,'nt$nu'us.uant$t$es) $ndeed '+ .uant$t$es $n -eneral) +'r t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+t(em are /$t('ut e,e*t$'n synt(et$,al) $s ne0er e0$dent +r'm t(e,'n,e*t$'ns $n t(emsel0es) but 'nly /(en t(ey are ,'ns$dered as t(e+'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e determ$nat$'n '+ 'b&e,ts $n e*er$en,e! And/(ere) $ndeed) s('uld /e l''% +'r 'b&e,ts t' ,'rres*'nd t' 'ur,'n,e*t$'ns) $+ n't $n e*er$en,e) by /($,( al'ne 'b&e,ts are*resented t' us@ It $s) ('/e0er) true t(at /$t('ut ante,edente*er$en,e /e ,an ,'-n$;e and ,(ara,ter$;e t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+t($n-s) relat$0ely t' t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns) under /($,( s'met($n-

$s determ$ned $n e*er$en,e as an 'b&e,t) ,'nse.uently) ,'m*letely a*r$'r$! 3ut st$ll t($s $s *'ss$ble 'nly $n relat$'n t' e*er$en,eand /$t($n $ts l$m$ts!a

T(e *'stulate ,'n,ern$n- t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e real$ty '+ t($n-sre.u$res *er,e*t$'n) ,'nse.uently ,'ns,$'us sensat$'n) n't $ndeed$mmed$ately) t(at $s) '+ t(e 'b&e,t $tsel+) /('se e$sten,e $s t' be,'-n$;ed) but st$ll t(at t(e 'b&e,t (a0e s'me ,'nne,t$'n /$t( a real*er,e*t$'n) $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e anal'-$es '+ e*er$en,e) /($,(e($b$t all %$nds '+ real ,'nne,t$'n $n e*er$en,e!e

Fr'm t(e mere ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- $t $s $m*'ss$ble t' ,'n,lude $tse$sten,e! F'r) let t(e ,'n,e*t$'n be e0er s' ,'m*lete) and ,'nta$n$n-

a statement '+ all t(e determ$nat$'ns '+ t(e t($n-) t(e e$sten,e '+$t (as n't($n- t' d' /$t( all t($s) but 'nly /$t( t(e/ .uest$'n/(et(er su,( a t($n- $s -$0en) s' t(at t(e *er,e*t$'n '+ $t ,an $ne0ery ,ase *re,ede t(e ,'n,e*t$'n! F'r t(e +a,t t(at t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+$t *re,edes t(e *er,e*t$'n) merely $nd$,ates t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ $tse$sten,e4 $t $s *er,e*t$'n /($,( *resents matter t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n)t(at $s t(e s'le ,r$ter$'n '+ real$ty! Pr$'r t' t(e *er,e*t$'n '+t(e t($n-) ('/e0er) and t(ere+'re ,'m*arat$0ely a *r$'r$) /e areable t' ,'-n$;e $ts e$sten,e) *r'0$ded $t stands $n ,'nne,t$'n /$t(s'me *er,e*t$'ns a,,'rd$n- t' t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e em*$r$,al,'n&un,t$'n '+ t(ese) t(at $s) $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e anal'-$es '+

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*er,e*t$'n! F'r) $n t($s ,ase) t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e su**'sed t($n-$s ,'nne,ted /$t( 'ur *er,e*t$'n $n a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) and /eare able) /$t( t(e -u$dan,e '+ t(ese anal'-$es) t' reas'n $n t(eser$es '+ *'ss$ble *er,e*t$'ns +r'm a t($n- /($,( /e d' really*er,e$0e t' t(e t($n- /e d' n't *er,e$0e! T(us) /e ,'-n$;e t(ee$sten,e '+ a ma-net$, matter *enetrat$n- all b'd$es +r'm t(e*er,e*t$'n '+ t(e attra,t$'n '+ t(e steel5+$l$n-s by t(e ma-net)alt('u-( t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ 'ur 'r-ans renders an $mmed$ate

*er,e*t$'n '+ t($s matter $m*'ss$ble +'r us! F'r) a,,'rd$n- t' t(ela/s '+ sens$b$l$ty and t(e ,'nne,ted ,'ntet '+ 'ur *er,e*t$'ns) /es('uld $n an e*er$en,e ,'me als' 'n an $mmed$ate em*$r$,al$ntu$t$'n '+ t($s matter) $+ 'ur senses /ere m're a,ute5 but t($s'btuseness (as n' $n+luen,e u*'n and ,ann't alter t(e +'rm '+ *'ss$blee*er$en,e $n -eneral! Our %n'/led-e '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ t($n-srea,(es as +ar as 'ur *er,e*t$'ns) and /(at may be $n+erred +r'mt(em a,,'rd$n- t' em*$r$,al la/s) etend! I+ /e d' n't set 'ut +r'me*er$en,e) 'r d' n't *r',eed a,,'rd$n- t' t(e la/s '+ t(e em*$r$,al,'nne,t$'n '+ *(en'mena) 'ur *retens$'ns t' d$s,'0er t(e e$sten,e'+ a t($n- /($,( /e d' n't $mmed$ately *er,e$0e are 0a$n! Ideal$sm)('/e0er) br$n-s +'r/ard *'/er+ul 'b&e,t$'ns t' t(ese rules +'r *r'0$n-e$sten,e med$ately! T($s $s) t(ere+'re) t(e *r'*er *la,e +'r $ts

re+utat$'n!r

REFUTATION OF I#EA<IS"!

Ideal$sm5 I mean mater$al $deal$sm5 $s t(e t(e'ry /($,( de,lares t(ee$sten,e '+ 'b&e,ts $n s*a,e /$t('ut us t' be e$t(er => d'ubt+uland $ndem'nstrable) 'r =B> +alse and $m*'ss$ble! T(e +$rst $s t(e*r'blemat$,al $deal$sm '+ #es,artes) /(' adm$ts t(e und'ubted,erta$nty '+ 'nly 'ne em*$r$,al assert$'n =assert$'>) t' /$t) 9Iam!9 T(e se,'nd $s t(e d'-mat$,al $deal$sm '+ 3er%eley) /('ma$nta$ns t(at s*a,e) t'-et(er /$t( all t(e 'b&e,ts '+ /($,( $t $s t(e$nse*arable ,'nd$t$'n) $s a t($n- /($,( $s $n $tsel+ $m*'ss$ble) andt(at ,'nse.uently t(e 'b&e,ts $n s*a,e are mere *r'du,ts '+ t(e

$ma-$nat$'n! T(e d'-mat$,al t(e'ry '+ $deal$sm $s una0'$dable) $+ /ere-ard s*a,e as a *r'*erty '+ t($n-s $n t(emsel0es4 +'r $n t(at ,ase$t $s) /$t( all t' /($,( $t ser0es as ,'nd$t$'n) a n'nent$ty! 3utt(e +'undat$'n +'r t($s %$nd '+ $deal$sm /e (a0e already destr'yed$n t(e trans,endental aest(et$,! Pr'blemat$,al $deal$sm) /($,( ma%esn' su,( assert$'n) but 'nly alle-es 'ur $n,a*a,$ty t' *r'0e t(ee$sten,e '+ anyt($n- bes$des 'ursel0es by means '+ $mmed$atee*er$en,e) $s a t(e'ry rat$'nal and e0$den,$n- a t('r'u-( and*($l's'*($,al m'de '+ t($n%$n-) +'r $t 'bser0es t(e rule n't t' +'rm ade,$s$0e &ud-ement be+'re su++$,$ent *r''+ be s('/n! T(e des$red *r''+must t(ere+'re dem'nstrate t(at /e (a0e e*er$en,e '+ eternal t($n-s)and n't mere +an,$es! F'r t($s *ur*'se) /e must *r'0e) t(at 'ur$nternal and) t' #es,artes) $ndub$table e*er$en,e $s $tsel+

*'ss$ble 'nly under t(e *re0$'us assum*t$'n '+ eternal e*er$en,e!*

THEORE"!

T(e s$m*le but em*$r$,ally determ$ned ,'ns,$'usness '+

my '/n e$sten,e *r'0es t(e e$sten,e '+ eternal

'b&e,ts $n s*a,e!

PROOF

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I am ,'ns,$'us '+ my '/n e$sten,e as determ$ned $n t$me! Alldeterm$nat$'n $n re-ard t' t$me *resu**'ses t(e e$sten,e '+ s'met($n-*ermanent $n *er,e*t$'n! 3ut t($s *ermanent s'met($n- ,ann't bes'met($n- $n me) +'r t(e 0ery reas'n t(at my e$sten,e $n t$me $s$tsel+ determ$ned by t($s *ermanent s'met($n-! It +'ll'/s t(at t(e*er,e*t$'n '+ t($s *ermanent e$sten,e $s *'ss$ble 'nly t(r'u-( at($n- /$t('ut me and n't t(r'u-( t(e mere re*resentat$'n '+ a t($n-

/$t('ut me! C'nse.uently) t(e determ$nat$'n '+ my e$sten,e $n t$me $s*'ss$ble 'nly t(r'u-( t(e e$sten,e '+ real t($n-s eternal t' me!N'/) ,'ns,$'usness $n t$me $s ne,essar$ly ,'nne,ted /$t( t(e,'ns,$'usness '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($s determ$nat$'n $n t$me!Hen,e $t +'ll'/s t(at ,'ns,$'usness $n t$me $s ne,essar$ly ,'nne,tedals' /$t( t(e e$sten,e '+ t($n-s /$t('ut me) $nasmu,( as t(ee$sten,e '+ t(ese t($n-s $s t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ determ$nat$'n $n t$me!T(at $s t' say) t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ my '/n e$sten,e $s at t(e samet$me an $mmed$ate ,'ns,$'usness '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ 't(er t($n-s/$t('ut me!

Remar% I! T(e reader /$ll 'bser0e) t(at $n t(e +'re-'$n- *r''+ t(e-ame /($,( $deal$sm *lays $s ret'rted u*'n $tsel+) and /$t( m're

&ust$,e! It assumed t(at t(e 'nly $mmed$ate e*er$en,e $s $nternal andt(at +r'm t($s /e ,an 'nly $n+er t(e e$sten,e '+ eternal t($n-s!3ut) as al/ays (a**ens) /(en /e reas'n +r'm -$0en e++e,ts t'determ$ned ,auses) $deal$sm bas reas'ned /$t( t'' mu,( (aste andun,erta$nty) +'r $t $s .u$te *'ss$ble t(at t(e ,ause '+ 'urre*resentat$'ns may l$e $n 'ursel0es) and t(at /e as,r$be $t +alselyt' eternal t($n-s! 3ut 'ur *r''+ s('/s t(at eternal e*er$en,e $s*r'*erly $mmed$ate) t(at 'nly by 0$rtue '+ $t5 n't) $ndeed) t(e,'ns,$'usness '+ 'ur '/n e$sten,e) but ,erta$nly t(e determ$nat$'n '+'ur e$sten,e $n t$me) t(at $s) $nternal e*er$en,e5 $s *'ss$ble! It$s true) t(at t(e re*resentat$'n 9I am)9 /($,( $s t(e e*ress$'n '+t(e ,'ns,$'usness /($,( ,an a,,'m*any all my t('u-(ts) $s t(at /($,($mmed$ately $n,ludes t(e e$sten,e '+ a sub&e,t! 3ut $n t($s

re*resentat$'n /e ,ann't +$nd any %n'/led-e '+ t(e sub&e,t) andt(ere+'re als' n' em*$r$,al %n'/led-e) t(at $s) e*er$en,e! F're*er$en,e ,'nta$ns) $n add$t$'n t' t(e t('u-(t '+ s'met($n- e$st$n-)$ntu$t$'n) and $n t($s ,ase $t must be $nternal $ntu$t$'n) t(at $s)t$me) $n relat$'n t' /($,( t(e sub&e,t must be determ$ned! 3ut t(ee$sten,e '+ eternal t($n-s $s abs'lutely re.u$s$te +'r t($s *ur*'se)s' t(at $t +'ll'/s t(at $nternal e*er$en,e $s $tsel+ *'ss$ble 'nlymed$ately and t(r'u-( eternal e*er$en,e!

T(e $mmed$ate ,'ns,$'usness '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ eternal t($n-s $s)$n t(e *re,ed$n- t(e'rem) n't *resu**'sed) but *r'0ed) by t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($s ,'ns,$'usness underst''d by us 'r n't! T(e.uest$'n as t' t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ $t /'uld stand t(us6 9Ha0e /e an

$nternal sense) but n' eternal sense) and $s 'ur bel$e+ $n eternal*er,e*t$'n a mere delus$'n@9 3ut $t $s e0$dent t(at) $n 'rder merelyt' +an,y t' 'ursel0es anyt($n- as eternal) t(at $s) t' *resent $tt' t(e sense $n $ntu$t$'n /e must already *'ssess an eternal sense)and must t(ereby d$st$n-u$s( $mmed$ately t(e mere re,e*t$0$ty '+ aneternal $ntu$t$'n +r'm t(e s*'ntane$ty /($,( ,(ara,ter$;es e0erya,t '+ $ma-$nat$'n! F'r merely t' $ma-$ne als' an eternal sense)/'uld ann$($late t(e +a,ulty '+ $ntu$t$'n $tsel+ /($,( $s t' bedeterm$ned by t(e $ma-$nat$'n!

Remar% II! N'/ /$t( t($s 0$e/ all em*$r$,al use '+ 'ur +a,ulty '+

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,'-n$t$'n $n t(e determ$nat$'n '+ t$me $s $n *er+e,t a,,'rdan,e! Itstrut( $s su**'rted by t(e +a,t t(at $t $s *'ss$ble t' *er,e$0e adeterm$nat$'n '+ t$me 'nly by means '+ a ,(an-e $n eternalrelat$'ns =m't$'n> t' t(e *ermanent $n s*a,e =+'r eam*le) /e be,'mea/are '+ t(e sun?s m't$'n by 'bser0$n- t(e ,(an-es '+ ($s relat$'nt' t(e 'b&e,ts '+ t($s eart(>! 3ut t($s $s n't all! 2e +$nd t(at /e*'ssess n't($n- *ermanent t(at ,an ,'rres*'nd and be subm$tted t't(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a substan,e as $ntu$t$'n) e,e*t matter! T($s $dea

'+ *ermanen,e $s n't $tsel+ der$0ed +r'm eternal e*er$en,e) but $san a *r$'r$ ne,essary ,'nd$t$'n '+ all determ$nat$'n '+ t$me),'nse.uently als' '+ t(e $nternal sense $n re+eren,e t' 'ur '/ne$sten,e) and t(at t(r'u-( t(e e$sten,e '+ eternal t($n-s! In t(ere*resentat$'n 9I)9 t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ mysel+ $s n't an $ntu$t$'n)but a merely $ntelle,tual re*resentat$'n *r'du,ed by t(e s*'ntane'usa,t$0$ty '+ a t($n%$n- sub&e,t! It +'ll'/s) t(at t($s 9I9 (as n'tany *red$,ate '+ $ntu$t$'n) /($,() $n $ts ,(ara,ter '+ *ermanen,e),'uld ser0e as ,'rrelate t' t(e determ$nat$'n '+ t$me $n t(e$nternal sense5 $n t(e same /ay as $m*enetrab$l$ty $s t(e ,'rrelate '+matter as an em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n!

Remar% III! Fr'm t(e +a,t t(at t(e e$sten,e '+ eternal t($n-s $s a

ne,essary ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a determ$ned ,'ns,$'usness'+ 'ursel0es) $t d'es n't +'ll'/ t(at e0ery $ntu$t$0e re*resentat$'n'+ eternal t($n-s $n0'l0es t(e e$sten,e '+ t(ese t($n-s) +'r t(e$rre*resentat$'ns may 0ery /ell be t(e mere *r'du,ts '+ t(e$ma-$nat$'n =$n dreams as /ell as $n madness>4 t('u-() $ndeed) t(eseare t(emsel0es ,reated by t(e re*r'du,t$'n '+ *re0$'us eternal*er,e*t$'ns) /($,() as (as been s('/n) are *'ss$ble 'nly t(r'u-( t(ereal$ty '+ eternal 'b&e,ts! T(e s'le a$m '+ 'ur remar%s (as) ('/e0er)been t' *r'0e t(at $nternal e*er$en,e $n -eneral $s *'ss$ble 'nlyt(r'u-( eternal e*er$en,e $n -eneral! 2(et(er t($s 'r t(atsu**'sed e*er$en,e be *urely $ma-$nary must be d$s,'0ered +r'm $ts*art$,ular determ$nat$'ns and by ,'m*ar$n- t(ese /$t( t(e ,r$ter$a'+ all real e*er$en,e!

F$nally) as re-ards t(e t($rd *'stulate) $t a**l$es t' mater$alne,ess$ty $n e$sten,e) and n't t' merely +'rmal and l'-$,al ne,ess$ty$n t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns! N'/ as /e ,ann't ,'-n$;e,'m*letely a *r$'r$ t(e e$sten,e '+ any 'b&e,t '+ sense) t('u-( /e,an d' s' ,'m*arat$0ely a *r$'r$) t(at $s) relat$0ely t' s'me 't(er*re0$'usly -$0en e$sten,e5 a ,'-n$t$'n) ('/e0er) /($,( ,an 'nly be '+su,( an e$sten,e as must be ,'nta$ned $n t(e ,'m*le '+ e*er$en,e)'+ /($,( t(e *re0$'usly -$0en *er,e*t$'n $s a *art5 t(e ne,ess$ty '+e$sten,e ,an ne0er be ,'-n$;ed +r'm ,'n,e*t$'ns) but al/ays) 'n t(e,'ntrary) +r'm $ts ,'nne,t$'n /$t( t(at /($,( $s an 'b&e,t '+*er,e*t$'n! 3ut t(e 'nly e$sten,e ,'-n$;ed) under t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+'t(er -$0en *(en'mena) as ne,essary) $s t(e e$sten,e '+ e++e,ts

+r'm -$0en ,auses $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e la/s '+ ,ausal$ty! It $s,'nse.uently n't t(e ne,ess$ty '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ t($n-s =assubstan,es>) but t(e ne,ess$ty '+ t(e state '+ t($n-s t(at /e ,'-n$;e)and t(at n't $mmed$ately) but by means '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ 't(erstates -$0en $n *er,e*t$'n) a,,'rd$n- t' em*$r$,al la/s '+,ausal$ty! Hen,e $t +'ll'/s t(at t(e ,r$ter$'n '+ ne,ess$ty $s t' be+'und 'nly $n t(e la/ '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e5 t(at e0eryt($n- /($,((a**ens $s determ$ned a *r$'r$ $n t(e *(en'men'n by $ts ,ause! T(us /e,'-n$;e 'nly t(e ne,ess$ty '+ e++e,ts $n nature) t(e ,auses '+ /($,(are -$0en us! "'re'0er) t(e ,r$ter$'n '+ ne,ess$ty $n e$sten,e*'ssesses n' a**l$,at$'n bey'nd t(e +$eld '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e)

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and e0en $n t($s $t $s n't 0al$d '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ t($n-s assubstan,es) be,ause t(ese ,an ne0er be ,'ns$dered as em*$r$,ale++e,ts) 'r as s'met($n- t(at (a**ens and (as a be-$nn$n-!Ne,ess$ty) t(ere+'re) re-ards 'nly t(e relat$'ns '+ *(en'menaa,,'rd$n- t' t(e dynam$,al la/ '+ ,ausal$ty) and t(e *'ss$b$l$ty-r'unded t(ere'n) '+ reas'n$n- +r'm s'me -$0en e$sten,e ='+ a,ause> a *r$'r$ t' an't(er e$sten,e ='+ an e++e,t>! 9E0eryt($n-t(at (a**ens $s (y*'t(et$,ally ne,essary)9 $s a *r$n,$*le /($,(

sub&e,ts t(e ,(an-es t(at ta%e *la,e $n t(e /'rld t' a la/) t(at $s)t' a rule '+ ne,essary e$sten,e) /$t('ut /($,( nature (ersel+ ,'uldn't *'ss$bly e$st! Hen,e t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9N't($n- (a**ens by bl$nd,(an,e =$n mund' n'n datur ,asus>)9 $s an a *r$'r$ la/ '+ nature!T(e ,ase $s t(e same /$t( t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9Ne,ess$ty $n nature $s n'tbl$nd)9 t(at $s) $t $s ,'nd$t$'ned) ,'nse.uently $ntell$-$blene,ess$ty =n'n datur +atum>! 3't( la/s sub&e,t t(e *lay '+ ,(an-e t'9a nature '+ t($n-s =as *(en'mena>)9 'r) /($,( $s t(e same t($n-) t't(e un$ty '+ t(e understand$n-) and t(r'u-( t(e understand$n- al'ne,an ,(an-es bel'n- t' an e*er$en,e) as t(e synt(et$,al un$ty '+*(en'mena! 3't( bel'n- t' t(e ,lass '+ dynam$,al *r$n,$*les! T(e+'rmer $s *r'*erly a ,'nse.uen,e '+ t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,ausal$ty5 'ne '+t(e anal'-$es '+ e*er$en,e! T(e latter bel'n-s t' t(e *r$n,$*les '+

m'dal$ty) /($,( t' t(e determ$nat$'n '+ ,ausal$ty adds t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ ne,ess$ty) /($,( $s $tsel+) ('/e0er) sub&e,t t' a rule'+ t(e understand$n-! T(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,'nt$nu$ty +'rb$ds any lea*$n t(e ser$es '+ *(en'mena re-arded as ,(an-es =$n mund' n'n datursaltus>4 and l$%e/$se) $n t(e ,'m*le '+ all em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'ns $ns*a,e) any brea% 'r ($atus bet/een t/' *(en'mena =n'n datur ($atus>5+'r /e ,an s' e*ress t(e *r$n,$*le) t(at e*er$en,e ,an adm$t n't($n-/($,( *r'0es t(e e$sten,e '+ a 0a,uum) 'r /($,( e0en adm$ts $t as a*art '+ an em*$r$,al synt(es$s! F'r) as re-ards a 0a,uum 'r 0'$d)/($,( /e may ,'-$tate as 'ut and bey'nd t(e +$eld '+ *'ss$blee*er$en,e =t(e /'rld>) su,( a .uest$'n ,ann't ,'me be+'re t(etr$bunal '+ mere understand$n-) /($,( de,$des 'nly u*'n .uest$'ns t(at,'n,ern t(e em*l'yment '+ -$0en *(en'mena +'r t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+

em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n! It $s rat(er a *r'blem +'r $deal reas'n) /($,(*asses bey'nd t(e s*(ere '+ a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e and a$ms at+'rm$n- a &ud-ement '+ t(at /($,( surr'unds and ,$r,ums,r$bes $t)and t(e *r'*er *la,e +'r t(e ,'ns$derat$'n '+ $t $s t(e trans,endentald$ale,t$,! T(ese +'ur *r'*'s$t$'ns) 9In mund' n'n datur ($atus) n'ndatur saltus) n'n datur ,asus) n'n datur +atum)9 as /ell as all*r$n,$*les '+ trans,endental 'r$-$n) /e ,'uld 0ery eas$ly e($b$t $nt(e$r *r'*er 'rder) t(at $s) $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e 'rder '+ t(e,ate-'r$es) and ass$-n t' ea,( $ts *r'*er *la,e! 3ut t(e already*ra,t$sed reader /$ll d' t($s +'r ($msel+) 'r d$s,'0er t(e ,lue t'su,( an arran-ement! 3ut t(e ,'mb$ned result '+ all $s s$m*ly t($s) t'adm$t $nt' t(e em*$r$,al synt(es$s n't($n- /($,( m$-(t ,ause a brea%$n 'r be +'re$-n t' t(e understand$n- and t(e ,'nt$nu'us ,'nne,t$'n '+

all *(en'mena) t(at $s) t(e un$ty '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n-! F'r $n t(e understand$n- al'ne $s t(e un$ty '+e*er$en,e) $n /($,( all *er,e*t$'ns must (a0e t(e$r ass$-ned *la,e)*'ss$ble!

2(et(er t(e +$eld '+ *'ss$b$l$ty be -reater t(an t(at '+ real$ty)and /(et(er t(e +$eld '+ t(e latter be $tsel+ -reater t(an t(at '+ne,ess$ty) are $nterest$n- en'u-( .uest$'ns) and .u$te ,a*able '+synt(et$, s'lut$'n) .uest$'ns) ('/e0er) /($,( ,'me under t(e&ur$sd$,t$'n '+ reas'n al'ne! F'r t(ey are tantam'unt t' as%$n-/(et(er all t($n-s as *(en'mena d' /$t('ut e,e*t$'n bel'n- t' t(e

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,'m*le and ,'nne,ted /('le '+ a s$n-le e*er$en,e) '+ /($,( e0ery-$0en *er,e*t$'n $s a *art /($,( t(ere+'re ,ann't be ,'n&'$ned /$t(any 't(er *(en'mena5 'r) /(et(er my *er,e*t$'ns ,an bel'n- t' m'ret(an 'ne *'ss$ble e*er$en,e@ T(e understand$n- -$0es t' e*er$en,e)a,,'rd$n- t' t(e sub&e,t$0e and +'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns) '+ sens$b$l$ty as/ell as '+ a**er,e*t$'n) t(e rules /($,( al'ne ma%e t($s e*er$en,e*'ss$ble! Ot(er +'rms '+ $ntu$t$'n bes$des t('se '+ s*a,e and t$me)'t(er +'rms '+ understand$n- bes$des t(e d$s,urs$0e +'rms '+

t('u-(t) 'r '+ ,'-n$t$'n by means '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) /e ,an ne$t(er$ma-$ne n'r ma%e $ntell$-$ble t' 'ursel0es4 and e0en $+ /e ,'uld) t(ey/'uld st$ll n't bel'n- t' e*er$en,e) /($,( $s t(e 'nly m'de '+,'-n$t$'n by /($,( 'b&e,ts are *resented t' us! 2(et(er 't(er*er,e*t$'ns bes$des t('se /($,( bel'n- t' t(e t'tal '+ 'ur *'ss$blee*er$en,e) and ,'nse.uently /(et(er s'me 't(er s*(ere '+ mattere$sts) t(e understand$n- (as n' *'/er t' de,$de) $ts *r'*er',,u*at$'n be$n- /$t( t(e synt(es$s '+ t(at /($,( $s -$0en!"'re'0er) t(e *'0erty '+ t(e usual ar-uments /($,( -' t' *r'0e t(ee$sten,e '+ a 0ast s*(ere '+ *'ss$b$l$ty) '+ /($,( all t(at $s real=e0ery 'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e> $s but a small *art) $s 0eryremar%able! 9All real $s *'ss$ble94 +r'm t($s +'ll'/s naturally)a,,'rd$n- t' t(e l'-$,al la/s '+ ,'n0ers$'n) t(e *art$,ular

*r'*'s$t$'n6 9S'me *'ss$ble $s real!9 N'/ t($s seems t' bee.u$0alent t'6 9"u,( $s *'ss$ble t(at $s n't real!9 N' d'ubt $t d'esseem as $+ /e 'u-(t t' ,'ns$der t(e sum '+ t(e *'ss$ble t' be-reater t(an t(at '+ t(e real) +r'm t(e +a,t t(at s'met($n- must beadded t' t(e +'rmer t' ,'nst$tute t(e latter! 3ut t($s n't$'n '+add$n- t' t(e *'ss$ble $s absurd! F'r t(at /($,( $s n't $n t(e sum'+ t(e *'ss$ble) and ,'nse.uently re.u$res t' be added t' $t) $sman$+estly $m*'ss$ble! In add$t$'n t' a,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e +'rmal,'nd$t$'ns '+ e*er$en,e) t(e understand$n- re.u$res a ,'nne,t$'n /$t(s'me *er,e*t$'n4 but t(at /($,( $s ,'nne,ted /$t( t($s *er,e*t$'n $sreal) e0en alt('u-( $t $s n't $mmed$ately *er,e$0ed! 3ut t(atan't(er ser$es '+ *(en'mena) $n ,'m*lete ,'(eren,e /$t( t(at /($,($s -$0en $n *er,e*t$'n) ,'nse.uently m're t(an 'ne all5embra,$n-

e*er$en,e $s *'ss$ble) $s an $n+eren,e /($,( ,ann't be ,'n,luded +r'mt(e data -$0en us by e*er$en,e) and st$ll less /$t('ut any data atall! T(at /($,( $s *'ss$ble 'nly under ,'nd$t$'ns /($,( are t(emsel0esmerely *'ss$ble) $s n't *'ss$ble $n any res*e,t! And yet /e ,an +$ndn' m're ,erta$n -r'und 'n /($,( t' base t(e d$s,uss$'n '+ t(e .uest$'n/(et(er t(e s*(ere '+ *'ss$b$l$ty $s /$der t(an t(at '+ e*er$en,e!

I (a0e merely ment$'ned t(ese .uest$'ns) t(at $n treat$n- '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-) t(ere m$-(t be n' 'm$ss$'n '+anyt($n- t(at) $n t(e ,'mm'n '*$n$'n) bel'n-s t' t(em! In real$ty)('/e0er) t(e n't$'n '+ abs'lute *'ss$b$l$ty =*'ss$b$l$ty /($,( $s0al$d $n e0ery res*e,t> $s n't a mere ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-)/($,( ,an be em*l'yed em*$r$,ally) but bel'n-s t' reas'n al'ne)

/($,( *asses t(e b'unds '+ all em*$r$,al use '+ t(e understand$n-!2e (a0e) t(ere+'re) ,'ntented 'ursel0es /$t( a merely ,r$t$,al remar%)lea0$n- t(e sub&e,t t' be e*la$ned $n t(e se.uel!

3e+'re ,'n,lud$n- t($s +'urt( se,t$'n) and at t(e same t$me t(esystem '+ all *r$n,$*les '+ t(e *ure understand$n-) $t seems *r'*er t'ment$'n t(e reas'ns /($,( $ndu,ed me t' term t(e *r$n,$*les '+m'dal$ty *'stulates! T($s e*ress$'n I d' n't (ere use $n t(e sense/($,( s'me m're re,ent *($l's'*(ers) ,'ntrary t' $ts mean$n- /$t(mat(emat$,$ans) t' /('m t(e /'rd *r'*erly bel'n-s) atta,( t' $t5t(at '+ a *r'*'s$t$'n) namely) $mmed$ately ,erta$n) re.u$r$n-

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ne$t(er dedu,t$'n n'r *r''+! F'r $+) $n t(e ,ase '+ synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'ns) ('/e0er e0$dent t(ey may be) /e a,,'rd t' t(em /$t('utdedu,t$'n) and merely 'n t(e stren-t( '+ t(e$r '/n *retens$'ns)un.ual$+$ed bel$e+) all ,r$t$.ue '+ t(e understand$n- $s ent$relyl'st4 and) as t(ere $s n' /ant '+ b'ld *retens$'ns) /($,( t(e ,'mm'nbel$e+ =t('u-( +'r t(e *($l's'*(er t($s $s n' ,redent$al> d'es n'tre&e,t) t(e understand$n- l$es e*'sed t' e0ery delus$'n and,'n,e$t) /$t('ut t(e *'/er '+ re+us$n- $ts assent t' t('se assert$'ns)

/($,() t('u-( $lle-$t$mate) demand a,,e*tan,e as 0er$table a$'ms!2(en) t(ere+'re) t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- an a *r$'r$determ$nat$'n $s synt(et$,ally added) su,( a *r'*'s$t$'n must'bta$n) $+ n't a *r''+) at least a dedu,t$'n '+ t(e le-$t$ma,y '+$ts assert$'n!

T(e *r$n,$*les '+ m'dal$ty are) ('/e0er) n't 'b&e,t$0elysynt(et$,al) +'r t(e *red$,ates '+ *'ss$b$l$ty) real$ty) and ne,ess$tyd' n't $n t(e least au-ment t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(at '+ /($,( t(ey area++$rmed) $nasmu,( as t(ey ,'ntr$bute n't($n- t' t(e re*resentat$'n '+t(e 'b&e,t! 3ut as t(ey are) ne0ert(eless) al/ays synt(et$,al) t(eyare s' merely sub&e,t$0ely! T(at $s t' say) t(ey (a0e a re+le,t$0e*'/er) and a**ly t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n-) '+ /($,() $n 't(er

res*e,ts) t(ey a++$rm n't($n-) t(e +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n $n /($,( t(e,'n,e*t$'n 'r$-$nates and (as $ts seat! S' t(at $+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'nmerely a-ree /$t( t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ e*er$en,e) $ts 'b&e,t $s,alled *'ss$ble4 $+ $t $s $n ,'nne,t$'n /$t( *er,e*t$'n) anddeterm$ned t(ereby) t(e 'b&e,t $s real4 $+ $t $s determ$neda,,'rd$n- t' ,'n,e*t$'ns by means '+ t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ *er,e*t$'ns)t(e 'b&e,t $s ,alled ne,essary! T(e *r$n,$*les '+ m'dal$ty t(ere+'re*red$,ate '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n n't($n- m're t(an t(e *r',edure '+ t(e+a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n /($,( -enerated $t! N'/ a *'stulate $nmat(emat$,s $s a *ra,t$,al *r'*'s$t$'n /($,( ,'nta$ns n't($n- butt(e synt(es$s by /($,( /e *resent an 'b&e,t t' 'ursel0es) and*r'du,e t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ $t) +'r eam*le5 92$t( a -$0en l$ne) t'des,r$be a ,$r,le u*'n a *lane) +r'm a -$0en *'$nt94 and su,( a

*r'*'s$t$'n d'es n't adm$t '+ *r''+) be,ause t(e *r',edure) /($,( $tre.u$res) $s ea,tly t(at by /($,( al'ne $t $s *'ss$ble t' -eneratet(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ su,( a +$-ure! 2$t( t(e same r$-(t) a,,'rd$n-ly) ,an/e *'stulate t(e *r$n,$*les '+ m'dal$ty) be,ause t(ey d' n'tau-ment t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- but merely $nd$,ate t(e manner $n/($,( $t $s ,'nne,ted /$t( t(e +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n!

2(en I t($n% t(e real$ty '+ a t($n-) I d' really t($n% m're t(ant(e *'ss$b$l$ty) but n't $n t(e t($n-4 +'r t(at ,an ne0er ,'nta$n m're$n real$ty t(an /as ,'nta$ned $n $ts ,'m*lete *'ss$b$l$ty! 3ut /($let(e n't$'n '+ *'ss$b$l$ty $s merely t(e n't$'n '+ a *'s$t$'n '+t($n- $n relat$'n t' t(e understand$n- =$ts em*$r$,al use>) real$ty $st(e ,'n&un,t$'n '+ t(e t($n- /$t( *er,e*t$'n!

ENERA< RE"ARK ON THE SJSTE" OF PRINCIP<ES!

It $s 0ery remar%able t(at /e ,ann't *er,e$0e t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ at($n- +r'm t(e ,ate-'ry al'ne) but must al/ays (a0e an $ntu$t$'n) by/($,( t' ma%e e0$dent t(e 'b&e,t$0e real$ty '+ t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'n'+ t(e understand$n-! Ta%e) +'r eam*le) t(e ,ate-'r$es '+ relat$'n!H'/ =1> a t($n- ,an e$st 'nly as a sub&e,t) and n't as a meredeterm$nat$'n '+ 't(er t($n-s) t(at $s) ,an be substan,e4 'r ('/=B>) be,ause s'met($n- e$sts) s'me 't(er t($n- must e$st),'nse.uently ('/ a t($n- ,an be a ,ause4 'r ('/ =>) /(en se0eral

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t($n-s e$st) +r'm t(e +a,t t(at 'ne '+ t(ese t($n-s e$sts) s'me,'nse.uen,e t' t(e 't(ers +'ll'/s) and re,$*r',ally) and $n t($s /ay a,'mmun$ty '+ substan,es ,an be *'ss$ble5 are .uest$'ns /('ses'lut$'n ,ann't be 'bta$ned +r'm mere ,'n,e*t$'ns! T(e 0ery same $st(e ,ase /$t( t(e 't(er ,ate-'r$es4 +'r eam*le) ('/ a t($n- ,an be '+t(e same s'rt /$t( many 't(ers) t(at $s) ,an be a .uant$ty) and s' 'n!S' l'n- as /e (a0e n't $ntu$t$'n /e ,ann't %n'/ /(et(er /e d' reallyt($n% an 'b&e,t by t(e ,ate-'r$es) and /(ere an 'b&e,t ,an any/(ere be

+'und t' ,'(ere /$t( t(em) and t(us t(e trut( $s establ$s(ed) t(at t(e,ate-'r$es are n't $n t(emsel0es ,'-n$t$'ns) but mere +'rms '+ t('u-(t+'r t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ ,'-n$t$'ns +r'm -$0en $ntu$t$'ns! F'r t(e samereas'n $s $t true t(at +r'm ,ate-'r$es al'ne n' synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'n ,an be made! F'r eam*le6 9In e0ery e$sten,e t(ere $ssubstan,e)9 t(at $s) s'met($n- t(at ,an e$st 'nly as a sub&e,t andn't as mere *red$,ate4 'r) 9E0eryt($n- $s a .uant$ty95 t' ,'nstru,t*r'*'s$t$'ns su,( as t(ese) /e re.u$re s'met($n- t' enable us t' -''ut bey'nd t(e -$0en ,'n,e*t$'n and ,'nne,t an't(er /$t( $t! F'r t(esame reas'n t(e attem*t t' *r'0e a synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n by means '+mere ,'n,e*t$'ns) +'r eam*le6 9E0eryt($n- t(at e$sts ,'nt$n-ently(as a ,ause)9 (as ne0er su,,eeded! 2e ,'uld ne0er -et +urt(er t(an*r'0$n- t(at) /$t('ut t($s relat$'n t' ,'n,e*t$'ns) /e ,'uld n't

,'n,e$0e t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e ,'nt$n-ent) t(at $s) ,'uld n't a*r$'r$ t(r'u-( t(e understand$n- ,'-n$;e t(e e$sten,e '+ su,( at($n-4 but $t d'es n't (en,e +'ll'/ t(at t($s $s als' t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e t($n- $tsel+ t(at $s sa$d t' be ,'nt$n-ent! I+)a,,'rd$n-ly4 /e l''% ba,% t' 'ur *r''+ '+ t(e *r$n,$*le '+,ausal$ty) /e s(all +$nd t(at /e /ere able t' *r'0e $t as 0al$d 'nly'+ 'b&e,ts '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) and) $ndeed) 'nly as $tsel+ t(e*r$n,$*le '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e) C'nse.uently '+ t(e,'-n$t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t -$0en $n em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n) and n't +r'm mere,'n,e*t$'ns! T(at) ('/e0er) t(e *r'*'s$t$'n6 9E0eryt($n- t(at $s,'nt$n-ent must (a0e a ,ause)9 $s e0$dent t' e0ery 'ne merely +r'm,'n,e*t$'ns) $s n't t' be den$ed! 3ut $n t($s ,ase t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+t(e ,'nt$n-ent $s ,'-$tated as $n0'l0$n- n't t(e ,ate-'ry '+

m'dal$ty =as t(at t(e n'n5e$sten,e '+ /($,( ,an be ,'n,e$0e butt(at '+ relat$'n =as t(at /($,( ,an e$st 'nly as t(e ,'nse.uen,e '+s'met($n- else>) and s' $t $s really an $dent$,al *r'*'s$t$'n6 9T(at/($,( ,an e$st 'nly as a ,'nse.uen,e) (as a ,ause!9 In +a,t) /(en/e (a0e t' -$0e eam*les '+ ,'nt$n-ent e$sten,e) /e al/ays re+er t',(an-es) and n't merely t' t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ ,'n,e$0$n- t(e'**'s$te! 3ut ,(an-e $s an e0ent) /($,() as su,() $s *'ss$ble 'nlyt(r'u-( a ,ause) and ,'ns$dered *er se $ts n'n5e$sten,e $st(ere+'re *'ss$ble) and /e be,'me ,'-n$;ant '+ $ts ,'nt$n-en,y +r'mt(e +a,t t(at $t ,an e$st 'nly as t(e e++e,t '+ a ,ause! Hen,e) $+a t($n- $s assumed t' be ,'nt$n-ent) $t $s an analyt$,al *r'*'s$t$'nt' say) $t (as a ,ause!

2e ,an eas$ly ,'n,e$0e t(e n'n5e$sten,e '+ matter4 but t(ean,$ents d$d n't t(en,e $n+er $ts ,'nt$n-en,y! 3ut e0en t(ealternat$'n '+ t(e e$sten,e and n'n5e$sten,e '+ a -$0en state $n at($n-) $n /($,( all ,(an-e ,'ns$sts) by n' means *r'0es t(e,'nt$n-en,y '+ t(at state5 t(e -r'und '+ *r''+ be$n- t(e real$ty '+$ts '**'s$te! F'r eam*le) a b'dy $s $n a state '+ rest a+term't$'n) but /e ,ann't $n+er t(e ,'nt$n-en,y '+ t(e m't$'n +r'm t(e+a,t t(at t(e +'rmer $s t(e '**'s$te '+ t(e latter! F'r t($s'**'s$te $s merely a l'-$,al and n't a real '**'s$te t' t(e 't(er!I+ /e /$s( t' dem'nstrate t(e ,'nt$n-en,y '+ t(e m't$'n) /(at /e 'u-(tt' *r'0e $s t(at) $nstead '+ t(e m't$'n /($,( t''% *la,e $n t(e

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*re,ed$n- *'$nt '+ t$me) $t /as *'ss$ble +'r t(e b'dy t' (a0e beent(en $n rest) n't) t(at $t $s a+ter/ards $n rest4 +'r $n t($s ,ase)b't( '**'s$tes are *er+e,tly ,'ns$stent /$t( ea,( 't(er!

3ut $t $s st$ll m're remar%able t(at) t' understand t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s a,,'rd$n- t' t(e ,ate-'r$es and t(us t'dem'nstrate t(e 'b&e,t$0e real$ty '+ t(e latter) /e re.u$re n't merely$ntu$t$'ns) but eternal $ntu$t$'ns! I+) +'r eam*le) /e ta%e t(e *ure

,'n,e*t$'ns '+ relat$'n) /e +$nd t(at =1> +'r t(e *ur*'se '+*resent$n- t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ substan,e s'met($n- *ermanent $n$ntu$t$'n ,'rres*'nd$n- t(eret' and t(us '+ dem'nstrat$n- t(e'b&e,t$0e real$ty '+ t($s ,'n,e*t$'n) /e re.u$re an $ntu$t$'n ='+matter> $n s*a,e) be,ause s*a,e al'ne $s *ermanent and determ$nest($n-s as su,() /($le t$me) and /$t( $t all t(at $s $n t(e $nternalsense) $s $n a state '+ ,'nt$nual +l'/4 =B> $n 'rder t' re*resent,(an-e as t(e $ntu$t$'n ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+,ausal$ty) /e re.u$re t(e re*resentat$'n '+ m't$'n as ,(an-e $n s*a,e4$n +a,t) $t $s t(r'u-( $t al'ne t(at ,(an-es) t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ /($,(n' *ure understand$n- ,an *er,e$0e) are ,a*able '+ be$n- $ntu$ted!C(an-e $s t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ determ$nat$'ns ,'ntrad$,t'r$ly '**'sedt' ea,( 't(er $n t(e e$sten,e '+ 'ne and t(e same t($n-! N'/) ('/

$t $s *'ss$ble t(at 'ut '+ a -$0en state 'ne .u$te '**'s$te t' $t $nt(e same t($n- s('uld +'ll'/) reas'n /$t('ut an eam*le ,an n't 'nlyn't ,'n,e$0e) but ,ann't e0en ma%e $ntell$-$ble /$t('ut $ntu$t$'n4 andt($s $ntu$t$'n $s t(e m't$'n '+ a *'$nt $n s*a,e4 t(e e$sten,e '+/($,( $n d$++erent s*a,es =as a ,'nse.uen,e '+ '**'s$tedeterm$nat$'ns> al'ne ma%es t(e $ntu$t$'n '+ ,(an-e *'ss$ble! F'r)$n 'rder t' ma%e e0en $nternal ,(an-e ,'-n$table) /e re.u$re t're*resent t$me) as t(e +'rm '+ t(e $nternal sense) +$-urat$0ely by al$ne) and t(e $nternal ,(an-e by t(e dra/$n- '+ t(at l$ne =m't$'n>)and ,'nse.uently are 'bl$-ed t' em*l'y eternal $ntu$t$'n t' be ablet' re*resent t(e su,,ess$0e e$sten,e '+ 'ursel0es $n d$++erentstates! T(e *r'*er -r'und '+ t($s +a,t $s t(at all ,(an-e t' be*er,e$0ed as ,(an-e *resu**'ses s'met($n- *ermanent $n $ntu$t$'n)

/($le $n t(e $nternal sense n' *ermanent $ntu$t$'n $s t' be +'und!<astly) t(e 'b&e,t$0e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e ,ate-'ry '+ ,'mmun$ty,ann't be ,'n,e$0ed by mere reas'n) and ,'nse.uently $ts 'b&e,t$0ereal$ty ,ann't be dem'nstrated /$t('ut an $ntu$t$'n) and t(at eternal$n s*a,e! F'r ('/ ,an /e ,'n,e$0e t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ ,'mmun$ty) t(at$s) /(en se0eral substan,es e$st) t(at s'me e++e,t 'n t(e e$sten,e'+ t(e 'ne +'ll'/s +r'm t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e 't(er) andre,$*r',ally) and t(ere+'re t(at) be,ause s'met($n- e$sts $n t(elatter) s'met($n- else must e$st $n t(e +'rmer) /($,( ,'uld n't beunderst''d +r'm $ts '/n e$sten,e al'ne@ F'r t($s $s t(e 0eryessen,e '+ ,'mmun$ty5 /($,( $s $n,'n,e$0able as a *r'*erty '+ t($n-s/($,( are *er+e,tly $s'lated! Hen,e) <e$bn$t;) $n attr$but$n- t' t(esubstan,es '+ t(e /'rld5 as ,'-$tated by t(e understand$n- al'ne5 a

,'mmun$ty) re.u$red t(e med$at$n- a$d '+ a d$0$n$ty4 +'r) +r'm t(e$re$sten,e) su,( a *r'*erty seemed t' ($m /$t( &ust$,e $n,'n,e$0able!3ut /e ,an 0ery eas$ly ,'n,e$0e t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ ,'mmun$ty ='+substan,es as *(en'mena> $+ /e re*resent t(em t' 'ursel0es as $ns*a,e) ,'nse.uently $n eternal $ntu$t$'n! F'r eternal $ntu$t$'n,'nta$ns $n $tsel+ a *r$'r$ +'rmal eternal relat$'ns) as t(e,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e real relat$'ns '+ a,t$'n andrea,t$'n) and t(ere+'re '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ ,'mmun$ty! 2$t( t(e sameease ,an $t be dem'nstrated) t(at t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s as.uant$t$es) and ,'nse.uently t(e 'b&e,t$0e real$ty '+ t(e ,ate-'ry'+ .uant$ty) ,an be -r'unded 'nly $n eternal $ntu$t$'n) and t(at by

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$ts means al'ne $s t(e n't$'n '+ .uant$ty a**r'*r$ated by t(e $nternalsense! 3ut I must a0'$d *r'l$$ty) and lea0e t(e tas% '+$llustrat$n- t($s by eam*les t' t(e reader?s '/n re+le,t$'n!

T(e ab'0e remar%s are '+ t(e -reatest $m*'rtan,e) n't 'nly +'r t(e,'n+$rmat$'n '+ 'ur *re0$'us ,'n+utat$'n '+ $deal$sm) but st$ll m're/(en t(e sub&e,t '+ sel+5,'-n$t$'n by mere $nternal ,'ns,$'usnessand t(e determ$nat$'n '+ 'ur '/n nature /$t('ut t(e a$d '+ eternal

em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'ns $s under d$s,uss$'n) +'r t(e $nd$,at$'n '+ t(e-r'unds '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ su,( a ,'-n$t$'n!

T(e result '+ t(e /('le '+ t($s *art '+ t(e analyt$, '+ *r$n,$*les$s) t(ere+'re6 9All *r$n,$*les '+ t(e *ure understand$n- are n't($n-m're t(an a *r$'r$ *r$n,$*les '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e) and t'e*er$en,e al'ne d' all a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns a**ly andrelate94 $ndeed) t(e$r *'ss$b$l$ty $tsel+ rests ent$rely 'n t($srelat$'n!

CHAPTER III O+ t(e r'und '+ t(e #$0$s$'n '+ all Ob&e,ts

$nt' P(en'mena and N'umena!

2e (a0e n'/ n't 'nly tra0ersed t(e re-$'n '+ t(e *ureunderstand$n- and ,are+ully sur0eyed e0ery *art '+ $t) but /e (a0eals' measured $t) and ass$-ned t' e0eryt($n- t(ere$n $ts *r'*er *la,e!3ut t($s land $s an $sland) and en,l'sed by nature (ersel+ /$t($nun,(an-eable l$m$ts! It $s t(e land '+ trut( =an attra,t$0e /'rd>)surr'unded by a /$de and st'rmy ',ean) t(e re-$'n '+ $llus$'n) /(eremany a +'-5ban%) many an $,eber-) seems t' t(e mar$ner) 'n ($s0'ya-e '+ d$s,'0ery) a ne/ ,'untry) and) /($le ,'nstantly delud$n- ($m/$t( 0a$n ('*es) en-a-es ($m $n dan-er'us ad0entures) +r'm /($,( (ene0er ,an des$st) and /($,( yet (e ne0er ,an br$n- t' a term$nat$'n!3ut be+'re 0entur$n- u*'n t($s sea) $n 'rder t' e*l're $t $n $ts/('le etent) and t' arr$0e at a ,erta$nty /(et(er anyt($n- $s t' be

d$s,'0ered t(ere) $t /$ll n't be /$t('ut ad0anta-e $+ /e ,ast 'ur eyesu*'n t(e ,(art '+ t(e land t(at /e are ab'ut t' lea0e) and t' as%'ursel0es) +$rstly) /(et(er /e ,ann't rest *er+e,tly ,'ntented /$t(/(at $t ,'nta$ns) 'r /(et(er /e must n't '+ ne,ess$ty be ,'ntented/$t( $t) $+ /e ,an +$nd n'/(ere else a s'l$d +'undat$'n t' bu$ld u*'n4and) se,'ndly) by /(at t$tle /e *'ssess t($s land $tsel+) and ('/ /e('ld $t se,ure a-a$nst all ('st$le ,la$ms@ Alt('u-() $n t(e ,'urse'+ 'ur analyt$,) /e (a0e already -$0en su++$,$ent ans/ers t' t(ese.uest$'ns) yet a summary re,a*$tulat$'n '+ t(ese s'lut$'ns may beuse+ul $n stren-t(en$n- 'ur ,'n0$,t$'n) by un$t$n- $n 'ne *'$nt t(em'menta '+ t(e ar-uments!

2e (a0e seen t(at e0eryt($n- /($,( t(e understand$n- dra/s +r'm

$tsel+) /$t('ut b'rr'/$n- +r'm e*er$en,e) $t ne0ert(eless *'ssesses'nly +'r t(e be(''+ and use '+ e*er$en,e! T(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e*ure understand$n-) /(et(er ,'nst$tut$0e a *r$'r$ =as t(e mat(emat$,al*r$n,$*les>) 'r merely re-ulat$0e =as t(e dynam$,al>) ,'nta$nn't($n- but t(e *ure s,(ema) as $t /ere) '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e! F're*er$en,e *'ssesses $ts un$ty +r'm t(e synt(et$,al un$ty /($,( t(eunderstand$n-) 'r$-$nally and +r'm $tsel+) $m*arts t' t(e synt(es$s '+t(e $ma-$nat$'n $n relat$'n t' a**er,e*t$'n) and $n a *r$'r$relat$'n t' and a-reement /$t( /($,( *(en'mena) as data +'r a *'ss$ble,'-n$t$'n) must stand! 3ut alt('u-( t(ese rules '+ t(e understand$n-are n't 'nly a *r$'r$ true) but t(e 0ery s'ur,e '+ all trut() t(at $s)

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a**eal t' a l'-$,al ,'nd$t$'n) /($,( $s n' d'ubt a ne,essary ,'nd$t$'n'+ t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) but $s +ar +r'm be$n- su++$,$ent+'r t(e real 'b&e,t$0e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ n'n5e$sten,e! I ,anann$($late $n t('u-(t e0ery e$st$n- substan,e /$t('utsel+5,'ntrad$,t$'n) but I ,ann't $n+er +r'm t($s t(e$r 'b&e,t$0e,'nt$n-en,y $n e$sten,e) t(at $s t' say) t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e$rn'n5e$sten,e $n $tsel+! As re-ards t(e ,ate-'ry '+ ,'mmun$ty) $tmay eas$ly be $n+erred t(at) as t(e *ure ,ate-'r$es '+ substan,e and

,ausal$ty are $n,a*able '+ a de+$n$t$'n and e*lanat$'n su++$,$entt' determ$ne t(e$r 'b&e,t /$t('ut t(e a$d '+ $ntu$t$'n) t(e ,ate-'ry'+ re,$*r',al ,ausal$ty $n t(e relat$'n '+ substan,es t' ea,( 't(er=,'mmer,$um> $s &ust as l$ttle sus,e*t$ble t(ere'+! P'ss$b$l$ty)e$sten,e) and ne,ess$ty n'b'dy (as e0er yet been able t' e*la$n/$t('ut be$n- -u$lty '+ man$+est taut'l'-y) /(en t(e de+$n$t$'n (asbeen dra/n ent$rely +r'm t(e *ure understand$n-! F'r t(esubst$tut$'n '+ t(e l'-$,al *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n5 t(e,'nd$t$'n '+ /($,( $s t(at $t be n't sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry) +'r t(etrans,endental *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s5 t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ /($,( $s t(att(ere be an 'b&e,t ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) $s a tr$,% /($,(,an 'nly de,e$0e t(e $ne*er$en,ed!

In 'ne /'rd) t' n'ne '+ t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns bel'n-s a ,'rres*'nd$n-'b&e,t) and ,'nse.uently t(e$r real *'ss$b$l$ty ,ann't bedem'nstrated) $+ /e ta%e a/ay sensu'us $ntu$t$'n5 t(e 'nly $ntu$t$'n/($,( /e *'ssess5 and t(ere t(en rema$ns n't($n- but t(e l'-$,al*'ss$b$l$ty) t(at $s) t(e +a,t t(at t(e ,'n,e*t$'n 'r t('u-(t $s*'ss$ble5 /($,() ('/e0er) $s n't t(e .uest$'n4 /(at /e /ant t' %n'/be$n-) /(et(er $t relates t' an 'b&e,t and t(us *'ssesses any mean$n-!

It +'ll'/s $n,'ntestably) t(at t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n- are $n,a*able '+ trans,endental) and must al/ays be '+em*$r$,al use al'ne) and t(at t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e *ure understand$n-relate 'nly t' t(e -eneral ,'nd$t$'ns '+ a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) t''b&e,ts '+ t(e senses) and ne0er t' t($n-s $n -eneral) a*art +r'm

t(e m'de $n /($,( /e $ntu$te t(em!

Trans,endental analyt$, (as a,,'rd$n-ly t($s $m*'rtant result) t'/$t) t(at t(e understand$n- $s ,'m*etent? e++e,t n't($n- a *r$'r$)e,e*t t(e ant$,$*at$'n '+ t(e +'rm '+ a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e $n-eneral) and t(at) as t(at /($,( $s n't *(en'men'n ,ann't be an 'b&e,t'+ e*er$en,e) $t ,an ne0er '0erste* t(e l$m$ts '+ sens$b$l$ty) /$t($n/($,( al'ne 'b&e,ts are *resented t' us! Its *r$n,$*les are merely*r$n,$*les '+ t(e e*'s$t$'n '+ *(en'mena) and t(e *r'ud name '+ an'nt'l'-y) /($,( *r'+esses t' *resent synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'ns a *r$'r$'+ t($n-s $n -eneral $n a systemat$, d',tr$ne) must -$0e *la,e t't(e m'dest t$tle '+ analyt$, '+ t(e *ure understand$n-!

T('u-(t $s t(e a,t '+ re+err$n- a -$0en $ntu$t$'n t' an 'b&e,t! I+t(e m'de '+ t($s $ntu$t$'n $s un%n'/n t' us) t(e 'b&e,t $s merelytrans,endental) and t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n- $s em*l'yed'nly trans,endentally) t(at $s) t' *r'du,e un$ty $n t(e t('u-(t '+ aman$+'ld $n -eneral! N'/ a *ure ,ate-'ry) $n /($,( all ,'nd$t$'ns '+sensu'us $ntu$t$'n5 as t(e 'nly $ntu$t$'n /e *'ssess5 areabstra,ted) d'es n't determ$ne an 'b&e,t) but merely e*resses t(et('u-(t '+ an 'b&e,t $n -eneral) a,,'rd$n- t' d$++erent m'des! N'/) t'em*l'y a ,'n,e*t$'n) t(e +un,t$'n '+ &ud-ement $s re.u$red) by /($,(an 'b&e,t $s subsumed under t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) ,'nse.uently t(e atleast +'rmal ,'nd$t$'n) under /($,( s'met($n- ,an be -$0en $n

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$ntu$t$'n! Fa$l$n- t($s ,'nd$t$'n '+ &ud-ement =s,(ema>) subsum*t$'n$s $m*'ss$ble4 +'r t(ere $s $n su,( a ,ase n't($n- -$0en) /($,( may besubsumed under t(e ,'n,e*t$'n! T(e merely trans,endental use '+ t(e,ate-'r$es $s t(ere+'re) $n +a,t) n' use at all and (as n' determ$ned)'r e0en) as re-ards $ts +'rm) determ$nable 'b&e,t! Hen,e $t +'ll'/st(at t(e *ure ,ate-'ry $s $n,'m*etent t' establ$s( a synt(et$,al a*r$'r$ *r$n,$*le) and t(at t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e *ure understand$n-are 'nly '+ em*$r$,al and ne0er '+ trans,endental use) and t(at bey'nd

t(e s*(ere '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e n' synt(et$,al a *r$'r$ *r$n,$*lesare *'ss$ble!

It may be ad0$sable) t(ere+'re) t' e*ress 'ursel0es t(us! T(e*ure ,ate-'r$es) a*art +r'm t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ sens$b$l$ty) (a0ea merely trans,endental mean$n-) but are ne0ert(eless n't '+trans,endental use) be,ause t($s $s $n $tsel+ $m*'ss$ble) $nasmu,(as all t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ any em*l'yment 'r use '+ t(em =$n &ud-ements>are absent) t' /$t) t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e subsum*t$'n '+ an'b&e,t under t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns! As) t(ere+'re) $n t(e ,(ara,ter '+*ure ,ate-'r$es) t(ey must be em*l'yed em*$r$,ally) and ,ann't beem*l'yed trans,endentally) t(ey are '+ n' use at all) /(en se*arated+r'm sens$b$l$ty) t(at $s) t(ey ,ann't be a**l$ed t' an 'b&e,t! T(ey

are merely t(e *ure +'rm '+ t(e em*l'yment '+ t(e understand$n- $nres*e,t '+ 'b&e,ts $n -eneral and '+ t('u-(t) /$t('ut $ts be$n- at t(esame t$me *'ss$ble t' t($n% 'r t' determ$ne any 'b&e,t by t(e$r means!

3ut t(ere lur%s at t(e +'undat$'n '+ t($s sub&e,t an $llus$'n/($,( $t $s 0ery d$++$,ult t' a0'$d! T(e ,ate-'r$es are n't based)as re-ards t(e$r 'r$-$n) u*'n sens$b$l$ty) l$%e t(e +'rms '+$ntu$t$'n) s*a,e) and t$me4 t(ey seem) t(ere+'re) t' be ,a*able '+an a**l$,at$'n bey'nd t(e s*(ere '+ sensu'us 'b&e,ts! 3ut t($s $sn't t(e ,ase! T(ey are n't($n- but mere +'rms '+ t('u-(t) /($,(,'nta$n 'nly t(e l'-$,al +a,ulty '+ un$t$n- a *r$'r$ $n,'ns,$'usness t(e man$+'ld -$0en $n $ntu$t$'n! A*art) t(en) +r'm t(e'nly $ntu$t$'n *'ss$ble +'r us) t(ey (a0e st$ll less mean$n- t(an

t(e *ure sensu'us +'rms) s*a,e and t$me) +'r t(r'u-( t(em an 'b&e,t $sat least -$0en) /($le a m'de '+ ,'nne,t$'n '+ t(e man$+'ld) /(en t(e$ntu$t$'n /($,( al'ne -$0es t(e man$+'ld $s /ant$n-) (as n' mean$n- atall! At t(e same t$me) /(en /e des$-nate ,erta$n 'b&e,ts as*(en'mena 'r sensu'us e$sten,es) t(us d$st$n-u$s($n- 'ur m'de '+$ntu$t$n- t(em +r'm t(e$r '/n nature as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) $t $se0$dent t(at by t($s 0ery d$st$n,t$'n /e as $t /ere *la,e t(elatter) ,'ns$dered $n t($s t(e$r '/n nature) alt('u-( /e d' n't s'$ntu$te t(em) $n '**'s$t$'n t' t(e +'rmer) 'r) 'n t(e 't(er (and) /ed' s' *la,e 't(er *'ss$ble t($n-s) /($,( are n't 'b&e,ts '+ 'ursenses) but are ,'-$tated by t(e understand$n- al'ne) and ,all t(em$ntell$-$ble e$sten,es =n'umena>! N'/ t(e .uest$'n ar$ses /(et(er t(e*ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ 'ur understand$n- d' *'ssess s$-n$+$,an,e $n

res*e,t '+ t(ese latter) and may *'ss$bly be a m'de '+ ,'-n$;$n- t(em!

3ut /e are met at t(e 0ery ,'mmen,ement /$t( an amb$-u$ty) /($,( mayeas$ly ',,as$'n -reat m$sa**re(ens$'n! T(e understand$n-) /(en $tterms an 'b&e,t $n a ,erta$n relat$'n *(en'men'n) at t(e same t$me+'rms 'ut '+ t($s relat$'n a re*resentat$'n 'r n't$'n '+ an 'b&e,t$n $tsel+) and (en,e bel$e0es t(at $t ,an +'rm als' ,'n,e*t$'ns '+su,( 'b&e,ts! N'/ as t(e understand$n- *'ssesses n' 't(er+undamental ,'n,e*t$'ns bes$des t(e ,ate-'r$es) $t ta%es +'r -rantedt(at an 'b&e,t ,'ns$dered as a t($n- $n $tsel+ must be ,a*able '+be$n- t('u-(t by means '+ t(ese *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns) and $s t(ereby led

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t' ('ld t(e *er+e,tly undeterm$ned ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an $ntell$-$blee$sten,e) a s'met($n- 'ut '+ t(e s*(ere '+ 'ur sens$b$l$ty) +'r adeterm$nate ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an e$sten,e /($,( /e ,an ,'-n$;e $n s'me/ay 'r 't(er by means '+ t(e understand$n-!

I+) by t(e term n'umen'n) /e understand a t($n- s' +ar as $t $sn't an 'b&e,t '+ 'ur sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) t(us ma%$n- abstra,t$'n '+'ur m'de '+ $ntu$t$n- $t) t($s $s a n'umen'n $n t(e ne-at$0e sense

'+ t(e /'rd! 3ut $+ /e understand by $t an 'b&e,t '+ a n'n5sensu'us$ntu$t$'n) /e $n t($s ,ase assume a *e,ul$ar m'de '+ $ntu$t$'n) an$ntelle,tual $ntu$t$'n) t' /$t) /($,( d'es n't) ('/e0er) bel'n- t' us)'+ t(e 0ery *'ss$b$l$ty '+ /($,( /e (a0e n' n't$'n5 and t($s $s an'umen'n $n t(e *'s$t$0e sense!

T(e d',tr$ne '+ sens$b$l$ty $s als' t(e d',tr$ne '+ n'umena $n t(ene-at$0e sense) t(at $s) '+ t($n-s /($,( t(e understand$n- $s'bl$-ed t' ,'-$tate a*art +r'm any relat$'n t' 'ur m'de '+$ntu$t$'n) ,'nse.uently n't as mere *(en'mena) but as t($n-s $nt(emsel0es! 3ut t(e understand$n- at t(e same t$me ,'m*re(ends t(at $t,ann't em*l'y $ts ,ate-'r$es +'r t(e ,'ns$derat$'n '+ t($n-s $nt(emsel0es) be,ause t(ese *'ssess s$-n$+$,an,e 'nly $n relat$'n t' t(e

un$ty '+ $ntu$t$'ns $n s*a,e and t$me) and t(at t(ey are ,'m*etentt' determ$ne t($s un$ty by means '+ -eneral a *r$'r$ ,'nne,t$n-,'n,e*t$'ns 'nly 'n a,,'unt '+ t(e *ure $deal$ty '+ s*a,e and t$me!2(ere t($s un$ty '+ t$me $s n't t' be met /$t() as $s t(e ,ase /$t(n'umena) t(e /('le use) $ndeed t(e /('le mean$n- '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es$s ent$rely l'st) +'r e0en t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s t' ,'rres*'ndt' t(e ,ate-'r$es $s $n t($s ,ase $n,'m*re(ens$ble! On t($s *'$nt) Ineed 'nly re+er t(e reader t' /(at I (a0e sa$d at t(e ,'mmen,ement'+ t(e eneral Remar% a**ended t' t(e +'re-'$n- ,(a*ter! N'/) t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ a t($n- ,an ne0er be *r'0ed +r'm t(e +a,t t(at t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ $t $s n't sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry) but 'nly by means '+ an$ntu$t$'n ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n! I+) t(ere+'re) /e /$s( t'a**ly t(e ,ate-'r$es t' 'b&e,ts /($,( ,ann't be re-arded as *(en'mena)

/e must (a0e an $ntu$t$'n d$++erent +r'm t(e sensu'us) and $n t($s,ase t(e 'b&e,ts /'uld be a n'umena $n t(e *'s$t$0e sense '+ t(e /'rd!N'/) as su,( an $ntu$t$'n) t(at $s) an $ntelle,tual $ntu$t$'n) $s n'*art '+ 'ur +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n) $t $s abs'lutely $m*'ss$ble +'rt(e ,ate-'r$es t' *'ssess any a**l$,at$'n bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+e*er$en,e! It may be true t(at t(ere are $ntell$-$ble e$sten,es t'/($,( 'ur +a,ulty '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n (as n' relat$'n) and ,ann't bea**l$ed) but 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-) as mere +'rms '+t('u-(t +'r 'ur sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) d' n't etend t' t(ese! 2(at)t(ere+'re) /e ,all n'umen'n must be underst''d by us as su,( $n ane-at$0e sense!

I+ I ta%e a/ay +r'm an em*$r$al $ntu$t$'n all t('u-(t =by means '+

t(e ,ate-'r$es>) t(ere rema$ns n' ,'-n$t$'n '+ any 'b&e,t4 +'r bymeans '+ mere $ntu$t$'n n't($n- $s ,'-$tated) and) +r'm t(ee$sten,e '+ su,( 'r su,( an a++e,t$'n '+ sens$b$l$ty $n me) $t d'esn't +'ll'/ t(at t($s a++e,t$'n 'r re*resentat$'n (as any relat$'n t'an 'b&e,t /$t('ut me! 3ut $+ I ta%e a/ay all $ntu$t$'n) t(ere st$llrema$ns t(e +'rm '+ t('u-(t) t(at $s) t(e m'de '+ determ$n$n- an'b&e,t +'r t(e man$+'ld '+ a *'ss$ble $ntu$t$'n! T(us t(e ,ate-'r$esd' $n s'me measure really etend +urt(er t(an sensu'us $ntu$t$'n)$nasmu,( as t(ey t($n% 'b&e,ts $n -eneral) /$t('ut re-ard t' t(em'de ='+ sens$b$l$ty> $n /($,( t(ese 'b&e,ts are -$0en! 3ut t(ey d'n't +'r t($s reas'n a**ly t' and determ$ne a /$der s*(ere '+

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'b&e,ts) be,ause /e ,ann't assume t(at su,( ,an be -$0en) /$t('ut*resu**'s$n- t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ an't(er t(an t(e sensu'us m'de '+$ntu$t$'n) a su**'s$t$'n /e are n't &ust$+$ed $n ma%$n-!

I ,all a ,'n,e*t$'n *r'blemat$,al /($,( ,'nta$ns $n $tsel+ n','ntrad$,t$'n) and /($,( $s ,'nne,ted /$t( 't(er ,'-n$t$'ns as al$m$tat$'n '+ -$0en ,'n,e*t$'ns) but /('se 'b&e,t$0e real$ty ,ann't be,'-n$;ed $n any manner! T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a n'umen'n) t(at $s) '+ a

t($n- /($,( must be ,'-$tated n't as an 'b&e,t '+ sense) but as at($n- $n $tsel+ =s'lely t(r'u-( t(e *ure understand$n->) $s n'tsel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry) +'r /e are n't ent$tled t' ma$nta$n t(atsens$b$l$ty $s t(e 'nly *'ss$ble m'de '+ $ntu$t$'n! Nay) +urt(er) t($s,'n,e*t$'n $s ne,essary t' restra$n sensu'us $ntu$t$'n /$t($n t(eb'unds '+ *(en'mena) and t(us t' l$m$t t(e 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty '+sensu'us ,'-n$t$'n4 +'r t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) /($,( l$e bey'nd $ts*r'0$n,e) are ,alled n'umena +'r t(e 0ery *ur*'se '+ $nd$,at$n- t(att($s ,'-n$t$'n d'es n't etend $ts a**l$,at$'n t' all t(at t(eunderstand$n- t($n%s! 3ut) a+ter all) t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ su,(n'umena $s .u$te $n,'m*re(ens$ble) and bey'nd t(e s*(ere '+ *(en'mena)all $s +'r us a mere 0'$d4 t(at $s t' say) /e *'ssess an understand$n-/('se *r'0$n,e d'es *r'blemat$,ally etend bey'nd t($s s*(ere) but

/e d' n't *'ssess an $ntu$t$'n) $ndeed) n't e0en t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a*'ss$ble $ntu$t$'n) by means '+ /($,( 'b&e,ts bey'nd t(e re-$'n '+sens$b$l$ty ,'uld be -$0en us) and $n re+eren,e t' /($,( t(eunderstand$n- m$-(t be em*l'yed assert'r$,ally! T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an'umen'n $s t(ere+'re merely a l$m$tat$0e ,'n,e*t$'n and t(ere+'re'nly '+ ne-at$0e use! 3ut $t $s n't an arb$trary 'r +$,t$t$'us n't$'n)but $s ,'nne,ted /$t( t(e l$m$tat$'n '+ sens$b$l$ty) /$t('ut) ('/e0er)be$n- ,a*able '+ *resent$n- us /$t( any *'s$t$0e datum bey'nd t($ss*(ere!

T(e d$0$s$'n '+ 'b&e,ts $nt' *(en'mena and n'umena) and '+ t(e /'rld$nt' a mundus sens$b$l$s and $ntell$-$b$l$s $s t(ere+'re .u$te$nadm$ss$ble $n a *'s$t$0e sense) alt('u-( ,'n,e*t$'ns d' ,erta$nly

adm$t '+ su,( a d$0$s$'n4 +'r t(e ,lass '+ n'umena (a0e n' determ$nate'b&e,t ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(em) and ,ann't t(ere+'re *'ssess 'b&e,t$0e0al$d$ty! I+ /e aband'n t(e senses) ('/ ,an $t be made ,'n,e$0ablet(at t(e ,ate-'r$es =/($,( are t(e 'nly ,'n,e*t$'ns t(at ,'uld ser0eas ,'n,e*t$'ns +'r n'umena> (a0e any sense 'r mean$n- at all) $nasmu,(as s'met($n- m're t(an t(e mere un$ty '+ t('u-(t) namely) a *'ss$ble$ntu$t$'n) $s re.u$s$te +'r t(e$r a**l$,at$'n t' an 'b&e,t@ T(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ a n'umen'n) ,'ns$dered as merely *r'blemat$,al) $s)('/e0er) n't 'nly adm$ss$ble) but) as a l$m$tat$0e ,'n,e*t$'n '+sens$b$l$ty) abs'lutely ne,essary! 3ut) $n t($s ,ase) a n'umen'n $sn't a *art$,ular $ntell$-$ble 'b&e,t +'r 'ur understand$n-4 'n t(e,'ntrary) t(e %$nd '+ understand$n- t' /($,( $t ,'uld bel'n- $s $tsel+a *r'blem) +'r /e ,ann't +'rm t(e m'st d$stant ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e

*'ss$b$l$ty '+ an understand$n- /($,( s('uld ,'-n$;e an 'b&e,t) n'td$s,urs$0ely by means '+ ,ate-'r$es) but $ntu$t$0ely $n a n'n5sensu'us$ntu$t$'n! Our understand$n- atta$ns $n t($s /ay a s'rt '+ ne-at$0eetens$'n! T(at $s t' say) $t $s n't l$m$ted by) but rat(er l$m$ts)sens$b$l$ty) by -$0$n- t(e name '+ n'umena t' t($n-s) n't ,'ns$deredas *(en'mena) but as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es! 3ut $t at t(e same t$me*res,r$bes l$m$ts t' $tsel+) +'r $t ,'n+esses $tsel+ unable t' ,'-n$;et(ese by means '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es) and (en,e $s ,'m*elled t' ,'-$tatet(em merely as an un%n'/n s'met($n-!

I +$nd) ('/e0er) $n t(e /r$t$n-s '+ m'dern aut('rs) an ent$rely

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d$++erent use '+ t(e e*ress$'ns) mundus sens$b$l$s and$ntell$-$b$l$s) /($,( .u$te de*arts +r'm t(e mean$n- '+ t(ean,$ents5 an a,,e*tat$'n $n /($,() $ndeed) t(ere $s t' be +'und n'd$++$,ulty) but /($,( at t(e same t$me de*ends 'n mere 0erbal.u$bbl$n-! A,,'rd$n- t' t($s mean$n-) s'me (a0e ,('sen t' ,all t(e,'m*le '+ *(en'mena) $n s' +ar as $t $s $ntu$ted) mundussens$b$l$s) but $n s' +ar as t(e ,'nne,t$'n t(ere'+ $s ,'-$tateda,,'rd$n- t' -eneral la/s '+ t('u-(t) mundus $ntell$-$b$l$s!

Astr'n'my) $n s' +ar as /e mean by t(e /'rd t(e mere 'bser0at$'n '+t(e starry (ea0en) may re*resent t(e +'rmer4 a system '+ astr'n'my)su,( as t(e C'*ern$,an 'r Ne/t'n$an) t(e latter! 3ut su,( t/$st$n-'+ /'rds $s a mere s'*($st$,al subter+u-e) t' a0'$d a d$++$,ult.uest$'n) by m'd$+y$n- $ts mean$n- t' su$t 'ur '/n ,'n0en$en,e! T'be sure) understand$n- and reas'n are em*l'yed $n t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+*(en'mena4 but t(e .uest$'n $s) /(et(er t(ese ,an be a**l$ed /(ent(e 'b&e,t $s n't a *(en'men'n and $n t($s sense /e re-ard $t $+ $t $s,'-$tated as -$0en t' t(e understand$n- al'ne) and n't t' t(esenses! T(e .uest$'n t(ere+'re $s /(et(er) '0er and ab'0e t(eem*$r$,al use '+ t(e understand$n-) a trans,endental use $s*'ss$ble) /($,( a**l$es t' t(e n'umen'n as an 'b&e,t! T($s .uest$'n /e(a0e ans/ered $n t(e ne-at$0e!

2(en t(ere+'re /e say) t(e senses re*resent 'b&e,ts as t(eya**ear) t(e understand$n- as t(ey are) t(e latter statement must n'tbe underst''d $n a trans,endental) but 'nly $n an em*$r$,als$-n$+$,at$'n) t(at $s) as t(ey must be re*resented $n t(e ,'m*lete,'nne,t$'n '+ *(en'mena) and n't a,,'rd$n- t' /(at t(ey may be)a*art +r'm t(e$r relat$'n t' *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) ,'nse.uently n'tas 'b&e,ts '+ t(e *ure understand$n-! F'r t($s must e0er rema$nun%n'/n t' us! Nay) $t $s als' .u$te un%n'/n t' us /(et(er any su,(trans,endental 'r etra'rd$nary ,'-n$t$'n $s *'ss$ble under any,$r,umstan,es) at least) /(et(er $t $s *'ss$ble by means '+ 'ur,ate-'r$es! Understand$n- and sens$b$l$ty) /$t( us) ,an determ$ne'b&e,ts 'nly $n ,'n&un,t$'n! I+ /e se*arate t(em) /e (a0e $ntu$t$'ns

/$t('ut ,'n,e*t$'ns) 'r ,'n,e*t$'ns /$t('ut $ntu$t$'ns4 $n b't( ,ases)re*resentat$'ns) /($,( /e ,ann't a**ly t' any determ$nate 'b&e,t!

I+) a+ter all 'ur $n.u$r$es and e*lanat$'ns) any 'ne st$ll(es$tates t' aband'n t(e mere trans,endental use '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es)let ($m attem*t t' ,'nstru,t /$t( t(em a synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n! It/'uld) '+ ,'urse) be unne,essary +'r t($s *ur*'se t' ,'nstru,t ananalyt$,al *r'*'s$t$'n) +'r t(at d'es n't etend t(e s*(ere '+ t(eunderstand$n-) but) be$n- ,'n,erned 'nly ab'ut /(at $s ,'-$tated $nt(e ,'n,e*t$'n $tsel+) $t lea0es $t .u$te unde,$ded /(et(er t(e,'n,e*t$'n (as any relat$'n t' 'b&e,ts) 'r merely $nd$,ates t(eun$ty '+ t('u-(t5 ,'m*lete abstra,t$'n be$n- made '+ t(e m'd$ $n /($,(an 'b&e,t may be -$0en6 $n su,( a *r'*'s$t$'n) $t $s su++$,$ent +'r

t(e understand$n- t' %n'/ /(at l$es $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n5 t' /(at $ta**l$es $s t' $t $nd$++erent! T(e attem*t must t(ere+'re be made/$t( a synt(et$,al and s'5,alled trans,endental *r$n,$*le) +'ream*le6 9E0eryt($n- t(at e$sts) e$sts as substan,e)9 'r)9E0eryt($n- t(at $s ,'nt$n-ent e$sts as an e++e,t '+ s'me 't(ert($n-) 0$;!) '+ $ts ,ause!9 N'/ I as%) /(en,e ,an t(e understand$n-dra/ t(ese synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns) /(en t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns ,'nta$nedt(ere$n d' n't relate t' *'ss$ble e*er$en,e but t' t($n-s $nt(emsel0es =n'umena>@ 2(ere $s t' be +'und t(e t($rd term) /($,( $sal/ays re.u$s$te PURE s$te $n a synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n) /($,( may,'nne,t $n t(e same *r'*'s$t$'n ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( (a0e n' l'-$,al

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d$++eren,e) $+ a *art$,ular4 /(et(er t(ere $s a-reement /(ena++$rmat$0e4 and '**'s$t$'n /(en ne-at$0e &ud-ements are t' be,'nstru,ted) and s' 'n! F'r t($s reas'n /e 'u-(t t' ,all t(ese,'n,e*t$'ns) ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ ,'m*ar$s'n =,'n,e*tus ,'m*arat$'n$s>!3ut as) /(en t(e .uest$'n $s n't as t' t(e l'-$,al +'rm) but as t' t(e,'ntent '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) t(at $s t' say) /(et(er t(e t($n-st(emsel0es are $dent$,al 'r d$++erent) $n a-reement 'r '**'s$t$'n) ands' 'n) t(e t($n-s ,an (a0e a t/'+'ld relat$'n t' 'ur +a,ulty '+

,'-n$t$'n) t' /$t) a relat$'n e$t(er t' sens$b$l$ty 'r t' t(eunderstand$n-) and as 'n t($s relat$'n de*ends t(e$r relat$'n t'ea,( 't(er) trans,endental re+le,t$'n) t(at $s) t(e relat$'n '+-$0en re*resentat$'ns t' 'ne 'r t(e 't(er +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n) ,anal'ne determ$ne t($s latter relat$'n! T(us /e s(all n't be able t'd$s,'0er /(et(er t(e t($n-s are $dent$,al 'r d$++erent) $n a-reement'r '**'s$t$'n) et,!) +r'm t(e mere ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e t($n-s by means'+ ,'m*ar$s'n =,'m*arat$'>) but 'nly by d$st$n-u$s($n- t(e m'de '+,'-n$t$'n t' /($,( t(ey bel'n-) $n 't(er /'rds) by means '+trans,endental re+le,t$'n! 2e may) t(ere+'re) /$t( &ust$,e say) t(atl'-$,al re+le,t$'n $s mere ,'m*ar$s'n) +'r $n $t n' a,,'unt $s ta%en'+ t(e +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n t' /($,( t(e -$0en ,'n,e*t$'ns bel'n-) andt(ey are ,'nse.uently) as +ar as re-ards t(e$r 'r$-$n) t' be treated

as ('m'-ene'us4 /($le trans,endental re+le,t$'n =/($,( a**l$es t't(e 'b&e,ts t(emsel0es> ,'nta$ns t(e -r'und '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+'b&e,t$0e ,'m*ar$s'n '+ re*resentat$'ns /$t( ea,( 't(er) and $st(ere+'re 0ery d$++erent +r'm t(e +'rmer) be,ause t(e +a,ult$es '+,'-n$t$'n t' /($,( t(ey bel'n- are n't e0en t(e same! Trans,endentalre+le,t$'n $s a duty /($,( n' 'ne ,an ne-le,t /(' /$s(es t'establ$s( an a *r$'r$ &ud-ement u*'n t($n-s! 2e s(all n'/ *r',eed t'+ul+$l t($s duty) and t(ereby t(r'/ n't a l$ttle l$-(t 'n t(e .uest$'nas t' t(e determ$nat$'n '+ t(e *r'*er bus$ness '+ t(e understand$n-!

1! Ident$ty and #$++eren,e! 2(en an 'b&e,t $s *resented t' usse0eral t$mes) but al/ays /$t( t(e same $nternal determ$nat$'ns=.ual$tas et .uant$tas>) $t) $+ an 'b&e,t '+ *ure understand$n-) $s

al/ays t(e same) n't se0eral t($n-s) but 'nly 'ne t($n- =numer$,a$dent$tas>4 but $+ a *(en'men'n) /e d' n't ,'n,ern 'ursel0es /$t(,'m*ar$n- t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e t($n- /$t( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ s'me't(er) but) alt('u-( t(ey may be $n t($s res*e,t *er+e,tly t(e same)t(e d$++eren,e '+ *la,e at t(e same t$me $s a su++$,$ent -r'und +'rassert$n- t(e numer$,al d$++eren,e '+ t(ese 'b&e,ts ='+ sense>!T(us) $n t(e ,ase '+ t/' dr'*s '+ /ater) /e may ma%e ,'m*leteabstra,t$'n '+ all $nternal d$++eren,e =.ual$ty and .uant$ty>) and)t(e +a,t t(at t(ey are $ntu$ted at t(e same t$me $n d$++erent*la,es) $s su++$,$ent t' &ust$+y us $n ('ld$n- t(em t' benumer$,ally d$++erent! <e$bn$t; re-arded *(en'mena as t($n-s $nt(emsel0es) ,'nse.uently as $ntell$-$b$l$a) t(at $s) 'b&e,ts '+ *ureunderstand$n- =alt('u-() 'n a,,'unt '+ t(e ,'n+used nature '+ t(e$r

re*resentat$'ns) (e -a0e t(em t(e name '+ *(en'mena>) and $n t($s ,ase($s *r$n,$*le '+ t(e $nd$s,ern$ble =*r$n,$*$um $dentat$s$nd$s,ern$b$l$um> $s n't t' be $m*u-ned! 3ut) as *(en'mena are 'b&e,ts'+ sens$b$l$ty) and) as t(e understand$n-) $n res*e,t '+ t(em) must beem*l'yed em*$r$,ally and n't *urely 'r trans,endentally) *lural$ty andnumer$,al d$++eren,e are -$0en by s*a,e $tsel+ as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+eternal *(en'mena! F'r 'ne *art '+ s*a,e) alt('u-( $t may be*er+e,tly s$m$lar and e.ual t' an't(er *art) $s st$ll /$t('ut $t)and +'r t($s reas'n al'ne $s d$++erent +r'm t(e latter) /($,( $s addedt' $t $n 'rder t' ma%e u* a -reater s*a,e! It +'ll'/s t(at t($s must('ld -''d '+ all t($n-s t(at are $n t(e d$++erent *arts '+ s*a,e at

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t(e same t$me) ('/e0er s$m$lar and e.ual 'ne may be t' an't(er!

B! A-reement and O**'s$t$'n! 2(en real$ty $s re*resented by t(e *ureunderstand$n- =real$tas n'umen'n>) '**'s$t$'n bet/een real$t$es $s$n,'-$table5 su,( a relat$'n) t(at $s) t(at /(en t(ese real$t$es are,'nne,ted $n 'ne sub&e,t) t(ey ann$($late t(e e++e,ts '+ ea,( 't(erand may be re*resented $n t(e +'rmula 5 ! On t(e 't(er (and)t(e real $n a *(en'men'n =real$tas *(aen'men'n> may 0ery /ell be $n

mutual '**'s$t$'n) and) /(en un$ted $n t(e same sub&e,t) t(e 'ne may,'m*letely 'r $n *art ann$($late t(e e++e,t 'r ,'nse.uen,e '+ t(e't(er4 as $n t(e ,ase '+ t/' m'0$n- +'r,es $n t(e same stra$-(t l$nedra/$n- 'r $m*ell$n- a *'$nt $n '**'s$te d$re,t$'ns) 'r $n t(e ,ase '+a *leasure ,'unterbalan,$n- a ,erta$n am'unt '+ *a$n!

! T(e Internal and Eternal! In an 'b&e,t '+ t(e *ureunderstand$n-) 'nly t(at $s $nternal /($,( (as n' relat$'n =as re-ards$ts e$sten,e> t' anyt($n- d$++erent +r'm $tsel+! On t(e 't(er (and)t(e $nternal determ$nat$'ns '+ a substant$a *(aen'men'n $n s*a,e aren't($n- but relat$'ns) and $t $s $tsel+ n't($n- m're t(an a ,'m*le '+mere relat$'ns! Substan,e $n s*a,e /e are ,'-n$;ant '+ 'nly t(r'u-(+'r,es '*erat$0e $n $t) e$t(er dra/$n- 't(ers t'/ards $tsel+

=attra,t$'n>) 'r *re0ent$n- 't(ers +r'm +'r,$n- $nt' $tsel+ =re*uls$'nand $m*enetrab$l$ty>! 2e %n'/ n' 't(er *r'*ert$es t(at ma%e u* t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ substan,e *(en'menal $n s*a,e) and /($,( /e term matter!On t(e 't(er (and) as an 'b&e,t '+ t(e *ure understand$n-) e0erysubstan,e must (a0e $nternal determ$nat$'n and +'r,es! 3ut /(at't(er $nternal attr$butes '+ su,( an 'b&e,t ,an I t($n% t(an t('se/($,( my $nternal sense *resents t' me@ T(at) t' /$t) /($,( $ne$t(er $tsel+ t('u-(t) 'r s'met($n- anal'-'us t' $t! Hen,e <e$bn$t;)/(' l''%ed u*'n t($n-s as n'umena) a+ter deny$n- t(em e0eryt($n-l$%e eternal relat$'n) and t(ere+'re als' ,'m*'s$t$'n 'r ,'mb$nat$'n)de,lared t(at all substan,es) e0en t(e ,'m*'nent *arts '+ matter) /eres$m*le substan,es /$t( *'/ers '+ re*resentat$'n) $n 'ne /'rd) m'nads!

! "atter and F'rm! T(ese t/' ,'n,e*t$'ns l$e at t(e +'undat$'n '+all 't(er re+le,t$'n) s' $nse*arably are t(ey ,'nne,ted /$t( e0erym'de '+ eer,$s$n- t(e understand$n-! T(e +'rmer den'tes t(edeterm$nable $n -eneral) t(e se,'nd $ts determ$nat$'n) b't( $n atrans,endental sense) abstra,t$'n be$n- made '+ e0ery d$++eren,e $nt(at /($,( $s -$0en) and '+ t(e m'de $n /($,( $t $s determ$ned!<'-$,$ans +'rmerly termed t(e un$0ersal) matter) t(e s*e,$+$,d$++eren,e '+ t($s 'r t(at *art '+ t(e un$0ersal) +'rm! In a &ud-ement'ne may ,all t(e -$0en ,'n,e*t$'ns l'-$,al matter =+'r t(e &ud-ement>)t(e relat$'n '+ t(ese t' ea,( 't(er =by means '+ t(e ,'*ula>) t(e +'rm'+ t(e &ud-ement! In an 'b&e,t) t(e ,'m*'s$te *arts t(ere'+=essent$al$a> are t(e matter4 t(e m'de $n /($,( t(ey are ,'nne,ted$n t(e 'b&e,t) t(e +'rm! In res*e,t t' t($n-s $n -eneral) unl$m$ted

real$ty /as re-arded as t(e matter '+ all *'ss$b$l$ty) t(el$m$tat$'n t(ere'+ =ne-at$'n> as t(e +'rm) by /($,( 'ne t($n- $sd$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm an't(er a,,'rd$n- t' trans,endental ,'n,e*t$'ns!T(e understand$n- demands t(at s'met($n- be -$0en =at least $n t(e,'n,e*t$'n>) $n 'rder t' be able t' determ$ne $t $n a ,erta$nmanner! Hen,e) $n a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e *ure understand$n-) t(e matter*re,edes t(e +'rm) and +'r t($s reas'n <e$bn$t; +$rst assumed t(ee$sten,e '+ t($n-s =m'nads> and '+ an $nternal *'/er '+re*resentat$'n $n t(em) $n 'rder t' +'und u*'n t($s t(e$r eternalrelat$'n and t(e ,'mmun$ty t(e$r state =t(at $s) '+ t(e$rre*resentat$'ns>! Hen,e) /$t( ($m) s*a,e and t$me /ere *'ss$ble5 t(e

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+'rmer t(r'u-( t(e relat$'n '+ substan,es) t(e latter t(r'u-( t(e,'nne,t$'n '+ t(e$r determ$nat$'ns /$t( ea,( 't(er) as ,auses ande++e,ts! And s' /'uld $t really be) $+ t(e *ure understand$n- /ere,a*able '+ an $mmed$ate a**l$,at$'n t' 'b&e,ts) and $+ s*a,e andt$me /ere determ$nat$'ns '+ t($n-s $n t(emsel0es! 3ut be$n- merelysensu'us $ntu$t$'ns) $n /($,( /e determ$ne all 'b&e,ts s'lely as*(en'mena) t(e +'rm '+ $ntu$t$'n =as a sub&e,t$0e *r'*erty '+sens$b$l$ty> must ante,ede all matter =sensat$'ns>) ,'nse.uently s*a,e

and t$me must ante,ede all *(en'mena and all data '+ e*er$en,e) andrat(er ma%e e*er$en,e $tsel+ *'ss$ble! 3ut t(e $ntelle,tual*($l's'*(er ,'uld n't endure t(at t(e +'rm s('uld *re,ede t(e t($n-st(emsel0es and determ$ne t(e$r *'ss$b$l$ty4 an 'b&e,t$'n *er+e,tly,'rre,t) $+ /e assume t(at /e $ntu$te t($n-s as t(ey are) alt('u-(/$t( ,'n+used re*resentat$'n! 3ut as sensu'us $ntu$t$'n $s a*e,ul$ar sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'n) /($,( $s a *r$'r$ at t(e +'undat$'n'+ all *er,e*t$'n) and t(e +'rm '+ /($,( $s *r$m$t$0e) t(e +'rm mustbe -$0en *er se) and s' +ar +r'm matter ='r t(e t($n-s t(emsel0es/($,( a**ear> ly$n- at t(e +'undat$'n '+ e*er$en,e =as /e must,'n,lude) $+ /e &ud-e by mere ,'n,e*t$'ns>) t(e 0ery *'ss$b$l$ty '+$tsel+ *resu**'ses) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) a -$0en +'rmal $ntu$t$'n =s*a,eand t$me>!

RE"ARK ON THE A"PHI3O<J OF THE CONCEPTIONS OF REF<ECTION!

<et me be all'/ed t' term t(e *'s$t$'n /($,( /e ass$-n t' a,'n,e*t$'n e$t(er $n t(e sens$b$l$ty 'r $n t(e *ure understand$n-) t(etrans,endental *la,e! In t($s manner) t(e a**'$ntment '+ t(e*'s$t$'n /($,( must be ta%en by ea,( ,'n,e*t$'n a,,'rd$n- t' t(ed$++eren,e $n $ts use) and t(e d$re,t$'ns +'r determ$n$n- t($s *la,et' all ,'n,e*t$'ns a,,'rd$n- t' rules) /'uld be a trans,endentalt'*$,) a d',tr$ne /($,( /'uld t('r'u-(ly s($eld us +r'm t(esurre*t$t$'us de0$,es '+ t(e *ure understand$n- and t(e delus$'ns/($,( t(en,e ar$se) as $t /'uld al/ays d$st$n-u$s( t' /(at +a,ulty'+ ,'-n$t$'n ea,( ,'n,e*t$'n *r'*erly bel'n-ed! E0ery ,'n,e*t$'n)

e0ery t$tle) under /($,( many ,'-n$t$'ns ran% t'-et(er) may be,alled a l'-$,al *la,e! U*'n t($s $s based t(e l'-$,al t'*$, '+Ar$st'tle) '+ /($,( tea,(ers and r(et'r$,$ans ,'uld a0a$lt(emsel0es) $n 'rder) under ,erta$n t$tles '+ t('u-(t) t' 'bser0e /(at/'uld best su$t t(e matter t(ey (ad t' treat) and t(us enablet(emsel0es t' .u$bble and tal% /$t( +luen,y and an a**earan,e '+*r'+und$ty!

Trans,endental t'*$,) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) ,'nta$ns n't($n- m're t(ant(e ab'0e5ment$'ned +'ur t$tles '+ all ,'m*ar$s'n and d$st$n,t$'n)/($,( d$++er +r'm ,ate-'r$es $n t($s res*e,t) t(at t(ey d' n'tre*resent t(e 'b&e,t a,,'rd$n- t' t(at /($,( ,'nst$tutes $ts,'n,e*t$'n =.uant$ty) real$ty>) but set +'rt( merely t(e ,'m*ar$s'n '+

re*resentat$'ns) /($,( *re,edes 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t($n-s! 3ut t($s,'m*ar$s'n re.u$res a *re0$'us re+le,t$'n) t(at $s) a determ$nat$'n '+t(e *la,e t' /($,( t(e re*resentat$'ns '+ t(e t($n-s /($,( are,'m*ared bel'n-) /(et(er) t' /$t) t(ey are ,'-$tated by t(e *ureunderstand$n-) 'r -$0en by sens$b$l$ty!

C'n,e*t$'ns may be l'-$,ally ,'m*ared /$t('ut t(e tr'uble '+$n.u$r$n- t' /(at +a,ulty t(e$r 'b&e,ts bel'n-) /(et(er as n'umena) t't(e understand$n-) 'r as *(en'mena) t' sens$b$l$ty! I+) ('/e0er) /e/$s( t' em*l'y t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns $n res*e,t '+ 'b&e,ts) *re0$'ustrans,endental re+le,t$'n $s ne,essary! 2$t('ut t($s re+le,t$'n I

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t(at '+ t(e 't(er! 3ut $+ $t $s a *(en'men'n $n s*a,e) $t (as a*la,e n't merely $n t(e understand$n- =am'n- ,'n,e*t$'ns>) but als' $nsensu'us eternal $ntu$t$'n =$n s*a,e>) and $n t($s ,ase) t(e *(ys$,all',ale $s a matter '+ $nd$++eren,e $n re-ard t' t(e $nternaldeterm$nat$'ns '+ t($n-s) and 'ne *la,e) 3) may ,'nta$n a t($n-/($,( $s *er+e,tly s$m$lar and e.ual t' an't(er $n a *la,e) A) &ust as/ell as $+ t(e t/' t($n-s /ere $n e0ery res*e,t d$++erent +r'm ea,('t(er! #$++eren,e '+ *la,e /$t('ut any 't(er ,'nd$t$'ns) ma%es t(e

*lural$ty and d$st$n,t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts as *(en'mena) n't 'nly *'ss$ble$n $tsel+) but e0en ne,essary! C'nse.uently) t(e ab'0e s'5,alled la/$s n't a la/ '+ nature! It $s merely an analyt$,al rule +'r t(e,'m*ar$s'n '+ t($n-s by means '+ mere ,'n,e*t$'ns!

Bnd! T(e *r$n,$*le6 9Real$t$es =as s$m*le a++$rmat$'ns> ne0erl'-$,ally ,'ntrad$,t ea,( 't(er)9 $s a *r'*'s$t$'n *er+e,tly trueres*e,t$n- t(e relat$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) but) /(et(er as re-ardsnature) 'r t($n-s $n t(emsel0es ='+ /($,( /e (a0e n't t(e sl$-(test,'n,e*t$'n>) $s /$t('ut any t(e least mean$n-! F'r real '**'s$t$'n) $n/($,( A 5 3 $s ) e$sts e0ery/(ere) an '**'s$t$'n) t(at $s) $n/($,( 'ne real$ty un$ted /$t( an't(er $n t(e same sub&e,tann$($lates t(e e++e,ts '+ t(e 't(er5 a +a,t /($,( $s ,'nstantly

br'u-(t be+'re 'ur eyes by t(e d$++erent anta-'n$st$, a,t$'ns and'*erat$'ns $n nature) /($,() ne0ert(eless) as de*end$n- 'n real+'r,es) must be ,alled real$tates *(aen'mena! eneral me,(an$,s ,ane0en *resent us /$t( t(e em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'n '+ t($s '**'s$t$'n $nan a *r$'r$ rule) as $t d$re,ts $ts attent$'n t' t(e '**'s$t$'n $n t(ed$re,t$'n '+ +'r,es5 a ,'nd$t$'n '+ /($,( t(e trans,endental,'n,e*t$'n '+ real$ty ,an tell us n't($n-! Alt('u-( "! <e$bn$t; d$dn't ann'un,e t($s *r'*'s$t$'n /$t( *re,$sely t(e *'m* '+ a ne/*r$n,$*le) (e yet em*l'yed $t +'r t(e establ$s(ment '+ ne/*r'*'s$t$'ns) and ($s +'ll'/ers $ntr'du,ed $t $nt' t(e$r<e$bn$t;$'52'l+$an system '+ *($l's'*(y! A,,'rd$n- t' t($s*r$n,$*le) +'r eam*le) all e0$ls are but ,'nse.uen,es '+ t(el$m$ted nature '+ ,reated be$n-s) t(at $s) ne-at$'ns) be,ause t(ese

are t(e 'nly '**'s$te '+ real$ty! =In t(e mere ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n-$n -eneral t($s $s really t(e ,ase) but n't $n t($n-s as *(en'mena!>In l$%e manner) t(e u*('lders '+ t($s system deem $t n't 'nly*'ss$ble) but natural als') t' ,'nne,t and un$te all real$ty $n 'nebe$n-) be,ause t(ey a,%n'/led-e n' 't(er s'rt '+ '**'s$t$'n t(ant(at '+ ,'ntrad$,t$'n =by /($,( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $tsel+ '+ a t($n- $sann$($lated>) and +$nd t(emsel0es unable t' ,'n,e$0e an '**'s$t$'n'+ re,$*r',al destru,t$'n) s' t' s*ea%) $n /($,( 'ne real ,ausedestr'ys t(e e++e,t '+ an't(er) and t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ /('sere*resentat$'n /e meet /$t( 'nly $n sens$b$l$ty!

rd! T(e <e$bn$t;$an m'nad'l'-y (as really n' better +'undat$'n t(an'n t($s *($l's'*(er?s m'de '+ +alsely re*resent$n- t(e d$++eren,e '+

t(e $nternal and eternal s'lely $n relat$'n t' t(e understand$n-!Substan,es) $n -eneral) must (a0e s'met($n- $n/ard) /($,( $s t(ere+'re+ree +r'm eternal relat$'ns) ,'nse.uently +r'm t(at '+ ,'m*'s$t$'nals'! T(e s$m*le5 t(at /($,( ,an be re*resented by a un$t5 $st(ere+'re t(e +'undat$'n '+ t(at /($,( $s $nternal $n t($n-s $nt(emsel0es! T(e $nternal state '+ substan,es ,ann't t(ere+'re,'ns$st $n *la,e) s(a*e) ,'nta,t) 'r m't$'n) determ$nat$'ns /($,(are all eternal relat$'ns) and /e ,an as,r$be t' t(em n' 't(er t(ant(at /(ereby /e $nternally determ$ne 'ur +a,ulty '+ sense $tsel+) t(at$s t' say) t(e state '+ re*resentat$'n! T(us) t(en) /ere ,'nstru,tedt(e m'nads) /($,( /ere t' +'rm t(e elements '+ t(e un$0erse) t(e

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a,t$0e +'r,e '+ /($,( ,'ns$sts $n re*resentat$'n) t(e e++e,ts '+t($s +'r,e be$n- t(us ent$rely ,'n+$ned t' t(emsel0es!

F'r t(e same reas'n) ($s 0$e/ '+ t(e *'ss$ble ,'mmun$ty '+substan,es ,'uld n't re*resent $t but as a *redeterm$ned (arm'ny)and by n' means as a *(ys$,al $n+luen,e! F'r $nasmu,( as e0eryt($n- $s',,u*$ed 'nly $nternally) t(at $s) /$t( $ts '/n re*resentat$'ns) t(estate '+ t(e re*resentat$'ns '+ 'ne substan,e ,'uld n't stand $n

a,t$0e and l$0$n- ,'nne,t$'n /$t( t(at '+ an't(er) but s'me t($rd,ause '*erat$n- 'n all /$t('ut e,e*t$'n /as ne,essary t' ma%e t(ed$++erent states ,'rres*'nd /$t( 'ne an't(er! And t($s d$d n't(a**en by means '+ ass$stan,e a**l$ed $n ea,( *art$,ular ,ase =systemaass$stent$ae>) but t(r'u-( t(e un$ty '+ t(e $dea '+ a ,ause ',,u*$edand ,'nne,ted /$t( all substan,es) $n /($,( t(ey ne,essar$lyre,e$0e) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e <e$bn$t;$an s,(''l) t(e$r e$sten,e and*ermanen,e) ,'nse.uently als' re,$*r',al ,'rres*'nden,e) a,,'rd$n-t' un$0ersal la/s!

t(! T($s *($l's'*(er?s ,elebrated d',tr$ne '+ s*a,e and t$me) $n/($,( (e $ntelle,tual$;ed t(ese +'rms '+ sens$b$l$ty) 'r$-$nated $nt(e same delus$'n '+ trans,endental re+le,t$'n! I+ I attem*t t'

re*resent by t(e mere understand$n-) t(e eternal relat$'ns '+ t($n-s)I ,an d' s' 'nly by em*l'y$n- t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e$r re,$*r',ala,t$'n) and $+ I /$s( t' ,'nne,t 'ne state '+ t(e same t($n- /$t(an't(er state) I must a0a$l mysel+ '+ t(e n't$'n '+ t(e 'rder '+ ,auseand e++e,t! And t(us <e$bn$t; re-arded s*a,e as a ,erta$n 'rder $n t(e,'mmun$ty '+ substan,es) and t$me as t(e dynam$,al se.uen,e '+ t(e$rstates! T(at /($,( s*a,e and t$me *'ssess *r'*er t' t(emsel0es and$nde*endent '+ t($n-s) (e as,r$bed t' a ne,essary ,'n+us$'n $n 'ur,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(em) /(ereby t(at /($,( $s a mere +'rm '+ dynam$,alrelat$'ns $s (eld t' be a sel+5e$stent $ntu$t$'n) ante,edent e0ent' t($n-s t(emsel0es! T(us s*a,e and t$me /ere t(e $ntell$-$ble +'rm'+ t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ t($n-s =substan,es and t(e$r states> $nt(emsel0es! 3ut t($n-s /ere $ntell$-$ble substan,es =substant$ae

n'umena>! At t(e same t$me) (e made t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns 0al$d '+*(en'mena) be,ause (e d$d n't all'/ t' sens$b$l$ty a *e,ul$ar m'de'+ $ntu$t$'n) but s'u-(t all) e0en t(e em*$r$,al re*resentat$'n '+'b&e,ts) $n t(e understand$n-) and le+t t' sense nau-(t but t(edes*$,able tas% '+ ,'n+us$n- and d$sarran-$n- t(e re*resentat$'ns '+t(e +'rmer!

3ut e0en $+ /e ,'uld +rame any synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n ,'n,ern$n-t($n-s $n t(emsel0es by means '+ t(e *ure understand$n- =/($,( $s$m*'ss$ble>) $t ,'uld n't a**ly t' *(en'mena) /($,( d' n't re*resentt($n-s $n t(emsel0es! In su,( a ,ase I s('uld be 'bl$-ed $ntrans,endental re+le,t$'n t' ,'m*are my ,'n,e*t$'ns 'nly under t(e,'nd$t$'ns '+ sens$b$l$ty) and s' s*a,e and t$me /'uld n't be

determ$nat$'ns '+ t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) but '+ *(en'mena! 2(att($n-s may be $n t(emsel0es) I %n'/ n't and need n't %n'/) be,ause at($n- $s ne0er *resented t' me 't(er/$se t(an as a *(en'men'n!

I must ad'*t t(e same m'de '+ *r',edure /$t( t(e 't(er ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ re+le,t$'n! "atter $s substant$a *(aen'men'n! T(at $n $t /($,( $s$nternal I see% t' d$s,'0er $n all *arts '+ s*a,e /($,( $t ',,u*$es)and $n all t(e +un,t$'ns and '*erat$'ns $t *er+'rms) and /($,( are$ndeed ne0er anyt($n- but *(en'mena '+ t(e eternal sense! I ,ann'tt(ere+'re +$nd anyt($n- t(at $s abs'lutely) but 'nly /(at $s,'m*arat$0ely $nternal) and /($,( $tsel+ ,'ns$sts '+ eternal

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relat$'ns! T(e abs'lutely $nternal $n matter) and as $t s('uld bea,,'rd$n- t' t(e *ure understand$n-) $s a mere ,($mera) +'r matter$s n't an 'b&e,t +'r t(e *ure understand$n-! 3ut t(e trans,endental'b&e,t) /($,( $s t(e +'undat$'n '+ t(e *(en'men'n /($,( /e ,allmatter) $s a mere nes,$' .u$d) t(e nature '+ /($,( /e ,'uld n'tunderstand) e0en t('u-( s'me'ne /ere +'und able t' tell us! F'r /e ,anunderstand n't($n- t(at d'es n't br$n- /$t( $t s'met($n- $n$ntu$t$'n ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(e e*ress$'ns em*l'yed! I+) by t(e

,'m*la$nt '+ be$n- unable t' *er,e$0e t(e $nternal nature '+ t($n-s)$t $s meant t(at /e d' n't ,'m*re(end by t(e *ure understand$n- /(att(e t($n-s /($,( a**ear t' us may be $n t(emsel0es) $t $s a s$llyand unreas'nable ,'m*la$nt4 +'r t('se /(' tal% t(us really des$re t(at/e s('uld be able t' ,'-n$;e) ,'nse.uently t' $ntu$te) t($n-s/$t('ut senses) and t(ere+'re /$s( t(at /e *'ssessed a +a,ulty '+,'-n$t$'n *er+e,tly d$++erent +r'm t(e (uman +a,ulty) n't merely $nde-ree) but e0en as re-ards $ntu$t$'n and t(e m'de t(ere'+) s' t(att(us /e s('uld n't be men) but bel'n- t' a ,lass '+ be$n-s) t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ /('se e$sten,e) mu,( less t(e$r nature and,'nst$tut$'n) /e (a0e n' means '+ ,'-n$;$n-! 3y 'bser0at$'n andanalys$s '+ *(en'mena /e *enetrate $nt' t(e $nter$'r '+ nature) and n''ne ,an say /(at *r'-ress t($s %n'/led-e may ma%e $n t$me! 3ut t('se

trans,endental .uest$'ns /($,( *ass bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ nature) /e,'uld ne0er ans/er) e0en alt('u-( all nature /ere la$d '*en t' us)be,ause /e (a0e n't t(e *'/er '+ 'bser0$n- 'ur '/n m$nd /$t( any 't(er$ntu$t$'n t(an t(at '+ 'ur $nternal sense! F'r (ere$n l$es t(e mystery'+ t(e 'r$-$n and s'ur,e '+ 'ur +a,ulty '+ sens$b$l$ty! Itsa**l$,at$'n t' an 'b&e,t) and t(e trans,endental -r'und '+ t($sun$ty '+ sub&e,t$0e and 'b&e,t$0e) l$e t'' dee*ly ,'n,ealed +'r us)/(' ,'-n$;e 'ursel0es 'nly t(r'u-( t(e $nternal sense) ,'nse.uently as*(en'mena) t' be able t' d$s,'0er $n 'ur e$sten,e anyt($n- but*(en'mena) t(e n'n5sensu'us ,ause '+ /($,( /e at t(e same t$meearnestly des$re t' *enetrate t'!

T(e -reat ut$l$ty '+ t($s ,r$t$.ue '+ ,'n,lus$'ns arr$0ed at by

t(e *r',esses '+ mere re+le,t$'n ,'ns$sts $n $ts ,lear dem'nstrat$'n'+ t(e null$ty '+ all ,'n,lus$'ns res*e,t$n- 'b&e,ts /($,( are,'m*ared /$t( ea,( 't(er $n t(e understand$n- al'ne) /($le $t at t(esame t$me ,'n+$rms /(at /e *art$,ularly $ns$sted 'n) namely) t(at)alt('u-( *(en'mena are n't $n,luded as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es am'n-t(e 'b&e,ts '+ t(e *ure understand$n-) t(ey are ne0ert(eless t(e'nly t($n-s by /($,( 'ur ,'-n$t$'n ,an *'ssess 'b&e,t$0e real$ty) t(at$s t' say) /($,( -$0e us $ntu$t$'ns t' ,'rres*'nd /$t( 'ur,'n,e*t$'ns!

2(en /e re+le,t $n a *urely l'-$,al manner) /e d' n't($n- m'ret(an ,'m*are ,'n,e*t$'ns $n 'ur understand$n-) t' d$s,'0er /(et(erb't( (a0e t(e same ,'ntent) /(et(er t(ey are sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry 'r

n't) /(et(er anyt($n- $s ,'nta$ned $n e$t(er ,'n,e*t$'n) /($,( '+t(e t/' $s -$0en) and /($,( $s merely a m'de '+ t($n%$n- t(at -$0en!3ut $+ I a**ly t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns t' an 'b&e,t $n -eneral =$n t(etrans,endental sense>) /$t('ut +$rst determ$n$n- /(et(er $t $s an'b&e,t '+ sensu'us 'r $ntelle,tual $ntu$t$'n) ,erta$n l$m$tat$'ns*resent t(emsel0es) /($,( +'rb$d us t' *ass bey'nd t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns andrender all em*$r$,al use '+ t(em $m*'ss$ble! And t(us t(esel$m$tat$'ns *r'0e t(at t(e re*resentat$'n '+ an 'b&e,t as a t($n- $n-eneral $s n't 'nly $nsu++$,$ent) but) /$t('ut sensu'usdeterm$nat$'n and $nde*endently '+ em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns)sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry4 t(at /e must t(ere+'re ma%e abstra,t$'n '+ all

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'b&e,ts) as $n l'-$,) 'r) adm$tt$n- t(em) must t($n% t(em under,'nd$t$'ns '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n4 t(at) ,'nse.uently) t(e $ntell$-$blere.u$res an alt'-et(er *e,ul$ar $ntu$t$'n) /($,( /e d' n't *'ssess)and $n t(e absen,e '+ /($,( $t $s +'r us n't($n-4 /($le) 'n t(e't(er (and *(en'mena ,ann't be 'b&e,ts $n t(emsel0es! F'r) /(en Imerely t($n% t($n-s $n -eneral) t(e d$++eren,e $n t(e$r eternalrelat$'ns ,ann't ,'nst$tute a d$++eren,e $n t(e t($n-s t(emsel0es4'n t(e ,'ntrary) t(e +'rmer *resu**'ses t(e latter) and $+ t(e

,'n,e*t$'n '+ 'ne '+ t/' t($n-s $s n't $nternally d$++erent +r'mt(at '+ t(e 't(er) I am merely t($n%$n- t(e same t($n- $n d$++erentrelat$'ns! Furt(er) by t(e add$t$'n '+ 'ne a++$rmat$'n =real$ty> t't(e 't(er) t(e *'s$t$0e t(ere$n $s really au-mented) and n't($n- $sabstra,ted 'r /$t(dra/n +r'm $t4 (en,e t(e real $n t($n-s ,ann't be $n,'ntrad$,t$'n /$t( 'r '**'s$t$'n t' $tsel+5 and s' 'n!

T(e true use '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ re+le,t$'n $n t(e em*l'yment '+t(e understand$n- (as) as /e (a0e s('/n) been s' m$s,'n,e$0ed by<e$bn$t;) 'ne '+ t(e m'st a,ute *($l's'*(ers '+ e$t(er an,$ent 'rm'dern t$mes) t(at (e (as been m$sled $nt' t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ abaseless system '+ $ntelle,tual ,'-n$t$'n) /($,( *r'+esses t'determ$ne $ts 'b&e,ts /$t('ut t(e $nter0ent$'n '+ t(e senses! F'r t($s

reas'n) t(e e*'s$t$'n '+ t(e ,ause '+ t(e am*($b'ly '+ t(ese,'n,e*t$'ns) as t(e 'r$-$n '+ t(ese +alse *r$n,$*les) $s '+ -reatut$l$ty $n determ$n$n- /$t( ,erta$nty t(e *r'*er l$m$ts '+ t(eunderstand$n-!

It $s r$-(t t' say /(ate0er $s a++$rmed 'r den$ed '+ t(e /('le '+a ,'n,e*t$'n ,an be a++$rmed 'r den$ed '+ any *art '+ $t =d$,tum de'mn$ et null'>4 but $t /'uld be absurd s' t' alter t($s l'-$,al*r'*'s$t$'n as t' say /(ate0er $s n't ,'nta$ned $n a -eneral,'n,e*t$'n $s l$%e/$se n't ,'nta$ned $n t(e *art$,ular ,'n,e*t$'ns/($,( ran% under $t4 +'r t(e latter are *art$,ular ,'n,e*t$'ns) +'rt(e 0ery reas'n t(at t(e$r ,'ntent $s -reater t(an t(at /($,( $s,'-$tated $n t(e -eneral ,'n,e*t$'n! And yet t(e /('le $ntelle,tual

system '+ <e$bn$t; $s based u*'n t($s +alse *r$n,$*le) and /$t( $tmust ne,essar$ly +all t' t(e -r'und) t'-et(er /$t( all t(e amb$-u'us*r$n,$*les $n re+eren,e t' t(e em*l'yment '+ t(e understand$n- /($,((a0e t(en,e 'r$-$nated!

<e$bn$t;?s *r$n,$*le '+ t(e $dent$ty '+ $nd$s,ern$bles 'r$nd$st$n-u$s(ables $s really based 'n t(e *resu**'s$t$'n t(at) $+ $nt(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- a ,erta$n d$st$n,t$'n $s n't t' be +'und) $t$s als' n't t' be met /$t( $n t($n-s t(emsel0es4 t(at) ,'nse.uently)all t($n-s are ,'m*letely $dent$,al =numer' eadem> /($,( are n'td$st$n-u$s(able +r'm ea,( 't(er =as t' .ual$ty 'r .uant$ty> $n 'ur,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(em! 3ut) as $n t(e mere ,'n,e*t$'n '+ anyt($n-abstra,t$'n (as been made '+ many ne,essary ,'nd$t$'ns '+ $ntu$t$'n)

t(at '+ /($,( abstra,t$'n (as been made $s ras(ly (eld t' ben'n5e$stent) and n't($n- $s attr$buted t' t(e t($n- but /(at $s,'nta$ned $n $ts ,'n,e*t$'n!

T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a ,ub$, +''t '+ s*a,e) ('/e0er I may t($n% $t)$s $n $tsel+ ,'m*letely $dent$,al! 3ut t/' ,ub$, +eet $n s*a,e arene0ert(eless d$st$n,t +r'm ea,( 't(er +r'm t(e s'le +a,t '+ t(e$rbe$n- $n d$++erent *la,es =t(ey are numer' d$0ersa>4 and t(ese*la,es are ,'nd$t$'ns '+ $ntu$t$'n) /(ere$n t(e 'b&e,t '+ t($s,'n,e*t$'n $s -$0en) and /($,( d' n't bel'n- t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) but t't(e +a,ulty '+ sens$b$l$ty! In l$%e manner) t(ere $s $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n

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'+ a t($n- n' ,'ntrad$,t$'n /(en a ne-at$0e $s n't ,'nne,ted /$t( ana++$rmat$0e4 and merely a++$rmat$0e ,'n,e*t$'ns ,ann't) $n,'n&un,t$'n) *r'du,e any ne-at$'n! 3ut $n sensu'us $ntu$t$'n)/(ere$n real$ty =ta%e +'r eam*le) m't$'n> $s -$0en) /e +$nd,'nd$t$'ns ='**'s$te d$re,t$'ns>5 '+ /($,( abstra,t$'n (as been made$n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ m't$'n $n -eneral5 /($,( render *'ss$ble a,'ntrad$,t$'n 'r '**'s$t$'n =n't $ndeed '+ a l'-$,al %$nd>5 and/($,( +r'm *ure *'s$t$0es *r'du,e ;er' ! 2e are t(ere+'re n't

&ust$+$ed $n say$n- t(at all real$ty $s $n *er+e,t a-reement and(arm'ny) be,ause n' ,'ntrad$,t$'n $s d$s,'0erable am'n- $ts,'n,e*t$'ns! A,,'rd$n- t' mere ,'n,e*t$'ns) t(at /($,( $s $nternal $st(e substratum '+ all relat$'ns 'r eternal determ$nat$'ns! 2(en)t(ere+'re) I abstra,t all ,'nd$t$'ns '+ $ntu$t$'n) and ,'n+$nemysel+ s'lely t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- $n -eneral) I ,an ma%eabstra,t$'n '+ all eternal relat$'ns) and t(ere must ne0ert(elessrema$n a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(at /($,( $nd$,ates n' relat$'n) but merely$nternal determ$nat$'ns! N'/ $t seems t' +'ll'/ t(at $n e0eryt($n-=substan,e> t(ere $s s'met($n- /($,( $s abs'lutely $nternal and/($,( ante,edes all eternal determ$nat$'ns) $nasmu,( as $t renderst(em *'ss$ble4 and t(at t(ere+'re t($s substratum $s s'met($n- /($,(d'es n't ,'nta$n any eternal relat$'ns and $s ,'nse.uently s$m*le

=+'r ,'r*'real t($n-s are ne0er anyt($n- but relat$'ns) at least '+t(e$r *arts eternal t' ea,( 't(er>4 and) $nasmu,( as /e %n'/ '+ n''t(er abs'lutely $nternal determ$nat$'ns t(an t('se '+ t(e $nternalsense) t($s substratum $s n't 'nly s$m*le) but als') anal'-'usly/$t( 'ur $nternal sense) determ$ned t(r'u-( re*resentat$'ns) t(at $st' say) all t($n-s are *r'*erly m'nads) 'r s$m*le be$n-s end'/ed/$t( t(e *'/er '+ re*resentat$'n! N'/ all t($s /'uld be *er+e,tly,'rre,t) $+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- /ere t(e 'nly ne,essary,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *resentat$'n '+ 'b&e,ts '+ eternal $ntu$t$'n! It $s)'n t(e ,'ntrary) man$+est t(at a *ermanent *(en'men'n $n s*a,e=$m*enetrable etens$'n> ,an ,'nta$n mere relat$'ns) and n't($n-t(at $s abs'lutely $nternal) and yet be t(e *r$mary substratum '+all eternal *er,e*t$'n! 3y mere ,'n,e*t$'ns I ,ann't t($n% anyt($n-

eternal) /$t('ut) at t(e same t$me) t($n%$n- s'met($n- $nternal)+'r t(e reas'n t(at ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ relat$'ns *resu**'se -$0ent($n-s) and /$t('ut t(ese are $m*'ss$ble! 3ut) as an $ntu$t$'n t(ere$s s'met($n- =t(at $s) s*a,e) /($,() /$t( all $t ,'nta$ns) ,'ns$sts '+*urely +'rmal) 'r) $ndeed) real relat$'ns> /($,( $s n't +'und $n t(emere ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- $n -eneral) and t($s *resents t' us t(esubstratum /($,( ,'uld n't be ,'-n$;ed t(r'u-( ,'n,e*t$'ns al'ne) I,ann't say6 be,ause a t($n- ,ann't be re*resented by mere,'n,e*t$'ns /$t('ut s'met($n- abs'lutely $nternal) t(ere $s als') $nt(e t($n-s t(emsel0es /($,( are ,'nta$ned under t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns) and$n t(e$r $ntu$t$'n n't($n- eternal t' /($,( s'met($n- abs'lutely$nternal d'es n't ser0e as t(e +'undat$'n! F'r) /(en /e (a0e madeabstra,t$'n '+ all t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ $ntu$t$'n) t(ere ,erta$nly

rema$ns $n t(e mere ,'n,e*t$'n n't($n- but t(e $nternal $n -eneral)t(r'u-( /($,( al'ne t(e eternal $s *'ss$ble! 3ut t($s ne,ess$ty)/($,( $s -r'unded u*'n abstra,t$'n al'ne) d'es n't 'bta$n $n t(e,ase '+ t($n-s t(emsel0es) $n s' +ar as t(ey are -$0en $n $ntu$t$'n/$t( su,( determ$nat$'ns as e*ress mere relat$'ns) /$t('ut (a0$n-anyt($n- $nternal as t(e$r +'undat$'n4 +'r t(ey are n't t($n-s '+ at($n- '+ /($,( /e ,an ne$t(er +'r t(ey are n't t($n-s $n t(emsel0es)but 'nly *(en'mena! 2(at /e ,'-n$;e $n matter $s n't($n- but relat$'ns=/(at /e ,all $ts $nternal determ$nat$'ns are but ,'m*arat$0ely$nternal>! 3ut t(ere are s'me sel+5subs$stent and *ermanent) t(r'u-(/($,( a determ$ned 'b&e,t $s -$0en! T(at I) /(en abstra,t$'n $s made

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'+ t(ese relat$'ns) (a0e n't($n- m're t' t($n%) d'es n't destr'y t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- as *(en'men'n) n'r t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t$n abstra,t') but $t d'es a/ay /$t( t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ an 'b&e,tt(at $s determ$nable a,,'rd$n- t' mere ,'n,e*t$'ns) t(at $s) '+ an'umen'n! It $s ,erta$nly startl$n- t' (ear t(at a t($n- ,'ns$stss'lely '+ relat$'ns4 but t($s t($n- $s s$m*ly a *(en'men'n) and ,ann'tbe ,'-$tated by means '+ t(e mere ,ate-'r$es6 $t d'es $tsel+ ,'ns$st$n t(e mere relat$'n '+ s'met($n- $n -eneral t' t(e senses! In t(e

same /ay) /e ,ann't ,'-$tate relat$'ns '+ t($n-s $n abstra,t') $+ /e,'mmen,e /$t( ,'n,e*t$'ns al'ne) $n any 't(er manner t(an t(at 'ne$s t(e ,ause '+ determ$nat$'ns $n t(e 't(er4 +'r t(at $s $tsel+ t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n- 'r ,ate-'ry '+ relat$'n! 3ut) as $nt($s ,ase /e ma%e abstra,t$'n '+ all $ntu$t$'n) /e l'se alt'-et(er t(em'de $n /($,( t(e man$+'ld determ$nes t' ea,( '+ $ts *arts $ts*la,e) t(at $s) t(e +'rm '+ sens$b$l$ty =s*a,e>4 and yet t($s m'deante,edes all em*$r$,al ,ausal$ty!

I+ any 'ne /$s(es (ere t' (a0e re,'urse t' t(e usual subter+u-e)and t' say) t(at at least real$tates n'umena ,ann't be $n '**'s$t$'nt' ea,( 't(er) $t /$ll be re.u$s$te +'r ($m t' addu,e an eam*le '+t($s *ure and n'n5sensu'us real$ty) t(at $t may be underst''d

/(et(er t(e n't$'n re*resents s'met($n- 'r n't($n-! 3ut an eam*le,ann't be +'und e,e*t $n e*er$en,e) /($,( ne0er *resents t' usanyt($n- m're t(an *(en'mena4 and t(us t(e *r'*'s$t$'n means n't($n-m're t(an t(at t(e ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( ,'nta$ns 'nly a++$rmat$0es d'esn't ,'nta$n anyt($n- ne-at$0e5 a *r'*'s$t$'n n'b'dy e0er d'ubted!

I+ by $ntell$-$ble 'b&e,ts /e understand t($n-s /($,( ,an be t('u-(tby means '+ t(e *ure ,ate-'r$es) /$t('ut t(e need '+ t(e s,(emata '+sens$b$l$ty) su,( 'b&e,ts are $m*'ss$ble! F'r t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e'b&e,t$0e use '+ all 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ understand$n- $s t(e m'de '+'ur sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) /(ereby 'b&e,ts are -$0en4 and) $+ /e ma%eabstra,t$'n '+ t(e latter) t(e +'rmer ,an (a0e n' relat$'n t' an'b&e,t! And e0en $+ /e s('uld su**'se a d$++erent %$nd '+ $ntu$t$'n

+r'm 'ur '/n) st$ll 'ur +un,t$'ns '+ t('u-(t /'uld (a0e n' use 'rs$-n$+$,at$'n $n res*e,t t(ere'+! 3ut $+ /e understand by t(e term)'b&e,ts '+ a n'n5sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) $n res*e,t '+ /($,( 'ur,ate-'r$es are n't 0al$d) and '+ /($,( /e ,an a,,'rd$n-ly (a0e n'%n'/led-e =ne$t(er $ntu$t$'n n'r ,'n,e*t$'n>) $n t($s merelyne-at$0e sense n'umena must be adm$tted! F'r t($s $s n' m're t(ansay$n- t(at 'ur m'de '+ $ntu$t$'n $s n't a**l$,able t' all t($n-s) but'nly t' 'b&e,ts '+ 'ur senses) t(at ,'nse.uently $ts 'b&e,t$0e0al$d$ty $s l$m$ted) and t(at r''m $s t(ere+'re le+t +'r an't(er%$nd '+ $ntu$t$'n) and t(us als' +'r t($n-s t(at may be 'b&e,ts '+ $t!3ut $n t($s sense t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a n'umen'n $s *r'blemat$,al)t(at $s t' say) $t $s t(e n't$'n '+ t(at $t t(at $t $s *'ss$ble) n'rt(at $t $s $m*'ss$ble) $nasmu,( as /e d' n't %n'/ '+ any m'de '+

$ntu$t$'n bes$des t(e sensu'us) 'r '+ any 't(er s'rt '+ ,'n,e*t$'nst(an t(e ,ate-'r$es5 a m'de '+ $ntu$t$'n and a %$nd '+ ,'n,e*t$'nne$t(er '+ /($,( $s a**l$,able t' a n'n5sensu'us 'b&e,t! 2e are 'nt($s a,,'unt $n,'m*etent t' etend t(e s*(ere '+ 'ur 'b&e,ts '+t('u-(t bey'nd t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ 'ur sens$b$l$ty) and t' assume t(ee$sten,e '+ 'b&e,ts '+ *ure t('u-(t) t(at $s) '+ n'umena) $nasmu,( ast(ese (a0e n' true *'s$t$0e s$-n$+$,at$'n! F'r $t must be ,'n+essed '+t(e ,ate-'r$es t(at t(ey are n't '+ t(emsel0es su++$,$ent +'r t(e,'-n$t$'n '+ t($n-s $n t(emsel0es and) /$t('ut t(e data '+sens$b$l$ty) are mere sub&e,t$0e +'rms '+ t(e un$ty '+ t(eunderstand$n-! T('u-(t $s ,erta$nly n't a *r'du,t '+ t(e senses) and

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$n s' +ar $s n't l$m$ted by t(em) but $t d'es n't t(ere+'re +'ll'/t(at $t may be em*l'yed *urely and /$t('ut t(e $nter0ent$'n '+sens$b$l$ty) +'r $t /'uld t(en be /$t('ut re+eren,e t' an 'b&e,t!And /e ,ann't ,all a n'umen'n an 'b&e,t '+ *ure t('u-(t4 +'r t(ere*resentat$'n t(ere'+ $s but t(e *r'blemat$,al ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an'b&e,t +'r a *er+e,tly d$++erent $ntu$t$'n and a *er+e,tly d$++erentunderstand$n- +r'm 'urs) b't( '+ /($,( are ,'nse.uently t(emsel0es*r'blemat$,al! T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a n'umen'n $s t(ere+'re n't t(e

,'n,e*t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t) but merely a *r'blemat$,al ,'n,e*t$'n$nse*arably ,'nne,ted /$t( t(e l$m$tat$'n '+ 'ur sens$b$l$ty! T(at$s t' say) t($s ,'n,e*t$'n ,'nta$ns t(e ans/er t' t(e .uest$'n6 9Aret(ere 'b&e,ts .u$te un,'nne,ted /$t() and $nde*endent '+) 'ur$ntu$t$'n@95 a .uest$'n t' /($,( 'nly an $ndeterm$nate ans/er ,an be-$0en! T(at ans/er $s6 9Inasmu,( as sensu'us $ntu$t$'n d'es n'ta**ly t' all t($n-s /$t('ut d$st$n,t$'n) t(ere rema$ns r''m +'r't(er and d$++erent 'b&e,ts!9 T(e e$sten,e '+ t(ese *r'blemat$,al'b&e,ts $s t(ere+'re n't abs'lutely den$ed) $n t(e absen,e '+ adeterm$nate ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(em) but) as n' ,ate-'ry $s 0al$d $nres*e,t '+ t(em) ne$t(er must t(ey be adm$tted as 'b&e,ts +'r 'urunderstand$n-!

Understand$n- a,,'rd$n-ly l$m$ts sens$b$l$ty) /$t('ut at t(e samet$me enlar-$n- $ts '/n +$eld! 2($le) m're'0er) $t +'rb$dssens$b$l$ty t' a**ly $ts +'rms and m'des t' t($n-s $n t(emsel0es andrestr$,ts $t t' t(e s*(ere '+ *(en'mena) $t ,'-$tates an 'b&e,t $n$tsel+) 'nly) ('/e0er) as a trans,endental 'b&e,t) /($,( $s t(e,ause '+ a *(en'men'n =,'nse.uently n't $tsel+ a *(en'men'n>) and/($,( ,ann't be t('u-(t e$t(er as a .uant$ty 'r as real$ty) 'r assubstan,e =be,ause t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns al/ays re.u$re sensu'us +'rms$n /($,( t' determ$ne an 'b&e,t>5 an 'b&e,t) t(ere+'re) '+ /($,( /eare .u$te unable t' say /(et(er $t ,an be met /$t( $n 'ursel0es 'r 'ut'+ us) /(et(er $t /'uld be ann$($lated t'-et(er /$t( sens$b$l$ty)'r) $+ t($s /ere ta%en a/ay) /'uld ,'nt$nue t' e$st! I+ /e /$s( t',all t($s 'b&e,t a n'umen'n) be,ause t(e re*resentat$'n '+ $t $s

n'n5sensu'us) /e are at l$berty t' d' s'! 3ut as /e ,an a**ly t' $tn'ne '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ 'ur understand$n-) t(e re*resentat$'n $s+'r us .u$te 0'$d) and $s a0a$lable 'nly +'r t(e $nd$,at$'n '+ t(el$m$ts '+ 'ur sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) t(ereby lea0$n- at t(e same t$mean em*ty s*a,e) /($,( /e are ,'m*etent t' +$ll by t(e a$d ne$t(er '+*'ss$ble e*er$en,e) n'r '+ t(e *ure understand$n-!

T(e ,r$t$.ue '+ t(e *ure understand$n-) a,,'rd$n-ly) d'es n't *erm$tus t' ,reate +'r 'ursel0es a ne/ +$eld '+ 'b&e,ts bey'nd t('se /($,(are *resented t' us as *(en'mena) and t' stray $nt' $ntell$-$ble/'rlds4 nay) $t d'es n't e0en all'/ us t' endea0'ur t' +'rm s' mu,( asa ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(em! T(e s*e,$'us err'r /($,( leads t' t($s5 and/($,( $s a *er+e,tly e,usable 'ne5 l$es $n t(e +a,t t(at t(e

em*l'yment '+ t(e understand$n-) ,'ntrary t' $ts *r'*er *ur*'se anddest$nat$'n) $s made trans,endental) and 'b&e,ts) t(at $s) *'ss$ble$ntu$t$'ns) are made t' re-ulate t(emsel0es a,,'rd$n- t','n,e*t$'ns) $nstead '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns arran-$n- t(emsel0es a,,'rd$n-t' t(e $ntu$t$'ns) 'n /($,( al'ne t(e$r '/n 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$tyrests! N'/ t(e reas'n '+ t($s a-a$n $s t(at a**er,e*t$'n) and /$t($t t('u-(t) ante,edes all *'ss$ble determ$nate arran-ement '+re*resentat$'ns! A,,'rd$n-ly /e t($n% s'met($n- $n -eneral anddeterm$ne $t 'n t(e 'ne (and sensu'usly) but) 'n t(e 't(er)d$st$n-u$s( t(e -eneral and $n abstra,t' re*resented 'b&e,t +r'mt($s *art$,ular m'de '+ $ntu$t$n- $t! In t($s ,ase t(ere rema$ns a

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m'de '+ determ$n$n- t(e 'b&e,t by mere t('u-(t) /($,( $s really buta l'-$,al +'rm /$t('ut ,'ntent) /($,() ('/e0er) seems t' us t' be am'de '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e 'b&e,t $n $tsel+ =n'umen'n>) /$t('utre-ard t' $ntu$t$'n /($,( $s l$m$ted t' 'ur senses!

3e+'re end$n- t($s trans,endental analyt$,) /e must ma%e anadd$t$'n) /($,() alt('u-( $n $tsel+ '+ n' *art$,ular $m*'rtan,e) seemst' be ne,essary t' t(e ,'m*leteness '+ t(e system! T(e ($-(est

,'n,e*t$'n) /$t( /($,( a trans,endental *($l's'*(y ,'mm'nly be-$ns) $st(e d$0$s$'n $nt' *'ss$ble and $m*'ss$ble! 3ut as all d$0$s$'n*resu**'ses a d$0$ded ,'n,e*t$'n) a st$ll ($-(er 'ne must e$st) andt($s $s t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t $n -eneral5 *r'blemat$,allyunderst''d and /$t('ut $ts be$n- de,$ded /(et(er $t $s s'met($n- 'rn't($n-! As t(e ,ate-'r$es are t(e 'nly ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( a**ly t''b&e,ts $n -eneral) t(e d$st$n-u$s($n- '+ an 'b&e,t) /(et(er $t $ss'met($n- 'r n't($n-) must *r',eed a,,'rd$n- t' t(e 'rder andd$re,t$'n '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es!

1! T' t(e ,ate-'r$es '+ .uant$ty) t(at $s) t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ all)many) and 'ne) t(e ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( ann$($lates all) t(at $s) t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ n'ne) $s '**'sed! And t(us t(e 'b&e,t '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n)

t' /($,( n' $ntu$t$'n ,an be +'und t' ,'rres*'nd) $s n't($n-! T(at$s) $t $s a ,'n,e*t$'n /$t('ut an 'b&e,t =ens rat$'n$s>) l$%e n'umena)/($,( ,ann't be ,'ns$dered *'ss$ble $n t(e s*(ere '+ real$ty) t('u-(t(ey must n't t(ere+'re be (eld t' be $m*'ss$ble5 'r l$%e ,erta$nne/ +undamental +'r,es $n matter) t(e e$sten,e '+ /($,( $s,'-$table /$t('ut ,'ntrad$,t$'n) t('u-() as eam*les +r'm e*er$en,eare n't +'rt(,'m$n-) t(ey must n't be re-arded as *'ss$ble!

B! Real$ty $s s'met($n-4 ne-at$'n $s n't($n-) t(at $s) a,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e absen,e '+ an 'b&e,t) as ,'ld) a s(ad'/ =n$($l*r$0at$0um>!

! T(e mere +'rm '+ $ntu$t$'n) /$t('ut substan,e) $s $n $tsel+ n'

'b&e,t) but t(e merely +'rmal ,'nd$t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t =as*(en'men'n>) as *ure s*a,e and *ure t$me! T(ese are ,erta$nlys'met($n-) as +'rms '+ $ntu$t$'n) but are n't t(emsel0es 'b&e,ts /($,(are $ntu$ted =ens $ma-$nar$um>!

! T(e 'b&e,t '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( $s sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry) $sn't($n-) be,ause t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $s n't($n-5 $s $m*'ss$ble) as a +$-ure,'m*'sed '+ t/' stra$-(t l$nes =n$($l ne-at$0um>!

T(e table '+ t($s d$0$s$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ n't($n- =t(e,'rres*'nd$n- d$0$s$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ s'met($n- d'es n't re.u$res*e,$al des,r$*t$'n> must t(ere+'re be arran-ed as +'ll'/s6

NOTHIN

AS

1

As Em*ty C'n,e*t$'n

/$t('ut 'b&e,t)

ens rat$'n$s

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B

Em*ty 'b&e,t '+ Em*ty $ntu$t$'n

a ,'n,e*t$'n) /$t('ut 'b&e,t)

n$($l *r$0at$0um ens $ma-$nar$um

Em*ty 'b&e,t

/$t('ut ,'n,e*t$'n)

n$($l ne-at$0um

2e see t(at t(e ens rat$'n$s $s d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm t(e n$($lne-at$0um 'r *ure n't($n- by t(e ,'ns$derat$'n t(at t(e +'rmer mustn't be re,%'ned am'n- *'ss$b$l$t$es) be,ause $t $s a mere +$,t$'n5t('u-( n't sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry) /($le t(e latter $s ,'m*letely

'**'sed t' all *'ss$b$l$ty) $nasmu,( as t(e ,'n,e*t$'n ann$($lates$tsel+! 3't() ('/e0er) are em*ty ,'n,e*t$'ns! On t(e 't(er (and)t(e n$($l *r$0at$0um and ens $ma-$nar$um are em*ty data +'r,'n,e*t$'ns! I+ l$-(t be n't -$0en t' t(e senses) /e ,ann'tre*resent t' 'ursel0es dar%ness) and $+ etended 'b&e,ts are n't*er,e$0ed) /e ,ann't re*resent s*a,e! Ne$t(er t(e ne-at$'n) n'r t(emere +'rm '+ $ntu$t$'n ,an) /$t('ut s'met($n- real) be an 'b&e,t!INTRO

TRANSCEN#ENTA< <OIC! SECON# #IDISION!

TRANSCEN#ENTA< #IA<ECTIC! INTRO#UCTION!

I! O+ Trans,endental Illus'ry A**earan,e!

2e termed d$ale,t$, $n -eneral a l'-$, '+ a**earan,e! T($s d'esn't s$-n$+y a d',tr$ne '+ *r'bab$l$ty4 +'r *r'bab$l$ty $s trut()'nly ,'-n$;ed u*'n $nsu++$,$ent -r'unds) and t('u-( t(e $n+'rmat$'n $t-$0es us $s $m*er+e,t) $t $s n't t(ere+'re de,e$t+ul! Hen,e $t mustn't be se*arated +r'm t(e analyt$,al *art '+ l'-$,! St$ll less must*(en'men'n and a**earan,e be (eld t' be $dent$,al! F'r trut( 'r$llus'ry a**earan,e d'es n't res$de $n t(e 'b&e,t) $n s' +ar as $t$s $ntu$ted) but $n t(e &ud-ement u*'n t(e 'b&e,t) $n s' +ar as $t$s t('u-(t! It $s) t(ere+'re) .u$te ,'rre,t t' say t(at t(e sensesd' n't err) n't be,ause t(ey al/ays &ud-e ,'rre,tly) but be,auset(ey d' n't &ud-e at all! Hen,e trut( and err'r) ,'nse.uently als')

$llus'ry a**earan,e as t(e ,ause '+ err'r) are 'nly t' be +'und $n a&ud-ement) t(at $s) $n t(e relat$'n '+ an 'b&e,t t' 'ur understand$n-!In a ,'-n$t$'n /($,( ,'m*letely (arm'n$;es /$t( t(e la/s '+ t(eunderstand$n-) n' err'r ,an e$st! In a re*resentat$'n '+ t(esenses5 as n't ,'nta$n$n- any &ud-ement5 t(ere $s als' n' err'r! 3utn' *'/er '+ nature ,an '+ $tsel+ de0$ate +r'm $ts '/n la/s! Hen,ene$t(er t(e understand$n- *er se =/$t('ut t(e $n+luen,e '+ an't(er,ause>) n'r t(e senses *er se) /'uld +all $nt' err'r4 t(e +'rmer ,'uldn't) be,ause) $+ $t a,ts 'nly a,,'rd$n- t' $ts '/n la/s) t(e e++e,t=t(e &ud-ement> must ne,essar$ly a,,'rd /$t( t(ese la/s! 3ut $na,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e la/s '+ t(e understand$n- ,'ns$sts t(e +'rmal

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understand$n-!

<'-$,al $llus$'n) /($,( ,'ns$sts merely $n t(e $m$tat$'n '+ t(e +'rm'+ reas'n =t(e $llus$'n $n s'*($st$,al syll'-$sms>) ar$ses ent$rely+r'm a /ant '+ due attent$'n t' l'-$,al rules! S' s''n as t(eattent$'n $s a/a%ened t' t(e ,ase be+'re us) t($s $llus$'n t'tallyd$sa**ears! Trans,endental $llus$'n) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) d'es n't ,easet' e$st) e0en a+ter $t (as been e*'sed) and $ts n't($n-ness

,learly *er,e$0ed by means '+ trans,endental ,r$t$,$sm! Ta%e) +'ream*le) t(e $llus$'n $n t(e *r'*'s$t$'n6 9T(e /'rld must (a0e abe-$nn$n- $n t$me!9 T(e ,ause '+ t($s $s as +'ll'/s! In 'ur reas'n)sub&e,t$0ely ,'ns$dered as a +a,ulty '+ (uman ,'-n$t$'n) t(ere e$st+undamental rules and ma$ms '+ $ts eer,$se) /($,( (a0e ,'m*letelyt(e a**earan,e '+ 'b&e,t$0e *r$n,$*les! N'/ +r'm t($s ,ause $t (a**enst(at t(e sub&e,t$0e ne,ess$ty '+ a ,erta$n ,'nne,t$'n '+ 'ur,'n,e*t$'ns) $s re-arded as an 'b&e,t$0e ne,ess$ty '+ t(edeterm$nat$'n '+ t($n-s $n t(emsel0es! T($s $llus$'n $t $s$m*'ss$ble t' a0'$d) &ust as /e ,ann't a0'$d *er,e$0$n- t(at t(e seaa**ears t' be ($-(er at a d$stan,e t(an $t $s near t(e s('re)be,ause /e see t(e +'rmer by means '+ ($-(er rays t(an t(e latter) 'r)/($,( $s a st$ll str'n-er ,ase) as e0en t(e astr'n'mer ,ann't

*re0ent ($msel+ +r'm see$n- t(e m''n lar-er at $ts r$s$n- t(an s'met$me a+ter/ards) alt('u-( (e $s n't de,e$0ed by t($s $llus$'n!

Trans,endental d$ale,t$, /$ll t(ere+'re ,'ntent $tsel+ /$t( e*'s$n-t(e $llus'ry a**earan,e $n trans,endental &ud-ements) and -uard$n-us a-a$nst $t4 but t' ma%e $t) as $n t(e ,ase '+ l'-$,al $llus$'n)ent$rely d$sa**ear and ,ease t' be $llus$'n $s utterly bey'nd $ts*'/er! F'r /e (a0e (ere t' d' /$t( a natural and una0'$dable $llus$'n)/($,( rests u*'n sub&e,t$0e *r$n,$*les and $m*'ses t(ese u*'n us as'b&e,t$0e) /($le l'-$,al d$ale,t$,) $n t(e dete,t$'n '+ s'*($sms)(as t' d' merely /$t( an err'r $n t(e l'-$,al ,'nse.uen,e '+ t(e*r'*'s$t$'ns) 'r /$t( an art$+$,$ally ,'nstru,ted $llus$'n) $n$m$tat$'n '+ t(e natural err'r! T(ere $s) t(ere+'re) a natural and

una0'$dable d$ale,t$, '+ *ure reas'n5 n't t(at $n /($,( t(e bun-ler)+r'm /ant '+ t(e re.u$s$te %n'/led-e) $n0'l0es ($msel+) n'r t(at /($,(t(e s'*($st de0$ses +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ m$slead$n-) but t(at /($,( $san $nse*arable ad&un,t '+ (uman reas'n) and /($,() e0en a+ter $ts$llus$'ns (a0e been e*'sed) d'es n't ,ease t' de,e$0e) and,'nt$nually t' lead reas'n $nt' m'mentary err'rs) /($,( $t be,'mesne,essary ,'nt$nually t' rem'0e!

II! O+ Pure Reas'n as t(e Seat '+ Trans,endental Illus'ry

A**earan,e!

A! OF REASON IN ENERA<!

All 'ur %n'/led-e be-$ns /$t( sense) *r',eeds t(en,e t'understand$n-) and ends /$t( reas'n) bey'nd /($,( n't($n- ($-(er ,anbe d$s,'0ered $n t(e (uman m$nd +'r elab'rat$n- t(e matter '+$ntu$t$'n and sub&e,t$n- $t t' t(e ($-(est un$ty '+ t('u-(t! At t($ssta-e '+ 'ur $n.u$ry $t $s my duty t' -$0e an e*lanat$'n '+ t($s) t(e($-(est +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n) and I ,'n+ess I +$nd mysel+ (ere $n s'med$++$,ulty! O+ reas'n) as '+ t(e understand$n-) t(ere $s a merely+'rmal) t(at $s) l'-$,al use) $n /($,( $t ma%es abstra,t$'n '+ all,'ntent '+ ,'-n$t$'n4 but t(ere $s als' a real use) $nasmu,( as $t,'nta$ns $n $tsel+ t(e s'ur,e '+ ,erta$n ,'n,e*t$'ns and *r$n,$*les)

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/($,( $t d'es n't b'rr'/ e$t(er +r'm t(e senses 'r t(eunderstand$n-! T(e +'rmer +a,ulty (as been l'n- de+$ned by l'-$,$ansas t(e +a,ulty '+ med$ate ,'n,lus$'n $n ,'ntrad$st$n,t$'n t' $mmed$ate,'n,lus$'ns =,'nse.uent$ae $mmed$atae>4 but t(e nature '+ t(elatter) /($,( $tsel+ -enerates ,'n,e*t$'ns) $s n't t' be underst''d+r'm t($s de+$n$t$'n! N'/ as a d$0$s$'n '+ reas'n $nt' a l'-$,al and atrans,endental +a,ulty *resents $tsel+ (ere) $t be,'mes ne,essary t'see% +'r a ($-(er ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t($s s'ur,e '+ ,'-n$t$'n /($,( s(all

,'m*re(end b't( ,'n,e*t$'ns! In t($s /e may e*e,t) a,,'rd$n- t' t(eanal'-y '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-) t(at t(e l'-$,al,'n,e*t$'n /$ll -$0e us t(e %ey t' t(e trans,endental) and t(at t(etable '+ t(e +un,t$'ns '+ t(e +'rmer /$ll *resent us /$t( t(e ,luet' t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n!

In t(e +'rmer *art '+ 'ur trans,endental l'-$,) /e de+$ned t(eunderstand$n- t' be t(e +a,ulty '+ rules4 reas'n may bed$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm understand$n- as t(e +a,ulty '+ *r$n,$*les!

T(e term *r$n,$*le $s amb$-u'us) and ,'mm'nly s$-n$+$es merely a,'-n$t$'n t(at may be em*l'yed as a *r$n,$*le) alt('u-( $t $s n't $n$tsel+) and as re-ards $ts *r'*er 'r$-$n) ent$tled t' t(e d$st$n,t$'n!

E0ery -eneral *r'*'s$t$'n) e0en $+ der$0ed +r'm e*er$en,e by t(e*r',ess '+ $ndu,t$'n) may ser0e as t(e ma&'r $n a syll'-$sm4 but $t $sn't +'r t(at reas'n a *r$n,$*le! "at(emat$,al a$'ms =+'r eam*le)t(ere ,an be 'nly 'ne stra$-(t l$ne bet/een t/' *'$nts> are -enerala *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'ns) and are t(ere+'re r$-(tly den'm$nated *r$n,$*les)relat$0ely t' t(e ,ases /($,( ,an be subsumed under t(em! 3ut I ,ann't+'r t($s reas'n say t(at I ,'-n$;e t($s *r'*erty '+ a stra$-(t l$ne+r'm *r$n,$*les5 I ,'-n$;e $t 'nly $n *ure $ntu$t$'n!

C'-n$t$'n +r'm *r$n,$*les) t(en) $s t(at ,'-n$t$'n $n /($,( I,'-n$;e t(e *art$,ular $n t(e -eneral by means '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns! T(use0ery syll'-$sm $s a +'rm '+ t(e dedu,t$'n '+ a ,'-n$t$'n +r'm a*r$n,$*le! F'r t(e ma&'r al/ays -$0es a ,'n,e*t$'n) t(r'u-( /($,(

e0eryt($n- t(at $s subsumed under t(e ,'nd$t$'n t(ere'+ $s ,'-n$;eda,,'rd$n- t' a *r$n,$*le! N'/ as e0ery -eneral ,'-n$t$'n may ser0eas t(e ma&'r $n a syll'-$sm) and t(e understand$n- *resents us /$t(su,( -eneral a *r$'r$ *r'*'s$t$'ns) t(ey may be termed *r$n,$*les)$n res*e,t '+ t(e$r *'ss$ble use!

3ut $+ /e ,'ns$der t(ese *r$n,$*les '+ t(e *ure understand$n- $nrelat$'n t' t(e$r 'r$-$n) /e s(all +$nd t(em t' be anyt($n- rat(ert(an ,'-n$t$'ns +r'm ,'n,e*t$'ns! F'r t(ey /'uld n't e0en be*'ss$ble a *r$'r$) $+ /e ,'uld n't rely 'n t(e ass$stan,e '+ *ure$ntu$t$'n =$n mat(emat$,s>) 'r 'n t(at '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ a *'ss$blee*er$en,e! T(at e0eryt($n- t(at (a**ens (as a ,ause) ,ann't be,'n,luded +r'm t(e -eneral ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(at /($,( (a**ens4 'n t(e

,'ntrary t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,ausal$ty $nstru,ts us as t' t(e m'de '+'bta$n$n- +r'm t(at /($,( (a**ens a determ$nate em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'n!

Synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'ns +r'm ,'n,e*t$'ns t(e understand$n- ,ann'tsu**ly) and t(ey al'ne are ent$tled t' be ,alled *r$n,$*les! At t(esame t$me) all -eneral *r'*'s$t$'ns may be termed ,'m*arat$0e*r$n,$*les!

It (as been a l'n-5,(er$s(ed /$s(5 t(at =/(' %n'/s ('/ late>) may'ne day) be (a**$ly a,,'m*l$s(ed5 t(at t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e endless0ar$ety '+ ,$0$l la/s s('uld be $n0est$-ated and e*'sed4 +'r $n

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t($s /ay al'ne ,an /e +$nd t(e se,ret '+ s$m*l$+y$n- le-$slat$'n!3ut $n t($s ,ase) la/s are n't($n- m're t(an l$m$tat$'ns '+ 'ur+reed'm u*'n ,'nd$t$'ns under /($,( $t subs$sts $n *er+e,t (arm'ny/$t( $tsel+4 t(ey ,'nse.uently (a0e +'r t(e$r 'b&e,t t(at /($,( $s,'m*letely 'ur '/n /'r%) and '+ /($,( /e 'ursel0es may be t(e ,ause bymeans '+ t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns! 3ut ('/ 'b&e,ts as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es5('/ t(e nature '+ t($n-s $s sub'rd$nated t' *r$n,$*les and $s t' bedeterm$ned! a,,'rd$n- t' ,'n,e*t$'ns) $s a .uest$'n /($,( $t seems

/ell n$-( $m*'ss$ble t' ans/er! 3e t($s) ('/e0er) as $t may5 +'r 'nt($s *'$nt 'ur $n0est$-at$'n $s yet t' be made5 $t $s at leastman$+est +r'm /(at /e (a0e sa$d t(at ,'-n$t$'n +r'm *r$n,$*les $ss'met($n- 0ery d$++erent +r'm ,'-n$t$'n by means '+ t(e understand$n-)/($,( may $ndeed *re,ede 't(er ,'-n$t$'ns $n t(e +'rm '+ a*r$n,$*le) but $n $tsel+5 $n s' +ar as $t $s synt(et$,al5 $s ne$t(erbased u*'n mere t('u-(t) n'r ,'nta$ns a -eneral *r'*'s$t$'n dra/n +r'm,'n,e*t$'ns al'ne s(all ,'m*re(end

T(e understand$n- may be a +a,ulty +'r t(e *r'du,t$'n '+ un$ty '+*(en'mena by 0$rtue '+ rules4 t(e reas'n $s a +a,ulty +'r t(e*r'du,t$'n '+ un$ty '+ rules ='+ t(e understand$n-> under*r$n,$*les! Reas'n) t(ere+'re) ne0er a**l$es d$re,tly t' e*er$en,e)

'r t' any sensu'us 'b&e,t4 $ts 'b&e,t $s) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) t(eunderstand$n-) t' t(e man$+'ld ,'-n$t$'n '+ /($,( $t -$0es a un$ty a*r$'r$ by means '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns5 a un$ty /($,( may be ,alled rat$'nalun$ty) and /($,( $s '+ a nature 0ery d$++erent +r'm t(at '+ t(eun$ty *r'du,ed by t(e understand$n-!

T(e ab'0e $s t(e -eneral ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e +a,ulty '+ reas'n) $ns' +ar as $t (as been *'ss$ble t' ma%e $t ,'m*re(ens$ble $n t(eabsen,e '+ eam*les! T(ese /$ll be -$0en $n t(e se.uel!

3! OF THE <OICA< USE OF REASON!

A d$st$n,t$'n $s ,'mm'nly made bet/een t(at /($,( $s $mmed$ately

,'-n$;ed and t(at /($,( $s $n+erred 'r ,'n,luded! T(at $n a +$-ure/($,( $s b'unded by t(ree stra$-(t l$nes t(ere are t(ree an-les) $s an$mmed$ate ,'-n$t$'n4 but t(at t(ese an-les are t'-et(er e.ual t' t/'r$-(t an-les) $s an $n+eren,e 'r ,'n,lus$'n! N'/) as /e are ,'nstantlyem*l'y$n- t($s m'de '+ t('u-(t and (a0e t(us be,'me .u$te a,,ust'medt' $t) /e n' l'n-er remar% t(e ab'0e d$st$n,t$'n) and) as $n t(e,ase '+ t(e s'5,alled de,e*t$'ns '+ sense) ,'ns$der as $mmed$ately*er,e$0ed) /(at (as really been $n+erred! In e0ery reas'n$n- 'rsyll'-$sm) t(ere $s a +undamental *r'*'s$t$'n) a+ter/ards a se,'nddra/n +r'm $t) and +$nally t(e ,'n,lus$'n) /($,( ,'nne,ts t(e trut( $nt(e +$rst /$t( t(e trut( $n t(e se,'nd5 and t(at $n+all$bly! I+ t(e&ud-ement ,'n,luded $s s' ,'nta$ned $n t(e +$rst *r'*'s$t$'n t(at $t,an be dedu,ed +r'm $t /$t('ut t(e med$tat$'n '+ a t($rd n't$'n) t(e

,'n,lus$'n $s ,alled $mmed$ate =,'nse.uent$a $mmed$ata>4 I *re+ert(e term ,'n,lus$'n '+ t(e understand$n-! 3ut $+) $n add$t$'n t' t(e+undamental ,'-n$t$'n) a se,'nd &ud-ement $s ne,essary +'r t(e*r'du,t$'n '+ t(e ,'n,lus$'n) $t $s ,alled a ,'n,lus$'n '+ t(e reas'n!In t(e *r'*'s$t$'n6 All men are m'rtal) are ,'nta$ned t(e*r'*'s$t$'ns6 S'me men are m'rtal) N't($n- t(at $s n't m'rtal $s aman) and t(ese are t(ere+'re $mmed$ate ,'n,lus$'ns +r'm t(e +$rst!On t(e 't(er (and) t(e *r'*'s$t$'n6 all t(e learned are m'rtal) $s n't,'nta$ned $n t(e ma$n *r'*'s$t$'n =+'r t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a learned mand'es n't ',,ur $n $t>) and $t ,an be dedu,ed +r'm t(e ma$n *r'*'s$t$'n'nly by means '+ a med$at$n- &ud-ement!

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In e0ery syll'-$sm I +$rst ,'-$tate a rule =t(e ma&'r> by means '+t(e understand$n-! In t(e net *la,e I subsume a ,'-n$t$'n under t(e,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e rule =and t($s $s t(e m$n'r> by means '+ t(e&ud-ement! And +$nally I determ$ne my ,'-n$t$'n by means '+ t(e*red$,ate '+ t(e rule =t($s $s t(e ,'n,lus$'>) ,'nse.uently) Ideterm$ne $t a *r$'r$ by means '+ t(e reas'n! T(e relat$'ns)t(ere+'re) /($,( t(e ma&'r *r'*'s$t$'n) as t(e rule) re*resents

bet/een a ,'-n$t$'n and $ts ,'nd$t$'n) ,'nst$tute t(e d$++erent%$nds '+ syll'-$sms! T(ese are &ust t(ree+'ld5 anal'-'usly /$t( all&ud-ements) $n s' +ar as t(ey d$++er $n t(e m'de '+ e*ress$n- t(erelat$'n '+ a ,'-n$t$'n $n t(e understand$n-5 namely) ,ate-'r$,al)(y*'t(et$,al) and d$s&un,t$0e!

2(en as '+ten (a**ens) t(e ,'n,lus$'n $s a &ud-ement /($,( may+'ll'/ +r'm 't(er -$0en &ud-ements) t(r'u-( /($,( a *er+e,tlyd$++erent 'b&e,t $s ,'-$tated) I endea0'ur t' d$s,'0er $n t(eunderstand$n- /(et(er t(e assert$'n $n t($s ,'n,lus$'n d'es n'tstand under ,erta$n ,'nd$t$'ns a,,'rd$n- t' a -eneral rule! I+ I+$nd su,( a ,'nd$t$'n) and $+ t(e 'b&e,t ment$'ned $n t(e ,'n,lus$'n,an be subsumed under t(e -$0en ,'nd$t$'n) t(en t($s ,'n,lus$'n

+'ll'/s +r'm a rule /($,( $s als' 0al$d +'r 't(er 'b&e,ts '+,'-n$t$'n! Fr'm t($s /e see t(at reas'n endea0'urs t' sub&e,t t(e-reat 0ar$ety '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- t' t(e smallest*'ss$ble number '+ *r$n,$*les =-eneral ,'nd$t$'ns>) and t(us t'*r'du,e $n $t t(e ($-(est un$ty!

C! OF THE PURE USE OF REASON!

Can /e $s'late reas'n) and) $+ s') $s $t $n t($s ,ase a *e,ul$ars'ur,e '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns and &ud-ements /($,( s*r$n- +r'm $t al'ne) andt(r'u-( /($,( $t ,an be a**l$ed t' 'b&e,ts4 'r $s $t merely asub'rd$nate +a,ulty) /('se duty $t $s t' -$0e a ,erta$n +'rm t'-$0en ,'-n$t$'ns5 a +'rm /($,( $s ,alled l'-$,al) and t(r'u-( /($,(

t(e ,'-n$t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- are sub'rd$nated t' ea,( 't(er)and l'/er rules t' ($-(er =t('se) t' /$t) /('se ,'nd$t$'n ,'m*r$ses $n$ts s*(ere t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e 't(ers>) $n s' +ar as t($s ,an be d'neby ,'m*ar$s'n@ T($s $s t(e .uest$'n /($,( /e (a0e at *resent t'ans/er! "an$+'ld 0ar$ety '+ rules and un$ty '+ *r$n,$*les $s are.u$rement '+ reas'n) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ br$n-$n- t(e understand$n-$nt' ,'m*lete a,,'rdan,e /$t( $tsel+) &ust as understand$n- sub&e,tst(e man$+'ld ,'ntent '+ $ntu$t$'n t' ,'n,e*t$'ns) and t(ereby$ntr'du,es ,'nne,t$'n $nt' $t! 3ut t($s *r$n,$*le *res,r$bes n' la/ t''b&e,ts) and d'es n't ,'nta$n any -r'und '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+,'-n$;$n- 'r '+ determ$n$n- t(em as su,() but $s merely a sub&e,t$0ela/ +'r t(e *r'*er arran-ement '+ t(e ,'ntent '+ t(e understand$n-!T(e *ur*'se '+ t($s la/ $s) by a ,'m*ar$s'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+

t(e understand$n-) t' redu,e t(em t' t(e smallest *'ss$ble number)alt('u-() at t(e same t$me) $t d'es n't &ust$+y us $n demand$n- +r'm'b&e,ts t(emsel0es su,( a un$+'rm$ty as m$-(t ,'ntr$bute t' t(e,'n0en$en,e and t(e enlar-ement '+ t(e s*(ere '+ t(e understand$n-) 'r$n e*e,t$n- t(at $t /$ll $tsel+ t(us re,e$0e +r'm t(em 'b&e,t$0e0al$d$ty! In 'ne /'rd) t(e .uest$'n $s6 9d'es reas'n $n $tsel+) t(at$s) d'es *ure reas'n ,'nta$n a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al *r$n,$*les andrules) and /(at are t('se *r$n,$*les@9

T(e +'rmal and l'-$,al *r',edure '+ reas'n $n syll'-$sms -$0es ussu++$,$ent $n+'rmat$'n $n re-ard t' t(e -r'und 'n /($,( t(e

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trans,endental *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n $n $ts *ure synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'n/$ll rest!

1! Reas'n) as 'bser0ed $n t(e syll'-$st$, *r',ess) $s n't a**l$,ablet' $ntu$t$'ns) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ sub&e,t$n- t(em t' rules5 +'r t($s$s t(e *r'0$n,e '+ t(e understand$n- /$t( $ts ,ate-'r$es5 but t','n,e*t$'ns and &ud-ements! I+ *ure reas'n d'es a**ly t' 'b&e,ts andt(e $ntu$t$'n '+ t(em) $t d'es s' n't $mmed$ately) but med$ately5

t(r'u-( t(e understand$n- and $ts &ud-ements) /($,( (a0e a d$re,trelat$'n t' t(e senses and t(e$r $ntu$t$'n) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+determ$n$n- t(e$r 'b&e,ts! T(e un$ty '+ reas'n $s t(ere+'re n't t(eun$ty '+ a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) but $s essent$ally d$++erent +r'm t($sun$ty) /($,( $s t(at '+ t(e understand$n-! T(at e0eryt($n- /($,((a**ens (as a ,ause) $s n't a *r$n,$*le ,'-n$;ed and *res,r$bed byreas'n! T($s *r$n,$*le ma%es t(e un$ty '+ e*er$en,e *'ss$ble andb'rr'/s n't($n- +r'm reas'n) /($,() /$t('ut a re+eren,e t' *'ss$blee*er$en,e) ,'uld ne0er (a0e *r'du,ed by means '+ mere ,'n,e*t$'ns anysu,( synt(et$,al un$ty!

B! Reas'n) $n $ts l'-$,al use) endea0'urs t' d$s,'0er t(e -eneral,'nd$t$'n '+ $ts &ud-ement =t(e ,'n,lus$'n>) and a syll'-$sm $s $tsel+

n't($n- but a &ud-ement by means '+ t(e subsum*t$'n '+ $ts ,'nd$t$'nunder a -eneral rule =t(e ma&'r>! N'/ as t($s rule may $tsel+ besub&e,ted t' t(e same *r',ess '+ reas'n) and t(us t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e,'nd$t$'n be s'u-(t =by means '+ a *r'syll'-$sm> as l'n- as t(e*r',ess ,an be ,'nt$nued) $t $s 0ery man$+est t(at t(e *e,ul$ar*r$n,$*le '+ reas'n $n $ts l'-$,al use $s t' +$nd +'r t(e,'nd$t$'ned ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e understand$n- t(e un,'nd$t$'ned /(erebyt(e un$ty '+ t(e +'rmer $s ,'m*leted!

3ut t($s l'-$,al ma$m ,ann't be a *r$n,$*le '+ *ure reas'n)unless /e adm$t t(at) $+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned $s -$0en) t(e /('le ser$es '+,'nd$t$'ns sub'rd$nated t' 'ne an't(er5 a ser$es /($,( $s ,'nse.uently$tsel+ un,'nd$t$'ned5 $s als' -$0en) t(at $s) ,'nta$ned $n t(e

'b&e,t and $ts ,'nne,t$'n!

3ut t($s *r$n,$*le '+ *ure reas'n $s e0$dently synt(et$,al4 +'r)analyt$,ally) t(e ,'nd$t$'ned ,erta$nly relates t' s'me ,'nd$t$'n) butn't t' t(e un,'nd$t$'ned! Fr'm t($s *r$n,$*le als' t(ere must'r$-$nate d$++erent synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns) '+ /($,( t(e *ureunderstand$n- $s *er+e,tly $-n'rant) +'r $t (as t' d' 'nly /$t('b&e,ts '+ a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) t(e ,'-n$t$'n and synt(es$s '+ /($,($s al/ays ,'nd$t$'ned! T(e un,'nd$t$'ned) $+ $t d'es really e$st)must be es*e,$ally ,'ns$dered $n re-ard t' t(e determ$nat$'ns /($,(d$st$n-u$s( $t +r'm /(ate0er $s ,'nd$t$'ned) and /$ll t(us a++'rd usmater$al +'r many a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns!

T(e *r$n,$*les result$n- +r'm t($s ($-(est *r$n,$*le '+ *urereas'n /$ll) ('/e0er) be trans,endent $n relat$'n t' *(en'mena) t(at$s t' say) $t /$ll be $m*'ss$ble t' ma%e any ade.uate em*$r$,al use '+t($s *r$n,$*le! It $s t(ere+'re ,'m*letely d$++erent +r'm all*r$n,$*les '+ t(e understand$n-) t(e use made '+ /($,( $s ent$rely$mmanent) t(e$r 'b&e,t and *ur*'se be$n- merely t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+e*er$en,e! N'/ 'ur duty $n t(e trans,endental d$ale,t$, $s as+'ll'/s! T' d$s,'0er /(et(er t(e *r$n,$*le t(at t(e ser$es '+,'nd$t$'ns =$n t(e synt(es$s '+ *(en'mena) 'r '+ t('u-(t $n -eneral>etends t' t(e un,'nd$t$'ned $s 'b&e,t$0ely true) 'r n't4 /(at,'nse.uen,es result t(ere+r'm a++e,t$n- t(e em*$r$,al use '+ t(e

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understand$n-) 'r rat(er /(et(er t(ere e$sts any su,( 'b&e,t$0ely0al$d *r'*'s$t$'n '+ reas'n) and /(et(er $t $s n't) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) amerely l'-$,al *re,e*t /($,( d$re,ts us t' as,end *er*etually t' st$ll($-(er ,'nd$t$'ns) t' a**r'a,( ,'m*leteness $n t(e ser$es '+ t(em) andt(us t' $ntr'du,e $nt' 'ur ,'-n$t$'n t(e ($-(est *'ss$ble un$ty '+reas'n! 2e must as,erta$n) I say) /(et(er t($s re.u$rement '+ reas'n(as n't been re-arded) by a m$sunderstand$n-) as a trans,endental*r$n,$*le '+ *ure reas'n) /($,( *'stulates a t('r'u-( ,'m*leteness

$n t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns $n 'b&e,ts t(emsel0es! 2e must s('/)m're'0er) t(e m$s,'n,e*t$'ns and $llus$'ns t(at $ntrude $nt'syll'-$sms) t(e ma&'r *r'*'s$t$'n '+ /($,( *ure reas'n (as su**l$ed5 a*r'*'s$t$'n /($,( (as *er(a*s m're '+ t(e ,(ara,ter '+ a *et$t$'t(an '+ a *'stulatum5 and t(at *r',eed +r'm e*er$en,e u*/ards t'$ts ,'nd$t$'ns! T(e s'lut$'n '+ t(ese *r'blems $s 'ur tas% $ntrans,endental d$ale,t$,) /($,( /e are ab'ut t' e*'se e0en at $tss'ur,e) t(at l$es dee* $n (uman reas'n! 2e s(all d$0$de $t $nt' t/'*arts) t(e +$rst '+ /($,( /$ll treat '+ t(e trans,endent ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ *ure reas'n) t(e se,'nd '+ trans,endent and d$ale,t$,al syll'-$sms!

3OOK I!

OF THE CONCEPTIONS OF PURE REASON!

T(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ *ure reas'n5 /e d' n't (ere s*ea% '+ t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(em5 are n't 'bta$ned by re+le,t$'n) but by$n+eren,e 'r ,'n,lus$'n! T(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ understand$n- are als','-$tated a *r$'r$ ante,edently t' e*er$en,e) and render $t *'ss$ble4but t(ey ,'nta$n n't($n- but t(e un$ty '+ re+le,t$'n u*'n *(en'mena)$n s' +ar as t(ese must ne,essar$ly bel'n- t' a *'ss$ble em*$r$,al,'ns,$'usness! T(r'u-( t(em al'ne are ,'-n$t$'n and t(edeterm$nat$'n '+ an 'b&e,t *'ss$ble! It $s +r'm t(em) a,,'rd$n-ly)t(at /e re,e$0e mater$al +'r reas'n$n-) and ante,edently t' t(em /e*'ssess n' a *r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ 'b&e,ts +r'm /($,( t(ey m$-(t bededu,ed) On t(e 't(er (and) t(e s'le bas$s '+ t(e$r 'b&e,t$0e

real$ty ,'ns$sts $n t(e ne,ess$ty $m*'sed 'n t(em) as ,'nta$n$n- t(e$ntelle,tual +'rm '+ all e*er$en,e) '+ restr$,t$n- t(e$ra**l$,at$'n and $n+luen,e t' t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e!

3ut t(e term) ,'n,e*t$'n '+ reas'n) 'r rat$'nal ,'n,e*t$'n) $tsel+$nd$,ates t(at $t d'es n't ,'n+$ne $tsel+ /$t($n t(e l$m$ts '+e*er$en,e) be,ause $ts 'b&e,t5matter $s a ,'-n$t$'n) '+ /($,( e0eryem*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n $s but a *art5 nay) t(e /('le '+ *'ss$blee*er$en,e may be $tsel+ but a *art '+ $t5 a ,'-n$t$'n t' /($,( n'a,tual e*er$en,e e0er +ully atta$ns) alt('u-( $t d'es al/ays*erta$n t' $t! T(e a$m '+ rat$'nal ,'n,e*t$'ns $s t(e ,'m*re(ens$'n)as t(at '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ understand$n- $s t(e understand$n- '+*er,e*t$'ns! I+ t(ey ,'nta$n t(e un,'nd$t$'ned) t(ey relate t' t(at t'

/($,( all e*er$en,e $s sub'rd$nate) but /($,( $s ne0er $tsel+ an'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e5 t(at t'/ards /($,( reas'n tends $n all $ts,'n,lus$'ns +r'm e*er$en,e) and by t(e standard '+ /($,( $t est$matest(e de-ree '+ t(e$r em*$r$,al use) but /($,( $s ne0er $tsel+ anelement $n an em*$r$,al synt(es$s! I+) n't/$t(stand$n-) su,(,'n,e*t$'ns *'ssess 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty) t(ey may be ,alled ,'n,e*tusrat$',$nat$ =,'n,e*t$'ns le-$t$mately ,'n,luded>4 $n ,ases /(eret(ey d' n't) t(ey (a0e been adm$tted 'n a,,'unt '+ (a0$n- t(ea**earan,e '+ be$n- ,'rre,tly ,'n,luded) and may be ,alled ,'n,e*tusrat$',$nantes =s'*($st$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns>! 3ut as t($s ,an 'nly besu++$,$ently dem'nstrated $n t(at *art '+ 'ur treat$se /($,( relates

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t' t(e d$ale,t$,al ,'n,lus$'ns '+ reas'n) /e s(all 'm$t any,'ns$derat$'n '+ $t $n t($s *la,e! As /e ,alled t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ t(e understand$n- ,ate-'r$es) /e s(all als' d$st$n-u$s( t('se '+*ure reas'n by a ne/ name and ,all t(em trans,endental $deas! T(eseterms) ('/e0er) /e must $n t(e +$rst *la,e e*la$n and &ust$+y!

SECTION I 5 O+ Ideas $n eneral!

#es*$te t(e -reat /ealt( '+ /'rds /($,( Eur'*ean lan-ua-es*'ssess) t(e t($n%er +$nds ($msel+ '+ten at a l'ss +'r an e*ress$'nea,tly su$ted t' ($s ,'n,e*t$'n) +'r /ant '+ /($,( (e $s unable t'ma%e ($msel+ $ntell$-$ble e$t(er t' 't(ers 'r t' ($msel+! T' ,'$nne/ /'rds $s a *retens$'n t' le-$slat$'n $n lan-ua-e /($,( $s seld'msu,,ess+ul4 and) be+'re re,'urse $s ta%en t' s' des*erate ane*ed$ent) $t $s ad0$sable t' eam$ne t(e dead and learnedlan-ua-es) /$t( t(e ('*e and t(e *r'bab$l$ty t(at /e may t(ere meet/$t( s'me ade.uate e*ress$'n '+ t(e n't$'n /e (a0e $n 'ur m$nds! Int($s ,ase) e0en $+ t(e 'r$-$nal mean$n- '+ t(e /'rd (as be,'mes'me/(at un,erta$n) +r'm ,arelessness 'r /ant '+ ,aut$'n 'n t(e *art'+ t(e aut('rs '+ $t) $t $s al/ays better t' ad(ere t' and ,'n+$rm $ts*r'*er mean$n-5 e0en alt('u-( $t may be d'ubt+ul /(et(er $t /as

+'rmerly used $n ea,tly t($s sense5 t(an t' ma%e 'ur lab'ur 0a$n by/ant '+ su++$,$ent ,are t' render 'ursel0es $ntell$-$ble!

F'r t($s reas'n) /(en $t (a**ens t(at t(ere e$sts 'nly a s$n-le/'rd t' e*ress a ,erta$n ,'n,e*t$'n) and t($s /'rd) $n $ts usuala,,e*tat$'n) $s t('r'u-(ly ade.uate t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) t(e a,,urated$st$n,t$'n '+ /($,( +r'm related ,'n,e*t$'ns $s '+ -reat$m*'rtan,e) /e 'u-(t n't t' em*l'y t(e e*ress$'n $m*r'0$dently) 'r)+'r t(e sa%e '+ 0ar$ety and ele-an,e '+ style) use $t as a syn'nym +'r't(er ,'-nate /'rds! It $s 'ur duty) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) ,are+ully t'*reser0e $ts *e,ul$ar s$-n$+$,at$'n) as 't(er/$se $t eas$ly (a**enst(at /(en t(e attent$'n '+ t(e reader $s n' l'n-er *art$,ularlyattra,ted t' t(e e*ress$'n) and $t $s l'st am$d t(e mult$tude '+

't(er /'rds '+ 0ery d$++erent $m*'rt) t(e t('u-(t /($,( $t ,'n0eyed)and /($,( $t al'ne ,'n0eyed) $s l'st /$t( $t!

Plat' em*l'yed t(e e*ress$'n $dea $n a /ay t(at *la$nly s('/ed (emeant by $t s'met($n- /($,( $s ne0er der$0ed +r'm t(e senses) but/($,( +ar trans,ends e0en t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- =/$t(/($,( Ar$st'tle ',,u*$ed ($msel+>) $nasmu,( as $n e*er$en,e n't($n-*er+e,tly ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(em ,'uld be +'und! Ideas are) a,,'rd$n-t' ($m) ar,(ety*es '+ t($n-s t(emsel0es) and n't merely %eys t'*'ss$ble e*er$en,es) l$%e t(e ,ate-'r$es! In ($s 0$e/ t(ey +l'/+r'm t(e ($-(est reas'n) by /($,( t(ey (a0e been $m*arted t' (umanreas'n) /($,() ('/e0er) e$sts n' l'n-er $n $ts 'r$-$nal state) but $s'bl$-ed /$t( -reat lab'ur t' re,all by rem$n$s,en,e5 /($,( $s ,alled

*($l's'*(y5 t(e 'ld but n'/ sadly 'bs,ured $deas! I /$ll n't (ereenter u*'n any l$terary $n0est$-at$'n '+ t(e sense /($,( t($ssubl$me *($l's'*(er atta,(ed t' t($s e*ress$'n! I s(all ,'ntentmysel+ /$t( remar%$n- t(at $t $s n't($n- unusual) $n ,'mm'n,'n0ersat$'n as /ell as $n /r$tten /'r%s) by ,'m*ar$n- t(e t('u-(ts/($,( an aut('r (as del$0ered u*'n a sub&e,t) t' understand ($m bettert(an (e underst''d ($msel+ $nasmu,( as (e may n't (a0e su++$,$entlydeterm$ned ($s ,'n,e*t$'n) and t(us (a0e s'met$mes s*'%en) nay e0ent('u-(t) $n '**'s$t$'n t' ($s '/n '*$n$'ns!

Plat' *er,e$0ed 0ery ,learly t(at 'ur +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n (as t(e

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+eel$n- '+ a mu,( ($-(er 0',at$'n t(an t(at '+ merely s*ell$n- 'ut*(en'mena a,,'rd$n- t' synt(et$,al un$ty) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ be$n-able t' read t(em as e*er$en,e) and t(at 'ur reas'n naturallyra$ses $tsel+ t' ,'-n$t$'ns +ar t'' ele0ated t' adm$t '+ t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ an 'b&e,t -$0en by e*er$en,e ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(em5,'-n$t$'ns /($,( are ne0ert(eless real) and are n't mere *(ant'ms '+t(e bra$n!

T($s *($l's'*(er +'und ($s $deas es*e,$ally $n all t(at $s*ra,t$,al) t(at $s) /($,( rests u*'n +reed'm) /($,( $n $ts turn ran%sunder ,'-n$t$'ns t(at are t(e *e,ul$ar *r'du,t '+ reas'n! He /(' /'uldder$0e +r'm e*er$en,e t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ 0$rtue) /(' /'uld ma%e =asmany (a0e really d'ne> t(at) /($,( at best ,an but ser0e as an$m*er+e,tly $llustrat$0e eam*le) a m'del +'r 'r t(e +'rmat$'n '+ a*er+e,tly ade.uate $dea 'n t(e sub&e,t) /'uld $n +a,t trans+'rm 0$rtue$nt' a n'nent$ty ,(an-eable a,,'rd$n- t' t$me and ,$r,umstan,e andutterly $n,a*able '+ be$n- em*l'yed as a rule! On t(e ,'ntrary)e0ery 'ne $s ,'ns,$'us t(at) /(en any 'ne $s (eld u* t' ($m as a m'del'+ 0$rtue) (e ,'m*ares t($s s'5,alled m'del /$t( t(e true 'r$-$nal/($,( (e *'ssesses $n ($s '/n m$nd and 0alues ($m a,,'rd$n- t' t($sstandard! 3ut t($s standard $s t(e $dea '+ 0$rtue) $n relat$'n t'

/($,( all *'ss$ble 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e are $ndeed ser0$,eable aseam*les5 *r''+s '+ t(e *ra,t$,ab$l$ty $n a ,erta$n de-ree '+ t(at/($,( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ 0$rtue demands5 but ,erta$nly n't asar,(ety*es! T(at t(e a,t$'ns '+ man /$ll ne0er be $n *er+e,ta,,'rdan,e /$t( all t(e re.u$rements '+ t(e *ure $deas '+ reas'n) d'esn't *r'0e t(e t('u-(t t' be ,($mer$,al! F'r 'nly t(r'u-( t($s $dea areall &ud-ements as t' m'ral mer$t 'r demer$t *'ss$ble4 $t,'nse.uently l$es at t(e +'undat$'n '+ e0ery a**r'a,( t' m'ral*er+e,t$'n) ('/e0er +ar rem'0ed +r'm $t t(e 'bsta,les $n (uman nature5$ndeterm$nable as t' de-ree5 may %ee* us!

He ,erta$nly etended t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ ($s ,'n,e*t$'n t's*e,ulat$0e ,'-n$t$'ns als') *r'0$ded t(ey /ere -$0en *ure and

,'m*letely a *r$'r$) nay) e0en t' mat(emat$,s) alt('u-( t($s s,$en,e,ann't *'ssess an 'b&e,t 't(er/(ere t(an $n P'ss$ble e*er$en,e! I,ann't +'ll'/ ($m $n t($s) and as l$ttle ,an I +'ll'/ ($m $n ($smyst$,al dedu,t$'n '+ t(ese $deas) 'r $n ($s (y*'stat$;at$'n '+t(em4 alt('u-() $n trut() t(e ele0ated and ea--erated lan-ua-e/($,( (e em*l'yed $n des,r$b$n- t(em $s .u$te ,a*able '+ an$nter*retat$'n m're subdued and m're $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( +a,t and t(enature '+ t($n-s!

T(e Plat'n$, Re*ubl$, (as be,'me *r'0erb$al as an eam*le5 and astr$%$n- 'ne5 '+ $ma-$nary *er+e,t$'n) su,( as ,an e$st 'nly $n t(ebra$n '+ t(e $dle t($n%er4 and 3ru,%er r$d$,ules t(e *($l's'*(er +'rma$nta$n$n- t(at a *r$n,e ,an ne0er -'0ern /ell) unless (e $s

*art$,$*ant $n t(e $deas! 3ut /e s('uld d' better t' +'ll'/ u* t($st('u-(t and) /(ere t($s adm$rable t($n%er lea0es us /$t('utass$stan,e) em*l'y ne/ e++'rts t' *la,e $t $n ,learer l$-(t) rat(ert(an ,arelessly +l$n- $t as$de as useless) under t(e 0ery m$serableand *ern$,$'us *retet '+ $m*ra,t$,ab$l$ty! A ,'nst$tut$'n '+ t(e-reatest *'ss$ble (uman +reed'm a,,'rd$n- t' la/s) by /($,( t(el$berty '+ e0ery $nd$0$dual ,an ,'ns$st /$t( t(e l$berty '+ e0ery't(er =n't '+ t(e -reatest *'ss$ble (a**$ness) +'r t($s +'ll'/sne,essar$ly +r'm t(e +'rmer>) $s) t' say t(e least) a ne,essary$dea) /($,( must be *la,ed at t(e +'undat$'n n't 'nly '+ t(e +$rst*lan '+ t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ a state) but '+ all $ts la/s! And) $n

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t($s) $t n't ne,essary at t(e 'utset t' ta%e a,,'unt '+ t(e'bsta,les /($,( l$e $n 'ur /ay5 'bsta,les /($,( *er(a*s d' n'tne,essar$ly ar$se +r'm t(e ,(ara,ter '+ (uman nature) but rat(er+r'm t(e *re0$'us ne-le,t '+ true $deas $n le-$slat$'n! F'r t(ere $sn't($n- m're *ern$,$'us and m're un/'rt(y '+ a *($l's'*(er) t(an t(e0ul-ar a**eal t' a s'5,alled ad0erse e*er$en,e) /($,( $ndeed /'uldn't (a0e e$sted) $+ t('se $nst$tut$'ns (ad been establ$s(ed at t(e*r'*er t$me and $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( $deas4 /($le) $nstead '+ t($s)

,'n,e*t$'ns) ,rude +'r t(e 0ery reas'n t(at t(ey (a0e been dra/n+r'm e*er$en,e) (a0e marred and +rustrated all 'ur better 0$e/s and$ntent$'ns! T(e m're le-$slat$'n and -'0ernment are $n (arm'ny /$t(t($s $dea) t(e m're rare d' *un$s(ments be,'me and t(us $t $s .u$tereas'nable t' ma$nta$n) as Plat' d$d) t(at $n a *er+e,t state n'*un$s(ments at all /'uld be ne,essary! N'/ alt('u-( a *er+e,t statemay ne0er e$st) t(e $dea $s n't 'n t(at a,,'unt t(e less &ust)/($,( ('lds u* t($s ma$mum as t(e ar,(ety*e 'r standard '+ a,'nst$tut$'n) $n 'rder t' br$n- le-$slat$0e -'0ernment al/ays nearerand nearer t' t(e -reatest *'ss$ble *er+e,t$'n! F'r at /(at *re,$sede-ree (uman nature must st'* $n $ts *r'-ress) and ('/ /$de must bet(e ,(asm /($,( must ne,essar$ly e$st bet/een t(e $dea and $tsreal$;at$'n) are *r'blems /($,( n' 'ne ,an 'r 'u-(t t' determ$ne5

and +'r t($s reas'n) t(at $t $s t(e dest$nat$'n '+ +reed'm t' '0erste*all ass$-ned l$m$ts bet/een $tsel+ and t(e $dea!

3ut n't 'nly $n t(at /(ere$n (uman reas'n $s a real ,ausal a-ent and/(ere $deas are '*erat$0e ,auses ='+ a,t$'ns and t(e$r 'b&e,ts>)t(at $s t' say) $n t(e re-$'n '+ et($,s) but als' $n re-ard t'nature (ersel+) Plat' sa/ ,lear *r''+s '+ an 'r$-$n +r'm $deas! A*lant) and an$mal) t(e re-ular 'rder '+ nature5 *r'bably als' t(ed$s*'s$t$'n '+ t(e /('le un$0erse5 -$0e man$+est e0$den,e t(at t(eyare *'ss$ble 'nly by means '+ and a,,'rd$n- t' $deas4 t(at) $ndeed) n''ne ,reature) under t(e $nd$0$dual ,'nd$t$'ns '+ $ts e$sten,e)*er+e,tly (arm'n$;es /$t( t(e $dea '+ t(e m'st *er+e,t '+ $ts %$nd5&ust as l$ttle as man /$t( t(e $dea '+ (uman$ty) /($,( ne0ert(eless (e

bears $n ($s s'ul as t(e ar,(ety*al standard '+ ($s a,t$'ns4 t(at)n't/$t(stand$n-) t(ese $deas are $n t(e ($-(est sense $nd$0$dually)un,(an-eably) and ,'m*letely determ$ned) and are t(e 'r$-$nal ,auses'+ t($n-s4 and t(at t(e t'tal$ty '+ ,'nne,ted 'b&e,ts $n t(eun$0erse $s al'ne +ully ade.uate t' t(at $dea! Sett$n- as$de t(eea--erat$'ns '+ e*ress$'n $n t(e /r$t$n-s '+ t($s *($l's'*(er) t(emental *'/er e($b$ted $n t($s as,ent +r'm t(e e,ty*al m'de '+re-ard$n- t(e *(ys$,al /'rld t' t(e ar,($te,t'n$, ,'nne,t$'n t(ere'+a,,'rd$n- t' ends) t(at $s) $deas) $s an e++'rt /($,( deser0es$m$tat$'n and ,la$ms res*e,t! 3ut as re-ards t(e *r$n,$*les '+ et($,s)'+ le-$slat$'n) and '+ rel$-$'n) s*(eres $n /($,( $deas al'ne rendere*er$en,e *'ss$ble) alt('u-( t(ey ne0er atta$n t' +ull e*ress$'nt(ere$n) (e (as 0$nd$,ated +'r ($msel+ a *'s$t$'n '+ *e,ul$ar mer$t)

/($,( $s n't a**re,$ated 'nly be,ause $t $s &ud-ed by t(e 0eryem*$r$,al rules) t(e 0al$d$ty '+ /($,( as *r$n,$*les $s destr'yed by$deas! F'r as re-ards nature) e*er$en,e *resents us /$t( rules and $st(e s'ur,e '+ trut() but $n relat$'n t' et($,al la/s e*er$en,e $s t(e*arent '+ $llus$'n) and $t $s $n t(e ($-(est de-ree re*re(ens$ble t'l$m$t 'r t' dedu,e t(e la/s /($,( d$,tate /(at I 'u-(t t' d') +r'm/(at $s d'ne!

2e must) ('/e0er) 'm$t t(e ,'ns$derat$'n '+ t(ese $m*'rtantsub&e,ts) t(e de0el'*ment '+ /($,( $s $n real$ty t(e *e,ul$ar duty andd$-n$ty '+ *($l's'*(y) and ,'n+$ne 'ursel0es +'r t(e *resent t' t(e

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m're (umble but n't less use+ul tas% '+ *re*ar$n- a +$rm +'undat$'n+'r t('se ma&est$, ed$+$,es '+ m'ral s,$en,e! F'r t($s +'undat$'n(as been ($t(ert' $nse,ure +r'm t(e many subterranean *assa-es /($,(reas'n $n $ts ,'n+$dent but 0a$n sear,( +'r treasures (as made $nall d$re,t$'ns! Our *resent duty $s t' ma%e 'ursel0es *er+e,tlya,.ua$nted /$t( t(e trans,endental use made '+ *ure reas'n) $ts*r$n,$*les and $deas) t(at /e may be able *r'*erly t' determ$ne and0alue $ts $n+luen,e and real /'rt(! 3ut be+'re br$n-$n- t(ese

$ntr'du,t'ry remar%s t' a ,l'se) I be- t('se /(' really (a0e*($l's'*(y at (eart5 and t(e$r number $s but small5 $+ t(ey s(all +$ndt(emsel0es ,'n0$n,ed by t(e ,'ns$derat$'ns +'ll'/$n- as /ell as byt('se ab'0e) t' eert t(emsel0es t' *reser0e t' t(e e*ress$'n $dea$ts 'r$-$nal s$-n$+$,at$'n) and t' ta%e ,are t(at $t be n't l'st am'n-t('se 't(er e*ress$'ns by /($,( all s'rts '+ re*resentat$'ns arel''sely des$-nated5 t(at t(e $nterests '+ s,$en,e may n't t(erebysu++er! 2e are $n n' /ant '+ /'rds t' den'm$nate ade.uately e0ery m'de'+ re*resentat$'n) /$t('ut t(e ne,ess$ty '+ en,r'a,($n- u*'n terms/($,( are *r'*er t' 't(ers! T(e +'ll'/$n- $s a -raduated l$st '+ t(em!T(e -enus $s re*resentat$'n $n -eneral =re*resentat$'n! Under $tstands re*resentat$'n /$t( ,'ns,$'usness =*er,e*t$'>! A *er,e*t$'n/($,( relates s'lely t' t(e sub&e,t as a m'd$+$,at$'n '+ $ts state) $s

a sensat$'n =sensat$'>) an 'b&e,t$0e *er,e*t$'n $s a ,'-n$t$'n=,'-n$t$'>! A ,'-n$t$'n $s e$t(er an $ntu$t$'n 'r a ,'n,e*t$'n=$ntu$tus 0el ,'n,e*tus>! T(e +'rmer (as an $mmed$ate relat$'n t't(e 'b&e,t and $s s$n-ular and $nd$0$dual4 t(e latter (as but amed$ate relat$'n) by means '+ a ,(ara,ter$st$, mar% /($,( may be,'mm'n t' se0eral t($n-s! A ,'n,e*t$'n $s e$t(er em*$r$,al 'r *ure!A *ure ,'n,e*t$'n) $n s' +ar as $t (as $ts 'r$-$n $n t(e understand$n-al'ne) and $s n't t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a *ure sensu'us $ma-e) $s ,alledn't$'! A ,'n,e*t$'n +'rmed +r'm n't$'ns) /($,( trans,ends t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e) $s an $dea) 'r a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ reas'n! T''ne /(' (as a,,ust'med ($msel+ t' t(ese d$st$n,t$'ns) $t must be .u$te$nt'lerable t' (ear t(e re*resentat$'n '+ t(e ,'l'ur red ,alled an$dea! It 'u-(t n't e0en t' be ,alled a n't$'n 'r ,'n,e*t$'n '+

understand$n-!

SECTION II! O+ Trans,endental Ideas!

Trans,endental analyt$, s('/ed us ('/ t(e mere l'-$,al +'rm '+ 'ur,'-n$t$'n ,an ,'nta$n t(e 'r$-$n '+ *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns a *r$'r$),'n,e*t$'ns /($,( re*resent 'b&e,ts ante,edently t' all e*er$en,e) 'rrat(er) $nd$,ate t(e synt(et$,al un$ty /($,( al'ne renders *'ss$ble anem*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts! T(e +'rm '+ &ud-ements5 ,'n0erted $nt'a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e synt(es$s '+ $ntu$t$'ns5 *r'du,ed t(e ,ate-'r$es/($,( d$re,t t(e em*l'yment '+ t(e understand$n- $n e*er$en,e! T($s,'ns$derat$'n /arrants us t' e*e,t t(at t(e +'rm '+ syll'-$sms)/(en a**l$ed t' synt(et$,al un$ty '+ $ntu$t$'ns) +'ll'/$n- t(e rule '+

t(e ,ate-'r$es) /$ll ,'nta$n t(e 'r$-$n '+ *art$,ular a *r$'r$,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,( /e may ,all *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n 'rtrans,endental $deas) and /($,( /$ll determ$ne t(e use '+ t(eunderstand$n- $n t(e t'tal$ty '+ e*er$en,e a,,'rd$n- t' *r$n,$*les!

T(e +un,t$'n '+ reas'n $n ar-uments ,'ns$sts $n t(e un$0ersal$ty'+ a ,'-n$t$'n a,,'rd$n- t' ,'n,e*t$'ns) and t(e syll'-$sm $tsel+ $s a&ud-ement /($,( $s determ$ned a *r$'r$ $n t(e /('le etent '+ $ts,'nd$t$'n! T(e *r'*'s$t$'n6 9Ca$us $s m'rtal)9 $s 'ne /($,( may be'bta$ned +r'm e*er$en,e by t(e a$d '+ t(e understand$n- al'ne4 but my/$s( $s t' +$nd a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( ,'nta$ns t(e ,'nd$t$'n under

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/($,( t(e *red$,ate '+ t($s &ud-ement $s -$0en5 $n t($s ,ase) t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ man5 and a+ter subsum$n- under t($s ,'nd$t$'n) ta%en$n $ts /('le etent =all men are m'rtal>) I determ$ne a,,'rd$n- t'$t t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t t('u-(t) and say6 9Ca$us $s m'rtal!9

Hen,e) $n t(e ,'n,lus$'n '+ a syll'-$sm /e restr$,t a *red$,ate t' a,erta$n 'b&e,t) a+ter (a0$n- t('u-(t $t $n t(e ma&'r $n $ts /('leetent under a ,erta$n ,'nd$t$'n! T($s ,'m*lete .uant$ty '+ t(e etent

$n relat$'n t' su,( a ,'nd$t$'n $s ,alled un$0ersal$ty=un$0ersal$tas>! T' t($s ,'rres*'nds t'tal$ty =un$0ers$tas> '+,'nd$t$'ns $n t(e synt(es$s '+ $ntu$t$'ns! T(e trans,endental,'n,e*t$'n '+ reas'n $s t(ere+'re n't($n- else t(an t(e ,'n,e*t$'n'+ t(e t'tal$ty '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ a -$0en ,'nd$t$'ned! N'/ as t(eun,'nd$t$'ned al'ne renders *'ss$ble t'tal$ty '+ ,'nd$t$'ns) and),'n0ersely) t(e t'tal$ty '+ ,'nd$t$'ns $s $tsel+ al/ays un,'nd$t$'ned4a *ure rat$'nal ,'n,e*t$'n $n -eneral ,an be de+$ned and e*la$nedby means '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e un,'nd$t$'ned) $n s' +ar as $t,'nta$ns a bas$s +'r t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned!

T' t(e number '+ m'des '+ relat$'n /($,( t(e understand$n- ,'-$tatesby means '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es) t(e number '+ *ure rat$'nal ,'n,e*t$'ns

/$ll ,'rres*'nd! 2e must t(ere+'re see% +'r) +$rst) an un,'nd$t$'ned'+ t(e ,ate-'r$,al synt(es$s $n a sub&e,t4 se,'ndly) '+ t(e(y*'t(et$,al synt(es$s '+ t(e members '+ a ser$es4 t($rdly) '+ t(ed$s&un,t$0e synt(es$s '+ *arts $n a system!

T(ere are ea,tly t(e same number '+ m'des '+ syll'-$sms) ea,( '+/($,( *r',eeds t(r'u-( *r'syll'-$sms t' t(e un,'nd$t$'ned5 'ne t't(e sub&e,t /($,( ,ann't be em*l'yed as *red$,ate) an't(er t' t(e*resu**'s$t$'n /($,( su**'ses n't($n- ($-(er t(an $tsel+) and t(et($rd t' an a--re-ate '+ t(e members '+ t(e ,'m*lete d$0$s$'n '+ a,'n,e*t$'n! Hen,e t(e *ure rat$'nal ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t'tal$ty $n t(esynt(es$s '+ ,'nd$t$'ns (a0e a ne,essary +'undat$'n $n t(e nature '+(uman reas'n5 at least as m'des '+ ele0at$n- t(e un$ty '+ t(e

understand$n- t' t(e un,'nd$t$'ned! T(ey may (a0e n' 0al$da**l$,at$'n) ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(e$r trans,endental em*l'yment) $n,'n,ret') and be t(us '+ n' -reater ut$l$ty t(an t' d$re,t t(eunderstand$n- ('/) /($le etend$n- t(em as /$dely as *'ss$ble) t'ma$nta$n $ts eer,$se and a**l$,at$'n $n *er+e,t ,'ns$sten,e and(arm'ny!

3ut) /($le s*ea%$n- (ere '+ t(e t'tal$ty '+ ,'nd$t$'ns and '+ t(eun,'nd$t$'ned as t(e ,'mm'n t$tle '+ all ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n) /ea-a$n l$-(t u*'n an e*ress$'n /($,( /e +$nd $t $m*'ss$ble t' d$s*ense/$t() and /($,( ne0ert(eless) '/$n- t' t(e amb$-u$ty atta,($n- t' $t+r'm l'n- abuse) /e ,ann't em*l'y /$t( sa+ety! T(e /'rd abs'lute $s'ne '+ t(e +e/ /'rds /($,() $n $ts 'r$-$nal s$-n$+$,at$'n) /as

*er+e,tly ade.uate t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $t /as $ntended t' ,'n0ey5 a,'n,e*t$'n /($,( n' 't(er /'rd $n t(e same lan-ua-e ea,tly su$ts) andt(e l'ss5 'r) /($,( $s t(e same t($n-) t(e $n,aut$'us and l''seem*l'yment5 '+ /($,( must be +'ll'/ed by t(e l'ss '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n$tsel+! And) as $t $s a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( ',,u*$es mu,( '+ t(eattent$'n '+ reas'n) $ts l'ss /'uld be -reatly t' t(e detr$ment '+ alltrans,endental *($l's'*(y! T(e /'rd abs'lute $s at *resent+re.uently used t' den'te t(at s'met($n- ,an be *red$,ated '+ at($n- ,'ns$dered $n $tsel+ and $ntr$ns$,ally! In t($s sense abs'lutely*'ss$ble /'uld s$-n$+y t(at /($,( $s *'ss$ble $n $tsel+ =$nterne>5/($,( $s) $n +a,t) t(e least t(at 'ne ,an *red$,ate '+ an 'b&e,t! On

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t(e 't(er (and) $t $s s'met$mes em*l'yed t' $nd$,ate t(at a t($n- $s0al$d $n all res*e,ts5 +'r eam*le) abs'lute s'0ere$-nty! Abs'lutely*'ss$ble /'uld $n t($s sense s$-n$+y t(at /($,( $s *'ss$ble $n allrelat$'ns and $n e0ery res*e,t4 and t($s $s t(e m'st t(at ,an be*red$,ated '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a t($n-! N'/ t(ese s$-n$+$,at$'nsd' $n trut( +re.uently ,'$n,$de! T(us) +'r eam*le) t(at /($,( $s$ntr$ns$,ally $m*'ss$ble) $s als' $m*'ss$ble $n all relat$'ns) t(at$s) abs'lutely $m*'ss$ble! 3ut $n m'st ,ases t(ey d$++er +r'm ea,(

't(er t't' ,ael') and I ,an by n' means ,'n,lude t(at) be,ause a t($n-$s $n $tsel+ *'ss$ble) $t $s als' *'ss$ble $n all relat$'ns) andt(ere+'re abs'lutely! Nay) m're) I s(all $n t(e se.uel s('/ t(atabs'lute ne,ess$ty d'es n't by any means de*end 'n $nternal ne,ess$ty)and t(at) t(ere+'re) $t must n't be ,'ns$dered as syn'nym'us /$t($t! O+ an '**'s$te /($,( $s $ntr$ns$,ally $m*'ss$ble) /e may a++$rmt(at $t $s $n all res*e,ts $m*'ss$ble) and t(at) ,'nse.uently) t(et($n- $tsel+) '+ /($,( t($s $s t(e '**'s$te) $s abs'lutelyne,essary4 but I ,ann't reas'n ,'n0ersely and say) t(e '**'s$te '+t(at /($,( $s abs'lutely ne,essary $s $ntr$ns$,ally $m*'ss$ble) t(at$s) t(at t(e abs'lute ne,ess$ty '+ t($n-s $s an $nternal ne,ess$ty!F'r t($s $nternal ne,ess$ty $s $n ,erta$n ,ases a mere em*ty /'rd /$t(/($,( t(e least ,'n,e*t$'n ,ann't be ,'nne,ted) /($le t(e ,'n,e*t$'n

'+ t(e ne,ess$ty '+ a t($n- $n all relat$'ns *'ssesses 0ery *e,ul$ardeterm$nat$'ns! N'/ as t(e l'ss '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ -reat ut$l$ty $ns*e,ulat$0e s,$en,e ,ann't be a matter '+ $nd$++eren,e t' t(e*($l's'*(er) I trust t(at t(e *r'*er determ$nat$'n and ,are+ul*reser0at$'n '+ t(e e*ress$'n 'n /($,( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n de*ends /$lll$%e/$se be n't $nd$++erent t' ($m!

In t($s enlar-ed s$-n$+$,at$'n) t(en) s(all I em*l'y t(e /'rdabs'lute) $n '**'s$t$'n t' t(at /($,( $s 0al$d 'nly $n s'me *art$,ularres*e,t4 +'r t(e latter $s restr$,ted by ,'nd$t$'ns) t(e +'rmer $s0al$d /$t('ut any restr$,t$'n /(ate0er!

N'/ t(e trans,endental ,'n,e*t$'n '+ reas'n (as +'r $ts 'b&e,t

n't($n- else t(an abs'lute t'tal$ty $n t(e synt(es$s '+ ,'nd$t$'ns andd'es n't rest sat$s+$ed t$ll $t (as atta$ned t' t(e abs'lutely) t(at$s) $n all res*e,ts and relat$'ns) un,'nd$t$'ned! F'r *ure reas'nlea0es t' t(e understand$n- e0eryt($n- t(at $mmed$ately relates t' t(e'b&e,t '+ $ntu$t$'n 'r rat(er t' t(e$r synt(es$s $n $ma-$nat$'n! T(e+'rmer restr$,ts $tsel+ t' t(e abs'lute t'tal$ty $n t(e em*l'yment'+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- and a$ms at ,arry$n- 'ut t(esynt(et$,al un$ty /($,( $s ,'-$tated $n t(e ,ate-'ry) e0en t' t(eun,'nd$t$'ned! T($s un$ty may (en,e be ,alled t(e rat$'nal un$ty '+*(en'mena) as t(e 't(er) /($,( t(e ,ate-'ry e*resses) may be termedt(e un$ty '+ t(e understand$n-! Reas'n) t(ere+'re) (as an $mmed$aterelat$'n t' t(e use '+ t(e understand$n-) n't $ndeed $n s' +ar ast(e latter ,'nta$ns t(e -r'und '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e =+'r t(e

,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e abs'lute t'tal$ty '+ ,'nd$t$'ns $s n't a,'n,e*t$'n t(at ,an be em*l'yed $n e*er$en,e) be,ause n' e*er$en,e$s un,'nd$t$'ned>) but s'lely +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ d$re,t$n- $t t' a,erta$n un$ty) '+ /($,( t(e understand$n- (as n' ,'n,e*t$'n) and t(ea$m '+ /($,( $s t' ,'lle,t $nt' an abs'lute /('le all a,ts '+ t(eunderstand$n-! Hen,e t(e 'b&e,t$0e em*l'yment '+ t(e *ure,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n $s al/ays trans,endent) /($le t(at '+ t(e *ure,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- must) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e$r nature) beal/ays $mmanent) $nasmu,( as t(ey are l$m$ted t' *'ss$ble e*er$en,e!

I understand by $dea a ne,essary ,'n,e*t$'n '+ reas'n) t' /($,( n'

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,'rres*'nd$n- 'b&e,t ,an be d$s,'0ered $n t(e /'rld '+ sense!A,,'rd$n-ly) t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n at *resent under,'ns$derat$'n are trans,endental $deas! T(ey are ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ *urereas'n) +'r t(ey re-ard all em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n as determ$ned by means'+ an abs'lute t'tal$ty '+ ,'nd$t$'ns! T(ey are n't mere +$,t$'ns) butnatural and ne,essary *r'du,ts '+ reas'n) and (a0e (en,e a ne,essaryrelat$'n t' t(e /('le s*(ere '+ t(e eer,$se '+ t(e understand$n-!And) +$nally) t(ey are trans,endent) and '0erste* t(e l$m$ts '+ all

e*er$en,es) $n /($,() ,'nse.uently) n' 'b&e,t ,an e0er be *resentedt(at /'uld be *er+e,tly ade.uate t' a trans,endental $dea! 2(en /e uset(e /'rd $dea) /e say) as re-ards $ts 'b&e,t =an 'b&e,t '+ t(e *ureunderstand$n->) a -reat deal) but as re-ards $ts sub&e,t =t(at $s)$n res*e,t '+ $ts real$ty under ,'nd$t$'ns '+ e*er$en,e>) e,eed$n-lyl$ttle) be,ause t(e $dea) as t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a ma$mum) ,an ne0er be,'m*letely and ade.uately *resented $n ,'n,ret'! N'/) as $n t(e merelys*e,ulat$0e em*l'yment '+ reas'n t(e latter $s *r'*erly t(e s'lea$m) and as $n t($s ,ase t(e a**r'$mat$'n t' a ,'n,e*t$'n) /($,( $sne0er atta$ned $n *ra,t$,e) $s t(e same t($n- as $+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n/ere n'n5e$stent5 $t $s ,'mm'nly sa$d '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t($s %$nd)9$t $s 'nly an $dea!9 S' /e m$-(t 0ery /ell say) 9t(e abs'lutet'tal$ty '+ all *(en'mena $s 'nly an $dea)9 +'r) as /e ne0er ,an

*resent an ade.uate re*resentat$'n '+ $t) $t rema$ns +'r us a*r'blem $n,a*able '+ s'lut$'n! On t(e 't(er (and) as $n t(e*ra,t$,al use '+ t(e understand$n- /e (a0e 'nly t' d' /$t( a,t$'nand *ra,t$,e a,,'rd$n- t' rules) an $dea '+ *ure reas'n ,an al/aysbe -$0en really $n ,'n,ret') alt('u-( 'nly *art$ally) nay) $t $s t(e$nd$s*ensable ,'nd$t$'n '+ all *ra,t$,al em*l'yment '+ reas'n! T(e*ra,t$,e 'r ee,ut$'n '+ t(e $dea $s al/ays l$m$ted and de+e,t$0e) butne0ert(eless /$t($n $ndeterm$nable b'undar$es) ,'nse.uently al/aysunder t(e $n+luen,e '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an abs'lute *er+e,t$'n! Andt(us t(e *ra,t$,al $dea $s al/ays $n t(e ($-(est de-ree +ru$t+ul)and $n relat$'n t' real a,t$'ns $nd$s*ensably ne,essary! In t(e$dea) *ure reas'n *'ssesses e0en ,ausal$ty and t(e *'/er '+*r'du,$n- t(at /($,( $ts ,'n,e*t$'n ,'nta$ns! Hen,e /e ,ann't say '+

/$sd'm) $n a d$s*ara-$n- /ay) 9$t $s 'nly an $dea!9 F'r) +'r t(e0ery reas'n t(at $t $s t(e $dea '+ t(e ne,essary un$ty '+ all *'ss$blea$ms) $t must be +'r all *ra,t$,al eert$'ns and endea0'urs t(e*r$m$t$0e ,'nd$t$'n and rule5 a rule /($,() $+ n't ,'nst$tut$0e) $s atleast l$m$tat$0e!

N'/) alt('u-( /e must say '+ t(e trans,endental ,'n,e*t$'ns '+reas'n) 9t(ey are 'nly $deas)9 /e must n't) 'n t($s a,,'unt) l''% u*'nt(em as su*er+lu'us and nu-at'ry! F'r) alt('u-( n' 'b&e,t ,an bedeterm$ned by t(em) t(ey ,an be '+ -reat ut$l$ty) un'bser0ed and att(e bas$s '+ t(e ed$+$,e '+ t(e understand$n-) as t(e ,an'n +'r $tsetended and sel+5,'ns$stent eer,$se5 a ,an'n /($,() $ndeed) d'es n'tenable $t t' ,'-n$;e m're $n an 'b&e,t t(an $t /'uld ,'-n$;e by t(e

(el* '+ $ts '/n ,'n,e*t$'ns) but /($,( -u$des $t m're se,urely $n$ts ,'-n$t$'n! N't t' ment$'n t(at t(ey *er(a*s render *'ss$ble atrans$t$'n +r'm 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ nature and t(e n'n5e-' t' t(e*ra,t$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns) and t(us *r'du,e +'r e0en et($,al $deas%ee*$n-) s' t' s*ea%) and ,'nne,t$'n /$t( t(e s*e,ulat$0e ,'-n$t$'ns'+ reas'n! T(e e*l$,at$'n '+ all t($s must be l''%ed +'r $n t(ese.uel!

3ut sett$n- as$de) $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( 'ur 'r$-$nal *ur*'se) t(e,'ns$derat$'n '+ t(e *ra,t$,al $deas) /e *r',eed t' ,'ntem*late reas'n$n $ts s*e,ulat$0e use al'ne) nay) $n a st$ll m're restr$,ted

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s*(ere) t' /$t) $n t(e trans,endental use4 and (ere must str$%e $nt't(e same *at( /($,( /e +'ll'/ed $n 'ur dedu,t$'n '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es!T(at $s t' say) /e s(all ,'ns$der t(e l'-$,al +'rm '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+reas'n) t(at /e may see /(et(er reas'n may n't be t(ereby a s'ur,e'+ ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( enables us t' re-ard 'b&e,ts $n t(emsel0es asdeterm$ned synt(et$,ally a *r$'r$) $n relat$'n t' 'ne 'r 't(er '+t(e +un,t$'ns '+ reas'n!

Reas'n) ,'ns$dered as t(e +a,ulty '+ a ,erta$n l'-$,al +'rm '+,'-n$t$'n) $s t(e +a,ulty '+ ,'n,lus$'n) t(at $s) '+ med$ate&ud-ement5 by means '+ t(e subsum*t$'n '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ a*'ss$ble &ud-ement under t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ a -$0en &ud-ement! T(e -$0en&ud-ement $s t(e -eneral rule =ma&'r>! T(e subsum*t$'n '+ t(e,'nd$t$'n '+ an't(er *'ss$ble &ud-ement under t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(erule $s t(e m$n'r! T(e a,tual &ud-ement) /($,( en'un,es t(eassert$'n '+ t(e rule $n t(e subsumed ,ase) $s t(e ,'n,lus$'n=,'n,lus$'>! T(e rule *red$,ates s'met($n- -enerally under a ,erta$n,'nd$t$'n! T(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e rule $s sat$s+$ed $n s'me *art$,ular,ase! It +'ll'/s t(at /(at /as 0al$d $n -eneral under t(at ,'nd$t$'nmust als' be ,'ns$dered as 0al$d $n t(e *art$,ular ,ase /($,(sat$s+$es t($s ,'nd$t$'n! It $s 0ery *la$n t(at reas'n atta$ns t' a

,'-n$t$'n) by means '+ a,ts '+ t(e understand$n- /($,( ,'nst$tute aser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns! 2(en I arr$0e at t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9All b'd$esare ,(an-eable)9 by be-$nn$n- /$t( t(e m're rem'te ,'-n$t$'n =$n /($,(t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ b'dy d'es n't a**ear) but /($,( ne0ert(eless,'nta$ns t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(at ,'n,e*t$'n>) 9All ,'m*'und $s,(an-eable)9 by *r',eed$n- +r'm t($s t' a less rem'te ,'-n$t$'n) /($,(stands under t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e +'rmer) 93'd$es are ,'m*'und)9 and(en,e t' a t($rd) /($,( at len-t( ,'nne,ts +'r me t(e rem'te ,'-n$t$'n=,(an-eable> /$t( t(e 'ne be+'re me) 9C'nse.uently) b'd$es are,(an-eable95 I (a0e arr$0ed at a ,'-n$t$'n =,'n,lus$'n> t(r'u-( aser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns =*rem$sses>! N'/ e0ery ser$es) /('se e*'nent ='+t(e ,ate-'r$,al 'r (y*'t(et$,al &ud-ement> $s -$0en) ,an be ,'nt$nued4,'nse.uently t(e same *r',edure '+ reas'n ,'ndu,ts us t' t(e

rat$',$nat$' *'lysyll'-$st$,a) /($,( $s a ser$es '+ syll'-$sms) t(at,an be ,'nt$nued e$t(er 'n t(e s$de '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns =*er*r'syll'-$sm's> 'r '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned =*er e*$syll'-$sm's> t' an$nde+$n$te etent!

3ut /e 0ery s''n *er,e$0e t(at t(e ,(a$n 'r ser$es '+ *r'syll'-$sms)t(at $s) '+ dedu,ed ,'-n$t$'ns 'n t(e s$de '+ t(e -r'unds 'r,'nd$t$'ns '+ a -$0en ,'-n$t$'n) $n 't(er /'rds) t(e as,end$n-ser$es '+ syll'-$sms must (a0e a 0ery d$++erent relat$'n t' t(e+a,ulty '+ reas'n +r'm t(at '+ t(e des,end$n- ser$es) t(at $s) t(e*r'-ress$0e *r',edure '+ reas'n 'n t(e s$de '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned bymeans '+ e*$syll'-$sms! F'r) as $n t(e +'rmer ,ase t(e ,'-n$t$'n=,'n,lus$'> $s -$0en 'nly as ,'nd$t$'ned) reas'n ,an atta$n t' t($s

,'-n$t$'n 'nly under t(e *resu**'s$t$'n t(at all t(e members '+ t(eser$es 'n t(e s$de '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns are -$0en =t'tal$ty $n t(e ser$es'+ *rem$sses>) be,ause 'nly under t($s su**'s$t$'n $s t(e &ud-ement /emay be ,'ns$der$n- *'ss$ble a *r$'r$4 /($le 'n t(e s$de '+ t(e,'nd$t$'ned 'r t(e $n+eren,es) 'nly an $n,'m*lete and be,'m$n-) andn't a *resu**'sed 'r -$0en ser$es) ,'nse.uently 'nly a *'tent$al*r'-ress$'n) $s ,'-$tated! Hen,e) /(en a ,'-n$t$'n $s ,'ntem*latedas ,'nd$t$'ned) reas'n $s ,'m*elled t' ,'ns$der t(e ser$es '+,'nd$t$'ns $n an as,end$n- l$ne as ,'m*leted and -$0en $n t(e$rt'tal$ty! 3ut $+ t(e 0ery same ,'nd$t$'n $s ,'ns$dered at t(e samet$me as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ 't(er ,'-n$t$'ns) /($,( t'-et(er ,'nst$tute a

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ser$es '+ $n+eren,es 'r ,'nse.uen,es $n a des,end$n- l$ne) reas'nmay *reser0e a *er+e,t $nd$++eren,e) as t' ('/ +ar t($s *r'-ress$'nmay etend a *arte *'ster$'r$) and /(et(er t(e t'tal$ty '+ t($s ser$es$s *'ss$ble) be,ause $t stands $n n' need '+ su,( a ser$es +'r t(e*ur*'se '+ arr$0$n- at t(e ,'n,lus$'n be+'re $t) $nasmu,( as t($s,'n,lus$'n $s su++$,$ently -uaranteed and determ$ned 'n -r'unds a*arte *r$'r$! It may be t(e ,ase) t(at u*'n t(e s$de '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'nst(e ser$es '+ *rem$sses (as a +$rst 'r ($-(est ,'nd$t$'n) 'r $t may

n't *'ssess t($s) and s' be a *arte *r$'r$ unl$m$ted4 but $t must)ne0ert(eless) ,'nta$n t'tal$ty '+ ,'nd$t$'ns) e0en adm$tt$n- t(at /ene0er ,'uld su,,eed $n ,'m*letely a**re(end$n- $t4 and t(e /('leser$es must be un,'nd$t$'nally true) $+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned) /($,( $s,'ns$dered as an $n+eren,e result$n- +r'm $t) $s t' be (eld as true!T($s $s a re.u$rement '+ reas'n) /($,( ann'un,es $ts ,'-n$t$'n asdeterm$ned a *r$'r$ and as ne,essary) e$t(er $n $tsel+5 and $n t($s,ase $t needs n' -r'unds t' rest u*'n5 'r) $+ $t $s dedu,ed) as amember '+ a ser$es '+ -r'unds) /($,( $s $tsel+ un,'nd$t$'nally true!

SECTION III! System '+ Trans,endental Ideas!

2e are n't at *resent en-a-ed /$t( a l'-$,al d$ale,t$,) /($,(

ma%es ,'m*lete abstra,t$'n '+ t(e ,'ntent '+ ,'-n$t$'n and a$ms 'nlyat un0e$l$n- t(e $llus'ry a**earan,e $n t(e +'rm '+ syll'-$sms! Oursub&e,t $s trans,endental d$ale,t$,) /($,( must ,'nta$n) ,'m*letelya *r$'r$) t(e 'r$-$n '+ ,erta$n ,'-n$t$'ns dra/n +r'm *ure reas'n) andt(e 'r$-$n '+ ,erta$n dedu,ed ,'n,e*t$'ns) t(e 'b&e,t '+ /($,(,ann't be -$0en em*$r$,ally and /($,( t(ere+'re l$e bey'nd t(es*(ere '+ t(e +a,ulty '+ understand$n-! 2e (a0e 'bser0ed) +r'm t(enatural relat$'n /($,( t(e trans,endental use '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n) $nsyll'-$sms as /ell as $n &ud-ements) must (a0e t' t(e l'-$,al) t(att(ere are t(ree %$nds '+ d$ale,t$,al ar-uments) ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(et(ree m'des '+ ,'n,lus$'n) by /($,( reas'n atta$ns t' ,'-n$t$'ns 'n*r$n,$*les4 and t(at $n all $t $s t(e bus$ness '+ reas'n t' as,end+r'm t(e ,'nd$t$'ned synt(es$s) bey'nd /($,( t(e understand$n- ne0er

*r',eeds) t' t(e un,'nd$t$'ned /($,( t(e understand$n- ne0er ,anrea,(!

N'/ t(e m'st -eneral relat$'ns /($,( ,an e$st $n 'urre*resentat$'ns are6 1st) t(e relat$'n t' t(e sub&e,t4 Bnd) t(erelat$'n t' 'b&e,ts) e$t(er as *(en'mena) 'r as 'b&e,ts '+ t('u-(t$n -eneral! I+ /e ,'nne,t t($s subd$0$s$'n /$t( t(e ma$n d$0$s$'n) allt(e relat$'ns '+ 'ur re*resentat$'ns) '+ /($,( /e ,an +'rm e$t(er a,'n,e*t$'n 'r an $dea) are t(ree+'ld6 1! T(e relat$'n t' t(esub&e,t4 B! T(e relat$'n t' t(e man$+'ld '+ t(e 'b&e,t as a*(en'men'n4 ! T(e relat$'n t' all t($n-s $n -eneral!

N'/ all *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns (a0e t' d' $n -eneral /$t( t(e

synt(et$,al un$ty '+ re*resentat$'ns4 ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ *ure reas'n=trans,endental $deas>) 'n t(e 't(er (and) /$t( t(e un,'nd$t$'nalsynt(et$,al un$ty '+ all ,'nd$t$'ns! It +'ll'/s t(at alltrans,endental $deas arran-e t(emsel0es $n t(ree ,lasses) t(e +$rst '+/($,( ,'nta$ns t(e abs'lute =un,'nd$t$'ned> un$ty '+ t(e t($n%$n-sub&e,t) t(e se,'nd t(e abs'lute un$ty '+ t(e ser$es '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns'+ a *(en'men'n) t(e t($rd t(e abs'lute un$ty '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+all 'b&e,ts '+ t('u-(t $n -eneral!

T(e t($n%$n- sub&e,t $s t(e 'b&e,t5matter '+ Psy,('l'-y4 t(e sumt'tal '+ all *(en'mena =t(e /'rld> $s t(e 'b&e,t5matter '+

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C'sm'l'-y4 and t(e t($n- /($,( ,'nta$ns t(e ($-(est ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ all t(at $s ,'-$table =t(e be$n- '+ all be$n-s> $st(e 'b&e,t5matter '+ all T(e'l'-y! T(us *ure reas'n *resents us /$t(t(e $dea '+ a trans,endental d',tr$ne '+ t(e s'ul =*sy,('l'-$arat$'nal$s>) '+ a trans,endental s,$en,e '+ t(e /'rld =,'sm'l'-$arat$'nal$s>) and +$nally '+ a trans,endental d',tr$ne '+ 'd=t(e'l'-$a trans,endental$s>! Understand$n- ,ann't 'r$-$nate e0ent(e 'utl$ne '+ any '+ t(ese s,$en,es) e0en /(en ,'nne,ted /$t( t(e

($-(est l'-$,al use '+ reas'n) t(at $s) all ,'-$table syll'-$sms5+'r t(e *ur*'se '+ *r',eed$n- +r'm 'ne 'b&e,t =*(en'men'n> t' all't(ers) e0en t' t(e utm'st l$m$ts '+ t(e em*$r$,al synt(es$s! T(eyare) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) *ure and -enu$ne *r'du,ts) 'r *r'blems) '+*ure reas'n!

2(at m'd$ '+ t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n t(ese trans,endental$deas are /$ll be +ully e*'sed $n t(e +'ll'/$n- ,(a*ter! T(ey+'ll'/ t(e -u$d$n- t(read '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es! F'r *ure reas'n ne0errelates $mmed$ately t' 'b&e,ts) but t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(ese,'nta$ned $n t(e understand$n-! In l$%e manner) $t /$ll be mademan$+est $n t(e deta$led e*lanat$'n '+ t(ese $deas5 ('/ reas'n)merely t(r'u-( t(e synt(et$,al use '+ t(e same +un,t$'n /($,( $t

em*l'ys $n a ,ate-'r$,al syll'-$sm) ne,essar$ly atta$ns t' t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e abs'lute un$ty '+ t(e t($n%$n- sub&e,t5 ('/ t(el'-$,al *r',edure $n (y*'t(et$,al $deas ne,essar$ly *r'du,es t(e$dea '+ t(e abs'lutely un,'nd$t$'ned $n a ser$es '+ -$0en,'nd$t$'ns) and +$nally5 ('/ t(e mere +'rm '+ t(e d$s&un,t$0esyll'-$sm $n0'l0es t(e ($-(est ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a be$n- '+ all be$n-s6a t('u-(t /($,( at +$rst s$-(t seems $n t(e ($-(est de-ree*arad'$,al!

An 'b&e,t$0e dedu,t$'n) su,( as /e /ere able t' *resent $n t(e,ase '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es) $s $m*'ss$ble as re-ards t(esetrans,endental $deas! F'r t(ey (a0e) $n trut() n' relat$'n t' any'b&e,t) $n e*er$en,e) +'r t(e 0ery reas'n t(at t(ey are 'nly $deas!

3ut a sub&e,t$0e dedu,t$'n '+ t(em +r'm t(e nature '+ 'ur reas'n $s*'ss$ble) and (as been -$0en $n t(e *resent ,(a*ter!

It $s easy t' *er,e$0e t(at t(e s'le a$m '+ *ure reas'n $s t(eabs'lute t'tal$ty '+ t(e synt(es$s 'n t(e s$de '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns)and t(at $t d'es n't ,'n,ern $tsel+ /$t( t(e abs'lute ,'m*leteness'n t(e Part '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned! F'r '+ t(e +'rmer al'ne d'es s(e stand$n need) $n 'rder t' *re*'s$t t(e /('le ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns) and t(us*resent t(em t' t(e understand$n- a *r$'r$! 3ut $+ /e 'n,e (a0e a,'m*letely =and un,'nd$t$'nally> -$0en ,'nd$t$'n) t(ere $s n'+urt(er ne,ess$ty) $n *r',eed$n- /$t( t(e ser$es) +'r a ,'n,e*t$'n'+ reas'n4 +'r t(e understand$n- ta%es '+ $tsel+ e0ery ste*d'/n/ard) +r'm t(e ,'nd$t$'n t' t(e ,'nd$t$'ned! T(us t(e

trans,endental $deas are a0a$lable 'nly +'r as,end$n- $n t(e ser$es '+,'nd$t$'ns) t$ll /e rea,( t(e un,'nd$t$'ned) t(at $s) *r$n,$*les! Asre-ards des,end$n- t' t(e ,'nd$t$'ned) 'n t(e 't(er (and) /e +$nd t(att(ere $s a /$dely etens$0e l'-$,al use /($,( reas'n ma%es '+ t(e la/s'+ t(e understand$n-) but t(at a trans,endental use t(ere'+ $s$m*'ss$ble4 and t(at /(en /e +'rm an $dea '+ t(e abs'lute t'tal$ty'+ su,( a synt(es$s) +'r eam*le) '+ t(e /('le ser$es '+ all +uture,(an-es $n t(e /'rld) t($s $dea $s a mere ens rat$'n$s) an arb$trary+$,t$'n '+ t('u-(t) and n't a ne,essary *resu**'s$t$'n '+ reas'n!F'r t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned *resu**'ses t(e t'tal$ty '+ $ts,'nd$t$'ns) but n't '+ $ts ,'nse.uen,es! C'nse.uently) t($s ,'n,e*t$'n

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a,,'m*an$ed by ,'ns,$'usness! At t(e same t$me) *ure as t($s,'n,e*t$'n $s +r'm em*$r$,al ,'ntent =$m*ress$'ns '+ t(e senses>) $tenables us t' d$st$n-u$s( t/' d$++erent %$nds '+ 'b&e,ts! 9I)9 ast($n%$n-) am an 'b&e,t '+ t(e $nternal sense) and am ,alled s'ul! T(at/($,( $s an 'b&e,t '+ t(e eternal senses $s ,alled b'dy! T(us t(ee*ress$'n) 9I)9 as a t($n%$n- be$n-) des$-nates t(e 'b&e,t5matter'+ *sy,('l'-y) /($,( may be ,alled 9t(e rat$'nal d',tr$ne '+ t(es'ul)9 $nasmu,( as $n t($s s,$en,e I des$re t' %n'/ n't($n- '+ t(e

s'ul but /(at) $nde*endently '+ all e*er$en,e =/($,( determ$nes me $n,'n,ret'>) may be ,'n,luded +r'm t($s ,'n,e*t$'n 9I)9 $n s' +ar as$t a**ears $n all t('u-(t!

N'/) t(e rat$'nal d',tr$ne '+ t(e s'ul $s really an underta%$n- '+t($s %$nd! F'r $+ t(e smallest em*$r$,al element '+ t('u-(t) $+ any*art$,ular *er,e*t$'n '+ my $nternal state) /ere t' be $ntr'du,edam'n- t(e -r'unds '+ ,'-n$t$'n '+ t($s s,$en,e) $t /'uld n't be arat$'nal) but an em*$r$,al d',tr$ne '+ t(e s'ul! 2e (a0e t(us be+'reus a *retended s,$en,e) ra$sed u*'n t(e s$n-le *r'*'s$t$'n) 9I t($n%)9/('se +'undat$'n 'r /ant '+ +'undat$'n /e may 0ery *r'*erly) anda-reeably /$t( t(e nature '+ a trans,endental *($l's'*(y) (ereeam$ne! It 'u-(t n't t' be 'b&e,ted t(at $n t($s *r'*'s$t$'n) /($,(

e*resses t(e *er,e*t$'n '+ 'ne?s sel+) an $nternal e*er$en,e $sasserted) and t(at ,'nse.uently t(e rat$'nal d',tr$ne '+ t(e s'ul/($,( $s +'unded u*'n $t) $s n't *ure) but *artly +'unded u*'n anem*$r$,al *r$n,$*le! F'r t($s $nternal *er,e*t$'n $s n't($n- m're t(ant(e mere a**er,e*t$'n) 9I t($n%)9 /($,( $n +a,t renders alltrans,endental ,'n,e*t$'ns *'ss$ble) $n /($,( /e say) 9I t($n%substan,e) ,ause) et,!9 F'r $nternal e*er$en,e $n -eneral and $ts*'ss$b$l$ty) 'r *er,e*t$'n $n -eneral) and $ts relat$'n t' 't(er*er,e*t$'ns) unless s'me *art$,ular d$st$n,t$'n 'r determ$nat$'nt(ere'+ $s em*$r$,ally -$0en) ,ann't be re-arded as em*$r$,al,'-n$t$'n) but as ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e em*$r$,al) and bel'n-s t' t(e$n0est$-at$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e0ery e*er$en,e) /($,( $s,erta$nly trans,endental! T(e smallest 'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e =+'r

eam*le) 'nly *leasure 'r *a$n>) t(at s('uld be $n,luded $n t(e-eneral re*resentat$'n '+ sel+5,'ns,$'usness) /'uld $mmed$ately ,(an-et(e rat$'nal $nt' an em*$r$,al *sy,('l'-y!

9I t($n%9 $s t(ere+'re t(e 'nly tet '+ rat$'nal *sy,('l'-y) +r'm/($,( $t must de0el'* $ts /('le system! It $s man$+est t(at t($st('u-(t) /(en a**l$ed t' an 'b&e,t =mysel+>) ,an ,'nta$n n't($n- buttrans,endental *red$,ates t(ere'+4 be,ause t(e least em*$r$,al*red$,ate /'uld destr'y t(e *ur$ty '+ t(e s,$en,e and $ts $nde*enden,e'+ all e*er$en,e!

3ut /e s(all (a0e t' +'ll'/ (ere t(e -u$dan,e '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es5'nly) as $n t(e *resent ,ase a t($n-) 9I)9 as t($n%$n- be$n-) $s at

+$rst -$0en) /e s(all5 n't $ndeed ,(an-e t(e 'rder '+ t(e ,ate-'r$esas $t stands $n t(e table5 but be-$n at t(e ,ate-'ry '+ substan,e)by /($,( at t(e a t($n- a t($n- $s re*resented and *r',eedsba,%/ards t(r'u-( t(e ser$es! T(e t'*$, '+ t(e rat$'nal d',tr$ne '+t(e s'ul) +r'm /($,( e0eryt($n- else $t may ,'nta$n must be dedu,ed)$s a,,'rd$n-ly as +'ll'/s6

1 B

T(e S'ul $s SU3STANCE As re-ards $ts .ual$ty

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$t $s SI"P<E

As re-ards t(e d$++erent

t$mes $n /($,( $t e$sts)

$t $s numer$,ally $dent$,al)

t(at $s UNITJ) n't Plural$ty!

It $s $n relat$'n t' *'ss$ble 'b&e,ts $n s*a,e

T(e reader) /(' may n't s' eas$ly *er,e$0e t(e *sy,('l'-$,alsense '+ t(ese e*ress$'ns) ta%en (ere $n t(e$r trans,endentalabstra,t$'n) and ,ann't -uess /(y t(e latter attr$bute '+ t(e s'ulbel'n-s t' t(e ,ate-'ry '+ e$sten,e) /$ll +$nd t(e e*ress$'nssu++$,$ently e*la$ned and &ust$+$ed $n t(e se.uel! I (a0e)

m're'0er) t' a*'l'-$;e +'r t(e <at$n terms /($,( (a0e beenem*l'yed)$nstead '+ t(e$r erman syn'nyms) ,'ntrary t' t(e rules '+,'rre,t /r$t$n-! 3ut I &ud-ed $t better t' sa,r$+$,e ele-an,e t'*ers*$,u$ty!

Fr'm t(ese elements 'r$-$nate all t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ *ure*sy,('l'-y) by ,'mb$nat$'n al'ne) /$t('ut t(e a$d '+ any 't(er*r$n,$*le! T($s substan,e) merely as an 'b&e,t '+ t(e $nternalsense) -$0es t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ Immater$al$ty4 as s$m*le substan,e)t(at '+ In,'rru*t$b$l$ty4 $ts $dent$ty) as $ntelle,tual substan,e)-$0es t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ Pers'nal$ty4 all t(ese t(ree t'-et(er)S*$r$tual$ty! Its relat$'n t' 'b&e,ts $n s*a,e -$0es us t(e ,'n,e*t$'n'+ ,'nne,t$'n =,'mmer,$um> /$t( b'd$es! T(us $t re*resents t($n%$n-

substan,e as t(e *r$n,$*le '+ l$+e $n matter) t(at $s) as a s'ul=an$ma>) and as t(e -r'und '+ An$mal$ty4 and t($s) l$m$ted anddeterm$ned by t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ s*$r$tual$ty) -$0es us t(at '+Imm'rtal$ty!

N'/ t' t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns relate +'ur *aral'-$sms '+ a trans,endental*sy,('l'-y) /($,( $s +alsely (eld t' be a s,$en,e '+ *ure reas'n!t'u,($n- t(e nature '+ 'ur t($n%$n- be$n-! 2e ,an) ('/e0er) lay at t(e+'undat$'n '+ t($s s,$en,e n't($n- but t(e s$m*le and $n $tsel+*er+e,tly ,'ntentless re*resentat$'n 9I /($,( ,ann't e0en be ,alleda ,'n,e*t$'n) but merely a ,'ns,$'usness /($,( a,,'m*an$es all,'n,e*t$'ns! 3y t($s 9I)9 'r 9He)9 'r 9It)9 /(' 'r /($,( t($n%s)n't($n- m're $s re*resented t(an a trans,endental sub&e,t '+ t('u-(t

) /($,( $s ,'-n$;ed 'nly by means '+ t(e t('u-(ts t(at are $ts*red$,ates) and '+ /($,() a*art +r'm t(ese) /e ,ann't +'rm t(e least,'n,e*t$'n! Hen,e $n a *er*etual ,$r,le) $nasmu,( as /e must al/aysem*l'y $t) $n 'rder t' +rame any &ud-ement res*e,t$n- $t! And t($s$n,'n0en$en,e /e +$nd $t $m*'ss$ble t' r$d 'ursel0es '+) be,ause,'ns,$'usness $n $tsel+ $s n't s' mu,( a re*resentat$'n d$st$n-u$s($n-a *art$,ular 'b&e,t) as a +'rm '+ re*resentat$'n $n -eneral) $n s' +aras $t may be termed ,'-n$t$'n4 +'r $n and by ,'-n$t$'n al'ne d' It($n% anyt($n-!

It must) ('/e0er) a**ear etra'rd$nary at +$rst s$-(t t(at t(e

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,'nd$t$'n under /($,( I t($n%) and /($,( $s ,'nse.uently a *r'*erty '+my sub&e,t) s('uld be (eld t' be l$%e/$se 0al$d +'r e0ery e$sten,e/($,( t($n%s) and t(at /e ,an *resume t' base u*'n a seem$n-lyem*$r$,al *r'*'s$t$'n a &ud-ement /($,( $s a*'de$,t$, and un$0ersal)t' /$t) t(at e0eryt($n- /($,( t($n%s $s ,'nst$tuted as t(e 0'$,e '+ my,'ns,$'usness de,lares $t t' be) t(at $s) as a sel+5,'ns,$'us be$n-!T(e ,ause '+ t($s bel$e+ $s t' be +'und $n t(e +a,t t(at /ene,essar$ly attr$bute t' t($n-s a *r$'r$ all t(e *r'*ert$es /($,(

,'nst$tute ,'nd$t$'ns under /($,( al'ne /e ,an ,'-$tate t(em! N'/ I,ann't 'bta$n t(e least re*resentat$'n '+ a t($n%$n- be$n- by means '+eternal e*er$en,e) but s'lely t(r'u-( sel+5,'ns,$'usness! Su,('b&e,ts are ,'nse.uently n't($n- m're t(an t(e trans+eren,e '+ t($s,'ns,$'usness '+ m$ne t' 't(er t($n-s /($,( ,an 'nly t(us bere*resented as t($n%$n- be$n-s! T(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9I t($n%)9 $s) $n t(e*resent ,ase) underst''d $n a *r'blemat$,al sense) n't $n s' +ar as $t,'nta$ns a *er,e*t$'n '+ an e$sten,e =l$%e t(e Cartes$an 9C'-$t')er-' sum9>) but $n re-ard t' $ts mere *'ss$b$l$ty5 +'r t(e *ur*'se '+d$s,'0er$n- /(at *r'*ert$es may be $n+erred +r'm s' s$m*le a*r'*'s$t$'n and *red$,ated '+ t(e sub&e,t '+ $t!

9I t($n%) t(ere+'re I am!9:

I+ at t(e +'undat$'n '+ 'ur *ure rat$'nal ,'-n$t$'n '+ t($n%$n-be$n-s t(ere lay m're t(an t(e mere C'-$t'5 $+ /e ,'uld l$%e/$se,all $n a$d 'bser0at$'ns 'n t(e *lay '+ 'ur t('u-(ts) and t(e t(en,eder$0ed natural la/s '+ t(e t($n%$n- sel+) t(ere /'uld ar$se anem*$r$,al *sy,('l'-y /($,( /'uld be a %$nd '+ *(ys$'l'-y '+ t(e$nternal sense and m$-(t *'ss$bly be ,a*able '+ e*la$n$n- t(e*(en'mena '+ t(at sense! 3ut $t ,'uld ne0er be a0a$lable +'rd$s,'0er$n- t('se *r'*ert$es /($,( d' n't bel'n- t' *'ss$blee*er$en,e =su,( as t(e .ual$ty '+ s$m*l$,$ty>) n'r ,'uld $t ma%eany a*'de$,t$, enun,$at$'n 'n t(e nature '+ t($n%$n- be$n-s6 $t/'uld t(ere+'re n't be a rat$'nal *sy,('l'-y!

N'/) as t(e *r'*'s$t$'n 9I t($n%9 =$n t(e *r'blemat$,al sense>,'nta$ns t(e +'rm '+ e0ery &ud-ement $n -eneral and $s t(e ,'nstanta,,'m*an$ment '+ all t(e ,ate-'r$es) $t $s man$+est t(at ,'n,lus$'nsare dra/n +r'm $t 'nly by a trans,endental em*l'yment '+ t(eunderstand$n-! T($s use '+ t(e understand$n- e,ludes all em*$r$,alelements4 and /e ,ann't) as (as been s('/n ab'0e) (a0e any+a0'urable ,'n,e*t$'n be+'re(and '+ $ts *r',edure! 2e s(allt(ere+'re +'ll'/ /$t( a ,r$t$,al eye t($s *r'*'s$t$'n t(r'u-( allt(e *red$,aments '+ *ure *sy,('l'-y4 but /e s(all) +'r bre0$ty?s sa%e)all'/ t($s eam$nat$'n t' *r',eed $n an un$nterru*ted ,'nne,t$'n!

3e+'re enter$n- 'n t($s tas%) ('/e0er) t(e +'ll'/$n- -eneralremar% may (el* t' .u$,%en 'ur attent$'n t' t($s m'de '+ ar-ument!

It $s n't merely t(r'u-( my t($n%$n- t(at I ,'-n$;e an 'b&e,t) but'nly t(r'u-( my determ$n$n- a -$0en $ntu$t$'n $n relat$'n t' t(e un$ty'+ ,'ns,$'usness $n /($,( all t($n%$n- ,'ns$sts! It +'ll'/s t(at I,'-n$;e mysel+) n't t(r'u-( my be$n- ,'ns,$'us '+ mysel+ ast($n%$n-) but 'nly /(en I am ,'ns,$'us '+ t(e $ntu$t$'n '+ mysel+ asdeterm$ned $n relat$'n t' t(e +un,t$'n '+ t('u-(t! All t(e m'd$ '+sel+5,'ns,$'usness $n t('u-(t are (en,e n't ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ 'b&e,ts=,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-5 ,ate-'r$es>4 t(ey are merel'-$,al +un,t$'ns) /($,( d' n't *resent t' t('u-(t an 'b&e,t t' be,'-n$;ed) and ,ann't t(ere+'re *resent my Sel+ as an 'b&e,t! N't t(e,'ns,$'usness '+ t(e determ$n$n-) but 'nly t(at '+ t(e determ$nable

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sel+) t(at $s) '+ my $nternal $ntu$t$'n =$n s' +ar as t(e man$+'ld,'nta$ned $n $t ,an be ,'nne,ted ,'n+'rmably /$t( t(e -eneral,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n $n t('u-(t>) $s t(e 'b&e,t!

1! In all &ud-ements I am t(e determ$n$n- sub&e,t '+ t(at relat$'n/($,( ,'nst$tutes a &ud-ement! 3ut t(at t(e I /($,( t($n%s) must be,'ns$dered as $n t('u-(t al/ays a sub&e,t) and as a t($n- /($,( ,ann'tbe a *red$,ate t' t('u-(t) $s an a*'de$,t$, and $dent$,al *r'*'s$t$'n!

3ut t($s *r'*'s$t$'n d'es n't s$-n$+y t(at I) as an 'b&e,t) am) +'rmysel+) a sel+5subs$stent be$n- 'r substan,e! T($s latter statement5an amb$t$'us 'ne5 re.u$res t' be su**'rted by data /($,( are n't t' bed$s,'0ered $n t('u-(t4 and are *er(a*s =$n s' +ar as I ,'ns$der t(et($n%$n- sel+ merely as su,(> n't t' be d$s,'0ered $n t(e t($n%$n-sel+ at all!

B! T(at t(e I 'r E-' '+ a**er,e*t$'n) and ,'nse.uently $n allt('u-(t) $s s$n-ular 'r s$m*le) an4 ,ann't be res'l0ed $nt' a*lural$ty '+ sub&e,ts) and t(ere+'re $nd$,ates a l'-$,ally s$m*lesub&e,t5 t($s $s sel+5e0$dent +r'm t(e 0ery ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an E-')and $s ,'nse.uently an analyt$,al *r'*'s$t$'n! 3ut t($s $s n'ttantam'unt t' de,lar$n- t(at t(e t($n%$n- E-' $s a s$m*le substan,e5

+'r t($s /'uld be a synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n! T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+substan,e al/ays relates t' $ntu$t$'ns) /($,( /$t( me ,ann't be't(er t(an sensu'us) and /($,( ,'nse.uently l$e ,'m*letely 'ut '+t(e s*(ere '+ t(e understand$n- and $ts t('u-(t6 but t' t($s s*(erebel'n-s t(e a++$rmat$'n t(at t(e E-' $s s$m*le $n t('u-(t! It /'uld$ndeed be sur*r$s$n-) $+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ 9substan,e)9 /($,( $n 't(er,ases re.u$res s' mu,( lab'ur t' d$st$n-u$s( +r'm t(e 't(er elements*resented by $ntu$t$'n5 s' mu,( tr'uble) t'') t' d$s,'0er /(et(er $t,an be s$m*le =as $n t(e ,ase '+ t(e *arts '+ matter>5 s('uld be*resented $mmed$ately t' me) as $+ by re0elat$'n) $n t(e *''restmental re*resentat$'n '+ all!

! T(e *r'*'s$t$'n '+ t(e $dent$ty '+ my Sel+ am$dst all t(e

man$+'ld re*resentat$'ns '+ /($,( I am ,'ns,$'us) $s l$%e/$se a*r'*'s$t$'n ly$n- $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns t(emsel0es) and $s ,'nse.uentlyanalyt$,al! 3ut t($s $dent$ty '+ t(e sub&e,t) '+ /($,( I am,'ns,$'us $n all $ts re*resentat$'ns) d'es n't relate t' 'r ,'n,ernt(e $ntu$t$'n '+ t(e sub&e,t) by /($,( $t $s -$0en as an 'b&e,t!T($s *r'*'s$t$'n ,ann't t(ere+'re en'un,e t(e $dent$ty '+ t(e*ers'n) by /($,( $s underst''d t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ t(e $dent$ty '+$ts '/n substan,e as a t($n%$n- be$n- $n all ,(an-e and 0ar$at$'n '+,$r,umstan,es! T' *r'0e t($s) /e s('uld re.u$re n't a mere analys$s '+t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) but synt(et$,al &ud-ements based u*'n a -$0en$ntu$t$'n!

! I d$st$n-u$s( my '/n e$sten,e) as t(at '+ a t($n%$n- be$n-) +r'm

t(at '+ 't(er t($n-s eternal t' me5 am'n- /($,( my b'dy als' $sre,%'ned! T($s $s als' an analyt$,al *r'*'s$t$'n) +'r 't(er t($n-s areea,tly t('se /($,( I t($n% as d$++erent 'r d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm mysel+!3ut /(et(er t($s ,'ns,$'usness '+ mysel+ $s *'ss$ble /$t('ut t($n-seternal t' me4 and /(et(er t(ere+'re I ,an e$st merely as a t($n%$n-be$n- =/$t('ut be$n- man>5 ,ann't be %n'/n 'r $n+erred +r'm t($s*r'*'s$t$'n!

T(us /e (a0e -a$ned n't($n- as re-ards t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ mysel+ as'b&e,t) by t(e analys$s '+ t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ my Sel+ $n t('u-(t!T(e l'-$,al e*'s$t$'n '+ t('u-(t $n -eneral $s m$sta%en +'r a

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meta*(ys$,al determ$nat$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t!

Our Cr$t$.ue /'uld be an $n0est$-at$'n utterly su*er+lu'us) $+ t(eree$sted a *'ss$b$l$ty '+ *r'0$n- a *r$'r$) t(at all t($n%$n- be$n-sare $n t(emsel0es s$m*le substan,es) as su,() t(ere+'re) *'ssess t(e$nse*arable attr$bute '+ *ers'nal$ty) and are ,'ns,$'us '+ t(e$re$sten,e a*art +r'm and un,'nne,ted /$t( matter! F'r /e s('uld t(us(a0e ta%en a ste* bey'nd t(e /'rld '+ sense) and (a0e *enetrated

$nt' t(e s*(ere '+ n'umena4 and $n t($s ,ase t(e r$-(t ,'uld n't beden$ed us '+ etend$n- 'ur %n'/led-e $n t($s s*(ere) '+ establ$s($n-'ursel0es) and) under a +a0'ur$n- star) a**r'*r$at$n- t' 'ursel0es*'ssess$'ns $n $t! F'r t(e *r'*'s$t$'n6 9E0ery t($n%$n- be$n-) assu,() $s s$m*le substan,e)9 $s an a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n4be,ause $n t(e +$rst *la,e $t -'es bey'nd t(e ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( $st(e sub&e,t '+ $t) and adds t' t(e mere n't$'n '+ a t($n%$n- be$n- t(em'de '+ $ts e$sten,e) and $n t(e se,'nd *la,e annees a *red$,ate=t(at '+ s$m*l$,$ty> t' t(e latter ,'n,e*t$'n5 a *red$,ate /($,( $t,'uld n't (a0e d$s,'0ered $n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e! It /'uld +'ll'/t(at a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns are *'ss$ble and le-$t$mate)n't 'nly) as /e (a0e ma$nta$ned) $n relat$'n t' 'b&e,ts '+ *'ss$blee*er$en,e) and as *r$n,$*les '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($s e*er$en,e

$tsel+) but are a**l$,able t' t($n-s $n t(emsel0es5 an $n+eren,e /($,(ma%es an end '+ t(e /('le '+ t($s Cr$t$.ue) and 'bl$-es us t' +allba,% 'n t(e 'ld m'de '+ meta*(ys$,al *r',edure! 3ut $ndeed t(edan-er $s n't s' -reat) $+ /e l''% a l$ttle ,l'ser $nt' t(e .uest$'n!

T(ere lur%s $n t(e *r',edure '+ rat$'nal Psy,('l'-y a *aral'-$sm)/($,( $s re*resented $n t(e +'ll'/$n- syll'-$sm6

T(at /($,( ,ann't be ,'-$tated 't(er/$se t(an as sub&e,t) d'es n'te$st 't(er/$se t(an as sub&e,t) and $s t(ere+'re substan,e!

A t($n%$n- be$n-) ,'ns$dered merely as su,() ,ann't be ,'-$tated't(er/$se t(an as sub&e,t!

T(ere+'re $t e$sts als' as su,() t(at $s) as substan,e!

In t(e ma&'r /e s*ea% '+ a be$n- t(at ,an be ,'-$tated -enerally and$n e0ery relat$'n) ,'nse.uently as $t may be -$0en $n $ntu$t$'n! 3ut$n t(e m$n'r /e s*ea% '+ t(e same be$n- 'nly $n s' +ar as $t re-ards$tsel+ as sub&e,t) relat$0ely t' t('u-(t and t(e un$ty '+,'ns,$'usness) but n't $n relat$'n t' $ntu$t$'n) by /($,( $t $s*resented as an 'b&e,t t' t('u-(t! T(us t(e ,'n,lus$'n $s (ere arr$0edat by a S'*($sma +$-urae d$,t$'n$s!

T('u-(t $s ta%en $n t(e t/' *rem$sses $n t/' t'tally d$++erentsenses! In t(e ma&'r $t $s ,'ns$dered as relat$n- and a**ly$n- t'

'b&e,ts $n -eneral) ,'nse.uently t' 'b&e,ts '+ $ntu$t$'n als'! Int(e m$n'r) /e understand $t as relat$n- merely t'sel+5,'ns,$'usness! In t($s sense) /e d' n't ,'-$tate an 'b&e,t) butmerely t(e relat$'n t' t(e sel+5,'ns,$'usness '+ t(e sub&e,t) as t(e+'rm '+ t('u-(t! In t(e +'rmer *rem$ss /e s*ea% '+ t($n-s /($,( ,ann'tbe ,'-$tated 't(er/$se t(an as sub&e,ts! In t(e se,'nd) /e d' n'ts*ea% '+ t($n-s) but '+ t('u-(t all 'b&e,ts be$n- abstra,ted>) $n/($,( t(e E-' $s al/ays t(e sub&e,t '+ ,'ns,$'usness! Hen,e t(e,'n,lus$'n ,ann't be) 9I ,ann't e$st 't(er/$se t(an as sub&e,t94but 'nly 9I ,an) $n ,'-$tat$n- my e$sten,e) em*l'y my E-' 'nly as t(esub&e,t '+ t(e &ud-ement!9 3ut t($s $s an $dent$,al *r'*'s$t$'n) and

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t(r'/s n' l$-(t 'n t(e m'de '+ my e$sten,e!

T(at t($s +am'us ar-ument $s a mere *aral'-$sm) /$ll be *la$n t' any'ne /(' /$ll ,'ns$der t(e -eneral remar% /($,( *re,edes 'ur e*'s$t$'n'+ t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e *ure understand$n-) and t(e se,t$'n 'nn'umena! F'r $t /as t(ere *r'0ed t(at t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n-) /($,(,an e$st *er se5 'nly as a sub&e,t and ne0er as a *red$,ate)*'ssesses n' 'b&e,t$0e real$ty4 t(at $s t' say) /e ,an ne0er %n'/

/(et(er t(ere e$sts any 'b&e,t t' ,'rres*'nd t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n4,'nse.uently) t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $s n't($n- m're t(an a ,'n,e*t$'n) and+r'm $t /e der$0e n' *r'*er %n'/led-e! I+ t($s ,'n,e*t$'n $s t'$nd$,ate by t(e term substan,e) an 'b&e,t t(at ,an be -$0en) $+ $t$s t' be,'me a ,'-n$t$'n) /e must (a0e at t(e +'undat$'n '+ t(e,'-n$t$'n a *ermanent $ntu$t$'n) as t(e $nd$s*ensable ,'nd$t$'n '+ $ts'b&e,t$0e real$ty! F'r t(r'u-( $ntu$t$'n al'ne ,an an 'b&e,t be -$0en!3ut $n $nternal $ntu$t$'n t(ere $s n't($n- *ermanent) +'r t(e E-' $sbut t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ my t('u-(t! I+ t(en) /e a**eal merely t't('u-(t) /e ,ann't d$s,'0er t(e ne,essary ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e a**l$,at$'n'+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ substan,e5 t(at $s) '+ a sub&e,t e$st$n- *er se5t' t(e sub&e,t as a t($n%$n- be$n-! And t(us t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(es$m*le nature '+ substan,e) /($,( $s ,'nne,ted /$t( t(e 'b&e,t$0e

real$ty '+ t($s ,'n,e*t$'n) $s s('/n t' be als' $n0al$d) and t' be) $n+a,t) n't($n- m're t(an t(e l'-$,al .ual$tat$0e un$ty '+sel+5,'ns,$'usness $n t('u-(t4 /($lst /e rema$n *er+e,tly $-n'rant/(et(er t(e sub&e,t $s ,'m*'s$te 'r n't!

Re+utat$'n '+ t(e Ar-ument '+ "endelss'(n +'r t(e

Substant$al$ty 'r Permanen,e '+ t(e S'ul!

T($s a,ute *($l's'*(er eas$ly *er,e$0ed t(e $nsu++$,$en,y '+ t(e,'mm'n ar-ument /($,( attem*ts t' *r'0e t(at t(e s'ul5 $t be$n--ranted t(at $t $s a s$m*le be$n-5 ,ann't *er$s( by d$ss'lut$'n 'rde,'m*'s$t$'n4 (e sa/ $t $s n't $m*'ss$ble +'r $t t' ,ease t' be by

et$n,t$'n) 'r d$sa**earan,e! He endea0'ured t' *r'0e $n ($s P(aed')t(at t(e s'ul ,ann't be ann$($lated) by s('/$n- t(at a s$m*le be$n-,ann't ,ease t' e$st! Inasmu,( as) be sa$d) a s$m*le e$sten,e ,ann'td$m$n$s() n'r -radually l'se *'rt$'ns '+ $ts be$n-) and t(us be byde-rees redu,ed t' n't($n- =+'r $t *'ssesses n' *arts) and t(ere+'ren' mult$*l$,$ty>) bet/een t(e m'ment $n /($,( $t $s) and t(e m'ment $n/($,( $t $s n't) n' t$me ,an be d$s,'0ered5 /($,( $s $m*'ss$ble! 3utt($s *($l's'*(er d$d n't ,'ns$der t(at) -rant$n- t(e s'ul t' *'ssesst($s s$m*le nature) /($,( ,'nta$ns n' *arts eternal t' ea,( 't(er and,'nse.uently n' etens$0e .uant$ty) /e ,ann't re+use t' $t any lesst(an t' any 't(er be$n-) $ntens$0e .uant$ty) t(at $s) a de-ree '+real$ty $n re-ard t' all $ts +a,ult$es) nay) t' all t(at ,'nst$tutes$ts e$sten,e! 3ut t($s de-ree '+ real$ty ,an be,'me less and less

t(r'u-( an $n+$n$te ser$es '+ smaller de-rees! It +'ll'/s)t(ere+'re) t(at t($s su**'sed substan,e5 t($s t($n-) t(e *ermanen,e '+/($,( $s n't assured $n any 't(er /ay) may) $+ n't by de,'m*'s$t$'n)by -radual l'ss =rem$ss$'> '+ $ts *'/ers =,'nse.uently byelan-ues,en,e) $+ I may em*l'y t($s e*ress$'n>) be ,(an-ed $nt'n't($n-! F'r ,'ns,$'usness $tsel+ (as al/ays a de-ree) /($,( may belessened! C'nse.uently t(e +a,ulty '+ be$n- ,'ns,$'us may bed$m$n$s(ed4 and s' /$t( all 't(er +a,ult$es! T(e *ermanen,e '+ t(es'ul) t(ere+'re) as an 'b&e,t '+ t(e $nternal sense) rema$nsundem'nstrated) nay) e0en $ndem'nstrable! Its *ermanen,e $n l$+e $se0$dent) *er se) $nasmu,( as t(e t($n%$n- be$n- =as man> $s t' $tsel+)

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at t(e same t$me) an 'b&e,t '+ t(e eternal senses! 3ut t($s d'esn't aut('r$;e t(e rat$'nal *sy,('l'-$st t' a++$rm) +r'm mere,'n,e*t$'ns) $ts *ermanen,e bey'nd l$+e!B:

Clearness $s n't) as l'-$,$ans ma$nta$n) t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ are*resentat$'n! F'r a ,erta$n de-ree '+ ,'ns,$'usness) /($,( mayn't) ('/e0er) be su++$,$ent +'r re,'lle,t$'n) $s t' be met /$t( $nmany d$m re*resentat$'ns! F'r /$t('ut any ,'ns,$'usness at all) /e

s('uld n't be able t' re,'-n$;e any d$++eren,e $n t(e 'bs,urere*resentat$'ns /e ,'nne,t4 as /e really ,an d' /$t( many ,'n,e*t$'ns)su,( as t('se '+ r$-(t and &ust$,e) and t('se '+ t(e mus$,$an) /('str$%es at 'n,e se0eral n'tes $n $m*r'0$s$n- a *$e,e '+ mus$,! 3ut are*resentat$'n $s ,lear) $n /($,( 'ur ,'ns,$'usness $s su++$,$ent+'r t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ t(e d$++eren,e '+ t($s re*resentat$'n +r'm't(ers! I+ /e are 'nly ,'ns,$'us t(at t(ere $s a d$++eren,e) but aren't ,'ns,$'us '+ t(e d$++eren,e5 t(at $s) /(at t(e d$++eren,e $s5t(e re*resentat$'n must be termed 'bs,ure! T(ere $s) ,'nse.uently)an $n+$n$te ser$es '+ de-rees '+ ,'ns,$'usness d'/n t' $ts ent$red$sa**earan,e!

B: T(ere are s'me /(' t($n% t(ey (a0e d'ne en'u-( t' establ$s( a

ne/ *'ss$b$l$ty $n t(e m'de '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ s'uls) /(en t(ey(a0e s('/n t(at t(ere $s n' ,'ntrad$,t$'n $n t(e$r (y*'t(eses 'nt($s sub&e,t! Su,( are t('se /(' a++$rm t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t('u-(t5 '+/($,( t(ey (a0e n' 't(er %n'/led-e t(an /(at t(ey der$0e +r'm $tsuse $n ,'nne,t$n- em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'ns *resented $n t($s 'ur (umanl$+e5 a+ter t($s l$+e bas ,eased! 3ut $t $s 0ery easy t' embarrasst(em by t(e $ntr'du,t$'n '+ ,'unter5*'ss$b$l$t$es) /($,( rest u*'n.u$te as -''d a +'undat$'n! Su,() +'r eam*le) $s t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+t(e d$0$s$'n '+ a s$m*le substan,e $nt' se0eral substan,es4 and,'n0ersely) '+ t(e ,'al$t$'n '+ se0eral $nt' 'ne s$m*le substan,e!F'r) alt('u-( d$0$s$b$l$ty *resu**'ses ,'m*'s$t$'n) $t d'es n'tne,essar$ly re.u$re a ,'m*'s$t$'n '+ substan,es) but 'nly '+ t(ede-rees ='+ t(e se0eral +a,ult$es> '+ 'ne and t(e same substan,e!

N'/ /e ,an ,'-$tate all t(e *'/ers and +a,ult$es '+ t(e s'ul5 e0ent(at '+ ,'ns,$'usness5 as d$m$n$s(ed by 'ne (al+) t(e substan,est$ll rema$n$n-! In t(e same /ay /e ,an re*resent t' 'ursel0es /$t('ut,'ntrad$,t$'n) t($s 'bl$terated (al+ as *reser0ed) n't $n t(e s'ul)but /$t('ut $t4 and /e ,an bel$e0e t(at) as $n t($s ,ase e0ery!t($n- t(at $s real $n t(e s'ul) and (as a de-ree5 ,'nse.uently $tsent$re e$sten,e5 (as been (al0ed) a *art$,ular substan,e /'uldar$se 'ut '+ t(e s'ul! F'r t(e mult$*l$,$ty) /($,( (as been d$0$ded)+'rmerly e$sted) but n't as a mult$*l$,$ty '+ substan,es) but '+e0ery real$ty as t(e .uantum '+ e$sten,e $n $t4 and t(e un$ty '+substan,e /as merely a m'de '+ e$sten,e) /($,( by t($s d$0$s$'n al'ne(as been trans+'rmed $nt' a *lural$ty '+ subs$sten,e! In t(e samemanner se0eral s$m*le substan,es m$-(t ,'ales,e $nt' 'ne) /$t('ut

anyt($n- be$n- l'st e,e*t t(e *lural$ty '+ subs$sten,e) $nasmu,( ast(e 'ne substan,e /'uld ,'nta$n t(e de-ree '+ real$ty '+ all t(e+'rmer substan,es! Per(a*s) $ndeed) t(e s$m*le substan,es) /($,(a**ear under t(e +'rm '+ matter) m$-(t =n't $ndeed by a me,(an$,al'r ,(em$,al $n+luen,e u*'n ea,( 't(er) but by an un%n'/n $n+luen,e) '+/($,( t(e +'rmer /'uld be but t(e *(en'menal a**earan,e>) by means'+ su,( a dynam$,al d$0$s$'n '+ t(e *arent5s'uls) as $ntens$0e.uant$t$es) *r'du,e 't(er s'uls) /($le t(e +'rmer re*a$red t(e l'sst(us susta$ned /$t( ne/ matter '+ t(e same s'rt! I am +ar +r'mall'/$n- any 0alue t' su,( ,($meras4 and t(e *r$n,$*les '+ 'uranalyt$, (a0e ,learly *r'0ed t(at n' 't(er t(an an em*$r$,al use '+

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t(e ,ate-'r$es5 t(at '+ substan,e) +'r eam*le5 $s *'ss$ble! 3ut $+t(e rat$'nal$st $s b'ld en'u-( t' ,'nstru,t) 'n t(e mere aut('r$ty'+ t(e +a,ulty '+ t('u-(t5 /$t('ut any $ntu$t$'n) /(ereby an 'b&e,t $s-$0en5 a sel+5subs$stent be$n-) merely be,ause t(e un$ty '+a**er,e*t$'n $n t('u-(t ,ann't all'/ ($m t' bel$e0e $t a ,'m*'s$tebe$n-) $nstead '+ de,lar$n-) as (e 'u-(t t' d') t(at (e $s unable t'e*la$n t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a t($n%$n- nature4 /(at 'u-(t t' ($nder t(emater$al$st) /$t( as ,'m*lete an $nde*enden,e '+ e*er$en,e) t' em*l'y

t(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e rat$'nal$st $n a d$re,tly '**'s$te manner5st$ll *reser0$n- t(e +'rmal un$ty re.u$red by ($s '**'nent@

I+) n'/) /e ta%e t(e ab'0e *r'*'s$t$'ns5 as t(ey must be a,,e*ted as0al$d +'r all t($n%$n- be$n-s $n t(e system '+ rat$'nal *sy,('l'-y5 $nsynt(et$,al ,'nne,t$'n) and *r',eed) +r'm t(e ,ate-'ry '+ relat$'n)/$t( t(e *r'*'s$t$'n6 9All t($n%$n- be$n-s are) as su,()substan,es)9 ba,%/ards t(r'u-( t(e ser$es) t$ll t(e ,$r,le $s,'m*leted4 /e ,'me at last t' t(e$r e$sten,e) '+ /($,() $n t($ssystem '+ rat$'nal *sy,('l'-y) substan,es are (eld t' be ,'ns,$'us)$nde*endently '+ eternal t($n-s4 nay) $t $s asserted t(at) $nrelat$'n t' t(e *ermanen,e /($,( $s a ne,essary ,(ara,ter$st$, '+substan,e) t(ey ,an '+ t(emsel0es determ$ne eternal t($n-s! It

+'ll'/s t(at $deal$sm5 at least *r'blemat$,al $deal$sm) $s *er+e,tlyuna0'$dable $n t($s rat$'nal$st$, system! And) $+ t(e e$sten,e '+'ut/ard t($n-s $s n't (eld t' be re.u$s$te t' t(e determ$nat$'n '+ t(ee$sten,e '+ a substan,e $n t$me) t(e e$sten,e '+ t(ese 'ut/ardt($n-s at all) $s a -ratu$t'us assum*t$'n /($,( rema$ns /$t('ut t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ a *r''+!

3ut $+ /e *r',eed analyt$,ally5 t(e 9I t($n%9 as a *r'*'s$t$'n,'nta$n$n- $n $tsel+ an e$sten,e as -$0en) ,'nse.uently m'dal$tybe$n- t(e *r$n,$*le5 and d$sse,t t($s *r'*'s$t$'n) $n 'rder t'as,erta$n $ts ,'ntent) and d$s,'0er /(et(er and ('/ t($s E-'determ$nes $ts e$sten,e $n t$me and s*a,e /$t('ut t(e a$d '+ anyt($n-eternal4 t(e *r'*'s$t$'ns '+ rat$'nal$st$, *sy,('l'-y /'uld n't be-$n

/$t( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n%$n- be$n-) but /$t( a real$ty) and t(e*r'*ert$es '+ a t($n%$n- be$n- $n -eneral /'uld be dedu,ed +r'm t(em'de $n /($,( t($s real$ty $s ,'-$tated) a+ter e0eryt($n- em*$r$,al(ad been abstra,ted4 as $s s('/n $n t(e +'ll'/$n- table6

1

I t($n%)

B

as Sub&e,t) as s$m*le Sub&e,t)

as $dent$,al Sub&e,t)

$n e0ery state '+ my t('u-(t!

N'/) $nasmu,( as $t $s n't determ$ned $n t($s se,'nd *r'*'s$t$'n)/(et(er I ,an e$st and be ,'-$tated 'nly as sub&e,t) and n't als'as a *red$,ate '+ an't(er be$n-) t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a sub&e,t $s (ereta%en $n a merely l'-$,al sense4 and $t rema$ns undeterm$ned)/(et(er substan,e $s t' be ,'-$tated under t(e ,'n,e*t$'n 'r n't!

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3ut $n t(e t($rd *r'*'s$t$'n) t(e abs'lute un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n5t(e s$m*le E-' $n t(e re*resentat$'n t' /($,( all ,'nne,t$'n andse*arat$'n) /($,( ,'nst$tute t('u-(t) relate) $s '+ $tsel+$m*'rtant4 e0en alt('u-( $t *resents us /$t( n' $n+'rmat$'n ab'utt(e ,'nst$tut$'n 'r subs$sten,e '+ t(e sub&e,t! A**er,e*t$'n $ss'met($n- real) and t(e s$m*l$,$ty '+ $ts nature $s -$0en $n t(e0ery +a,t '+ $ts *'ss$b$l$ty! N'/ $n s*a,e t(ere $s n't($n- realt(at $s at t(e same t$me s$m*le4 +'r *'$nts) /($,( are t(e 'nly s$m*le

t($n-s $n s*a,e) are merely l$m$ts) but n't ,'nst$tuent *arts '+s*a,e! Fr'm t($s +'ll'/s t(e $m*'ss$b$l$ty '+ a de+$n$t$'n 'n t(ebas$s '+ mater$al$sm '+ t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ my E-' as a merelyt($n%$n- sub&e,t! 3ut) be,ause my e$sten,e $s ,'ns$dered $n t(e +$rst*r'*'s$t$'n as -$0en) +'r $t d'es n't mean) 9E0ery t($n%$n- be$n-e$sts9 =+'r t($s /'uld be *red$,at$n- '+ t(em abs'lute ne,ess$ty>)but 'nly) 9I e$st t($n%$n-94 t(e *r'*'s$t$'n $s .u$te em*$r$,al)and ,'nta$ns t(e determ$nab$l$ty '+ my e$sten,e merely $n relat$'n t'my re*resentat$'ns $n t$me! 3ut as I re.u$re +'r t($s *ur*'ses'met($n- t(at $s *ermanent) su,( as $s n't -$0en $n $nternal$ntu$t$'n4 t(e m'de '+ my e$sten,e) /(et(er as substan,e 'r asa,,$dent) ,ann't be determ$ned by means '+ t($s s$m*lesel+5,'ns,$'usness! T(us) $+ mater$al$sm $s $nade.uate t' e*la$n

t(e m'de $n /($,( I e$st) s*$r$tual$sm $s l$%e/$se as $nsu++$,$ent4and t(e ,'n,lus$'n $s t(at /e are utterly unable t' atta$n t' any%n'/led-e '+ t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ t(e s'ul) $n s' +ar as relates t' t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ $ts e$sten,e a*art +r'm eternal 'b&e,ts!

And) $ndeed) ('/ s('uld $t be *'ss$ble) merely by t(e a$d '+ t(eun$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness5 /($,( /e ,'-n$;e 'nly +'r t(e reas'n t(at $t$s $nd$s*ensable t' t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e5 t' *ass t(eb'unds '+ e*er$en,e ='ur e$sten,e $n t($s l$+e>4 and t' etend 'ur,'-n$t$'n t' t(e nature '+ all t($n%$n- be$n-s by means '+ t(eem*$r$,al5 but $n relat$'n t' e0ery s'rt '+ $ntu$t$'n) *er+e,tlyundeterm$ned5 *r'*'s$t$'n) 9I t($n%9@

T(ere d'es n't t(en e$st any rat$'nal *sy,('l'-y as a d',tr$ne+urn$s($n- any add$t$'n t' 'ur %n'/led-e '+ 'ursel0es! It $s n't($n-m're t(an a d$s,$*l$ne) /($,( sets $m*assable l$m$ts t' s*e,ulat$0ereas'n $n t($s re-$'n '+ t('u-(t) t' *re0ent $t) 'n t(e 'ne (and) +r'mt(r'/$n- $tsel+ $nt' t(e arms '+ a s'ulless mater$al$sm) and) 'n t(e't(er) +r'm l's$n- $tsel+ $n t(e ma;es '+ a baseless s*$r$tual$sm!It tea,(es us t' ,'ns$der t($s re+usal '+ 'ur reas'n t' -$0e anysat$s+a,t'ry ans/er t' .uest$'ns /($,( rea,( bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ t($s'ur (uman l$+e) as a ($nt t' aband'n +ru$tless s*e,ulat$'n4 and t'd$re,t) t' a *ra,t$,al use) 'ur %n'/led-e '+ 'ursel0es5 /($,()alt('u-( a**l$,able 'nly t' 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e) re,e$0es $ts*r$n,$*les +r'm a ($-(er s'ur,e) and re-ulates $ts *r',edure as $+ 'urdest$ny rea,(ed +ar bey'nd t(e b'undar$es '+ e*er$en,e and l$+e!

Fr'm all t($s $t $s e0$dent t(at rat$'nal *sy,('l'-y (as $ts'r$-$n $n a mere m$sunderstand$n-! T(e un$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness) /($,(l$es at t(e bas$s '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es) $s ,'ns$dered t' be an$ntu$t$'n '+ t(e sub&e,t as an 'b&e,t4 and t(e ,ate-'ry '+ substan,e$s a**l$ed t' t(e $ntu$t$'n! 3ut t($s un$ty $s n't($n- m're t(an t(eun$ty $n t('u-(t) by /($,( n' 'b&e,t $s -$0en4 t' /($,( t(ere+'ret(e ,ate-'ry '+ substan,e5 /($,( al/ays *resu**'ses a -$0en $ntu$t$'n5,ann't be a**l$ed! C'nse.uently) t(e sub&e,t ,ann't be ,'-n$;ed! T(esub&e,t '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es ,ann't) t(ere+'re) +'r t(e 0ery reas'nt(at $t ,'-$tates t(ese) +rame any ,'n,e*t$'n '+ $tsel+ as an 'b&e,t

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'+ t(e ,ate-'r$es4 +'r) t' ,'-$tate t(ese) $t must lay at t(e+'undat$'n $ts '/n *ure sel+5,'ns,$'usness5 t(e 0ery t($n- t(at $t/$s(es t' e*la$n and des,r$be! In l$%e manner) t(e sub&e,t) $n/($,( t(e re*resentat$'n '+ t$me (as $ts bas$s) ,ann't determ$ne)+'r t($s 0ery reas'n) $ts '/n e$sten,e $n t$me! N'/) $+ t(e latter $s$m*'ss$ble) t(e +'rmer) as an attem*t t' determ$ne $tsel+ by means'+ t(e ,ate-'r$es as a t($n%$n- be$n- $n -eneral) $s n' less s'!

T(e 9I t($n%9 $s) as (as been already stated) an em*$r$,al*r'*'s$t$'n) and ,'nta$ns t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9I e$st!9 3ut I ,ann'tsay) 9E0eryt($n-) /($,( t($n%s) e$sts94 +'r $n t($s ,ase t(e *r'*erty'+ t('u-(t /'uld ,'nst$tute all be$n-s *'ssess$n- $t) ne,essarybe$n- Hen,e my e$sten,e ,ann't be ,'ns$dered as an $n+eren,e +r'm t(e*r'*'s$t$'n) 9I t($n%)9 as #es,artes ma$nta$ned5 be,ause $n t($s,ase t(e ma&'r *rem$ss) 9E0eryt($n-) /($,( t($n%s) e$sts)9 must*re,ede5 but t(e t/' *r'*'s$t$'ns are $dent$,al! T(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9It($n%)9 e*resses an undeterm$ned em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n) t(at *er,e*t$'n=*r'0$n- ,'nse.uently t(at sensat$'n) /($,( must bel'n- t'sens$b$l$ty) l$es at t(e +'undat$'n '+ t($s *r'*'s$t$'n>4 but $t*re,edes e*er$en,e) /('se *r'0$n,e $t $s t' determ$ne an 'b&e,t '+*er,e*t$'n by means '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es $n relat$'n t' t$me4 and

e$sten,e $n t($s *r'*'s$t$'n $s n't a ,ate-'ry) as $t d'es n'ta**ly t' an undeterm$ned -$0en 'b&e,t) but 'nly t' 'ne '+ /($,( /e(a0e a ,'n,e*t$'n) and ab'ut /($,( /e /$s( t' %n'/ /(et(er $t d'es'r d'es n't e$st) 'ut '+) and a*art +r'm t($s ,'n,e*t$'n! Anundeterm$ned *er,e*t$'n s$-n$+$es (ere merely s'met($n- real t(at(as been -$0en) 'nly) ('/e0er) t' t('u-(t $n -eneral5 but n't as a*(en'men'n) n'r as a t($n- $n $tsel+ =n'umen'n>) but 'nly as s'met($n-t(at really e$sts) and $s des$-nated as su,( $n t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9It($n%!9 F'r $t must be remar%ed t(at) /(en I ,all t(e *r'*'s$t$'n)9I t($n%)9 an em*$r$,al *r'*'s$t$'n) I d' n't t(ereby mean t(at t(eE-' $n t(e *r'*'s$t$'n $s an em*$r$,al re*resentat$'n4 'n t(e,'ntrary) $t $s *urely $ntelle,tual) be,ause $t bel'n-s t' t('u-(t$n -eneral! 3ut /$t('ut s'me em*$r$,al re*resentat$'n) /($,(

*resents t' t(e m$nd mater$al +'r t('u-(t) t(e mental a,t) 9It($n%)9 /'uld n't ta%e *la,e4 and t(e em*$r$,al $s 'nly t(e,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e a**l$,at$'n 'r em*l'yment '+ t(e *ure $ntelle,tual+a,ulty!

T(us) t(en) a**ears t(e 0an$ty '+ t(e ('*e '+ establ$s($n- a,'-n$t$'n /($,( $s t' etend $ts rule bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ e*er$en,e5a ,'-n$t$'n /($,( $s 'ne '+ t(e ($-(est $nterests '+ (uman$ty4 andt(us $s *r'0ed t(e +ut$l$ty '+ t(e attem*t '+ s*e,ulat$0e *($l's'*(y$n t($s re-$'n '+ t('u-(t! 3ut) $n t($s $nterest '+ t('u-(t) t(ese0er$ty '+ ,r$t$,$sm (as rendered t' reas'n a n't un$m*'rtantser0$,e) by t(e dem'nstrat$'n '+ t(e $m*'ss$b$l$ty '+ ma%$n- anyd'-mat$,al a++$rmat$'n ,'n,ern$n- an 'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e bey'nd t(e

b'undar$es '+ e*er$en,e! S(e (as t(us +'rt$+$ed reas'n a-a$nst alla++$rmat$'ns '+ t(e ,'ntrary! N'/) t($s ,an be a,,'m*l$s(ed $n 'nlyt/' /ays! E$t(er 'ur *r'*'s$t$'n must be *r'0ed a*'de$,t$,ally4 'r) $+t($s $s unsu,,ess+ul) t(e s'ur,es '+ t($s $nab$l$ty must be s'u-(t+'r) and) $+ t(ese are d$s,'0ered t' e$st $n t(e natural andne,essary l$m$tat$'n '+ 'ur reas'n) 'ur '**'nents must subm$t t' t(esame la/ '+ renun,$at$'n and re+ra$n +r'm ad0an,$n- ,la$ms t' d'-mat$,assert$'n!

3ut t(e r$-(t) say rat(er t(e ne,ess$ty t' adm$t a +uture l$+e) u*'n*r$n,$*les '+ t(e *ra,t$,al ,'n&'$ned /$t( t(e s*e,ulat$0e use '+

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reas'n) (as l'st n't($n- by t($s renun,$at$'n4 +'r t(e merelys*e,ulat$0e *r''+ (as ne0er (ad any $n+luen,e u*'n t(e ,'mm'n reas'n'+ men! It stands u*'n t(e *'$nt '+ a (a$r) s' t(at e0en t(e s,(''ls(a0e been able t' *reser0e $t +r'm +all$n- 'nly by $n,essantlyd$s,uss$n- $t and s*$nn$n- $t l$%e a t'*4 and e0en $n t(e$r eyes $t(as ne0er been able t' *resent any sa+e +'undat$'n +'r t(e ere,t$'n '+a t(e'ry! T(e *r''+s /($,( (a0e been ,urrent am'n- men) *reser0e t(e$r0alue und$m$n$s(ed4 nay) rat(er -a$n $n ,learness and

uns'*($st$,ated *'/er) by t(e re&e,t$'n '+ t(e d'-mat$,alassum*t$'ns '+ s*e,ulat$0e reas'n! F'r reas'n $s t(us ,'n+$ned/$t($n (er '/n *e,ul$ar *r'0$n,e5 t(e arran-ement '+ ends 'r a$ms)/($,( $s at t(e same t$me t(e arran-ement '+ nature4 and) as a*ra,t$,al +a,ulty) /$t('ut l$m$t$n- $tsel+ t' t(e latter) $t $s&ust$+$ed $n etend$n- t(e +'rmer) and /$t( $t 'ur '/n e$sten,e)bey'nd t(e b'undar$es '+ e*er$en,e and l$+e! I+ /e turn 'ur attent$'nt' t(e anal'-y '+ t(e nature '+ l$0$n- be$n-s $n t($s /'rld) $n t(e,'ns$derat$'n '+ /($,( reas'n $s 'bl$-ed t' a,,e*t as a *r$n,$*le t(atn' 'r-an) n' +a,ulty) n' a**et$te $s useless) and t(at n't($n- $ssu*er+lu'us) n't($n- d$s*r'*'rt$'nate t' $ts use) n't($n- unsu$tedt' $ts end4 but t(at) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) e0eryt($n- $s *er+e,tly,'n+'rmed t' $ts dest$nat$'n $n l$+e5 /e s(all +$nd t(at man) /('

al'ne $s t(e +$nal end and a$m '+ t($s 'rder) $s st$ll t(e 'nly an$malt(at seems t' be e,e*ted +r'm $t! F'r ($s natural -$+ts5 n't merelyas re-ards t(e talents and m't$0es t(at may $n,$te ($m t' em*l'y t(em)but es*e,$ally t(e m'ral la/ $n ($m5 stret,( s' +ar bey'nd all mereeart(ly ut$l$ty and ad0anta-e) t(at (e +eels ($msel+ b'und t' *r$;et(e mere ,'ns,$'usness '+ *r'b$ty) a*art +r'm all ad0anta-e'us,'nse.uen,es5 e0en t(e s(ad'/y -$+t '+ *'st(um'us +ame5 ab'0ee0eryt($n-4 and (e $s ,'ns,$'us '+ an $n/ard ,all t' ,'nst$tute($msel+) by ($s ,'ndu,t $n t($s /'rld5 /$t('ut re-ard t' meresublunary $nterests5 t(e ,$t$;en '+ a better! T($s m$-(ty)$rres$st$ble *r''+5 a,,'m*an$ed by an e0er5$n,reas$n- %n'/led-e '+ t(e,'n+'rmab$l$ty t' a *ur*'se $n e0eryt($n- /e see ar'und us) by t(e,'n0$,t$'n '+ t(e b'undless $mmens$ty '+ ,reat$'n) by t(e

,'ns,$'usness '+ a ,erta$n $ll$m$tableness $n t(e *'ss$ble etens$'n'+ 'ur %n'/led-e) and by a des$re ,'mmensurate t(ere/$t(5 rema$ns t'(uman$ty) e0en a+ter t(e t(e'ret$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+ 'ursel0es bas +a$ledt' establ$s( t(e ne,ess$ty '+ an e$sten,e a+ter deat(!

C'n,lus$'n '+ t(e S'lut$'n '+ t(e

Psy,('l'-$,al Paral'-$sm!

T(e d$ale,t$,al $llus$'n $n rat$'nal *sy,('l'-y ar$ses +r'm 'ur,'n+'und$n- an $dea '+ reas'n ='+ a *ure $ntell$-en,e> /$t( t(e,'n,e*t$'n5 $n e0ery res*e,t undeterm$ned5 '+ a t($n%$n- be$n- $n-eneral! I ,'-$tate mysel+ $n be(al+ '+ a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) at

t(e same t$me ma%$n- abstra,t$'n '+ all a,tual e*er$en,e4 and $n+ert(ere+r'm t(at I ,an be ,'ns,$'us '+ mysel+ a*art +r'm e*er$en,eand $ts em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns! I ,'nse.uently ,'n+'und t(e *'ss$bleabstra,t$'n '+ my em*$r$,ally determ$ned e$sten,e /$t( t(e su**'sed,'ns,$'usness '+ a *'ss$ble se*arate e$sten,e '+ my t($n%$n- sel+4and I bel$e0e t(at I ,'-n$;e /(at $s substant$al $n mysel+ as atrans,endental sub&e,t) /(en I (a0e n't($n- m're $n t('u-(t t(an t(eun$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness) /($,( l$es at t(e bas$s '+ all determ$nat$'n'+ ,'-n$t$'n!

T(e tas% '+ e*la$n$n- t(e ,'mmun$ty '+ t(e s'ul /$t( t(e b'dy

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d'es n't *r'*erly bel'n- t' t(e *sy,('l'-y '+ /($,( /e are (eres*ea%$n-4 be,ause $t *r'*'ses t' *r'0e t(e *ers'nal$ty '+ t(e s'ula*art +r'm t($s ,'mmun$'n =a+ter deat(>) and $s t(ere+'re trans,endent$n t(e *r'*er sense '+ t(e /'rd) alt('u-( ',,u*y$n- $tsel+ /$t( an'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e5 'nly $n s' +ar) ('/e0er) as $t ,eases t' be an'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e! 3ut a su++$,$ent ans/er may be +'und t' t(e.uest$'n $n 'ur system! T(e d$++$,ulty /($,( l$es $n t(e ee,ut$'n'+ t($s tas% ,'ns$sts) as $s /ell %n'/n) $n t(e *resu**'sed

(eter'-ene$ty '+ t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(e $nternal sense =t(e s'ul> and t(e'b&e,ts '+ t(e eternal senses4 $nasmu,( as t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'n '+t(e $ntu$t$'n '+ t(e 'ne $s t$me) and '+ t(at '+ t(e 't(er s*a,e als'!3ut $+ /e ,'ns$der t(at b't( %$nds '+ 'b&e,ts d' n't d$++er$nternally) but 'nly $n s' +ar as t(e 'ne a**ears eternally t' t(e't(er5 ,'nse.uently) t(at /(at l$es at t(e bas$s '+ *(en'mena) as at($n- $n $tsel+) may n't be (eter'-ene'us4 t($s d$++$,ulty d$sa**ears!T(ere t(en rema$ns n' 't(er d$++$,ulty t(an $s t' be +'und $n t(e.uest$'n5 ('/ a ,'mmun$ty '+ substan,es $s *'ss$ble4 a .uest$'n/($,( l$es 'ut '+ t(e re-$'n '+ *sy,('l'-y) and /($,( t(e reader)a+ter /(at $n 'ur analyt$, (as been sa$d '+ *r$m$t$0e +'r,es and+a,ult$es) /$ll eas$ly &ud-e t' be als' bey'nd t(e re-$'n '+ (uman,'-n$t$'n!

ENERA< RE"ARK

On t(e Trans$t$'n +r'm Rat$'nal Psy,('l'-y t' C'sm'l'-y!

T(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9I t($n%)9 'r) 9I e$st t($n%$n-)9 $s anem*$r$,al *r'*'s$t$'n! 3ut su,( a *r'*'s$t$'n must be based 'nem*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n) and t(e 'b&e,t ,'-$tated as a *(en'men'n4 andt(us 'ur t(e'ry a**ears t' ma$nta$n t(at t(e s'ul) e0en $n t('u-(t) $smerely a *(en'men'n4 and $n t($s /ay 'ur ,'ns,$'usness $tsel+) $n+a,t) abuts u*'n n't($n-!

T('u-(t) *er se) $s merely t(e *urely s*'ntane'us l'-$,al +un,t$'n

/($,( '*erates t' ,'nne,t t(e man$+'ld '+ a *'ss$ble $ntu$t$'n4 and $td'es n't re*resent t(e sub&e,t '+ ,'ns,$'usness as a *(en'men'n5 +'rt($s reas'n al'ne) t(at $t *ays n' attent$'n t' t(e .uest$'n /(et(ert(e m'de '+ $ntu$t$n- $t $s sensu'us 'r $ntelle,tual! I t(ere+'re d'n't re*resent mysel+ $n t('u-(t e$t(er as I am) 'r as I a**ear t'mysel+4 I merely ,'-$tate mysel+ as an 'b&e,t $n -eneral) '+ t(em'de '+ $ntu$t$n- /($,( I ma%e abstra,t$'n! 2(en I re*resent mysel+ ast(e sub&e,t '+ t('u-(t) 'r as t(e -r'und '+ t('u-(t) t(ese m'des '+re*resentat$'n are n't related t' t(e ,ate-'r$es '+ substan,e 'r '+,ause4 +'r t(ese are +un,t$'ns '+ t('u-(t a**l$,able 'nly t' 'ursensu'us $ntu$t$'n! T(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t(ese ,ate-'r$es t' t(e E-'/'uld) ('/e0er) be ne,essary) $+ I /$s(ed t' ma%e mysel+ an 'b&e,t'+ %n'/led-e! 3ut I /$s( t' be ,'ns,$'us '+ mysel+ 'nly as t($n%$n-4

$n /(at m'de my Sel+ $s -$0en $n $ntu$t$'n) I d' n't ,'ns$der) and$t may be t(at I) /(' t($n%) am a *(en'men'n5 alt('u-( n't $n s' +aras I am a t($n%$n- be$n-4 but $n t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ mysel+ $n meret('u-(t I am a be$n-) t('u-( t($s ,'ns,$'usness d'es n't *resent t' meany *r'*erty '+ t($s be$n- as mater$al +'r t('u-(t!

3ut t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) 9I t($n%)9 $n s' +ar as $t de,lares) 9I e$stt($n%$n-)9 $s n't t(e mere re*resentat$'n '+ a l'-$,al +un,t$'n! Itdeterm$nes t(e sub&e,t =/($,( $s $n t($s ,ase an 'b&e,t als'> $nrelat$'n t' e$sten,e4 and $t ,ann't be -$0en /$t('ut t(e a$d '+ t(e$nternal sense) /('se $ntu$t$'n *resents t' us an 'b&e,t) n't as a

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t($n- $n $tsel+) but al/ays as a *(en'men'n! In t($s *r'*'s$t$'n t(ere$s t(ere+'re s'met($n- m're t' be +'und t(an t(e mere s*'ntane$ty '+t('u-(t4 t(ere $s als' t(e re,e*t$0$ty '+ $ntu$t$'n) t(at $s) myt('u-(t '+ mysel+ a**l$ed t' t(e em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n '+ mysel+! N'/)$n t($s $ntu$t$'n t(e t($n%$n- sel+ must see% t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(eem*l'yment '+ $ts l'-$,al +un,t$'ns as ,ate-'r$es '+ substan,e) ,ause)and s' +'rt(4 n't merely +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ d$st$n-u$s($n- $tsel+ asan 'b&e,t $n $tsel+ by means '+ t(e re*resentat$'n 9I)9 but als' +'r

t(e *ur*'se '+ determ$n$n- t(e m'de '+ $ts e$sten,e) t(at $s) '+,'-n$;$n- $tsel+ as n'umen'n! 3ut t($s $s $m*'ss$ble) +'r t(e $nternalem*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n $s sensu'us) and *resents us /$t( n't($n- but*(en'menal data) /($,( d' n't ass$st t(e 'b&e,t '+ *ure,'ns,$'usness $n $ts attem*t t' ,'-n$;e $tsel+ as a se*aratee$sten,e) but are use+ul 'nly as ,'ntr$but$'ns t' e*er$en,e!

3ut) let $t be -ranted t(at /e ,'uld d$s,'0er) n't $n e*er$en,e)but $n ,erta$n +$rmly5establ$s(ed a *r$'r$ la/s '+ t(e use '+ *urereas'n5 la/s relat$n- t' 'ur e$sten,e) aut('r$ty t' ,'ns$der'ursel0es as le-$slat$n- a *r$'r$ $n relat$'n t' 'ur '/n e$sten,e andas determ$n$n- t($s e$sten,e4 /e s('uld) 'n t($s su**'s$t$'n) +$nd'ursel0es *'ssessed '+ a s*'ntane$ty) by /($,( 'ur a,tual e$sten,e

/'uld be determ$nable) /$t('ut t(e a$d '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n! 2e s('uld als' be,'me a/are t(at $n t(e,'ns,$'usness '+ 'ur e$sten,e t(ere /as an a *r$'r$ ,'ntent) /($,(/'uld ser0e t' determ$ne 'ur '/n e$sten,e5 an e$sten,e 'nlysensu'usly determ$nable5 relat$0ely) ('/e0er) t' a ,erta$n $nternal+a,ulty $n relat$'n t' an $ntell$-$ble /'rld!

3ut t($s /'uld n't -$0e t(e least (el* t' t(e attem*ts '+ rat$'nal*sy,('l'-y! F'r t($s /'nder+ul +a,ulty) /($,( t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ t(em'ral la/ $n me re0eals) /'uld *resent me /$t( a *r$n,$*le '+ t(edeterm$nat$'n '+ my '/n e$sten,e /($,( $s *urely $ntelle,tual5 but by/(at *red$,ates@ 3y n'ne 't(er t(an t('se /($,( are -$0en $nsensu'us $ntu$t$'n! T(us I s('uld +$nd mysel+ $n t(e same *'s$t$'n

$n rat$'nal *sy,('l'-y /($,( I +'rmerly ',,u*$ed) t(at $s t' say) Is('uld +$nd mysel+ st$ll $n need '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'ns) $n 'rder t'-$0e s$-n$+$,an,e t' my ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ substan,e and ,ause) by means'+ /($,( al'ne I ,an *'ssess a %n'/led-e '+ mysel+6 but t(ese$ntu$t$'ns ,an ne0er ra$se me ab'0e t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e! I s('uldbe &ust$+$ed) ('/e0er) $n a**ly$n- t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns) $n re-ard t't(e$r *ra,t$,al use) /($,( $s al/ays d$re,ted t' 'b&e,ts '+e*er$en,e5 $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e$r anal'-$,al s$-n$+$,an,e /(enem*l'yed t(e'ret$,ally5 t' +reed'm and $ts sub&e,t! At t(e samet$me) I s('uld understand by t(em merely t(e l'-$,al +un,t$'ns '+sub&e,t and *red$,ate) '+ *r$n,$*le and ,'nse.uen,e) $n ,'n+'rm$ty/$t( /($,( all a,t$'ns are s' determ$ned) t(at t(ey are ,a*able '+be$n- e*la$ned al'n- /$t( t(e la/s '+ nature) ,'n+'rmably t' t(e

,ate-'r$es '+ substan,e and ,ause) alt('u-( t(ey 'r$-$nate +r'm a 0eryd$++erent *r$n,$*le! 2e (a0e made t(ese 'bser0at$'ns +'r t(e *ur*'se'+ -uard$n- a-a$nst m$sunderstand$n-) t' /($,( t(e d',tr$ne '+ 'ur$ntu$t$'n '+ sel+ as a *(en'men'n $s e*'sed! 2e s(all (a0e ',,as$'nt' *er,e$0e t(e$r ut$l$ty $n t(e se.uel!

CHAPTER II! T(e Ant$n'my '+ Pure Reas'n!

2e s('/ed $n t(e $ntr'du,t$'n t' t($s *art '+ 'ur /'r%) t(at alltrans,endental $llus$'n '+ *ure reas'n ar'se +r'm d$ale,t$,alar-uments) t(e s,(ema '+ /($,( l'-$, -$0es us $n $ts t(ree +'rmal

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s*e,$es '+ syll'-$sms5 &ust as t(e ,ate-'r$es +$nd t(e$r l'-$,als,(ema $n t(e +'ur +un,t$'ns '+ all &ud-ements! T(e +$rst %$nd '+t(ese s'*($st$,al ar-uments related t' t(e un,'nd$t$'ned un$ty '+t(e sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ all re*resentat$'ns $n -eneral ='+ t(esub&e,t 'r s'ul>) $n ,'rres*'nden,e /$t( t(e ,ate-'r$,al syll'-$sms)t(e ma&'r '+ /($,() as t(e *r$n,$*le) en'un,es t(e relat$'n '+ a*red$,ate t' a sub&e,t! T(e se,'nd %$nd '+ d$ale,t$,al ar-ument /$llt(ere+'re be ,'n,erned) +'ll'/$n- t(e anal'-y /$t( (y*'t(et$,al

syll'-$sms) /$t( t(e un,'nd$t$'ned un$ty '+ t(e 'b&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'ns$n t(e *(en'men'n4 and) $n t($s /ay) t(e t(eme '+ t(e t($rd %$nd t' betreated '+ $n t(e +'ll'/$n- ,(a*ter /$ll be t(e un,'nd$t$'ned un$ty '+t(e 'b&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ 'b&e,ts $n -eneral!

3ut $t $s /'rt(y '+ remar% t(at t(e trans,endental *aral'-$sm*r'du,ed $n t(e m$nd 'nly a 'ne5t($rd $llus$'n) $n re-ard t' t(e$dea '+ t(e sub&e,t '+ 'ur t('u-(t4 and t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n -a0en' -r'und t' ma$nta$n t(e ,'ntrary *r'*'s$t$'n! T(e ad0anta-e $s,'m*letely 'n t(e s$de '+ Pneumat$sm4 alt('u-( t($s t(e'ry $tsel+*asses $nt' nau-(t) $n t(e ,ru,$ble '+ *ure reas'n!

Dery d$++erent $s t(e ,ase /(en /e a**ly reas'n t' t(e 'b&e,t$0e

synt(es$s '+ *(en'mena! Here) ,erta$nly) reas'n establ$s(es) /$t( mu,(*laus$b$l$ty) $ts *r$n,$*le '+ un,'nd$t$'ned un$ty4 but $t 0ery s''n+alls $nt' su,( ,'ntrad$,t$'ns t(at $t $s ,'m*elled) $n relat$'n t','sm'l'-y) t' ren'un,e $ts *retens$'ns!

F'r (ere a ne/ *(en'men'n '+ (uman reas'n meets us5 a *er+e,tlynatural ant$t(et$,) /($,( d'es n't re.u$re t' be s'u-(t +'r bysubtle s'*($stry) but $nt' /($,( reas'n '+ $tsel+ una0'$dably +alls!It $s t(ereby *reser0ed) t' be sure) +r'm t(e slumber '+ a +an,$ed,'n0$,t$'n5 /($,( a merely 'ne5s$ded $llus$'n *r'du,es4 but $t $s att(e same t$me ,'m*elled) e$t(er) 'n t(e 'ne (and) t' aband'n $tsel+ t'a des*a$r$n- s,e*t$,$sm) 'r) 'n t(e 't(er) t' assume a d'-mat$,al,'n+$den,e and 'bst$nate *ers$sten,e $n ,erta$n assert$'ns) /$t('ut

-rant$n- a +a$r (ear$n- t' t(e 't(er s$de '+ t(e .uest$'n! E$t(er $st(e deat( '+ a s'und *($l's'*(y) alt('u-( t(e +'rmer m$-(t *er(a*sdeser0e t(e t$tle '+ t(e eut(anas$a '+ *ure reas'n!

3e+'re enter$n- t($s re-$'n '+ d$s,'rd and ,'n+us$'n) /($,( t(e,'n+l$,t '+ t(e la/s '+ *ure reas'n =ant$n'my> *r'du,es) /e s(all*resent t(e reader /$t( s'me ,'ns$derat$'ns) $n e*lanat$'n and&ust$+$,at$'n '+ t(e met('d /e $ntend t' +'ll'/ $n 'ur treatment '+t($s sub&e,t! I term all trans,endental $deas) $n s' +ar as t(eyrelate t' t(e abs'lute t'tal$ty $n t(e synt(es$s '+ *(en'mena),'sm$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns4 *artly 'n a,,'unt '+ t($s un,'nd$t$'nedt'tal$ty) 'n /($,( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e /'rld5/('le $s based5 a,'n,e*t$'n) /($,( $s $tsel+ an $dea5 *artly be,ause t(ey relate s'lely

t' t(e synt(es$s '+ *(en'mena5 t(e em*$r$,al synt(es$s4 /($le) 'nt(e 't(er (and) t(e abs'lute t'tal$ty $n t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e,'nd$t$'ns '+ all *'ss$ble t($n-s -$0es r$se t' an $deal '+ *urereas'n) /($,( $s .u$te d$st$n,t +r'm t(e ,'sm$,al ,'n,e*t$'n) alt('u-($t stands $n relat$'n /$t( $t! Hen,e) as t(e *aral'-$sms '+ *urereas'n la$d t(e +'undat$'n +'r a d$ale,t$,al *sy,('l'-y) t(eant$n'my '+ *ure reas'n /$ll *resent us /$t( t(e trans,endental*r$n,$*les '+ a *retended *ure =rat$'nal> ,'sm'l'-y5 n't) ('/e0er)t' de,lare $t 0al$d and t' a**r'*r$ate $t) but5 as t(e 0ery term '+a ,'n+l$,t '+ reas'n su++$,$ently $nd$,ates) t' *resent $t as an$dea /($,( ,ann't be re,'n,$led /$t( *(en'mena and e*er$en,e!

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SECTION I! System '+ C'sm'l'-$,al Ideas!

T(at 2e may be able t' enumerate /$t( systemat$, *re,$s$'n t(ese$deas a,,'rd$n- t' a *r$n,$*le) /e must remar%) $n t(e +$rst *la,e)t(at $t $s +r'm t(e understand$n- al'ne t(at *ure and trans,endental,'n,e*t$'ns ta%e t(e$r 'r$-$n4 t(at t(e reas'n d'es n't *r'*erly-$0e b$rt( t' any ,'n,e*t$'n) but 'nly +rees t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e

understand$n- +r'm t(e una0'$dable l$m$tat$'n '+ a *'ss$blee*er$en,e) and t(us endea0'urs t' ra$se $t ab'0e t(e em*$r$,al)t('u-( $t must st$ll be $n ,'nne,t$'n /$t( $t! T($s (a**ens +r'm t(e+a,t t(at) +'r a -$0en ,'nd$t$'ned) reas'n demands abs'lute t'tal$ty'n t(e s$de '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns =t' /($,( t(e understand$n- subm$tsall *(en'mena>) and t(us ma%es '+ t(e ,ate-'ry a trans,endental$dea! T($s $t d'es t(at $t may be able t' -$0e abs'lute ,'m*letenesst' t(e em*$r$,al synt(es$s) by ,'nt$nu$n- $t t' t(e un,'nd$t$'ned=/($,( $s n't t' be +'und $n e*er$en,e) but 'nly $n t(e $dea>! Reas'nre.u$res t($s a,,'rd$n- t' t(e *r$n,$*le6 I+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned $s-$0en t(e /('le '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns) and ,'nse.uently t(e abs'lutelyun,'nd$t$'ned) $s als' -$0en) /(ereby al'ne t(e +'rmer /as *'ss$ble!F$rst) t(en) t(e trans,endental $deas are *r'*erly n't($n- but

,ate-'r$es ele0ated t' t(e un,'nd$t$'ned4 and t(ey may be arran-ed$n a table a,,'rd$n- t' t(e t$tles '+ t(e latter! 3ut) se,'ndly) allt(e ,ate-'r$es are n't a0a$lable +'r t($s *ur*'se) but 'nly t('se $n/($,( t(e synt(es$s ,'nst$tutes a ser$es5 '+ ,'nd$t$'ns sub'rd$natedt') n't ,'5'rd$nated /$t() ea,( 't(er! Abs'lute t'tal$ty $s re.u$red'+ reas'n 'nly $n s' +ar as ,'n,erns t(e as,end$n- ser$es '+ t(e,'nd$t$'ns '+ a ,'nd$t$'ned4 n't) ,'nse.uently) /(en t(e .uest$'nrelates t' t(e des,end$n- ser$es '+ ,'nse.uen,es) 'r t' t(ea--re-ate '+ t(e ,'5'rd$nated ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(ese ,'nse.uen,es! F'r)$n relat$'n t' a -$0en ,'nd$t$'ned) ,'nd$t$'ns are *resu**'sed and,'ns$dered t' be -$0en al'n- /$t( $t! On t(e 't(er (and) as t(e,'nse.uen,es d' n't render *'ss$ble t(e$r ,'nd$t$'ns) but rat(er*resu**'se t(em5 $n t(e ,'ns$derat$'n '+ t(e *r',ess$'n '+

,'nse.uen,es ='r $n t(e des,ent +r'm t(e -$0en ,'nd$t$'n t' t(e,'nd$t$'ned>) /e may be .u$te un,'n,erned /(et(er t(e ser$es ,eases 'rn't4 and t(e$r t'tal$ty $s n't a ne,essary demand '+ reas'n!

T(us /e ,'-$tate5 and ne,essar$ly5 a -$0en t$me ,'m*letely ela*sedu* t' a -$0en m'ment) alt('u-( t(at t$me $s n't determ$nable by us!3ut as re-ards t$me +uture) /($,( $s n't t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ arr$0$n-at t(e *resent) $n 'rder t' ,'n,e$0e $t4 $t $s .u$te $nd$++erent/(et(er /e ,'ns$der +uture t$me as ,eas$n- at s'me *'$nt) 'r as*r'l'n-$n- $tsel+ t' $n+$n$ty! Ta%e) +'r eam*le) t(e ser$es m) n)') $n /($,( n $s -$0en as ,'nd$t$'ned $n relat$'n t' m) but at t(esame t$me as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ ') and let t(e ser$es *r',eed u*/ards+r'm t(e ,'nd$t$'ned n t' m =l) %) $) et,!>) and als' d'/n/ards +r'm

t(e ,'nd$t$'n n t' t(e ,'nd$t$'ned ' =*) .) r) et,!>5 I must*resu**'se t(e +'rmer ser$es) t' be able t' ,'ns$der n as -$0en) and n$s a,,'rd$n- t' reas'n =t(e t'tal$ty '+ ,'nd$t$'ns> *'ss$ble 'nly bymeans '+ t(at ser$es! 3ut $ts *'ss$b$l$ty d'es n't rest 'n t(e+'ll'/$n- ser$es ') *) .) r) /($,( +'r t($s reas'n ,ann't bere-arded as -$0en) but 'nly as ,a*able '+ be$n- -$0en =dab$l$s>!

I s(all term t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e ser$es 'n t(e s$de '+ t(e,'nd$t$'ns5 +r'm t(at nearest t' t(e -$0en *(en'men'n u* t' t(e m'rerem'te5 re-ress$0e4 t(at /($,( *r',eeds 'n t(e s$de '+ t(e,'nd$t$'ned) +r'm t(e $mmed$ate ,'nse.uen,e t' t(e m're rem'te) I

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s(all ,all t(e *r'-ress$0e synt(es$s! T(e +'rmer *r',eeds $nante,edent$a) t(e latter $n ,'nse.uent$a! T(e ,'sm'l'-$,al $deas aret(ere+'re ',,u*$ed /$t( t(e t'tal$ty '+ t(e re-ress$0e synt(es$s)and *r',eed $n ante,edent$a) n't $n ,'nse.uent$a! 2(en t(e latterta%es *la,e) $t $s an arb$trary and n't a ne,essary *r'blem '+ *urereas'n4 +'r /e re.u$re) +'r t(e ,'m*lete understand$n- '+ /(at $s-$0en $n a *(en'men'n) n't t(e ,'nse.uen,es /($,( su,,eed) but t(e-r'unds 'r *r$n,$*les /($,( *re,ede!

In 'rder t' ,'nstru,t t(e table '+ $deas $n ,'rres*'nden,e /$t(t(e table '+ ,ate-'r$es) /e ta%e +$rst t(e t/' *r$m$t$0e .uanta '+ all'ur $ntu$t$'ns) t$me and s*a,e! T$me $s $n $tsel+ a ser$es =and t(e+'rmal ,'nd$t$'n '+ all ser$es>) and (en,e) $n relat$'n t' a -$0en*resent) /e must d$st$n-u$s( a *r$'r$ $n $t t(e ante,edent$a as,'nd$t$'ns =t$me *ast> +r'm t(e ,'nse.uent$a =t$me +uture>!C'nse.uently) t(e trans,endental $dea '+ t(e abs'lute t'tal$ty '+t(e ser$es '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ a -$0en ,'nd$t$'ned) relates merely t'all *ast t$me! A,,'rd$n- t' t(e $dea '+ reas'n) t(e /('le *ast t$me)as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e -$0en m'ment) $s ne,essar$ly ,'-$tated as-$0en! 3ut) as re-ards s*a,e) t(ere e$sts $n $t n' d$st$n,t$'nbet/een *r'-ressus and re-ressus4 +'r $t $s an a--re-ate and n't a

ser$es5 $ts *arts e$st$n- t'-et(er at t(e same t$me! I ,an ,'ns$der a-$0en *'$nt '+ t$me $n relat$'n t' *ast t$me 'nly as ,'nd$t$'ned)be,ause t($s -$0en m'ment ,'mes $nt' e$sten,e 'nly t(r'u-( t(e *astt$me rat(er t(r'u-( t(e *ass$n- '+ t(e *re,ed$n- t$me! 3ut as t(e*arts '+ s*a,e are n't sub'rd$nated) but ,'5'rd$nated t' ea,( 't(er)'ne *art ,ann't be t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e 't(er4and s*a,e $s n't $n $tsel+) l$%e t$me) a ser$es! 3ut t(e synt(es$s'+ t(e man$+'ld *arts '+ s*a,e5 =t(e synt(eses /(ereby /e a**re(ends*a,e>5 $s ne0ert(eless su,,ess$0e4 $t ta%es *la,e) t(ere+'re) $nt$me) and ,'nta$ns a ser$es! And as $n t($s ser$es '+ a--re-ateds*a,es =+'r eam*le) t(e +eet $n a r''d>) be-$nn$n- /$t( a -$0en*'rt$'n '+ s*a,e) t('se /($,( ,'nt$nue t' be anneed +'rm t(e,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e l$m$ts '+ t(e +'rmer5 t(e measurement '+ a s*a,e must

als' be re-arded as a synt(es$s '+ t(e ser$es '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ a-$0en ,'nd$t$'ned! It d$++ers) ('/e0er) $n t($s res*e,t +r'm t(at '+t$me) t(at t(e s$de '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned $s n't $n $tsel+d$st$n-u$s(able +r'm t(e s$de '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'n4 and) ,'nse.uently)re-ressus and *r'-ressus $n s*a,e seem t' be $dent$,al! 3ut)$nasmu,( as 'ne *art '+ s*a,e $s n't -$0en) but 'nly l$m$ted) by andt(r'u-( an't(er) /e must als' ,'ns$der e0ery l$m$ted s*a,e as,'nd$t$'ned) $n s' +ar as $t *resu**'ses s'me 't(er s*a,e as t(e,'nd$t$'n '+ $ts l$m$tat$'n) and s' 'n! As re-ards l$m$tat$'n)t(ere+'re) 'ur *r',edure $n s*a,e $s als' a re-ressus) and t(etrans,endental $dea '+ t(e abs'lute t'tal$ty '+ t(e synt(es$s $n aser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns a**l$es t' s*a,e als'4 and I am ent$tled t'demand t(e abs'lute t'tal$ty '+ t(e *(en'menal synt(es$s $n s*a,e as

/ell as $n t$me! 2(et(er my demand ,an be sat$s+$ed $s a .uest$'n t'be ans/ered $n t(e se.uel!

Se,'ndly) t(e real $n s*a,e5 t(at $s) matter5 $s ,'nd$t$'ned! Its$nternal ,'nd$t$'ns are $ts *arts) and t(e *arts '+ *arts $ts rem'te,'nd$t$'ns4 s' t(at $n t($s ,ase /e +$nd a re-ress$0e synt(es$s) t(eabs'lute t'tal$ty '+ /($,( $s a demand '+ reas'n! 3ut t($s ,ann't be'bta$ned 't(er/$se t(an by a ,'m*lete d$0$s$'n '+ *arts) /(ereby t(ereal $n matter be,'mes e$t(er n't($n- 'r t(at /($,( $s n't matter)t(at $s t' say) t(e s$m*le! C'nse.uently /e +$nd (ere als' a ser$es '+,'nd$t$'ns and a *r'-ress t' t(e un,'nd$t$'ned!

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T($rdly) as re-ards t(e ,ate-'r$es '+ a real relat$'n bet/een*(en'mena) t(e ,ate-'ry '+ substan,e and $ts a,,$dents $s n't su$table+'r t(e +'rmat$'n '+ a trans,endental $dea4 t(at $s t' say) reas'n (asn' -r'und) $n re-ard t' $t) t' *r',eed re-ress$0ely /$t( ,'nd$t$'ns!F'r a,,$dents =$n s' +ar as t(ey $n(ere $n a substan,e> are,'5'rd$nated /$t( ea,( 't(er) and d' n't ,'nst$tute a ser$es! And)$n relat$'n t' substan,e) t(ey are n't *r'*erly sub'rd$nated t' $t)

but are t(e m'de '+ e$sten,e '+ t(e substan,e $tsel+! T(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e substant$al m$-(t ne0ert(eless seem t' be an $dea '+t(e trans,endental reas'n! 3ut) as t($s s$-n$+$es n't($n- m're t(ant(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t $n -eneral) /($,( subs$sts $n s' +ar as /e,'-$tate $n $t merely a trans,endental sub&e,t /$t('ut any *red$,ates4and as t(e .uest$'n (ere $s '+ an un,'nd$t$'ned $n t(e ser$es '+*(en'mena5 $t $s ,lear t(at t(e substant$al ,an +'rm n' membert(ere'+! T(e same ('lds -''d '+ substan,es $n ,'mmun$ty) /($,( aremere a--re-ates and d' n't +'rm a ser$es! F'r t(ey are n'tsub'rd$nated t' ea,( 't(er as ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ ea,('t(er4 /($,() ('/e0er) may be a++$rmed '+ s*a,es) t(e l$m$ts '+/($,( are ne0er determ$ned $n t(emsel0es) but al/ays by s'me 't(ers*a,e! It $s) t(ere+'re) 'nly $n t(e ,ate-'ry '+ ,ausal$ty t(at /e ,an

+$nd a ser$es '+ ,auses t' a -$0en e++e,t) and $n /($,( /e as,end +r'mt(e latter) as t(e ,'nd$t$'ned) t' t(e +'rmer as t(e ,'nd$t$'ns) andt(us ans/er t(e .uest$'n '+ reas'n!

F'urt(ly) t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$ble) t(e a,tual) and t(ene,essary d' n't ,'ndu,t us t' any ser$es5 e,e*t$n- 'nly $n s' +ar ast(e ,'nt$n-ent $n e$sten,e must al/ays be re-arded as ,'nd$t$'ned)and as $nd$,at$n-) a,,'rd$n- t' a la/ '+ t(e understand$n-) a,'nd$t$'n) under /($,( $t $s ne,essary t' r$se t' a ($-(er) t$ll $nt(e t'tal$ty '+ t(e ser$es) reas'n arr$0es at un,'nd$t$'ned ne,ess$ty!

T(ere are) a,,'rd$n-ly) 'nly +'ur ,'sm'l'-$,al $deas),'rres*'nd$n- /$t( t(e +'ur t$tles '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es! F'r /e ,an

sele,t 'nly su,( as ne,essar$ly +urn$s( us /$t( a ser$es $n t(esynt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld!

1

T(e abs'lute C'm*leteness

'+ t(e

CO"POSITION

'+ t(e -$0en t'tal$ty '+ all *(en'mena!

B


'+ t(e

#IDISION

'+ -$0en t'tal$ty $n a *(en'men'n!

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'+ t(e

ORIINATION

'+ a *(en'men'n!


'+ t(e #EPEN#ENCE '+ t(e EISTENCE

'+ /(at $s ,(an-eable $n a *(en'men'n!

2e must (ere remar%) $n t(e +$rst *la,e) t(at t(e $dea '+ abs'lutet'tal$ty relates t' n't($n- but t(e e*'s$t$'n '+ *(en'mena) andt(ere+'re n't t' t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t'tal$ty '+ t($n-s!P(en'mena are (ere) t(ere+'re) re-arded as -$0en) and reas'n

re.u$res t(e abs'lute ,'m*leteness '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e$r*'ss$b$l$ty) $n s' +ar as t(ese ,'nd$t$'ns ,'nst$tute a ser$es5,'nse.uently an abs'lutely =t(at $s) $n e0ery res*e,t> ,'m*letesynt(es$s) /(ereby a *(en'men'n ,an be e*la$ned a,,'rd$n- t' t(e la/s'+ t(e understand$n-!

Se,'ndly) $t $s *r'*erly t(e un,'nd$t$'ned al'ne t(at reas'n see%s$n t($s ser$ally and re-ress$0ely ,'ndu,ted synt(es$s '+ ,'nd$t$'ns!It /$s(es) t' s*ea% $n an't(er /ay) t' atta$n t' ,'m*leteness $n t(eser$es '+ *rem$sses) s' as t' render $t unne,essary t' *resu**'se't(ers! T($s un,'nd$t$'ned $s al/ays ,'nta$ned $n t(e abs'lutet'tal$ty '+ t(e ser$es) /(en /e endea0'ur t' +'rm a re*resentat$'n'+ $t $n t('u-(t! 3ut t($s abs'lutely ,'m*lete synt(es$s $s $tsel+ but

an $dea4 +'r $t $s $m*'ss$ble) at least be+'re (and) t' %n'/ /(et(erany su,( synt(es$s $s *'ss$ble $n t(e ,ase '+ *(en'mena! 2(en /ere*resent all e$sten,e $n t('u-(t by means '+ *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n-) /$t('ut any ,'nd$t$'ns '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) /e maysay /$t( &ust$,e t(at +'r a -$0en ,'nd$t$'ned t(e /('le ser$es '+,'nd$t$'ns sub'rd$nated t' ea,( 't(er $s als' -$0en4 +'r t(e +'rmer $s'nly -$0en t(r'u-( t(e latter! 3ut /e +$nd $n t(e ,ase '+ *(en'menaa *art$,ular l$m$tat$'n '+ t(e m'de $n /($,( ,'nd$t$'ns are -$0en)t(at $s) t(r'u-( t(e su,,ess$0e synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld '+$ntu$t$'n) /($,( must be ,'m*lete $n t(e re-ress! N'/ /(et(er t($s,'m*leteness $s sensu'usly *'ss$ble) $s a *r'blem! 3ut t(e $dea '+$t l$es $n t(e reas'n5 be $t *'ss$ble 'r $m*'ss$ble t' ,'nne,t /$t(t(e $dea ade.uate em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns! T(ere+'re) as $n t(e abs'lute

t'tal$ty '+ t(e re-ress$0e synt(es$s '+ t(e man$+'ld $n a *(en'men'n=+'ll'/$n- t(e -u$dan,e '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es) /($,( re*resent $t as aser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns t' a -$0en ,'nd$t$'ned> t(e un,'nd$t$'ned $sne,essar$ly ,'nta$ned5 $t be$n- st$ll le+t unas,erta$ned /(et(er and('/ t($s t'tal$ty e$sts4 reas'n sets 'ut +r'm t(e $dea '+ t'tal$ty)alt('u-( $ts *r'*er and +$nal a$m $s t(e un,'nd$t$'ned5 '+ t(e /('leser$es) 'r '+ a *art t(ere'+!

T($s un,'nd$t$'ned may be ,'-$tated5 e$t(er as e$st$n- 'nly $nt(e ent$re ser$es) all t(e members '+ /($,( t(ere+'re /'uld be /$t('ute,e*t$'n ,'nd$t$'ned and 'nly t(e t'tal$ty abs'lutely

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un,'nd$t$'ned5 and $n t($s ,ase t(e re-ressus $s ,alled $n+$n$te4 'rt(e abs'lutely un,'nd$t$'ned $s 'nly a *art '+ t(e ser$es) t' /($,(t(e 't(er members are sub'rd$nated) but /($,( Is n't $tsel+subm$tted t' any 't(er ,'nd$t$'n! In t(e +'rmer ,ase t(e ser$es $sa *arte *r$'r$ unl$m$ted =/$t('ut be-$nn$n->) t(at $s) $n+$n$te) andne0ert(eless ,'m*letely -$0en! 3ut t(e re-ress $n $t $s ne0er,'m*leted) and ,an 'nly be ,alled *'tent$ally $n+$n$te! In t(ese,'nd ,ase t(ere e$sts a +$rst $n t(e ser$es! T($s +$rst $s

,alled) $n relat$'n t' *ast t$me) t(e be-$nn$n- '+ t(e /'rld4 $nrelat$'n t' s*a,e) t(e l$m$t '+ t(e /'rld4 $n relat$'n t' t(e *arts '+a -$0en l$m$ted /('le) t(e s$m*le4 $n relat$'n t' ,auses) abs'lutes*'ntane$ty =l$berty>4 and $n relat$'n t' t(e e$sten,e '+,(an-eable t($n-s) abs'lute *(ys$,al ne,ess$ty!

T(e abs'lute t'tal$ty '+ t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns t' a -$0en,'nd$t$'ned $s al/ays un,'nd$t$'ned4 be,ause bey'nd $t t(ere e$stn' 't(er ,'nd$t$'ns) 'n /($,( $t m$-(t de*end! 3ut t(e abs'lutet'tal$ty '+ su,( a ser$es $s 'nly an $dea) 'r rat(er a *r'blemat$,al,'n,e*t$'n) t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ /($,( must be $n0est$-ated5*art$,ularly $n relat$'n t' t(e m'de $n /($,( t(e un,'nd$t$'ned) ast(e trans,endental $dea /($,( $s t(e real sub&e,t '+ $n.u$ry) may be

,'nta$ned t(ere$n!

2e *'ssess t/' e*ress$'ns) /'rld and nature) /($,( are -enerally$nter,(an-ed! T(e +$rst den'tes t(e mat(emat$,al t'tal '+ all*(en'mena and t(e t'tal$ty '+ t(e$r synt(es$s5 $n $ts *r'-ress bymeans '+ ,'m*'s$t$'n) as /ell as by d$0$s$'n! And t(e /'rld $stermed nature) /(en $t $s re-arded as a dynam$,al /('le5 /(en 'urattent$'n $s n't d$re,ted t' t(e a--re-at$'n $n s*a,e and t$me) +'rt(e *ur*'se '+ ,'-$tat$n- $t as a .uant$ty) but t' t(e un$ty $n t(ee$sten,e '+ *(en'mena! In t($s ,ase t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(at /($,((a**ens $s ,alled a ,ause4 t(e un,'nd$t$'ned ,ausal$ty '+ t(e ,ause $na *(en'men'n $s termed l$berty4 t(e ,'nd$t$'ned ,ause $s ,alled $n am're l$m$ted sense a natural ,ause! T(e ,'nd$t$'ned $n e$sten,e $s

termed ,'nt$n-ent) and t(e un,'nd$t$'ned ne,essary! T(eun,'nd$t$'ned ne,ess$ty '+ *(en'mena may be ,alled natural ne,ess$ty!

Nature) underst''d ad&e,t$0e =+'rmal$ter>) s$-n$+$es t(e ,'m*le '+t(e determ$nat$'ns '+ a t($n-) ,'nne,ted a,,'rd$n- t' an $nternal*r$n,$*le '+ ,ausal$ty! On t(e 't(er (and) /e understand by nature)substant$0e =mater$al$ter>) t(e sum t'tal '+ *(en'mena) $n s' +ar ast(ey) by 0$rtue '+ an $nternal *r$n,$*le '+ ,ausal$ty) are ,'nne,ted/$t( ea,( 't(er t(r'u-('ut! In t(e +'rmer sense /e s*ea% '+ t(e nature'+ l$.u$d matter) '+ +$re) et,!) and em*l'y t(e /'rd 'nly ad&e,t$0e4/($le) $+ s*ea%$n- '+ t(e 'b&e,ts '+ nature) /e (a0e $n 'ur m$ndst(e $dea '+ a subs$st$n- /('le!

T(e $deas /($,( /e are at *resent en-a-ed $n d$s,uss$n- I (a0e,alled ,'sm'l'-$,al $deas4 *artly be,ause by t(e term /'rld $sunderst''d t(e ent$re ,'ntent '+ all *(en'mena) and 'ur $deas ared$re,ted s'lely t' t(e un,'nd$t$'ned am'n- *(en'mena4 *artly als')be,ause /'rld) $n t(e trans,endental sense) s$-n$+$es t(e abs'lutet'tal$ty '+ t(e ,'ntent '+ e$st$n- t($n-s) and /e are d$re,t$n- 'urattent$'n 'nly t' t(e ,'m*leteness '+ t(e synt(es$s5 alt('u-()*r'*erly) 'nly $n re-ress$'n! In re-ard t' t(e +a,t t(at t(ese $deasare all trans,endent! and) alt('u-( t(ey d' n't trans,end *(en'mena asre-ards t(e$r m'de) but are ,'n,erned s'lely /$t( t(e /'rld '+ sense=and n't /$t( n'umena>) ne0ert(eless ,arry t(e$r synt(es$s t' a de-ree

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T(ese s'*($st$,al assert$'ns '+ d$ale,t$, '*en) as $t /ere) abattle5+$eld) /(ere t(at s$de 'bta$ns t(e 0$,t'ry /($,( (as been*erm$tted t' ma%e t(e atta,%) and (e $s ,'m*elled t' y$eld /(' (asbeen un+'rtunately 'bl$-ed t' stand 'n t(e de+ens$0e! And (en,e),(am*$'ns '+ ab$l$ty) /(et(er 'n t(e r$-(t 'r 'n t(e /r'n- s$de) are,erta$n t' ,arry a/ay t(e ,r'/n '+ 0$,t'ry) $+ t(ey 'nly ta%e ,aret' (a0e t(e r$-(t t' ma%e t(e last atta,%) and are n't 'bl$-ed t'

susta$n an't(er 'nset +r'm t(e$r '**'nent! 2e ,an eas$ly bel$e0et(at t($s arena (as been '+ten tram*led by t(e +eet '+ ,'mbatants)t(at many 0$,t'r$es (a0e been 'bta$ned 'n b't( s$des) but t(at t(elast 0$,t'ry) de,$s$0e '+ t(e a++a$r bet/een t(e ,'ntend$n- *art$es)/as /'n by ($m /(' +'u-(t +'r t(e r$-(t) 'nly $+ ($s ad0ersary /as+'rb$dden t' ,'nt$nue t(e t'urney! As $m*art$al um*$res) /e must layas$de ent$rely t(e ,'ns$derat$'n /(et(er t(e ,'mbatants are +$-(t$n-+'r t(e r$-(t 'r +'r t(e /r'n- s$de) +'r t(e true 'r +'r t(e +alse)and all'/ t(e ,'mbat t' be +$rst de,$ded! Per(a*s) a+ter t(ey (a0e/ear$ed m're t(an $n&ured ea,( 't(er) t(ey /$ll d$s,'0er t(en't($n-ness '+ t(e$r ,ause '+ .uarrel and *art -''d +r$ends!

T($s met('d '+ /at,($n-) 'r rat(er '+ 'r$-$nat$n-) a ,'n+l$,t '+

assert$'ns) n't +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ +$nally de,$d$n- $n +a0'ur '+e$t(er s$de) but t' d$s,'0er /(et(er t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(e stru--le $s n'ta mere $llus$'n) /($,( ea,( str$0es $n 0a$n t' rea,() but /($,(/'uld be n' -a$n e0en /(en rea,(ed5 t($s *r',edure) I say) may betermed t(e s,e*t$,al met('d! It $s t('r'u-(ly d$st$n,t +r'ms,e*t$,$sm5 t(e *r$n,$*le '+ a te,(n$,al and s,$ent$+$, $-n'ran,e)/($,( underm$nes t(e +'undat$'ns '+ all %n'/led-e) $n 'rder) $+*'ss$ble) t' destr'y 'ur bel$e+ and ,'n+$den,e t(ere$n! F'r t(es,e*t$,al met('d a$ms at ,erta$nty) by endea0'ur$n- t' d$s,'0er $n a,'n+l$,t '+ t($s %$nd) ,'ndu,ted ('nestly and $ntell$-ently 'n b't(s$des) t(e *'$nt '+ m$sunderstand$n-4 &ust as /$se le-$slat'rs der$0e)+r'm t(e embarrassment '+ &ud-es $n la/su$ts) $n+'rmat$'n $n re-ard t't(e de+e,t$0e and $ll5de+$ned *arts '+ t(e$r statutes! T(e ant$n'my

/($,( re0eals $tsel+ $n t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ la/s) $s +'r 'ur l$m$ted/$sd'm t(e best ,r$ter$'n '+ le-$slat$'n! F'r t(e attent$'n '+ reas'n)/($,( $n abstra,t s*e,ulat$'n d'es n't eas$ly be,'me ,'ns,$'us '+$ts err'rs) $s t(us r'used t' t(e m'menta $n t(e determ$nat$'n '+$ts *r$n,$*les!

3ut t($s s,e*t$,al met('d $s essent$ally *e,ul$ar t'trans,endental *($l's'*(y) and ,an *er(a*s be d$s*ensed /$t( $ne0ery 't(er +$eld '+ $n0est$-at$'n! In mat(emat$,s $ts use /'uld beabsurd4 be,ause $n $t n' +alse assert$'ns ,an l'n- rema$n ($dden)$nasmu,( as $ts dem'nstrat$'ns must al/ays *r',eed under t(e-u$dan,e '+ *ure $ntu$t$'n) and by means '+ an al/ays e0$dentsynt(es$s! In e*er$mental *($l's'*(y) d'ubt and delay may be 0ery

use+ul4 but n' m$sunderstand$n- $s *'ss$ble) /($,( ,ann't be eas$lyrem'0ed4 and $n e*er$en,e means '+ s'l0$n- t(e d$++$,ulty and *utt$n-an end t' t(e d$ssens$'n must at last be +'und) /(et(er s''ner 'rlater! "'ral *($l's'*(y ,an al/ays e($b$t $ts *r$n,$*les) /$t(t(e$r *ra,t$,al ,'nse.uen,es) $n ,'n,ret'5 at least $n *'ss$blee*er$en,es) and t(us es,a*e t(e m$sta%es and amb$-u$t$es '+abstra,t$'n! 3ut trans,endental *r'*'s$t$'ns) /($,( lay ,la$m t'$ns$-(t bey'nd t(e re-$'n '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) ,ann't) 'n t(e 'ne(and) e($b$t t(e$r abstra,t synt(es$s $n any a *r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n) n'r)'n t(e 't(er) e*'se a lur%$n- err'r by t(e (el* '+ e*er$en,e!Trans,endental reas'n) t(ere+'re) *resents us /$t( n' 't(er

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,r$ter$'n t(an t(at '+ an attem*t t' re,'n,$le su,( assert$'ns) and+'r t($s *ur*'se t' *erm$t a +ree and unrestra$ned ,'n+l$,t bet/eent(em! And t($s /e n'/ *r',eed t' arran-e!

T(e ant$n'm$es stand $n t(e 'rder '+ t(e +'ur trans,endental$deas ab'0e deta$led!

FIRST CONF<ICT OF THE TRANSCEN#ENTA< I#EAS!

THESIS!

T(e /'rld (as a be-$nn$n- $n t$me) and $s als' l$m$ted $nre-ard t' s*a,e!

PROOF!

ranted t(at t(e /'rld (as n' be-$nn$n- $n t$me4 u* t' e0ery -$0enm'ment '+ t$me) an etern$ty must (a0e ela*sed) and t(ere/$t( *asseda/ay an $n+$n$te ser$es '+ su,,ess$0e ,'nd$t$'ns 'r states '+ t($n-s$n t(e /'rld! N'/ t(e $n+$n$ty '+ a ser$es ,'ns$sts $n t(e +a,t t(at$t ne0er ,an be ,'m*leted by means '+ a su,,ess$0e synt(es$s! It

+'ll'/s t(at an $n+$n$te ser$es already ela*sed $s $m*'ss$ble andt(at) ,'nse.uently) a be-$nn$n- '+ t(e /'rld $s a ne,essary,'nd$t$'n '+ $ts e$sten,e! And t($s /as t(e +$rst t($n- t' be *r'0ed!

As re-ards t(e se,'nd) let us ta%e t(e '**'s$te +'r -ranted! In t($s,ase) t(e /'rld must be an $n+$n$te -$0en t'tal '+ ,'e$stentt($n-s! N'/ /e ,ann't ,'-$tate t(e d$mens$'ns '+ a .uant$ty) /($,($s n't -$0en /$t($n ,erta$n l$m$ts '+ an $ntu$t$'n) $n any 't(er/ay t(an by means '+ t(e synt(es$s '+ $ts *arts) and t(e t'tal '+ su,(a .uant$ty 'nly by means '+ a ,'m*leted synt(es$s) 'r t(e re*eatedadd$t$'n '+ un$ty t' $tsel+! A,,'rd$n-ly) t' ,'-$tate t(e /'rld) /($,(+$lls all s*a,es) as a /('le) t(e su,,ess$0e synt(es$s '+ t(e *arts '+an $n+$n$te /'rld must be l''%ed u*'n as ,'m*leted) t(at $s t' say) an

$n+$n$te t$me must be re-arded as (a0$n- ela*sed $n t(e enumerat$'n '+all ,'5e$st$n- t($n-s4 /($,( $s $m*'ss$ble! F'r t($s reas'n an$n+$n$te a--re-ate '+ a,tual t($n-s ,ann't be ,'ns$dered as a -$0en/('le) ,'nse.uently) n't as a ,'ntem*'rane'usly -$0en /('le! T(e /'rld$s ,'nse.uently) as re-ards etens$'n $n s*a,e) n't $n+$n$te) buten,l'sed $n l$m$ts! And t($s /as t(e se,'nd t($n- t' be *r'0ed!

2e may ,'ns$der an undeterm$ned .uant$ty as a /('le) /(en $t $sen,l'sed /$t($n l$m$ts) alt('u-( /e ,ann't ,'nstru,t 'r as,erta$n$ts t'tal$ty by measurement) t(at $s) by t(e su,,ess$0e synt(es$s '+$ts *arts! F'r $ts l$m$ts '+ t(emsel0es determ$ne $ts ,'m*letenessas a /('le!

ANTITHESIS!

T(e /'rld (as n' be-$nn$n-) and n' l$m$ts $n s*a,e) but $s) $nrelat$'n b't( t' t$me and s*a,e) $n+$n$te!

PROOF!

F'r let $t be -ranted t(at $t (as a be-$nn$n-! A be-$nn$n- $s ane$sten,e /($,( $s *re,eded by a t$me $n /($,( t(e t($n- d'es n'te$st! On t(e ab'0e su**'s$t$'n) $t +'ll'/s t(at t(ere must (a0ebeen a t$me $n /($,( t(e /'rld d$d n't e$st) t(at $s) a 0'$d t$me!

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3ut $n a 0'$d t$me t(e 'r$-$nat$'n '+ a t($n- $s $m*'ss$ble4 be,ausen' *art '+ any su,( t$me ,'nta$ns a d$st$n,t$0e ,'nd$t$'n '+ be$n-) $n*re+eren,e t' t(at '+ n'n5be$n- =/(et(er t(e su**'sed t($n-'r$-$nate '+ $tsel+) 'r by means '+ s'me 't(er ,ause>! C'nse.uently)many ser$es '+ t($n-s may (a0e a be-$nn$n- $n t(e /'rld) but t(e /'rld$tsel+ ,ann't (a0e a be-$nn$n-) and $s) t(ere+'re) $n relat$'n t' *astt$me) $n+$n$te!

As re-ards t(e se,'nd statement) let us +$rst ta%e t(e '**'s$te+'r -ranted5 t(at t(e /'rld $s +$n$te and l$m$ted $n s*a,e4 $t +'ll'/st(at $t must e$st $n a 0'$d s*a,e) /($,( $s n't l$m$ted! 2e s('uldt(ere+'re meet n't 'nly /$t( a relat$'n '+ t($n-s $n s*a,e) but als' arelat$'n '+ t($n-s t' s*a,e! N'/) as t(e /'rld $s an abs'lute /('le)'ut '+ and bey'nd /($,( n' 'b&e,t '+ $ntu$t$'n) and ,'nse.uently n','rrelate t' /($,( ,an be d$s,'0ered) t($s relat$'n '+ t(e /'rld t'a 0'$d s*a,e $s merely a relat$'n t' n' 'b&e,t! 3ut su,( a relat$'n)and ,'nse.uently t(e l$m$tat$'n '+ t(e /'rld by 0'$d s*a,e) $sn't($n-! C'nse.uently) t(e /'rld) as re-ards s*a,e) $s n't l$m$ted)t(at $s) $t $s $n+$n$te $n re-ard t' etens$'n!

S*a,e $s merely t(e +'rm '+ eternal $ntu$t$'n =+'rmal

$ntu$t$'n>) and n't a real 'b&e,t /($,( ,an be eternally *er,e$0ed!S*a,e) *r$'r t' all t($n-s /($,( determ$ne $t =+$ll 'r l$m$t $t>)'r) rat(er) /($,( *resent an em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n ,'n+'rmable t' $t)$s) under t(e t$tle '+ abs'lute s*a,e) n't($n- but t(e mere*'ss$b$l$ty '+ eternal *(en'mena) $n s' +ar as t(ey e$t(er e$st $nt(emsel0es) 'r ,an anne t(emsel0es t' -$0en $ntu$t$'ns! Em*$r$,al$ntu$t$'n $s t(ere+'re n't a ,'m*'s$t$'n '+ *(en'mena and s*a,e ='+*er,e*t$'n and em*ty $ntu$t$'n>! T(e 'ne $s n't t(e ,'rrelate '+ t(e't(er $n a synt(es$s) but t(ey are 0$tally ,'nne,ted $n t(e sameem*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n) as matter and +'rm! I+ /e /$s( t' set 'ne '+t(ese t/' a*art +r'm t(e 't(er5 s*a,e +r'm *(en'mena5 t(ere ar$seall s'rts '+ em*ty determ$nat$'ns '+ eternal $ntu$t$'n) /($,( are0ery +ar +r'm be$n- *'ss$ble *er,e*t$'ns! F'r eam*le) m't$'n 'r

rest '+ t(e /'rld $n an $n+$n$te em*ty s*a,e) 'r a determ$nat$'n '+t(e mutual relat$'n '+ b't() ,ann't *'ss$bly be *er,e$0ed) and $st(ere+'re merely t(e *red$,ate '+ a n't$'nal ent$ty!

O3SERDATIONS ON THE FIRST ANTINO"J!

ON THE THESIS!

In br$n-$n- +'r/ard t(ese ,'n+l$,t$n- ar-uments) I (a0e n't been'n t(e sear,( +'r s'*($sms) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ a0a$l$n- mysel+ '+s*e,$al *lead$n-) /($,( ta%es ad0anta-e '+ t(e ,arelessness '+ t(e'**'s$te *arty) a**eals t' a m$sunderst''d statute) and ere,ts $tsunr$-(te'us ,la$ms u*'n an un+a$r $nter*retat$'n! 3't( *r''+s

'r$-$nate +a$rly +r'm t(e nature '+ t(e ,ase) and t(e ad0anta-e*resented by t(e m$sta%es '+ t(e d'-mat$sts '+ b't( *art$es (as been,'m*letely set as$de!

T(e t(es$s m$-(t als' (a0e been un+a$rly dem'nstrated) by t(e$ntr'du,t$'n '+ an err'ne'us ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e $n+$n$ty '+ a -$0en.uant$ty! A .uant$ty $s $n+$n$te) $+ a -reater t(an $tsel+ ,ann't*'ss$bly e$st! T(e .uant$ty $s measured by t(e number '+ -$0en un$ts5/($,( are ta%en as a standard5 ,'nta$ned $n $t! N'/ n' number ,an bet(e -reatest) be,ause 'ne 'r m're un$ts ,an al/ays be added! It+'ll'/s t(at an $n+$n$te -$0en .uant$ty) ,'nse.uently an $n+$n$te

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/'rld =b't( as re-ards t$me and etens$'n> $s $m*'ss$ble! It $s)t(ere+'re) l$m$ted $n b't( res*e,ts! In t($s manner I m$-(t (a0e,'ndu,ted my *r''+4 but t(e ,'n,e*t$'n -$0en $n $t d'es n't a-ree /$t(t(e true ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an $n+$n$te /('le! In t($s t(ere $s n're*resentat$'n '+ $ts .uant$ty) $t $s n't sa$d ('/ lar-e $t $s4,'nse.uently $ts ,'n,e*t$'n $s n't t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a ma$mum! 2e,'-$tate $n $t merely $ts relat$'n t' an arb$trar$ly assumed un$t)$n relat$'n t' /($,( $t $s -reater t(an any number! N'/) &ust as t(e

un$t /($,( $s ta%en $s -reater 'r smaller) t(e $n+$n$te /$ll be-reater 'r smaller4 but t(e $n+$n$ty) /($,( ,'ns$sts merely $n t(erelat$'n t' t($s -$0en un$t) must rema$n al/ays t(e same) alt('u-( t(eabs'lute .uant$ty '+ t(e /('le $s n't t(ereby ,'-n$;ed!

T(e true =trans,endental> ,'n,e*t$'n '+ $n+$n$ty $s6 t(at t(esu,,ess$0e synt(es$s '+ un$ty $n t(e measurement '+ a -$0en .uantum,an ne0er be ,'m*leted! Hen,e $t +'ll'/s) /$t('ut *'ss$b$l$ty '+m$sta%e) t(at an etern$ty '+ a,tual su,,ess$0e states u* t' a -$0en=t(e *resent> m'ment ,ann't (a0e ela*sed) and t(at t(e /'rld mustt(ere+'re (a0e a be-$nn$n-!

T(e .uantum $n t($s sense ,'nta$ns a ,'n-er$es '+ -$0en un$ts)

/($,( $s -reater t(an any number5 and t($s $s t(e mat(emat$,al,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e $n+$n$te!

In re-ard t' t(e se,'nd *art '+ t(e t(es$s) t(e d$++$,ulty as t'an $n+$n$te and yet ela*sed ser$es d$sa**ears4 +'r t(e man$+'ld '+ a/'rld $n+$n$te $n etens$'n $s ,'ntem*'rane'usly -$0en! 3ut) $n'rder t' ,'-$tate t(e t'tal '+ t($s man$+'ld) as /e ,ann't (a0e t(ea$d '+ l$m$ts ,'nst$tut$n- by t(emsel0es t($s t'tal $n $ntu$t$'n) /eare 'bl$-ed t' -$0e s'me a,,'unt '+ 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n) /($,( $n t($s ,ase,ann't *r',eed +r'm t(e /('le t' t(e determ$ned .uant$ty '+ t(e *arts)but must dem'nstrate t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a /('le by means '+ asu,,ess$0e synt(es$s '+ t(e *arts! 3ut as t($s synt(es$s must,'nst$tute a ser$es t(at ,ann't be ,'m*leted) $t $s $m*'ss$ble +'r

us t' ,'-$tate *r$'r t' $t) and ,'nse.uently n't by means '+ $t) at'tal$ty! F'r t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t'tal$ty $tsel+ $s $n t(e *resent ,aset(e re*resentat$'n '+ a ,'m*leted synt(es$s '+ t(e *arts4 and t($s,'m*let$'n) and ,'nse.uently $ts ,'n,e*t$'n) $s $m*'ss$ble!

ON THE ANTITHESIS!

T(e *r''+ $n +a0'ur '+ t(e $n+$n$ty '+ t(e ,'sm$,al su,,ess$'n andt(e ,'sm$,al ,'ntent $s based u*'n t(e ,'ns$derat$'n t(at) $n t(e'**'s$te ,ase) a 0'$d t$me and a 0'$d s*a,e must ,'nst$tute t(e l$m$ts'+ t(e /'rld! N'/ I am n't una/are) t(at t(ere are s'me /ays '+es,a*$n- t($s ,'n,lus$'n! It may) +'r eam*le) be alle-ed) t(at al$m$t t' t(e /'rld) as re-ards b't( s*a,e and t$me) $s .u$te *'ss$ble)

/$t('ut at t(e same t$me ('ld$n- t(e e$sten,e '+ an abs'lute t$mebe+'re t(e be-$nn$n- '+ t(e /'rld) 'r an abs'lute s*a,e etend$n-bey'nd t(e a,tual /'rld5 /($,( $s $m*'ss$ble! I am .u$te /ellsat$s+$ed /$t( t(e latter *art '+ t($s '*$n$'n '+ t(e *($l's'*(ers'+ t(e <e$bn$t;$an s,(''l! S*a,e $s merely t(e +'rm '+ eternal$ntu$t$'n) but n't a real 'b&e,t /($,( ,an $tsel+ be eternally$ntu$ted4 $t $s n't a ,'rrelate '+ *(en'mena) $t $s t(e +'rm '+*(en'mena $tsel+! S*a,e) t(ere+'re) ,ann't be re-arded as abs'lutelyand $n $tsel+ s'met($n- determ$nat$0e '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ t($n-s)be,ause $t $s n't $tsel+ an 'b&e,t) but 'nly t(e +'rm '+ *'ss$ble'b&e,ts! C'nse.uently) t($n-s) as *(en'mena) determ$ne s*a,e4 t(at

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$s t' say) t(ey render $t *'ss$ble t(at) '+ all t(e *'ss$ble*red$,ates '+ s*a,e =s$;e and relat$'n>) ,erta$n may bel'n- t'real$ty! 3ut /e ,ann't a++$rm t(e ,'n0erse) t(at s*a,e) as s'met($n-sel+5subs$stent) ,an determ$ne real t($n-s $n re-ard t' s$;e 'r s(a*e)+'r $t $s $n $tsel+ n't a real t($n-! S*a,e =+$lled 'r 0'$d> mayt(ere+'re be l$m$ted by *(en'mena) but *(en'mena ,ann't be l$m$tedby an em*ty s*a,e /$t('ut t(em! T($s $s true '+ t$me als'! All t($sbe$n- -ranted) $t $s ne0ert(eless $nd$s*utable) t(at /e must assume

t(ese t/' n'nent$t$es) 0'$d s*a,e /$t('ut and 0'$d t$me be+'re t(e/'rld) $+ /e assume t(e e$sten,e '+ ,'sm$,al l$m$ts) relat$0ely t's*a,e 'r t$me!

It $s e0$dent t(at /(at $s meant (ere $s) t(at em*ty s*a,e) $n s'+ar as $t $s l$m$ted by *(en'mena5 s*a,e) t(at $s) /$t($n t(e /'rld5d'es n't at least ,'ntrad$,t trans,endental *r$n,$*les) and mayt(ere+'re) as re-ards t(em) be adm$tted) alt('u-( $ts *'ss$b$l$ty,ann't 'n t(at a,,'unt be a++$rmed!

F'r) as re-ards t(e subter+u-e ad'*ted by t('se /(' endea0'ur t'e0ade t(e ,'nse.uen,e5 t(at) $+ t(e /'rld $s l$m$ted as t' s*a,e andt$me) t(e $n+$n$te 0'$d must determ$ne t(e e$sten,e '+ a,tual

t($n-s $n re-ard t' t(e$r d$mens$'ns5 $t ar$ses s'lely +r'm t(e +a,tt(at $nstead '+ a sensu'us /'rld) an $ntell$-$ble /'rld5 '+ /($,(n't($n- $s %n'/n5 $s ,'-$tated4 $nstead '+ a real be-$nn$n- =ane$sten,e) /($,( $s *re,eded by a *er$'d $n /($,( n't($n- e$sts>)an e$sten,e /($,( *resu**'ses n' 't(er ,'nd$t$'n t(an t(at '+ t$me4and) $nstead '+ l$m$ts '+ etens$'n) b'undar$es '+ t(e un$0erse! 3utt(e .uest$'n relates t' t(e mundus *(aen'men'n) and $ts .uant$ty4and $n t($s ,ase /e ,ann't ma%e abstra,t$'n '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+sens$b$l$ty) /$t('ut d'$n- a/ay /$t( t(e essent$al real$ty '+ t($s/'rld $tsel+! T(e /'rld '+ sense) $+ $t $s l$m$ted) must ne,essar$lyl$e $n t(e $n+$n$te 0'$d! I+ t($s) and /$t( $t s*a,e as t(e a *r$'r$,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ *(en'mena) $s le+t 'ut '+ 0$e/) t(e/('le /'rld '+ sense d$sa**ears! In 'ur *r'blem $s t($s al'ne

,'ns$dered as -$0en! T(e mundus $ntell$-$b$l$s $s n't($n- but t(e-eneral ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a /'rld) $n /($,( abstra,t$'n (as been made '+all ,'nd$t$'ns '+ $ntu$t$'n) and $n relat$'n t' /($,( n' synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'n5 e$t(er a++$rmat$0e 'r ne-at$0e5 $s *'ss$ble!

SECON# CONF<ICT OF TRANSCEN#ENTA< I#EAS!

THESIS!

E0ery ,'m*'s$te substan,e $n t(e /'rld ,'ns$sts '+ s$m*le *arts4 andt(ere e$sts n't($n- t(at $s n't e$t(er $tsel+ s$m*le) 'r ,'m*'sed'+ s$m*le *arts!

PROOF!

F'r) -rant t(at ,'m*'s$te substan,es d' n't ,'ns$st '+ s$m*le *arts4$n t($s ,ase) $+ all ,'mb$nat$'n 'r ,'m*'s$t$'n /ere ann$($lated $nt('u-(t) n' ,'m*'s$te *art) and =as) by t(e su**'s$t$'n) t(ere d'n't e$st s$m*le *arts> n' s$m*le *art /'uld e$st! C'nse.uently) n'substan,e4 ,'nse.uently) n't($n- /'uld e$st! E$t(er) t(en) $t $s$m*'ss$ble t' ann$($late ,'m*'s$t$'n $n t('u-(t4 'r) a+ter su,(ann$($lat$'n) t(ere must rema$n s'met($n- t(at subs$sts /$t('ut,'m*'s$t$'n) t(at $s) s'met($n- t(at $s s$m*le! 3ut $n t(e +'rmer ,aset(e ,'m*'s$te ,'uld n't $tsel+ ,'ns$st '+ substan,es) be,ause /$t(

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nature! Hen,e /e /ere unable t' dem'nstrate $t +r'm t(e ,'n,e*t$'n'+ a -$0en 'b&e,t '+ eternal $ntu$t$'n ='+ t(e ,'m*'s$te>) but /e/ere 'bl$-ed t' *r'0e $t +r'm t(e relat$'n '+ a -$0en 'b&e,t t' a*'ss$ble e*er$en,e $n -eneral!

O3SERDATIONS ON THE SECON# ANTINO"J!

THESIS!

2(en I s*ea% '+ a /('le) /($,( ne,essar$ly ,'ns$sts '+ s$m*le *arts)I understand t(ereby 'nly a substant$al /('le) as t(e true,'m*'s$te4 t(at $s t' say) I understand t(at ,'nt$n-ent un$ty '+ t(eman$+'ld /($,( $s -$0en as *er+e,tly $s'lated =at least $n t('u-(t>)*la,ed $n re,$*r',al ,'nne,t$'n) and t(us ,'nst$tuted a un$ty! S*a,e'u-(t n't t' be ,alled a ,'m*'s$tum but a t'tum) +'r $ts *arts are*'ss$ble $n t(e /('le) and n't t(e /('le by means '+ t(e *arts! Itm$-(t *er(a*s be ,alled a ,'m*'s$tum $deale) but n't a ,'m*'s$tumreale! 3ut t($s $s '+ n' $m*'rtan,e! As s*a,e $s n't a ,'m*'s$te '+substan,es =and n't e0en '+ real a,,$dents>) $+ I abstra,t all,'m*'s$t$'n t(ere$n5 n't($n-) n't e0en a *'$nt) rema$ns4 +'r a *'$nt$s *'ss$ble 'nly as t(e l$m$t '+ a s*a,e5 ,'nse.uently '+ a ,'m*'s$te!

S*a,e and t$me) t(ere+'re) d' n't ,'ns$st '+ s$m*le *arts! T(at/($,( bel'n-s 'nly t' t(e ,'nd$t$'n 'r state '+ a substan,e) e0enalt('u-( $t *'ssesses a .uant$ty =m't$'n 'r ,(an-e) +'r eam*le>)l$%e/$se d'es n't ,'ns$st '+ s$m*le *arts! T(at $s t' say) a ,erta$nde-ree '+ ,(an-e d'es n't 'r$-$nate +r'm t(e add$t$'n '+ many s$m*le,(an-es! Our $n+eren,e '+ t(e s$m*le +r'm t(e ,'m*'s$te $s 0al$d'nly '+ sel+5subs$st$n- t($n-s! 3ut t(e a,,$dents '+ a state are n'tsel+5subs$stent! T(e *r''+) t(en) +'r t(e ne,ess$ty '+ t(e s$m*le)as t(e ,'m*'nent *art '+ all t(at $s substant$al and ,'m*'s$te) may*r'0e a +a$lure) and t(e /('le ,ase '+ t($s t(es$s be l'st) $+ /e,arry t(e *r'*'s$t$'n t'' +ar) and /$s( t' ma%e $t 0al$d '+ e0eryt($n-t(at $s ,'m*'s$te /$t('ut d$st$n,t$'n5 as $ndeed (as really n'/ andt(en (a**ened! 3es$des) I am (ere s*ea%$n- 'nly '+ t(e s$m*le) $n s'

+ar as $t $s ne,essar$ly -$0en $n t(e ,'m*'s$te5 t(e latter be$n-,a*able '+ s'lut$'n $nt' t(e +'rmer as $ts ,'m*'nent *arts! T(e *r'*ers$-n$+$,at$'n '+ t(e /'rd m'nas =as em*l'yed by <e$bn$t;> 'u-(t t'relate t' t(e s$m*le) -$0en $mmed$ately as s$m*le substan,e =+'ream*le) $n ,'ns,$'usness>) and n't as an element '+ t(e ,'m*'s$te! Asan ,lement) t(e term at'mus /'uld be m're a**r'*r$ate! And as I /$s(t' *r'0e t(e e$sten,e '+ s$m*le substan,es) 'nly $n relat$'n t')and as t(e elements '+) t(e ,'m*'s$te) I m$-(t term t(e ant$t(es$s'+ t(e se,'nd Ant$n'my) trans,endental At'm$st$,! 3ut as t($s /'rd (asl'n- been em*l'yed t' des$-nate a *art$,ular t(e'ry '+ ,'r*'real*(en'mena =m'le,ulae>) and t(us *resu**'ses a bas$s '+ em*$r$,al,'n,e*t$'ns) I *re+er ,all$n- $t t(e d$ale,t$,al *r$n,$*le '+"'nad'l'-y!

ANTITHESIS!

A-a$nst t(e assert$'n '+ t(e $n+$n$te subd$0$s$b$l$ty '+ matter/('se -r'und '+ *r''+ $s *urely mat(emat$,al) 'b&e,t$'ns (a0e beenalle-ed by t(e "'nad$sts! T(ese 'b&e,t$'ns lay t(emsel0es '*en) at+$rst s$-(t) t' sus*$,$'n) +r'm t(e +a,t t(at t(ey d' n't re,'-n$;et(e ,learest mat(emat$,al *r''+s as *r'*'s$t$'ns relat$n- t' t(e,'nst$tut$'n '+ s*a,e) $n s' +ar as $t $s really t(e +'rmal,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ all matter) but re-ard t(em merelyas $n+eren,es +r'm abstra,t but arb$trary ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,( ,ann't

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(a0e any a**l$,at$'n t' real t($n-s! &ust as $+ $t /ere *'ss$ble t'$ma-$ne an't(er m'de '+ $ntu$t$'n t(an t(at -$0en $n t(e *r$m$t$0e$ntu$t$'n '+ s*a,e4 and &ust as $+ $ts a *r$'r$ determ$nat$'ns d$d n'ta**ly t' e0eryt($n-) t(e e$sten,e '+ /($,( $s *'ss$ble) +r'm t(e +a,tal'ne '+ $ts +$ll$n- s*a,e! I+ /e l$sten t' t(em) /e s(all +$nd'ursel0es re.u$red t' ,'-$tate) $n add$t$'n t' t(e mat(emat$,al *'$nt)/($,( $s s$m*le5 n't) ('/e0er) a *art) but a mere l$m$t '+ s*a,e5*(ys$,al *'$nts) /($,( are $ndeed l$%e/$se s$m*le) but *'ssess t(e

*e,ul$ar *r'*erty) as *arts '+ s*a,e) '+ +$ll$n- $t merely by t(e$ra--re-at$'n! I s(all n't re*eat (ere t(e ,'mm'n and ,learre+utat$'ns '+ t($s absurd$ty) /($,( are t' be +'und e0ery/(ere $nnumbers6 e0ery 'ne %n'/s t(at $t $s $m*'ss$ble t' underm$ne t(ee0$den,e '+ mat(emat$,s by mere d$s,urs$0e ,'n,e*t$'ns4 I s(all 'nlyremar% t(at) $+ $n t($s ,ase *($l's'*(y endea0'urs t' -a$n anad0anta-e '0er mat(emat$,s by s'*($st$,al art$+$,es) $t $s be,ause$t +'r-ets t(at t(e d$s,uss$'n relates s'lely t' P(en'mena and t(e$r,'nd$t$'ns! It $s n't su++$,$ent t' +$nd t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(es$m*le +'r t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e ,'m*'s$te) but /e mustd$s,'0er +'r t(e $ntu$t$'n '+ t(e ,'m*'s$te =matter>) t(e $ntu$t$'n '+t(e s$m*le! N'/ t($s) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e la/s '+ sens$b$l$ty) and,'nse.uently $n t(e ,ase '+ 'b&e,ts '+ sense) $s utterly $m*'ss$ble!

In t(e ,ase '+ a /('le ,'m*'sed '+ substan,es) /($,( $s ,'-$tateds'lely by t(e *ure understand$n-) $t may be ne,essary t' be $n*'ssess$'n '+ t(e s$m*le be+'re ,'m*'s$t$'n $s *'ss$ble! 3ut t($s d'esn't ('ld -''d '+ t(e T'tum substant$ale *(aen'men'n) /($,() as anem*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n $n s*a,e) *'ssesses t(e ne,essary *r'*erty '+,'nta$n$n- n' s$m*le *art) +'r t(e 0ery reas'n t(at n' *art '+ s*a,e$s s$m*le! "ean/($le) t(e "'nad$sts (a0e been subtle en'u-( t'es,a*e +r'm t($s d$++$,ulty) by *resu**'s$n- $ntu$t$'n and t(edynam$,al relat$'n '+ substan,es as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty'+ s*a,e) $nstead '+ re-ard$n- s*a,e as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e 'b&e,ts '+ eternal $ntu$t$'n) t(at $s) '+b'd$es! N'/ /e (a0e a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ b'd$es 'nly as *(en'mena) and)as su,() t(ey ne,essar$ly *resu**'se s*a,e as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ all

eternal *(en'mena! T(e e0as$'n $s t(ere+'re $n 0a$n4 as) $ndeed) /e(a0e su++$,$ently s('/n $n 'ur Aest(et$,! I+ b'd$es /ere t($n-s $nt(emsel0es) t(e *r''+ '+ t(e "'nad$sts /'uld be une,e*t$'nable!

T(e se,'nd d$ale,t$,al assert$'n *'ssesses t(e *e,ul$ar$ty '+ (a0$n-'**'sed t' $t a d'-mat$,al *r'*'s$t$'n) /($,() am'n- all su,(s'*($st$,al statements) $s t(e 'nly 'ne t(at underta%es t' *r'0e $nt(e ,ase '+ an 'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e) t(at /($,( $s *r'*erly atrans,endental $dea5 t(e abs'lute s$m*l$,$ty '+ substan,e! T(e*r'*'s$t$'n $s t(at t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(e $nternal sense) t(e t($n%$n-E-') $s an abs'lute s$m*le substan,e! 2$t('ut at *resent enter$n- u*'nt($s sub&e,t5 as $t (as been ,'ns$dered at len-t( $n a +'rmer ,(a*ter5I s(all merely remar% t(at) $+ s'met($n- $s ,'-$tated merely as an

'b&e,t) /$t('ut t(e add$t$'n '+ any synt(et$,al determ$nat$'n '+ $ts$ntu$t$'n5 as (a**ens $n t(e ,ase '+ t(e bare re*resentat$'n) I5 $t $s,erta$n t(at n' man$+'ld and n' ,'m*'s$t$'n ,an be *er,e$0ed $n su,( are*resentat$'n! As) m're'0er) t(e *red$,ates /(ereby I ,'-$tate t($s'b&e,t are merely $ntu$t$'ns '+ t(e $nternal sense) t(ere ,ann't bed$s,'0ered $n t(em anyt($n- t' *r'0e t(e e$sten,e '+ a man$+'ld /('se*arts are eternal t' ea,( 't(er) and) ,'nse.uently) n't($n- t'*r'0e t(e e$sten,e '+ real ,'m*'s$t$'n! C'ns,$'usness) t(ere+'re)$s s' ,'nst$tuted t(at) $nasmu,( as t(e t($n%$n- sub&e,t $s at t(esame t$me $ts '/n 'b&e,t) $t ,ann't d$0$de $tsel+5 alt('u-( $t ,and$0$de $ts $n(er$n- determ$nat$'ns! F'r e0ery 'b&e,t $n relat$'n t'

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$tsel+ $s abs'lute un$ty! Ne0ert(eless) $+ t(e sub&e,t $s re-ardedeternally) as an 'b&e,t '+ $ntu$t$'n) $t must) $n $ts ,(ara,ter '+*(en'men'n) *'ssess t(e *r'*erty '+ ,'m*'s$t$'n! And $t must al/ays bere-arded $n t($s manner) $+ /e /$s( t' %n'/ /(et(er t(ere $s 'r $s n't,'nta$ned $n $t a man$+'ld /('se *arts are eternal t' ea,( 't(er!

THIR# CONF<ICT OF THE TRANSCEN#ENTA< I#EAS!

THESIS!

Causal$ty a,,'rd$n- t' t(e la/s '+ nature) $s n't t(e 'nly ,ausal$ty'*erat$n- t' 'r$-$nate t(e *(en'mena '+ t(e /'rld! A ,ausal$ty '++reed'm $s als' ne,essary t' a,,'unt +ully +'r t(ese *(en'mena!

PROOF!

<et $t be su**'sed) t(at t(ere $s n' 't(er %$nd '+ ,ausal$ty t(ant(at a,,'rd$n- t' t(e la/s '+ nature! C'nse.uently) e0eryt($n- t(at(a**ens *resu**'ses a *re0$'us ,'nd$t$'n) /($,( $t +'ll'/s /$t(abs'lute ,erta$nty) $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( a rule! 3ut t($s *re0$'us,'nd$t$'n must $tsel+ be s'met($n- t(at (as (a**ened =t(at (as

ar$sen $n t$me) as $t d$d n't e$st be+'re>) +'r) $+ $t (as al/aysbeen $n e$sten,e) $ts ,'nse.uen,e 'r e++e,t /'uld n't t(us'r$-$nate +'r t(e +$rst t$me) but /'uld l$%e/$se (a0e al/ayse$sted! T(e ,ausal$ty) t(ere+'re) '+ a ,ause) /(ereby s'met($n-(a**ens) $s $tsel+ a t($n- t(at (as (a**ened! N'/ t($s a-a$n*resu**'ses) $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e la/ '+ nature) a *re0$'us,'nd$t$'n and $ts ,ausal$ty) and t($s an't(er anter$'r t' t(e+'rmer) and s' 'n! I+) t(en) e0eryt($n- (a**ens s'lely $n a,,'rdan,e/$t( t(e la/s '+ nature) t(ere ,ann't be any real +$rst be-$nn$n- '+t($n-s) but 'nly a subaltern 'r ,'m*arat$0e be-$nn$n-! T(ere ,ann't)t(ere+'re) be a ,'m*leteness '+ ser$es 'n t(e s$de '+ t(e ,auses /($,('r$-$nate t(e 'ne +r'm t(e 't(er! 3ut t(e la/ '+ nature $s t(atn't($n- ,an (a**en /$t('ut a su++$,$ent a *r$'r$ determ$ned ,ause! T(e

*r'*'s$t$'n t(ere+'re5 $+ all ,ausal$ty $s *'ss$ble 'nly $n a,,'rdan,e/$t( t(e la/s '+ nature5 $s) /(en stated $n t($s unl$m$ted and -eneralmanner) sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry! It +'ll'/s t(at t($s ,ann't be t(e 'nly%$nd '+ ,ausal$ty!

Fr'm /(at (as been sa$d) $t +'ll'/s t(at a ,ausal$ty must beadm$tted) by means '+ /($,( s'met($n- (a**ens) /$t('ut $ts ,ause be$n-determ$ned a,,'rd$n- t' ne,essary la/s by s'me 't(er ,ause*re,ed$n-! T(at $s t' say) t(ere must e$st an abs'lute s*'ntane$ty '+,ause) /($,( '+ $tsel+ 'r$-$nates a ser$es '+ *(en'mena /($,( *r',eedsa,,'rd$n- t' natural la/s5 ,'nse.uently trans,endental +reed'm)/$t('ut /($,( e0en $n t(e ,'urse '+ nature t(e su,,ess$'n '+ *(en'mena'n t(e s$de '+ ,auses $s ne0er ,'m*lete!

ANTITHESIS!

T(ere $s n' su,( t($n- as +reed'm) but e0eryt($n- $n t(e /'rld(a**ens s'lely a,,'rd$n- t' t(e la/s '+ nature!

PROOF!

ranted) t(at t(ere d'es e$st +reed'm $n t(e trans,endentalsense) as a *e,ul$ar %$nd '+ ,ausal$ty) '*erat$n- t' *r'du,e e0ents $nt(e /'rld5 a +a,ulty) t(at $s t' say) '+ 'r$-$nat$n- a state) and

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,'nse.uently a ser$es '+ ,'nse.uen,es +r'm t(at state! In t($s ,ase)n't 'nly t(e ser$es 'r$-$nated by t($s s*'ntane$ty) but t(edeterm$nat$'n '+ t($s s*'ntane$ty $tsel+ t' t(e *r'du,t$'n '+ t(eser$es) t(at $s t' say) t(e ,ausal$ty $tsel+ must (a0e an abs'lute,'mmen,ement) su,( t(at n't($n- ,an *re,ede t' determ$ne t($s a,t$'na,,'rd$n- t' un0ary$n- la/s! 3ut e0ery be-$nn$n- '+ a,t$'n *resu**'ses$n t(e a,t$n- ,ause a state '+ $na,t$'n4 and a dynam$,ally *r$malbe-$nn$n- '+ a,t$'n *resu**'ses a state) /($,( (as n' ,'nne,t$'n5 as

re-ards ,ausal$ty5 /$t( t(e *re,ed$n- state '+ t(e ,ause5 /($,( d'esn't) t(at $s) $n any /$se result +r'm $t! Trans,endental +reed'm $st(ere+'re '**'sed t' t(e natural la/ '+ ,ause and e++e,t) and su,( a,'n&un,t$'n '+ su,,ess$0e states $n e++e,t$0e ,auses $s destru,t$0e '+t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ un$ty $n e*er$en,e and +'r t(at reas'n n't t' be+'und $n e*er$en,e5 $s ,'nse.uently a mere +$,t$'n '+ t('u-(t!

2e (a0e) t(ere+'re) n't($n- but nature t' /($,( /e must l''% +'r,'nne,t$'n and 'rder $n ,'sm$,al e0ents! Freed'm5 $nde*enden,e '+t(e la/s '+ nature5 $s ,erta$nly a del$0eran,e +r'm restra$nt) but$t $s als' a rel$n.u$s($n- '+ t(e -u$dan,e '+ la/ and rule! F'r $t,ann't be alle-ed t(at) $nstead '+ t(e la/s '+ nature) la/s '+ +reed'mmay be $ntr'du,ed $nt' t(e ,ausal$ty '+ t(e ,'urse '+ nature! F'r)

$+ +reed'm /ere determ$ned a,,'rd$n- t' la/s) $t /'uld be n' l'n-er+reed'm) but merely nature! Nature) t(ere+'re) and trans,endental+reed'm are d$st$n-u$s(able as ,'n+'rm$ty t' la/ and la/lessness!T(e +'rmer $m*'ses u*'n understand$n- t(e d$++$,ulty '+ see%$n- t(e'r$-$n '+ e0ents e0er ($-(er and ($-(er $n t(e ser$es '+ ,auses)$nasmu,( as ,ausal$ty $s al/ays ,'nd$t$'ned t(ereby4 /($le $t,'m*ensates t($s lab'ur by t(e -uarantee '+ a un$ty ,'m*lete and $n,'n+'rm$ty /$t( la/! T(e latter) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) ('lds 'ut t' t(eunderstand$n- t(e *r'm$se '+ a *'$nt '+ rest $n t(e ,(a$n '+ ,auses)by ,'ndu,t$n- $t t' an un,'nd$t$'ned ,ausal$ty) /($,( *r'+esses t'(a0e t(e *'/er '+ s*'ntane'us 'r$-$nat$'n) but /($,() $n $ts '/n utterbl$ndness) de*r$0es $t '+ t(e -u$dan,e '+ rules) by /($,( al'ne a,'m*letely ,'nne,ted e*er$en,e $s *'ss$ble!

O3SERDATIONS ON THE THIR# ANTINO"J!

ON THE THESIS!

T(e trans,endental $dea '+ +reed'm $s +ar +r'm ,'nst$tut$n- t(eent$re ,'ntent '+ t(e *sy,('l'-$,al ,'n,e*t$'n s' termed) /($,( $s +'rt(e m'st *art em*$r$,al! It merely *resents us /$t( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n'+ s*'ntane$ty '+ a,t$'n) as t(e *r'*er -r'und +'r $m*ut$n- +reed'm t't(e ,ause '+ a ,erta$n ,lass '+ 'b&e,ts! It $s) ('/e0er) t(e truestumbl$n-5st'ne t' *($l's'*(y) /($,( meets /$t( un,'n.uerabled$++$,ult$es $n t(e /ay '+ $ts adm$tt$n- t($s %$nd '+ un,'nd$t$'ned,ausal$ty! T(at element $n t(e .uest$'n '+ t(e +reed'm '+ t(e /$ll)

/($,( bas +'r s' l'n- a t$me *la,ed s*e,ulat$0e reas'n $n su,(*er*le$ty) $s *r'*erly 'nly trans,endental) and ,'n,erns t(e.uest$'n) /(et(er t(ere must be (eld t' e$st a +a,ulty '+ s*'ntane'us'r$-$nat$'n '+ a ser$es '+ su,,ess$0e t($n-s 'r states! H'/ su,( a+a,ulty $s *'ss$ble $s n't a ne,essary $n.u$ry4 +'r $n t(e ,ase '+natural ,ausal$ty $tsel+) /e are 'bl$-ed t' ,'ntent 'ursel0es /$t( t(ea *r$'r$ %n'/led-e t(at su,( a ,ausal$ty must be *resu**'sed) alt('u-(/e are .u$te $n,a*able '+ ,'m*re(end$n- ('/ t(e be$n- '+ 'ne t($n-$s *'ss$ble t(r'u-( t(e be$n- '+ an't(er) but must +'r t($s$n+'rmat$'n l''% ent$rely t' e*er$en,e! N'/ /e (a0e dem'nstrated t($sne,ess$ty '+ a +ree +$rst be-$nn$n- '+ a ser$es '+ *(en'mena) 'nly

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$n s' +ar as $t $s re.u$red +'r t(e ,'m*re(ens$'n '+ an 'r$-$n '+t(e /'rld) all +'ll'/$n- states be$n- re-arded as a su,,ess$'na,,'rd$n- t' la/s '+ nature al'ne! 3ut) as t(ere (as t(us been*r'0ed t(e e$sten,e '+ a +a,ulty /($,( ,an '+ $tsel+ 'r$-$nate aser$es $n t$me5 alt('u-( /e are unable t' e*la$n ('/ $t ,an e$st5 /e+eel 'ursel0es aut('r$;ed t' adm$t) e0en $n t(e m$dst '+ t(e natural,'urse '+ e0ents) a be-$nn$n-) as re-ards ,ausal$ty) '+ d$++erentsu,,ess$'ns '+ *(en'mena) and at t(e same t$me t' attr$bute t' all

substan,es a +a,ulty '+ +ree a,t$'n! 3ut /e 'u-(t $n t($s ,ase n'tt' all'/ 'ursel0es t' +all $nt' a ,'mm'n m$sunderstand$n-) and t'su**'se t(at) be,ause a su,,ess$0e ser$es $n t(e /'rld ,an 'nly (a0e a,'m*arat$0ely +$rst be-$nn$n-5 an't(er state 'r ,'nd$t$'n '+ t($n-sal/ays *re,ed$n-5 an abs'lutely +$rst be-$nn$n- '+ a ser$es $n t(e,'urse '+ nature $s $m*'ss$ble! F'r /e are n't s*ea%$n- (ere '+ anabs'lutely +$rst be-$nn$n- $n relat$'n t' t$me) but as re-ards,ausal$ty al'ne! 2(en) +'r eam*le) I) ,'m*letely '+ my '/n +ree /$ll)and $nde*endently '+ t(e ne,essar$ly determ$nat$0e $n+luen,e '+natural ,auses) r$se +r'm my ,(a$r) t(ere ,'mmen,es /$t( t($s e0ent)$n,lud$n- $ts mater$al ,'nse.uen,es $n $n+$n$tum) an abs'lutely ne/ser$es4 alt('u-() $n relat$'n t' t$me) t($s e0ent $s merely t(e,'nt$nuat$'n '+ a *re,ed$n- ser$es! F'r t($s res'lut$'n and a,t '+

m$ne d' n't +'rm *art '+ t(e su,,ess$'n '+ e++e,ts $n nature) andare n't mere ,'nt$nuat$'ns '+ $t4 'n t(e ,'ntrary) t(e determ$n$n-,auses '+ nature ,ease t' '*erate $n re+eren,e t' t($s e0ent) /($,(,erta$nly su,,eeds t(e a,ts '+ nature) but d'es n't *r',eed +r'm t(em!F'r t(ese reas'ns) t(e a,t$'n '+ a +ree a-ent must be termed) $nre-ard t' ,ausal$ty) $+ n't $n relat$'n t' t$me) an abs'lutely*r$mal be-$nn$n- '+ a ser$es '+ *(en'mena!

T(e &ust$+$,at$'n '+ t($s need '+ reas'n t' rest u*'n a +ree a,tas t(e +$rst be-$nn$n- '+ t(e ser$es '+ natural ,auses $s e0$dent +r'mt(e +a,t) t(at all *($l's'*(ers '+ ant$.u$ty =/$t( t(e e,e*t$'n '+t(e E*$,urean s,(''l> +elt t(emsel0es 'bl$-ed) /(en ,'nstru,t$n- at(e'ry '+ t(e m't$'ns '+ t(e un$0erse) t' a,,e*t a *r$me m'0er) t(at

$s) a +reely a,t$n- ,ause) /($,( s*'ntane'usly and *r$'r t' all't(er ,auses e0'l0ed t($s ser$es '+ states! T(ey al/ays +elt t(eneed '+ -'$n- bey'nd mere nature) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ ma%$n- a +$rstbe-$nn$n- ,'m*re(ens$ble!

ON THE ANTITHESIS!

T(e assert'r '+ t(e all5su++$,$en,y '+ nature $n re-ard t' ,ausal$ty=trans,endental P(ys$',ra,y>) $n '**'s$t$'n t' t(e d',tr$ne '++reed'm) /'uld de+end ($s 0$e/ '+ t(e .uest$'n s'me/(at $n t(e+'ll'/$n- manner! He /'uld say) $n ans/er t' t(e s'*($st$,al ar-uments'+ t(e '**'s$te *arty6 I+ y'u d' n't a,,e*t a mat(emat$,al +$rst) $nrelat$'n t' t$me) y'u (a0e n' need t' see% a dynam$,al +$rst) $n

re-ard t' ,ausal$ty! 2(' ,'m*elled y'u t' $ma-$ne an abs'lutely *r$mal,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e /'rld) and t(ere/$t( an abs'lute be-$nn$n- '+ t(e-radually *r'-ress$n- su,,ess$'ns '+ *(en'mena5 and) as s'me+'undat$'n +'r t($s +an,y '+ y'urs) t' set b'unds t' unl$m$ted nature@Inasmu,( as t(e substan,es $n t(e /'rld (a0e al/ays e$sted5 atleast t(e un$ty '+ e*er$en,e renders su,( a su**'s$t$'n .u$tene,essary5 t(ere $s n' d$++$,ulty $n bel$e0$n- als') t(at t(e,(an-es $n t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(ese substan,es (a0e al/ays e$sted4and) ,'nse.uently) t(at a +$rst be-$nn$n-) mat(emat$,al 'rdynam$,al) $s by n' means re.u$red! T(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ su,( an$n+$n$te der$0at$'n) /$t('ut any $n$t$al member +r'm /($,( all t(e

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/e %n'/ n't($n- m're t(an t(at t(e state '+ rest /as a,tual $n t(et$me t(at +'ll'/ed t(e state '+ m't$'n4 ,'nse.uently) t(at $t /as als'*'ss$ble! 3ut m't$'n at 'ne t$me) and rest at an't(er t$me) are n't,'ntrad$,t'r$ly '**'sed t' ea,( 't(er! It +'ll'/s +r'm /(at (as beensa$d t(at t(e su,,ess$'n '+ '**'s$te determ$nat$'ns) t(at $s),(an-e) d'es n't dem'nstrate t(e +a,t '+ ,'nt$n-en,y as re*resented $nt(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e *ure understand$n-4 and t(at $t ,ann't)t(ere+'re) ,'ndu,t us t' t(e +a,t '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ a ne,essary

be$n-! C(an-e *r'0es merely em*$r$,al ,'nt$n-en,y) t(at $s t' say)t(at t(e ne/ state ,'uld n't (a0e e$sted /$t('ut a ,ause) /($,(bel'n-s t' t(e *re,ed$n- t$me! T($s ,ause5 e0en alt('u-( $t $sre-arded as abs'lutely ne,essary5 must be *resented t' us $n t$me) andmust bel'n- t' t(e ser$es '+ *(en'mena!

ON THE ANTITHESIS!

T(e d$++$,ult$es /($,( meet us) $n 'ur attem*t t' r$se t(r'u-( t(eser$es '+ *(en'mena t' t(e e$sten,e '+ an abs'lutely ne,essarysu*reme ,ause) must n't 'r$-$nate +r'm 'ur $nab$l$ty t' establ$s(t(e trut( '+ 'ur mere ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e ne,essary e$sten,e '+ at($n-! T(at $s t' say) 'ur 'b&e,t$'ns n't be 'nt'l'-$,al) but must

be d$re,ted a-a$nst t(e ,ausal ,'nne,t$'n /$t( a ser$es '+ *(en'mena'+ a ,'nd$t$'n /($,( $s $tsel+ un,'nd$t$'ned! In 'ne /'rd) t(ey mustbe ,'sm'l'-$,al and relate t' em*$r$,al la/s! 2e must s('/ t(at t(ere-ress $n t(e ser$es '+ ,auses =$n t(e /'rld '+ sense> ,ann't,'n,lude /$t( an em*$r$,ally un,'nd$t$'ned ,'nd$t$'n) and t(at t(e,'sm'l'-$,al ar-ument +r'm t(e ,'nt$n-en,y '+ t(e ,'sm$,al state5 a,'nt$n-en,y alle-ed t' ar$se +r'm ,(an-e5 d'es n't &ust$+y us $na,,e*t$n- a +$rst ,ause) t(at $s) a *r$me 'r$-$nat'r '+ t(e ,'sm$,alser$es!

T(e reader /$ll 'bser0e $n t($s ant$n'my a 0ery remar%able ,'ntrast!T(e 0ery same -r'unds '+ *r''+ /($,( establ$s(ed $n t(e t(es$s t(ee$sten,e '+ a su*reme be$n-) dem'nstrated $n t(e ant$t(es$s5 and /$t(

e.ual str$,tness5 t(e n'n5e$sten,e '+ su,( a be$n-! 2e +'und)+$rst) t(at a ne,essary be$n- e$sts) be,ause t(e /('le t$me *ast,'nta$ns t(e ser$es '+ all ,'nd$t$'ns) and /$t( $t) t(ere+'re) t(eun,'nd$t$'ned =t(e ne,essary>4 se,'ndly) t(at t(ere d'es n't e$st anyne,essary be$n-) +'r t(e same reas'n) t(at t(e /('le t$me *ast,'nta$ns t(e ser$es '+ all ,'nd$t$'ns5 /($,( are t(emsel0es)t(ere+'re) $n t(e a--re-ate) ,'nd$t$'ned! T(e ,ause '+ t($s seem$n-$n,'n-ru$ty $s as +'ll'/s! 2e attend) $n t(e +$rst ar-ument) s'lely t't(e abs'lute t'tal$ty '+ t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns) t(e 'ne '+ /($,(determ$nes t(e 't(er $n t$me) and t(us arr$0e at a ne,essaryun,'nd$t$'ned! In t(e se,'nd) /e ,'ns$der) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) t(e,'nt$n-en,y '+ e0eryt($n- t(at $s determ$ned $n t(e ser$es '+ t$me5+'r e0ery e0ent $s *re,eded by a t$me) $n /($,( t(e ,'nd$t$'n $tsel+

must be determ$ned as ,'nd$t$'ned5 and t(us e0eryt($n- t(at $sun,'nd$t$'ned 'r abs'lutely ne,essary d$sa**ears! In b't() t(e m'de '+*r''+ $s .u$te $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e ,'mm'n *r',edure '+ (umanreas'n) /($,( '+ten +alls $nt' d$s,'rd /$t( $tsel+) +r'm ,'ns$der$n-an 'b&e,t +r'm t/' d$++erent *'$nts '+ 0$e/! Herr 0'n "a$ranre-arded t(e ,'ntr'0ersy bet/een t/' ,elebrated astr'n'mers) /($,(ar'se +r'm a s$m$lar d$++$,ulty as t' t(e ,('$,e '+ a *r'*erstand*'$nt) as a *(en'men'n '+ su++$,$ent $m*'rtan,e t' /arrant ase*arate treat$se 'n t(e sub&e,t! T(e 'ne ,'n,luded6 t(e m''n re0'l0es'n $ts '/n a$s) be,ause $t ,'nstantly *resents t(e same s$de t' t(eeart(4 t(e 't(er de,lared t(at t(e m''n d'es n't re0'l0e 'n $ts '/n

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a$s) +'r t(e same reas'n! 3't( ,'n,lus$'ns /ere *er+e,tly ,'rre,t)a,,'rd$n- t' t(e *'$nt '+ 0$e/ +r'm /($,( t(e m't$'ns '+ t(e m''n /ere,'ns$dered!

SECTION III! O+ t(e Interest '+ Reas'n $n t(ese

Sel+5,'ntrad$,t$'ns!

2e (a0e t(us ,'m*letely be+'re us t(e d$ale,t$,al *r',edure '+ t(e,'sm'l'-$,al $deas! N' *'ss$ble e*er$en,e ,an *resent us /$t( an'b&e,t ade.uate t' t(em $n etent! Nay) m're) reas'n $tsel+ ,ann't,'-$tate t(em as a,,'rd$n- /$t( t(e -eneral la/s '+ e*er$en,e! Andyet t(ey are n't arb$trary +$,t$'ns '+ t('u-(t! On t(e ,'ntrary)reas'n) $n $ts un$nterru*ted *r'-ress $n t(e em*$r$,al synt(es$s) $sne,essar$ly ,'ndu,ted t' t(em) /(en $t endea0'urs t' +ree +r'm all,'nd$t$'ns and t' ,'m*re(end $n $ts un,'nd$t$'ned t'tal$ty t(at/($,( ,an 'nly be determ$ned ,'nd$t$'nally $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e la/s'+ e*er$en,e! T(ese d$ale,t$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns are s' many attem*tst' s'l0e +'ur natural and una0'$dable *r'blems '+ reas'n! T(ere arene$t(er m're) n'r ,an t(ere be less) t(an t($s number) be,ause t(ereare n' 't(er ser$es '+ synt(et$,al (y*'t(eses) l$m$t$n- a *r$'r$ t(e

em*$r$,al synt(es$s!

T(e br$ll$ant ,la$ms '+ reas'n str$0$n- t' etend $ts d'm$n$'nbey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ e*er$en,e) (a0e been re*resented ab'0e 'nly $ndry +'rmulae) /($,( ,'nta$n merely t(e -r'unds '+ $ts *retens$'ns!T(ey (a0e) bes$des) $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e ,(ara,ter '+ atrans,endental *($l's'*(y) been +reed +r'm e0ery em*$r$,al element4alt('u-( t(e +ull s*lend'ur '+ t(e *r'm$ses t(ey ('ld 'ut) and t(eant$,$*at$'ns t(ey e,$te) man$+ests $tsel+ 'nly /(en $n ,'nne,t$'n/$t( em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'ns! In t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t(em) ('/e0er) and $nt(e ad0an,$n- enlar-ement '+ t(e em*l'yment '+ reas'n) /($lestru--l$n- t' r$se +r'm t(e re-$'n '+ e*er$en,e and t' s'ar t't('se subl$me $deas) *($l's'*(y d$s,'0ers a 0alue and a d$-n$ty)

/($,() $+ $t ,'uld but ma%e -''d $ts assert$'ns) /'uld ra$se $t +arab'0e all 't(er de*artments '+ (uman %n'/led-e5 *r'+ess$n-) as $td'es) t' *resent a sure +'undat$'n +'r 'ur ($-(est ('*es and t(eult$mate a$ms '+ all t(e eert$'ns '+ reas'n! T(e .uest$'ns6 /(et(ert(e /'rld (as a be-$nn$n- and a l$m$t t' $ts etens$'n $n s*a,e4/(et(er t(ere e$sts any/(ere) 'r *er(a*s) $n my '/n t($n%$n- Sel+) an$nd$0$s$ble and $ndestru,t$ble un$ty5 'r /(et(er n't($n- but /(at $sd$0$s$ble and trans$t'ry e$sts4 /(et(er I am a +ree a-ent) 'r) l$%e't(er be$n-s) am b'und $n t(e ,(a$ns '+ nature and +ate4 /(et(er)+$nally) t(ere $s a su*reme ,ause '+ t(e /'rld) 'r all 'ur t('u-(t ands*e,ulat$'n must end /$t( nature and t(e 'rder '+ eternal t($n-s5 are.uest$'ns +'r t(e s'lut$'n '+ /($,( t(e mat(emat$,$an /'uld/$ll$n-ly e,(an-e ($s /('le s,$en,e4 +'r $n $t t(ere $s n'

sat$s+a,t$'n +'r t(e ($-(est as*$rat$'ns and m'st ardent des$res '+(uman$ty! Nay) $t may e0en be sa$d t(at t(e true 0alue '+ mat(emat$,s5t(at *r$de '+ (uman reas'n5 ,'ns$sts $n t($s6 t(at s(e -u$des reas'nt' t(e %n'/led-e '+ nature5 $n (er -reater as /ell as $n (er lessman$+estat$'ns5 $n (er beaut$+ul 'rder and re-ular$ty5 -u$des (er)m're'0er) t' an $ns$-(t $nt' t(e /'nder+ul un$ty '+ t(e m'0$n-+'r,es $n t(e '*erat$'ns '+ nature) +ar bey'nd t(e e*e,tat$'ns '+ a*($l's'*(y bu$ld$n- 'nly 'n e*er$en,e4 and t(at s(e t(us en,'ura-es*($l's'*(y t' etend t(e *r'0$n,e '+ reas'n bey'nd all e*er$en,e) andat t(e same t$me *r'0$des $t /$t( t(e m'st e,ellent mater$als +'rsu**'rt$n- $ts $n0est$-at$'ns) $n s' +ar as t(e$r nature adm$ts) by

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ade.uate and a,,'rdant $ntu$t$'ns!

Un+'rtunately +'r s*e,ulat$'n5 but *er(a*s +'rtunately +'r t(e*ra,t$,al $nterests '+ (uman$ty5 reas'n) $n t(e m$dst '+ (er ($-(estant$,$*at$'ns) +$nds (ersel+ (emmed $n by a *ress '+ '**'s$te and,'ntrad$,t'ry ,'n,lus$'ns) +r'm /($,( ne$t(er (er ('n'ur n'r (ersa+ety /$ll *erm$t (er t' dra/ ba,%! N'r ,an s(e re-ard t(ese,'n+l$,t$n- tra$ns '+ reas'n$n- /$t( $nd$++eren,e as mere *assa-es

at arms) st$ll less ,an s(e ,'mmand *ea,e4 +'r $n t(e sub&e,t '+ t(e,'n+l$,t s(e (as a dee* $nterest! T(ere $s n' 't(er ,'urse le+t '*ent' (er t(an t' re+le,t /$t( (ersel+ u*'n t(e 'r$-$n '+ t($s d$sun$'n$n reas'n5 /(et(er $t may n't ar$se +r'm a mere m$sunderstand$n-!A+ter su,( an $n.u$ry) arr'-ant ,la$ms /'uld (a0e t' be -$0en u* 'nb't( s$des4 but t(e s'0ere$-nty '+ reas'n '0er understand$n- and sense/'uld be based u*'n a sure +'undat$'n!

2e s(all at *resent de+er t($s rad$,al $n.u$ry and) $n t(e meant$me),'ns$der +'r a l$ttle /(at s$de $n t(e ,'ntr'0ersy /e s('uld m'st/$ll$n-ly ta%e) $+ /e /ere 'bl$-ed t' be,'me *art$sans at all! As)$n t($s ,ase) /e lea0e 'ut '+ s$-(t alt'-et(er t(e l'-$,al ,r$ter$'n'+ trut() and merely ,'nsult 'ur '/n $nterest $n re+eren,e t' t(e

.uest$'n) t(ese ,'ns$derat$'ns) alt('u-( $nade.uate t' settle t(e

.uest$'n '+ r$-(t $n e$t(er *arty) /$ll enable us t' ,'m*re(end ('/t('se /(' (a0e ta%en *art $n t(e stru--le) ad'*t t(e 'ne 0$e/ rat(ert(an t(e 't(er5 n' s*e,$al $ns$-(t $nt' t(e sub&e,t) ('/e0er) (a0$n-$n+luen,ed t(e$r ,('$,e! T(ey /$ll) at t(e same t$me) e*la$n t' usmany 't(er t($n-s by t(e /ay5 +'r eam*le) t(e +$ery ;eal 'n t(e 'nes$de and t(e ,'ld ma$ntenan,e '+ t(e$r ,ause 'n t(e 't(er4 /(y t(e 'ne*arty (as met /$t( t(e /armest a**r'bat$'ns) and t(e 't(er (asal/ays been re*ulsed by $rre,'n,$lable *re&ud$,es!

T(ere $s 'ne t($n-) ('/e0er) t(at determ$nes t(e *r'*er *'$nt '+0$e/) +r'm /($,( al'ne t($s *rel$m$nary $n.u$ry ,an be $nst$tutedand ,arr$ed 'n /$t( t(e *r'*er ,'m*leteness5 and t(at $s t(e

,'m*ar$s'n '+ t(e *r$n,$*les +r'm /($,( b't( s$des) t(es$s andant$t(es$s) *r',eed! "y readers /'uld remar% $n t(e *r'*'s$t$'ns '+t(e ant$t(es$s a ,'m*lete un$+'rm$ty $n t(e m'de '+ t('u-(t and a*er+e,t un$ty '+ *r$n,$*le! Its *r$n,$*le /as t(at '+ *ure em*$r$,$sm)n't 'nly $n t(e e*l$,at$'n '+ t(e *(en'mena $n t(e /'rld) but als' $nt(e s'lut$'n '+ t(e trans,endental $deas) e0en '+ t(at '+ t(e un$0erse$tsel+! T(e a++$rmat$'ns '+ t(e t(es$s) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) /ere based)$n add$t$'n t' t(e em*$r$,al m'de '+ e*lanat$'n em*l'yed $n t(eser$es '+ *(en'mena) 'n $ntelle,tual *r'*'s$t$'ns4 and $ts*r$n,$*les /ere $n s' +ar n't s$m*le! I s(all term t(e t(es$s) $n 0$e/'+ $ts essent$al ,(ara,ter$st$,) t(e d'-mat$sm '+ *ure reas'n!

On t(e s$de '+ #'-mat$sm) 'r '+ t(e t(es$s) t(ere+'re) $n t(e

determ$nat$'n '+ t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al $deas) /e +$nd6

1! A *ra,t$,al $nterest) /($,( must be 0ery dear t' e0eryr$-(t5t($n%$n- man! T(at t(e /'rd (as a be-$nn$n-5 t(at t(e nature'+ my t($n%$n- sel+ $s s$m*le) and t(ere+'re $ndestru,t$ble5 t(at I ama +ree a-ent) and ra$sed ab'0e t(e ,'m*uls$'n '+ nature and (erla/s5 and) +$nally) t(at t(e ent$re 'rder '+ t($n-s) /($,( +'rm t(e/'rld) $s de*endent u*'n a Su*reme 3e$n-) +r'm /('m t(e /('le re,e$0esun$ty and ,'nne,t$'n5 t(ese are s' many +'undat$'n5st'nes '+m'ral$ty and rel$-$'n! T(e ant$t(es$s de*r$0es us '+ all t(esesu**'rts5 'r) at least) seems s' t' de*r$0e us!

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B! A s*e,ulat$0e $nterest '+ reas'n man$+ests $tsel+ 'n t($s s$de!F'r) $+ /e ta%e t(e trans,endental $deas and em*l'y t(em $n t(e manner/($,( t(e t(es$s d$re,ts) /e ,an e($b$t ,'m*letely a *r$'r$ t(eent$re ,(a$n '+ ,'nd$t$'ns) and understand t(e der$0at$'n '+ t(e,'nd$t$'ned5 be-$nn$n- +r'm t(e un,'nd$t$'ned! T($s t(e ant$t(es$sd'es n't d'4 and +'r t($s reas'n d'es n't meet /$t( s' /el,'me are,e*t$'n! F'r $t ,an -$0e n' ans/er t' 'ur .uest$'n res*e,t$n- t(e

,'nd$t$'ns '+ $ts synt(es$s5 e,e*t su,( as must be su**lemented byan't(er .uest$'n) and s' 'n t' $n+$n$ty! A,,'rd$n- t' $t) /e must r$se+r'm a -$0en be-$nn$n- t' 'ne st$ll ($-(er4 e0ery *art ,'ndu,ts ust' a st$ll smaller 'ne4 e0ery e0ent $s *re,eded by an't(er e0ent /($,($s $ts ,ause4 and t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ e$sten,e rest al/ays u*'n 't(erand st$ll ($-(er ,'nd$t$'ns) and +$nd ne$t(er end n'r bas$s $n s'mesel+5subs$stent t($n- as t(e *r$mal be$n-!

! T($s s$de (as als' t(e ad0anta-e '+ *'*ular$ty4 and t($s,'nst$tutes n' small *art '+ $ts ,la$m t' +a0'ur! T(e ,'mm'nunderstand$n- d'es n't +$nd t(e least d$++$,ulty $n t(e $dea '+ t(eun,'nd$t$'ned be-$nn$n- '+ all synt(es$s5 a,,ust'med) as $t $s) rat(ert' +'ll'/ 'ur ,'nse.uen,es t(an t' see% +'r a *r'*er bas$s +'r

,'-n$t$'n! In t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an abs'lute +$rst) m're'0er5 t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ /($,( $t d'es n't $n.u$re $nt'5 $t $s ($-(ly-rat$+$ed t' +$nd a +$rmly5establ$s(ed *'$nt '+ de*arture +'r $tsattem*ts at t(e'ry4 /($le $n t(e restless and ,'nt$nu'us as,ent +r'mt(e ,'nd$t$'ned t' t(e ,'nd$t$'n) al/ays /$t( 'ne +''t $n t(e a$r)$t ,an +$nd n' sat$s+a,t$'n!

On t(e s$de '+ t(e ant$t(es$s) 'r Em*$r$,$sm) $n t(e determ$nat$'n'+ t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al $deas6

1! 2e ,ann't d$s,'0er any su,( *ra,t$,al $nterest ar$s$n- +r'm*ure *r$n,$*les '+ reas'n as m'ral$ty and rel$-$'n *resent! On t(e,'ntrary) *ure em*$r$,$sm seems t' em*ty t(em '+ all t(e$r *'/er and

$n+luen,e! I+ t(ere d'es n't e$st a Su*reme 3e$n- d$st$n,t +r'm t(e/'rld5 $+ t(e /'rld $s /$t('ut be-$nn$n-) ,'nse.uently /$t('ut aCreat'r5 $+ 'ur /$lls are n't +ree) and t(e s'ul $s d$0$s$ble andsub&e,t t' ,'rru*t$'n &ust l$%e matter5 t(e $deas and *r$n,$*les '+m'ral$ty l'se all 0al$d$ty and +all /$t( t(e trans,endental $deas/($,( ,'nst$tuted t(e$r t(e'ret$,al su**'rt!

B! 3ut em*$r$,$sm) $n ,'m*ensat$'n) ('lds 'ut t' reas'n) $n $tss*e,ulat$0e $nterests) ,erta$n $m*'rtant ad0anta-es) +ar e,eed$n- anyt(at t(e d'-mat$st ,an *r'm$se us! F'r) /(en em*l'yed by t(eem*$r$,$st) understand$n- $s al/ays u*'n $ts *r'*er -r'und '+$n0est$-at$'n5 t(e +$eld '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) t(e la/s '+ /($,($t ,an e*l're) and t(us etend $ts ,'-n$t$'n se,urely and /$t(

,lear $ntell$-en,e /$t('ut be$n- st'**ed by l$m$ts $n any d$re,t$'n!Here ,an $t and 'u-(t $t t' +$nd and *resent t' $ntu$t$'n $ts *r'*er'b&e,t5 n't 'nly $n $tsel+) but $n all $ts relat$'ns4 'r) $+ $t em*l'y,'n,e*t$'ns) u*'n t($s -r'und $t ,an al/ays *resent t(e,'rres*'nd$n- $ma-es $n ,lear and unm$sta%able $ntu$t$'ns! It $s .u$teunne,essary +'r $t t' ren'un,e t(e -u$dan,e '+ nature) t' atta,($tsel+ t' $deas) t(e 'b&e,ts '+ /($,( $t ,ann't %n'/4 be,ause) as mere$ntelle,tual ent$t$es) t(ey ,ann't be *resented $n any $ntu$t$'n! Ont(e ,'ntrary) $t $s n't e0en *erm$tted t' aband'n $ts *r'*er',,u*at$'n) under t(e *reten,e t(at $t (as been br'u-(t t' a,'n,lus$'n =+'r $t ne0er ,an be>) and t' *ass $nt' t(e re-$'n '+

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$deal$;$n- reas'n and trans,endent ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,( $t $s n'tre.u$red t' 'bser0e and e*l're t(e la/s '+ nature) but merely t't($n% and t' $ma-$ne5 se,ure +r'm be$n- ,'ntrad$,ted by +a,ts) be,auset(ey (a0e n't been ,alled as /$tnesses) but *assed by) 'r *er(a*ssub'rd$nated t' t(e s'5,alled ($-(er $nterests and ,'ns$derat$'ns '+*ure reas'n!

Hen,e t(e em*$r$,$st /$ll ne0er all'/ ($msel+ t' a,,e*t any e*',( '+

nature +'r t(e +$rst5 t(e abs'lutely *r$mal state4 (e /$ll n't bel$e0et(at t(ere ,an be l$m$ts t' ($s 'utl''% $nt' (er /$de d'ma$ns) n'r*ass +r'm t(e 'b&e,ts '+ nature) /($,( (e ,an sat$s+a,t'r$ly e*la$nby means '+ 'bser0at$'n and mat(emat$,al t('u-(t5 /($,( (e ,andeterm$ne synt(et$,ally $n $ntu$t$'n) t' t('se /($,( ne$t(er sense n'r$ma-$nat$'n ,an e0er *resent $n ,'n,ret'4 (e /$ll n't ,'n,ede t(ee$sten,e '+ a +a,ulty $n nature) '*erat$n- $nde*endently '+ t(ela/s '+ nature5 a ,'n,ess$'n /($,( /'uld $ntr'du,e un,erta$nty $nt't(e *r',edure '+ t(e understand$n-) /($,( $s -u$ded by ne,essaryla/s t' t(e 'bser0at$'n '+ *(en'mena4 n'r) +$nally) /$ll (e *erm$t($msel+ t' see% a ,ause bey'nd nature) $nasmu,( as /e %n'/ n't($n- but$t) and +r'm $t al'ne re,e$0e an 'b&e,t$0e bas$s +'r all 'ur,'n,e*t$'ns and $nstru,t$'n $n t(e un0ary$n- la/s '+ t($n-s!

In trut() $+ t(e em*$r$,al *($l's'*(er (ad n' 't(er *ur*'se $n t(eestabl$s(ment '+ ($s ant$t(es$s t(an t' ,(e,% t(e *resum*t$'n '+ areas'n /($,( m$sta%es $ts true dest$nat$'n) /($,( b'asts '+ $ts$ns$-(t and $ts %n'/led-e) &ust /(ere all $ns$-(t and %n'/led-e,ease t' e$st) and re-ards t(at /($,( $s 0al$d 'nly $n relat$'n t'a *ra,t$,al $nterest) as an ad0an,ement '+ t(e s*e,ulat$0e $nterests'+ t(e m$nd =$n 'rder) /(en $t $s ,'n0en$ent +'r $tsel+) t' brea%t(e t(read '+ 'ur *(ys$,al $n0est$-at$'ns) and) under *reten,e '+etend$n- 'ur ,'-n$t$'n) ,'nne,t t(em /$t( trans,endental $deas) bymeans '+ /($,( /e really %n'/ 'nly t(at /e %n'/ n't($n->5 $+) I say)t(e em*$r$,$st rested sat$s+$ed /$t( t($s bene+$t) t(e *r$n,$*lead0an,ed by ($m /'uld be a ma$m re,'mmend$n- m'derat$'n $n t(e

*retens$'ns '+ reas'n and m'desty $n $ts a++$rmat$'ns) and at t(e samet$me /'uld d$re,t us t' t(e r$-(t m'de '+ etend$n- t(e *r'0$n,e '+t(e understand$n-) by t(e (el* '+ t(e 'nly true tea,(er) e*er$en,e!In 'bed$en,e t' t($s ad0$,e) $ntelle,tual (y*'t(eses and +a$t( /'uldn't be ,alled $n a$d '+ 'ur *ra,t$,al $nterests4 n'r s('uld /e$ntr'du,e t(em under t(e *'m*'us t$tles '+ s,$en,e and $ns$-(t! F'rs*e,ulat$0e ,'-n$t$'n ,ann't +$nd an 'b&e,t$0e bas$s any 't(er /(eret(an $n e*er$en,e4 and) /(en /e '0erste* $ts l$m$ts 'ur synt(es$s)/($,( re.u$res e0er ne/ ,'-n$t$'ns $nde*endent '+ e*er$en,e) (as n'substratum '+ $ntu$t$'n u*'n /($,( t' bu$ld!

3ut $+5 as '+ten (a**ens5 em*$r$,$sm) $n relat$'n t' $deas)be,'mes $tsel+ d'-mat$, and b'ldly den$es t(at /($,( $s ab'0e t(e

s*(ere '+ $ts *(en'menal ,'-n$t$'n) $t +alls $tsel+ $nt' t(e err'r'+ $ntem*eran,e5 an err'r /($,( $s (ere all t(e m're re*re(ens$ble) ast(ereby t(e *ra,t$,al $nterest '+ reas'n re,e$0es an $rre*arable$n&ury!

And t($s ,'nst$tutes t(e '**'s$t$'n bet/een E*$,urean$sm andPlat'n$sm!

It $s) ('/e0er) st$ll a matter '+ d'ubt /(et(er E*$,urus e0er*r'*'unded t(ese *r$n,$*les as d$re,t$'ns +'r t(e 'b&e,t$0e em*l'yment'+ t(e understand$n-! I+) $ndeed) t(ey /ere n't($n- m're t(an ma$ms

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+'r t(e s*e,ulat$0e eer,$se '+ reas'n) (e -$0es e0$den,e t(ere$n am're -enu$ne *($l's'*($, s*$r$t t(an any '+ t(e *($l's'*(ers '+ant$.u$ty! T(at) $n t(e e*lanat$'n '+ *(en'mena) /e must *r',eed as$+ t(e +$eld '+ $n.u$ry (ad ne$t(er l$m$ts $n s*a,e n'r ,'mmen,ement$n t$me4 t(at /e must be sat$s+$ed /$t( t(e tea,($n- '+ e*er$en,e$n re+eren,e t' t(e mater$al '+ /($,( t(e /'rld $s *'sed4 t(at /e mustn't l''% +'r any 't(er m'de '+ t(e 'r$-$nat$'n '+ e0ents t(an t(at/($,( $s determ$ned by t(e unalterable la/s '+ nature4 and +$nally)

t(at /e n't em*l'y t(e (y*'t(es$s '+ a ,ause d$st$n,t +r'm t(e /'rldt' a,,'unt +'r a *(en'men'n 'r +'r t(e /'rld $tsel+5 are *r$n,$*les+'r t(e etens$'n '+ s*e,ulat$0e *($l's'*(y) and t(e d$s,'0ery '+t(e true s'ur,es '+ t(e *r$n,$*les '+ m'rals) /($,() ('/e0er l$ttle,'n+'rmed t' $n t(e *resent day) are und'ubtedly ,'rre,t! At t(esame t$me) any 'ne des$r'us '+ $-n'r$n-) $n mere s*e,ulat$'n) t(esed'-mat$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns) need n't +'r t(at reas'n be a,,used '+deny$n- t(em!

3't( E*$,urus and Plat' assert m're $n t(e$r systems t(an t(ey %n'/!T(e +'rmer en,'ura-es and ad0an,es s,$en,e5 alt('u-( t' t(e*re&ud$,e '+ t(e *ra,t$,al4 t(e latter *resents us /$t( e,ellent*r$n,$*les +'r t(e $n0est$-at$'n '+ t(e *ra,t$,al) but) $n relat$'n t'

e0eryt($n- re-ard$n- /($,( /e ,an atta$n t' s*e,ulat$0e ,'-n$t$'n)*erm$ts reas'n t' a**end $deal$st$, e*lanat$'ns '+ natural *(en'mena)t' t(e -reat $n&ury '+ *(ys$,al $n0est$-at$'n!

! In re-ard t' t(e t($rd m't$0e +'r t(e *rel$m$nary ,('$,e '+ a*arty $n t($s /ar '+ assert$'ns) $t seems 0ery etra'rd$nary t(atem*$r$,$sm s('uld be utterly un*'*ular! 2e s('uld be $n,l$ned t'bel$e0e t(at t(e ,'mm'n understand$n- /'uld re,e$0e $t /$t(*leasure5 *r'm$s$n- as $t d'es t' sat$s+y $t /$t('ut *ass$n- t(eb'unds '+ e*er$en,e and $ts ,'nne,ted 'rder4 /($le trans,endentald'-mat$sm 'bl$-es $t t' r$se t' ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( +ar sur*ass t(e$ntell$-en,e and ab$l$ty '+ t(e m'st *ra,t$sed t($n%ers! 3ut $nt($s) $n trut() $s t' be +'und $ts real m't$0e! F'r t(e ,'mm'n

understand$n- t(us +$nds $tsel+ $n a s$tuat$'n /(ere n't e0en t(e m'stlearned ,an (a0e t(e ad0anta-e '+ $t! I+ $t understands l$ttle 'rn't($n- ab'ut t(ese trans,endental ,'n,e*t$'ns) n' 'ne ,an b'ast '+understand$n- any m're4 and alt('u-( $t may n't e*ress $tsel+ $n s's,('last$,ally ,'rre,t a manner as 't(ers) $t ,an busy $tsel+ /$t(reas'n$n- and ar-uments /$t('ut end) /ander$n- am'n- mere $deas) ab'ut/($,( 'ne ,an al/ays be 0ery el'.uent) be,ause /e %n'/ n't($n- ab'utt(em4 /($le) $n t(e 'bser0at$'n and $n0est$-at$'n '+ nature) $t/'uld be +'r,ed t' rema$n dumb and t' ,'n+ess $ts utter $-n'ran,e!T(us $nd'len,e and 0an$ty +'rm '+ t(emsel0es str'n- re,'mmendat$'ns '+t(ese *r$n,$*les! 3es$des) alt('u-( $t $s a (ard t($n- +'r a*($l's'*(er t' assume a *r$n,$*le) '+ /($,( (e ,an -$0e t' ($msel+n' reas'nable a,,'unt) and st$ll m're t' em*l'y ,'n,e*t$'ns) t(e

'b&e,t$0e real$ty '+ /($,( ,ann't be establ$s(ed) n't($n- $s m'reusual /$t( t(e ,'mm'n understand$n-! It /ants s'met($n- /($,( /$llall'/ $t t' -' t' /'r% /$t( ,'n+$den,e! T(e d$++$,ulty '+ e0en,'m*re(end$n- a su**'s$t$'n d'es n't d$s.u$et $t) be,ause5 n't %n'/$n-/(at ,'m*re(end$n- means5 $t ne0er e0en t($n%s '+ t(e su**'s$t$'n $tmay be ad'*t$n- as a *r$n,$*le4 and re-ards as %n'/n t(at /$t( /($,($t (as be,'me +am$l$ar +r'm ,'nstant use! And) at last) alls*e,ulat$0e $nterests d$sa**ear be+'re t(e *ra,t$,al $nterests /($,($t ('lds dear4 and $t +an,$es t(at $t understands and %n'/s /(at $tsne,ess$t$es and ('*es $n,$te $t t' assume 'r t' bel$e0e! T(us t(eem*$r$,$sm '+ trans,endentally $deal$;$n- reas'n $s r'bbed '+ all

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*'*ular$ty4 and) ('/e0er *re&ud$,$al $t may be t' t(e ($-(est*ra,t$,al *r$n,$*les) t(ere $s n' +ear t(at $t /$ll e0er *ass t(el$m$ts '+ t(e s,(''ls) 'r a,.u$re any +a0'ur 'r $n+luen,e $n s',$ety'r /$t( t(e mult$tude a

Human reas'n $s by nature ar,($te,t'n$,! T(at $s t' say) $tre-ards all ,'-n$t$'ns as *arts '+ a *'ss$ble system) and (en,ea,,e*ts 'nly su,( *r$n,$*les as at least d' n't $n,a*a,$tate a

,'-n$t$'n t' /($,( /e may (a0e atta$ned +r'm be$n- *la,ed al'n- /$t('t(ers $n a -eneral system! 3ut t(e *r'*'s$t$'ns '+ t(e ant$t(es$s are'+ a ,(ara,ter /($,( renders t(e ,'m*let$'n '+ an ed$+$,e '+,'-n$t$'ns $m*'ss$ble! A,,'rd$n- t' t(ese) bey'nd 'ne state 'r e*',('+ t(e /'rld t(ere $s al/ays t' be +'und 'ne m're an,$ent4 $n e0ery*art al/ays 't(er *arts t(emsel0es d$0$s$ble4 *re,ed$n- e0ery e0entan't(er) t(e 'r$-$n '+ /($,( must $tsel+ be s'u-(t st$ll ($-(er4 ande0eryt($n- $n e$sten,e $s ,'nd$t$'ned) and st$ll n't de*endent 'nan un,'nd$t$'ned and *r$mal e$sten,e! As) t(ere+'re) t(e ant$t(es$s/$ll n't ,'n,ede t(e e$sten,e '+ a +$rst be-$nn$n- /($,( m$-(t bea0a$lable as a +'undat$'n) a ,'m*lete ed$+$,e '+ ,'-n$t$'n) $n t(e*resen,e '+ su,( (y*'t(es$s) $s utterly $m*'ss$ble! T(us t(ear,($te,t'n$, $nterest '+ reas'n) /($,( re.u$res a un$ty5 n't

em*$r$,al) but a *r$'r$ and rat$'nal5 +'rms a natural re,'mmendat$'n+'r t(e assert$'ns '+ t(e t(es$s $n 'ur ant$n'my!

3ut $+ any 'ne ,'uld +ree ($msel+ ent$rely +r'm all ,'ns$derat$'ns'+ $nterest) and /e$-( /$t('ut *art$al$ty t(e assert$'ns '+ reas'n)attend$n- 'nly t' t(e$r ,'ntent) $rres*e,t$0e '+ t(e ,'nse.uen,es/($,( +'ll'/ +r'm t(em4 su,( a *ers'n) 'n t(e su**'s$t$'n t(at (e %ne/n' 't(er /ay 'ut '+ t(e ,'n+us$'n t(an t' settle t(e trut( '+ 'ne 'r't(er '+ t(e ,'n+l$,t$n- d',tr$nes) /'uld l$0e $n a state '+ ,'nt$nual(es$tat$'n! T'day) (e /'uld +eel ,'n0$n,ed t(at t(e (uman /$ll $s+ree4 t'5m'rr'/) ,'ns$der$n- t(e $nd$ss'luble ,(a$n '+ nature) (e/'uld l''% 'n +reed'm as a mere $llus$'n and de,lare nature t' beall5$n5all! 3ut) $+ (e /ere ,alled t' a,t$'n) t(e *lay '+ t(e merely

s*e,ulat$0e reas'n /'uld d$sa**ear l$%e t(e s(a*es '+ a dream) and*ra,t$,al $nterest /'uld d$,tate ($s ,('$,e '+ *r$n,$*les! 3ut) as$t /ell be+$ts a re+le,t$0e and $n.u$r$n- be$n- t' de0'te ,erta$n*er$'ds '+ t$me t' t(e eam$nat$'n '+ $ts '/n reas'n5 t' d$0est $tsel+'+ all *art$al$ty) and +ran%ly t' ,'mmun$,ate $ts 'bser0at$'ns +'r t(e&ud-ement and '*$n$'n '+ 't(ers4 s' n' 'ne ,an be blamed +'r) mu,(less *re0ented +r'm) *la,$n- b't( *art$es 'n t(e$r tr$al) /$t(*erm$ss$'n t' end t(emsel0es) +ree +r'm $nt$m$dat$'n) be+'re$nt$m$dat$'n) be+'re a s/'rn &ury '+ e.ual ,'nd$t$'n /$t(t(emsel0es5 t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ /ea% and +all$ble men!

SECTION ID! O+ t(e ne,ess$ty $m*'sed u*'n Pure Reas'n

'+ *resent$n- a S'lut$'n '+ $ts Trans,endental

Pr'blems!

T' a0'/ an ab$l$ty t' s'l0e all *r'blems and t' ans/er all .uest$'ns/'uld be a *r'+ess$'n ,erta$n t' ,'n0$,t any *($l's'*(er '+etra0a-ant b'ast$n- and sel+5,'n,e$t) and at 'n,e t' destr'y t(e,'n+$den,e t(at m$-(t 't(er/$se (a0e been re*'sed $n ($m! T(ere are)('/e0er) s,$en,es s' ,'nst$tuted t(at e0ery .uest$'n ar$s$n- /$t($nt(e$r s*(ere must ne,essar$ly be ,a*able '+ re,e$0$n- an ans/er +r'mt(e %n'/led-e already *'ssessed) +'r t(e ans/er must be re,e$0ed

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+r'm t(e same s'ur,es /(en,e t(e .uest$'n ar'se! In su,( s,$en,es $t$s n't all'/able t' e,use 'ursel0es 'n t(e *lea '+ ne,essary anduna0'$dable $-n'ran,e4 a s'lut$'n $s abs'lutely re.u$s$te! T(e rule '+r$-(t and /r'n- must (el* us t' t(e %n'/led-e '+ /(at $s r$-(t 'r/r'n- $n all *'ss$ble ,ases4 't(er/$se) t(e $dea '+ 'bl$-at$'n 'r duty/'uld be utterly null) +'r /e ,ann't (a0e any 'bl$-at$'n t' t(at /($,(/e ,ann't %n'/! On t(e 't(er (and) $n 'ur $n0est$-at$'ns '+ t(e*(en'mena '+ nature) mu,( must rema$n un,erta$n) and many .uest$'ns

,'nt$nue $ns'luble4 be,ause /(at /e %n'/ '+ nature $s +ar +r'm be$n-su++$,$ent t' e*la$n all t(e *(en'mena t(at are *resented t' 'ur'bser0at$'n! N'/ t(e .uest$'n $s6 92(et(er t(ere $s $ntrans,endental *($l's'*(y any .uest$'n) relat$n- t' an 'b&e,t*resented t' *ure reas'n) /($,( $s unans/erable by t($s reas'n4 and/(et(er /e must re-ard t(e sub&e,t '+ t(e .uest$'n as .u$te un,erta$n)s' +ar as 'ur %n'/led-e etends) and must -$0e $t a *la,e am'n-t('se sub&e,ts) '+ /($,( /e (a0e &ust s' mu,( ,'n,e*t$'n as $ssu++$,$ent t' enable us t' ra$se a .uest$'n5 +a,ulty 'r mater$als+a$l$n- us) ('/e0er) /(en /e attem*t an ans/er! t(e /'rld

N'/ I ma$nta$n t(at) am'n- all s*e,ulat$0e ,'-n$t$'n) t(e*e,ul$ar$ty '+ trans,endental *($l's'*(y $s t(at t(ere $s n' .uest$'n)

relat$n- t' an 'b&e,t *resented t' *ure reas'n) /($,( $s $ns'lubleby t($s reas'n4 and t(at t(e *r'+ess$'n '+ una0'$dable $-n'ran,e5t(e *r'blem be$n- alle-ed t' be bey'nd t(e rea,( '+ 'ur +a,ult$es5,ann't +ree us +r'm t(e 'bl$-at$'n t' *resent a ,'m*lete andsat$s+a,t'ry ans/er! F'r t(e 0ery ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( enables us t' ra$set(e .uest$'n must -$0e us t(e *'/er '+ ans/er$n- $t4 $nasmu,( as t(e'b&e,t) as $n t(e ,ase '+ r$-(t and /r'n-) $s n't t' be d$s,'0ered 'ut'+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n!

3ut) $n trans,endental *($l's'*(y) $t $s 'nly t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al.uest$'ns t' /($,( /e ,an demand a sat$s+a,t'ry ans/er $n relat$'nt' t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ t(e$r 'b&e,t4 and t(e *($l's'*(er $s n't*erm$tted t' a0a$l ($msel+ '+ t(e *retet '+ ne,essary $-n'ran,e and

$m*enetrable 'bs,ur$ty! T(ese .uest$'ns relate s'lely t' t(e,'sm'l'-$,al $deas! F'r t(e 'b&e,t must be -$0en $n e*er$en,e) andt(e .uest$'n relates t' t(e ade.uateness '+ t(e 'b&e,t t' an $dea!I+ t(e 'b&e,t $s trans,endental and t(ere+'re $tsel+ un%n'/n4 $+ t(e.uest$'n) +'r eam*le) $s /(et(er t(e 'b&e,t5 t(e s'met($n-) t(e*(en'men'n '+ /($,( =$nternal5 $n 'ursel0es> $s t('u-(t5 t(at $s t'say) t(e s'ul) $s $n $tsel+ a s$m*le be$n-4 'r /(et(er t(ere $s a,ause '+ all t($n-s) /($,( $s abs'lutely ne,essary5 $n su,( ,ases /eare see%$n- +'r 'ur $dea an 'b&e,t) '+ /($,( /e may ,'n+ess t(at $t $sun%n'/n t' us) t('u-( /e must n't 'n t(at a,,'unt assert t(at $t $s$m*'ss$ble! T(e ,'sm'l'-$,al $deas al'ne *'sses t(e *e,ul$ar$tyt(at /e ,an *resu**'se t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(em and t(e em*$r$,alsynt(es$s re.u$s$te +'r t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(at 'b&e,t t' be -$0en4 and

t(e .uest$'n) /($,( ar$ses +r'm t(ese $deas) relates merely t' t(e*r'-ress '+ t($s synt(es$s) $n s' +ar as $t must ,'nta$n abs'lutet'tal$ty5 /($,() ('/e0er) $s n't em*$r$,al) as $t ,ann't be -$0en $nany e*er$en,e! N'/) as t(e .uest$'n (ere $s s'lely $n re-ard t' at($n- as t(e 'b&e,t '+ a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e and n't as a t($n- $n$tsel+) t(e ans/er t' t(e trans,endental ,'sm'l'-$,al .uest$'n needn't be s'u-(t 'ut '+ t(e $dea) +'r t(e .uest$'n d'es n't re-ard an'b&e,t $n $tsel+! T(e .uest$'n $n relat$'n t' a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e $sn't) 92(at ,an be -$0en $n an e*er$en,e $n ,'n,ret'9 but 9/(at $s,'nta$ned $n t(e $dea) t' /($,( t(e em*$r$,al synt(es$s musta**r'$mate!9 T(e .uest$'n must t(ere+'re be ,a*able '+ s'lut$'n

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+r'm t(e $dea al'ne! F'r t(e $dea $s a ,reat$'n '+ reas'n $tsel+)/($,( t(ere+'re ,ann't d$s,la$m t(e 'bl$-at$'n t' ans/er 'r re+er ust' t(e un%n'/n 'b&e,t!

T(e .uest$'n) 92(at $s t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ a trans,endental'b&e,t@9 $s unans/erable5 /e are unable t' say /(at $t $s4 but /e,an *er,e$0e t(at t(e .uest$'n $tsel+ $s n't($n-4 be,ause $t d'esn't relate t' any 'b&e,t t(at ,an be *resented t' us! F'r t($s reas'n)

/e must ,'ns$der all t(e .uest$'ns ra$sed $n trans,endental *sy,('l'-yas ans/erable and as really ans/ered4 +'r t(ey relate t' t(etrans,endental sub&e,t '+ all $nternal *(en'mena) /($,( $s n't$tsel+ *(en'men'n and ,'nse.uently n't -$0en as an 'b&e,t) $n /($,()m're'0er) n'ne '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es5 and $t $s t' t(em t(at t(e.uest$'n $s *r'*erly d$re,ted5 +$nd any ,'nd$t$'ns '+ $ts a**l$,at$'n!Here) t(ere+'re) $s a ,ase /(ere n' ans/er $s t(e 'nly *r'*erans/er! F'r a .uest$'n re-ard$n- t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ a s'met($n- /($,(,ann't be ,'-$tated by any determ$ned *red$,ate) be$n- ,'m*letelybey'nd t(e s*(ere '+ 'b&e,ts and e*er$en,e) $s *er+e,tly null and0'$d!

It $s n't s' etra'rd$nary) as $t at +$rst s$-(t a**ears) t(at a

s,$en,e s('uld demand and e*e,t sat$s+a,t'ry ans/ers t' all t(e.uest$'ns t(at may ar$se /$t($n $ts '/n s*(ere =.uest$'nesd'mest$,ae>) alt('u-() u* t' a ,erta$n t$me) t(ese ans/ers may n't(a0e been d$s,'0ered! T(ere are) $n add$t$'n t' trans,endental*($l's'*(y) 'nly t/' *ure s,$en,es '+ reas'n4 t(e 'ne /$t( as*e,ulat$0e) t(e 't(er /$t( a *ra,t$,al ,'ntent5 *ure mat(emat$,sand *ure et($,s! Has any 'ne e0er (eard $t alle-ed t(at) +r'm 'ur,'m*lete and ne,essary $-n'ran,e '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns) $t $s un,erta$n/(at ea,t relat$'n t(e d$ameter '+ a ,$r,le bears t' t(e ,$r,le $nrat$'nal 'r $rrat$'nal numbers@ 3y t(e +'rmer t(e sum ,ann't be-$0en ea,tly) by t(e latter 'nly a**r'$mately4 and t(ere+'re /ede,$de t(at t(e $m*'ss$b$l$ty '+ a s'lut$'n '+ t(e .uest$'n $se0$dent! <ambert *resented us /$t( a dem'nstrat$'n '+ t($s! In t(e

-eneral *r$n,$*les '+ m'rals t(ere ,an be n't($n- un,erta$n) +'r t(e*r'*'s$t$'ns are e$t(er utterly /$t('ut mean$n-) 'r must 'r$-$nates'lely $n 'ur rat$'nal ,'n,e*t$'ns! On t(e 't(er (and) t(ere must be$n *(ys$,al s,$en,e an $n+$n$te number '+ ,'n&e,tures) /($,( ,an ne0erbe,'me ,erta$nt$es4 be,ause t(e *(en'mena '+ nature are n't -$0en as'b&e,ts de*endent 'n 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns! T(e %ey t' t(e s'lut$'n '+su,( .uest$'ns ,ann't) t(ere+'re) be +'und $n 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns) 'r $n*ure t('u-(t) but must l$e /$t('ut us and +'r t(at reas'n $s $n many,ases n't t' be d$s,'0ered4 and ,'nse.uently a sat$s+a,t'rye*lanat$'n ,ann't be e*e,ted! T(e .uest$'ns '+ trans,endentalanalyt$,) /($,( relate t' t(e dedu,t$'n '+ 'ur *ure ,'-n$t$'n) are n'tt' be re-arded as '+ t(e same %$nd as t('se ment$'ned ab'0e4 +'r /eare n't at *resent treat$n- '+ t(e ,erta$nty '+ &ud-ements $n relat$'n

t' t(e 'r$-$n '+ 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns) but 'nly '+ t(at ,erta$nty $nrelat$'n t' 'b&e,ts!

2e ,ann't) t(ere+'re) es,a*e t(e res*'ns$b$l$ty '+ at least a,r$t$,al s'lut$'n '+ t(e .uest$'ns '+ reas'n) by ,'m*la$nts '+ t(el$m$ted nature '+ 'ur +a,ult$es) and t(e seem$n-ly (umble ,'n+ess$'nt(at $t $s bey'nd t(e *'/er '+ 'ur reas'n t' de,$de) /(et(er t(e /'rld(as e$sted +r'm all etern$ty 'r (ad a be-$nn$n-5 /(et(er $t $s$n+$n$tely etended) 'r en,l'sed /$t($n ,erta$n l$m$ts5 /(et(eranyt($n- $n t(e /'rld $s s$m*le) 'r /(et(er e0eryt($n- must be ,a*able'+ $n+$n$te d$0$s$b$l$ty5 /(et(er +reed'm ,an 'r$-$nate *(en'mena)

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'r /(et(er e0eryt($n- $s abs'lutely de*endent 'n t(e la/s and 'rder '+nature5 and) +$nally) /(et(er t(ere e$sts a be$n- t(at $s,'m*letely un,'nd$t$'ned and ne,essary) 'r /(et(er t(e e$sten,e '+e0eryt($n- $s ,'nd$t$'ned and ,'nse.uently de*endent 'n s'met($n-eternal t' $tsel+) and t(ere+'re $n $ts '/n nature ,'nt$n-ent! F'rall t(ese .uest$'ns relate t' an 'b&e,t) /($,( ,an be -$0en n'/(ereelse t(an $n t('u-(t! T($s 'b&e,t $s t(e abs'lutely un,'nd$t$'nedt'tal$ty '+ t(e synt(es$s '+ *(en'mena! I+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns $n 'ur

m$nds d' n't ass$st us t' s'me ,erta$n result $n re-ard t' t(ese*r'blems) /e must n't de+end 'ursel0es 'n t(e *lea t(at t(e 'b&e,t$tsel+ rema$ns ($dden +r'm and un%n'/n t' us! F'r n' su,( t($n- 'r'b&e,t ,an be -$0en5 $t $s n't t' be +'und 'ut '+ t(e $dea $n 'urm$nds! 2e must see% t(e ,ause '+ 'ur +a$lure $n 'ur $dea $tsel+) /($,($s an $ns'luble *r'blem and $n re-ard t' /($,( /e 'bst$nately assumet(at t(ere e$sts a real 'b&e,t ,'rres*'nd$n- and ade.uate t' $t! A,lear e*lanat$'n '+ t(e d$ale,t$, /($,( l$es $n 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n)/$ll 0ery s''n enable us t' ,'me t' a sat$s+a,t'ry de,$s$'n $nre-ard t' su,( a .uest$'n!

T(e *retet t(at /e are unable t' arr$0e at ,erta$nty $n re-ard t't(ese *r'blems may be met /$t( t($s .uest$'n) /($,( re.u$res at

least a *la$n ans/er6 9Fr'm /(at s'ur,e d' t(e $deas 'r$-$nate) t(es'lut$'n '+ /($,( $n0'l0es y'u $n su,( d$++$,ult$es@ Are y'u see%$n-+'r an e*lanat$'n '+ ,erta$n *(en'mena4 and d' y'u e*e,t t(ese $deast' -$0e y'u t(e *r$n,$*les 'r t(e rules '+ t($s e*lanat$'n@9 <et $tbe -ranted) t(at all nature /as la$d '*en be+'re y'u4 t(at n't($n- /as($d +r'm y'ur senses and y'ur ,'ns,$'usness! St$ll) y'u ,'uld n't,'-n$;e $n ,'n,ret' t(e 'b&e,t '+ y'ur $deas $n any e*er$en,e! F'r/(at $s demanded $s n't 'nly t($s +ull and ,'m*lete $ntu$t$'n) butals' a ,'m*lete synt(es$s and t(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ $ts abs'lutet'tal$ty4 and t($s $s n't *'ss$ble by means '+ any em*$r$,al,'-n$t$'n! It +'ll'/s t(at y'ur .uest$'n5 y'ur $dea5 $s by n' meansne,essary +'r t(e e*lanat$'n '+ any *(en'men'n4 and t(e $dea ,ann't(a0e been $n any sense -$0en by t(e 'b&e,t $tsel+! F'r su,( an

'b&e,t ,an ne0er be *resented t' us) be,ause $t ,ann't be -$0en by any*'ss$ble e*er$en,e! 2(ate0er *er,e*t$'ns y'u may atta$n t') y'u arest$ll surr'unded by ,'nd$t$'ns5 $n s*a,e) 'r $n t$me5 and y'u ,ann'td$s,'0er anyt($n- un,'nd$t$'ned4 n'r ,an y'u de,$de /(et(er t($sun,'nd$t$'ned $s t' be *la,ed $n an abs'lute be-$nn$n- '+ t(esynt(es$s) 'r $n an abs'lute t'tal$ty '+ t(e ser$es /$t('ut be-$nn$n-!A /('le) $n t(e em*$r$,al s$-n$+$,at$'n '+ t(e term) $s al/aysmerely ,'m*arat$0e! T(e abs'lute /('le '+ .uant$ty =t(e un$0erse>)'+ d$0$s$'n) '+ der$0at$'n) '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ e$sten,e) /$t( t(e.uest$'n5 /(et(er $t $s t' be *r'du,ed by +$n$te 'r $n+$n$tesynt(es$s) n' *'ss$ble e*er$en,e ,an $nstru,t us ,'n,ern$n-! J'u /$lln't) +'r eam*le) be able t' e*la$n t(e *(en'mena '+ a b'dy $n t(eleast de-ree better) /(et(er y'u bel$e0e $t t' ,'ns$st '+ s$m*le) 'r

'+ ,'m*'s$te *arts4 +'r a s$m*le *(en'men'n5 and &ust as l$ttle an$n+$n$te ser$es '+ ,'m*'s$t$'n5 ,an ne0er be *resented t' y'ur*er,e*t$'n! P(en'mena re.u$re and adm$t '+ e*lanat$'n) 'nly $n s' +aras t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(at e*lanat$'n are -$0en $n *er,e*t$'n4 but t(esum t'tal '+ t(at /($,( $s -$0en $n *(en'mena) ,'ns$dered as anabs'lute /('le) $s $tsel+ a *er,e*t$'n5 and /e ,ann't t(ere+'re see%+'r e*lanat$'ns '+ t($s /('le bey'nd $tsel+) $n 't(er *er,e*t$'ns!T(e e*lanat$'n '+ t($s /('le $s t(e *r'*er 'b&e,t '+ t(etrans,endental *r'blems '+ *ure reas'n!

Alt('u-() t(ere+'re) t(e s'lut$'n '+ t(ese *r'blems $s

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unatta$nable t(r'u-( e*er$en,e) /e must n't *erm$t 'ursel0es t' sayt(at $t $s un,erta$n ('/ t(e 'b&e,t '+ 'ur $n.u$r$es $s ,'nst$tuted!F'r t(e 'b&e,t $s $n 'ur '/n m$nd and ,ann't be d$s,'0ered $ne*er$en,e4 and /e (a0e 'nly t' ta%e ,are t(at 'ur t('u-(ts are,'ns$stent /$t( ea,( 't(er) and t' a0'$d +all$n- $nt' t(e am*($b'ly '+re-ard$n- 'ur $dea as a re*resentat$'n '+ an 'b&e,t em*$r$,ally -$0en)and t(ere+'re t' be ,'-n$;ed a,,'rd$n- t' t(e la/s '+ e*er$en,e! Ad'-mat$,al s'lut$'n $s t(ere+'re n't 'nly unsat$s+a,t'ry but

$m*'ss$ble! T(e ,r$t$,al s'lut$'n) /($,( may be a *er+e,tly ,erta$n'ne) d'es n't ,'ns$der t(e .uest$'n 'b&e,t$0ely) but *r',eeds by$n.u$r$n- $nt' t(e bas$s '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n u*'n /($,( t(e .uest$'nrests!

SECTION D! S,e*t$,al E*'s$t$'n '+ t(e C'sm'l'-$,al Pr'blems

*resented $n t(e +'ur Trans,endental Ideas!

2e s('uld be .u$te /$ll$n- t' des$st +r'm t(e demand '+ a d'-mat$,alans/er t' 'ur .uest$'ns) $+ /e underst''d be+'re(and t(at) be t(eans/er /(at $t may) $t /'uld 'nly ser0e t' $n,rease 'ur $-n'ran,e)t' t(r'/ us +r'm 'ne $n,'m*re(ens$b$l$ty $nt' an't(er) +r'm 'ne

'bs,ur$ty $nt' an't(er st$ll -reater) and *er(a*s lead us $nt'$rre,'n,$lable ,'ntrad$,t$'ns! I+ a d'-mat$,al a++$rmat$0e 'r ne-at$0eans/er $s demanded) $s $t at all *rudent t' set as$de t(e *r'bable-r'unds '+ a s'lut$'n /($,( l$e be+'re us and t' ta%e $nt','ns$derat$'n /(at ad0anta-e /e s(all -a$n) $+ t(e ans/er $s t' +a0'urt(e 'ne s$de 'r t(e 't(er@ I+ $t (a**ens t(at $n b't( ,ases t(e ans/er$s mere n'nsense) /e (a0e $n t($s an $rres$st$ble summ'ns t' $nst$tutea ,r$t$,al $n0est$-at$'n '+ t(e .uest$'n) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+d$s,'0er$n- /(et(er $t $s based 'n a -r'undless *resu**'s$t$'n andrelates t' an $dea) t(e +als$ty '+ /($,( /'uld be m're eas$lye*'sed $n $ts a**l$,at$'n and ,'nse.uen,es t(an $n t(e merere*resentat$'n '+ $ts ,'ntent! T($s $s t(e -reat ut$l$ty '+ t(es,e*t$,al m'de '+ treat$n- t(e .uest$'ns addressed by *ure reas'n t'

$tsel+! 3y t($s met('d /e eas$ly r$d 'ursel0es '+ t(e ,'n+us$'ns '+d'-mat$sm) and establ$s( $n $ts *la,e a tem*erate ,r$t$,$sm) /($,() asa -enu$ne ,at(art$,) /$ll su,,ess+ully rem'0e t(e *resum*tu'us n't$'ns'+ *($l's'*(y and t(e$r ,'nse.uen,e5 t(e 0a$n *retens$'n t'un$0ersal s,$en,e!

I+) t(en) I ,'uld understand t(e nature '+ a ,'sm'l'-$,al $dea and*er,e$0e) be+'re I entered 'n t(e d$s,uss$'n '+ t(e sub&e,t at all)t(at) /(ate0er s$de '+ t(e .uest$'n re-ard$n- t(e un,'nd$t$'ned '+ t(ere-ress$0e synt(es$s '+ *(en'mena $t +a0'ured5 $t must e$t(er be t''-reat 'r t'' small +'r e0ery ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-5 I/'uld be able t' ,'m*re(end ('/ t(e $dea) /($,( relates t' an 'b&e,t'+ e*er$en,e5 an e*er$en,e /($,( must be ade.uate t' and $n

a,,'rdan,e /$t( a *'ss$ble ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-5 must be,'m*letely 0'$d and /$t('ut s$-n$+$,an,e) $nasmu,( as $ts 'b&e,t $s$nade.uate) ,'ns$der $t as /e may! And t($s $s a,tually t(e ,ase/$t( all ,'sm'l'-$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,() +'r t(e reas'n ab'0ement$'ned) $n0'l0e reas'n) s' l'n- as $t rema$ns atta,(ed t' t(em)$n an una0'$dable ant$n'my! F'r su**'se6

F$rst) t(at t(e /'rld (as n' be-$nn$n-5 $n t($s ,ase $t $s t'' lar-e+'r 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n4 +'r t($s ,'n,e*t$'n) /($,( ,'ns$sts $n asu,,ess$0e re-ress) ,ann't '0erta%e t(e /('le etern$ty t(at (asela*sed! rant t(at $t (as a be-$nn$n-) $t $s t(en t'' small +'r t(e

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,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-! F'r) as a be-$nn$n- *resu**'ses at$me *re,ed$n-) $t ,ann't be un,'nd$t$'ned4 and t(e la/ '+ t(eem*$r$,al em*l'yment '+ t(e understand$n- $m*'ses t(e ne,ess$ty '+l''%$n- +'r a ($-(er ,'nd$t$'n '+ t$me4 and t(e /'rld $s) t(ere+'re)e0$dently t'' small +'r t($s la/!

T(e same $s t(e ,ase /$t( t(e d'uble ans/er t' t(e .uest$'nre-ard$n- t(e etent) $n s*a,e) '+ t(e /'rld! F'r) $+ $t $s $n+$n$te

and unl$m$ted) $t must be t'' lar-e +'r e0ery *'ss$ble em*$r$,al,'n,e*t$'n! I+ $t $s +$n$te and l$m$ted) /e (a0e a r$-(t t' as%6 92(atdeterm$nes t(ese l$m$ts@9 D'$d s*a,e $s n't a sel+5subs$stent,'rrelate '+ t($n-s) and ,ann't be a +$nal ,'nd$t$'n5 and st$ll lessan em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'n) +'rm$n- a *art '+ a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e! F'r('/ ,an /e (a0e any e*er$en,e 'r *er,e*t$'n '+ an abs'lute 0'$d@3ut t(e abs'lute t'tal$ty '+ t(e em*$r$,al synt(es$s re.u$res t(at t(eun,'nd$t$'ned be an em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'n! C'nse.uently) a +$n$te /'rld$s t'' small +'r 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n!

Se,'ndly) $+ e0ery *(en'men'n =matter> $n s*a,e ,'ns$sts '+ an$n+$n$te number '+ *arts) t(e re-ress '+ t(e d$0$s$'n $s al/ays t''-reat +'r 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n4 and $+ t(e d$0$s$'n '+ s*a,e must ,ease /$t(

s'me member '+ t(e d$0$s$'n =t(e s$m*le>) $t $s t'' small +'r t(e $dea'+ t(e un,'nd$t$'ned! F'r t(e member at /($,( /e (a0e d$s,'nt$nued 'urd$0$s$'n st$ll adm$ts a re-ress t' many m're *arts ,'nta$ned $n t(e'b&e,t!

T($rdly) su**'se t(at e0ery e0ent $n t(e /'rld (a**ens $n a,,'rdan,e/$t( t(e la/s '+ nature4 t(e ,ausal$ty '+ a ,ause must $tsel+ be ane0ent and ne,ess$tates a re-ress t' a st$ll ($-(er ,ause) and,'nse.uently t(e un,eas$n- *r'l'n-at$'n '+ t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'nsa *arte *r$'r$! O*erat$0e nature $s t(ere+'re t'' lar-e +'r e0ery,'n,e*t$'n /e ,an +'rm $n t(e synt(es$s '+ ,'sm$,al e0ents!

I+ /e adm$t t(e e$sten,e '+ s*'ntane'usly *r'du,ed e0ents) t(at $s)

'+ +ree a-en,y) /e are dr$0en) $n 'ur sear,( +'r su++$,$ent reas'ns)'n an una0'$dable la/ '+ nature and are ,'m*elled t' a**eal t' t(eem*$r$,al la/ '+ ,ausal$ty) and /e +$nd t(at any su,( t'tal$ty '+,'nne,t$'n $n 'ur synt(es$s $s t'' small +'r 'ur ne,essary em*$r$,al,'n,e*t$'n!

F'urt(ly) $+ /e assume t(e e$sten,e '+ an abs'lutely ne,essarybe$n-5 /(et(er $t be t(e /'rld 'r s'met($n- $n t(e /'rld) 'r t(e ,ause'+ t(e /'rld5 /e must *la,e $t $n a t$me at an $n+$n$te d$stan,e+r'm any -$0en m'ment4 +'r) 't(er/$se) $t must be de*endent 'n s'me't(er and ($-(er e$sten,e! Su,( an e$sten,e $s) $n t($s ,ase) t''lar-e +'r 'ur em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'n) and unatta$nable by t(e,'nt$nued re-ress '+ any synt(es$s!

3ut $+ /e bel$e0e t(at e0eryt($n- $n t(e /'rld5 be $t ,'nd$t$'n 'r,'nd$t$'ned5 $s ,'nt$n-ent4 e0ery -$0en e$sten,e $s t'' small +'r 'ur,'n,e*t$'n! F'r $n t($s ,ase /e are ,'m*elled t' see% +'r s'me 't(ere$sten,e u*'n /($,( t(e +'rmer de*ends!

2e (a0e sa$d t(at $n all t(ese ,ases t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al $dea $s e$t(ert'' -reat 'r t'' small +'r t(e em*$r$,al re-ress $n a synt(es$s) and,'nse.uently +'r e0ery *'ss$ble ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n-! 2(yd$d /e n't e*ress 'ursel0es $n a manner ea,tly t(e re0erse '+ t($sand) $nstead '+ a,,us$n- t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al $dea '+ '0er ste**$n- 'r

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'+ t(at $ntu$t$'n /($,( /e ,all eternal) and) /$t('ut 'b&e,ts $ns*a,e) n' em*$r$,al re*resentat$'n ,'uld be -$0en us) /e ,an and 'u-(tt' re-ard etended b'd$es $n $t as real! T(e ,ase $s t(e same /$t(re*resentat$'ns $n t$me! 3ut t$me and s*a,e) /$t( all *(en'menat(ere$n) are n't $n t(emsel0es t($n-s! T(ey are n't($n- butre*resentat$'ns and ,ann't e$st 'ut '+ and a*art +r'm t(e m$nd!Nay) t(e sensu'us $nternal $ntu$t$'n '+ t(e m$nd =as t(e 'b&e,t '+,'ns,$'usness>) t(e determ$nat$'n '+ /($,( $s re*resented by t(e

su,,ess$'n '+ d$++erent states $n t$me) $s n't t(e real) *r'*ersel+) as $t e$sts $n $tsel+5 n't t(e trans,endental sub&e,t5 but 'nlya *(en'men'n) /($,( $s *resented t' t(e sens$b$l$ty '+ t($s) t' us)un%n'/n be$n-! T($s $nternal *(en'men'n ,ann't be adm$tted t' be asel+5subs$st$n- t($n-4 +'r $ts ,'nd$t$'n $s t$me) and t$me ,ann't bet(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ a t($n- $n $tsel+! 3ut t(e em*$r$,al trut( '+*(en'mena $n s*a,e and t$me $s -uaranteed bey'nd t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+d'ubt) and su++$,$ently d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm t(e $llus$'n '+ dreams 'r+an,y5 alt('u-( b't( (a0e a *r'*er and t('r'u-( ,'nne,t$'n $n ane*er$en,e a,,'rd$n- t' em*$r$,al la/s! T(e 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e t(enare n't t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) but are -$0en 'nly $n e*er$en,e) and(a0e n' e$sten,e a*art +r'm and $nde*endently '+ e*er$en,e! T(att(ere may be $n(ab$tants $n t(e m''n) alt('u-( n' 'ne (as e0er

'bser0ed t(em) must ,erta$nly be adm$tted4 but t($s assert$'n means'nly) t(at /e may $n t(e *'ss$ble *r'-ress '+ e*er$en,e d$s,'0er t(emat s'me +uture t$me! F'r t(at /($,( stands $n ,'nne,t$'n /$t( a*er,e*t$'n a,,'rd$n- t' t(e la/s '+ t(e *r'-ress '+ e*er$en,e $sreal! T(ey are t(ere+'re really e$stent) $+ t(ey stand $n em*$r$,al,'nne,t$'n /$t( my a,tual 'r real ,'ns,$'usness) alt('u-( t(ey are n't$n t(emsel0es real) t(at $s) a*art +r'm t(e *r'-ress '+ e*er$en,e!

T(ere $s n't($n- a,tually -$0en5 /e ,an be ,'ns,$'us '+ n't($n- asreal) e,e*t a *er,e*t$'n and t(e em*$r$,al *r'-ress$'n +r'm $t t''t(er *'ss$ble *er,e*t$'ns! F'r *(en'mena) as mere re*resentat$'ns)are real 'nly $n *er,e*t$'n4 and *er,e*t$'n $s) $n +a,t) n't($n- butt(e real$ty '+ an em*$r$,al re*resentat$'n) t(at $s) a *(en'men'n!

T' ,all a *(en'men'n a real t($n- *r$'r t' *er,e*t$'n means e$t(ert(at /e must meet /$t( t($s *(en'men'n $n t(e *r'-ress '+e*er$en,e) 'r $t means n't($n- at all! F'r I ,an say 'nly '+ at($n- $n $tsel+ t(at $t e$sts /$t('ut relat$'n t' t(e senses ande*er$en,e! 3ut /e are s*ea%$n- (ere merely '+ *(en'mena $n s*a,eand t$me) b't( '+ /($,( are determ$nat$'ns '+ sens$b$l$ty) and n't'+ t($n-s $n t(emsel0es! It +'ll'/s t(at *(en'mena are n't t($n-s $nt(emsel0es) but are mere re*resentat$'ns) /($,( $+ n't -$0en $n us5 $n*er,e*t$'n5 are n'n5e$stent!

T(e +a,ulty '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n $s *r'*erly a re,e*t$0$ty5 a,a*a,$ty '+ be$n- a++e,ted $n a ,erta$n manner by re*resentat$'ns) t(erelat$'n '+ /($,( t' ea,( 't(er $s a *ure $ntu$t$'n '+ s*a,e and t$me5

t(e *ure +'rms '+ sens$b$l$ty! T(ese re*resentat$'ns) $n s' +ar ast(ey are ,'nne,ted and determ$nable $n t($s relat$'n =$n s*a,e andt$me> a,,'rd$n- t' la/s '+ t(e un$ty '+ e*er$en,e) are ,alled'b&e,ts! T(e n'n5sensu'us ,ause '+ t(ese re*resentat$'ns $s ,'m*letelyun%n'/n t' us and (en,e ,ann't be $ntu$ted as an 'b&e,t! F'r su,( an'b&e,t ,'uld n't be re*resented e$t(er $n s*a,e 'r $n t$me4 and/$t('ut t(ese ,'nd$t$'ns $ntu$t$'n 'r re*resentat$'n $s $m*'ss$ble! 2emay) at t(e same t$me) term t(e n'n5sensu'us ,ause '+ *(en'mena t(etrans,endental 'b&e,t5 but merely as a mental ,'rrelate t'sens$b$l$ty) ,'ns$dered as a re,e*t$0$ty! T' t($s trans,endental'b&e,t /e may attr$bute t(e /('le ,'nne,t$'n and etent '+ 'ur

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$deas as t(ere are d$++erent %$nds '+ ,'nd$t$'ns $n t(e synt(es$s '+*(en'mena) $n s' +ar as t(ese ,'nd$t$'ns ,'nst$tute a ser$es! T(ese$deas re.u$re abs'lute t'tal$ty $n t(e ser$es) and t(us *la,e reas'n$n $netr$,able embarrassment! 3e+'re *r',eed$n- t' e*'se t(e +alla,y$n t($s d$ale,t$,al ar-ument) $t /$ll be ne,essary t' (a0e a ,'rre,tunderstand$n- '+ ,erta$n ,'n,e*t$'ns t(at a**ear $n $t!

In t(e +$rst *la,e) t(e +'ll'/$n- *r'*'s$t$'n $s e0$dent) and

$ndub$tably ,erta$n6 9I+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned $s -$0en) a re-ress $n t(eser$es '+ all $ts ,'nd$t$'ns $s t(ereby $m*erat$0ely re.u$red!9 F'rt(e 0ery ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a ,'nd$t$'ned $s a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ s'met($n-related t' a ,'nd$t$'n) and) $+ t($s ,'nd$t$'n $s $tsel+,'nd$t$'ned) t' an't(er ,'nd$t$'n5 and s' 'n t(r'u-( all t(e members'+ t(e ser$es! T($s *r'*'s$t$'n $s) t(ere+'re) analyt$,al and (asn't($n- t' +ear +r'm trans,endental ,r$t$,$sm! It $s a l'-$,al*'stulate '+ reas'n6 t' *ursue) as +ar as *'ss$ble) t(e ,'nne,t$'n'+ a ,'n,e*t$'n /$t( $ts ,'nd$t$'ns!

I+) $n t(e se,'nd *la,e) b't( t(e ,'nd$t$'ned and t(e ,'nd$t$'nare t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) and $+ t(e +'rmer $s -$0en) n't 'nly $st(e re-ress t' t(e latter re.u$s$te) but t(e latter $s really -$0en

/$t( t(e +'rmer! N'/) as t($s $s true '+ all t(e members '+ t(eser$es) t(e ent$re ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns) and /$t( t(em t(eun,'nd$t$'ned) $s at t(e same t$me -$0en $n t(e 0ery +a,t '+ t(e,'nd$t$'ned) t(e e$sten,e '+ /($,( $s *'ss$ble 'nly $n and t(r'u-(t(at ser$es) be$n- -$0en! In t($s ,ase) t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e,'nd$t$'ned /$t( $ts ,'nd$t$'n) $s a synt(es$s '+ t(e understand$n-merely) /($,( re*resents t($n-s as t(ey are) /$t('ut re-ard$n- /(et(erand ('/ /e ,an ,'-n$;e t(em! 3ut $+ I (a0e t' d' /$t( *(en'mena)/($,() $n t(e$r ,(ara,ter '+ mere re*resentat$'ns) are n't -$0en) $+ Id' n't atta$n t' a ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(em =$n 't(er /'rds) t' t(emsel0es)+'r t(ey are n't($n- m're t(an em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'ns>) I am n'tent$tled t' say6 9I+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned $s -$0en) all $ts ,'nd$t$'ns=as *(en'mena> are als' -$0en!9 I ,ann't) t(ere+'re) +r'm t(e +a,t

'+ a ,'nd$t$'ned be$n- -$0en) $n+er t(e abs'lute t'tal$ty '+ t(eser$es '+ $ts ,'nd$t$'ns! F'r *(en'mena are n't($n- but an em*$r$,alsynt(es$s $n a**re(ens$'n 'r *er,e*t$'n) and are t(ere+'re -$0en'nly $n $t! N'/) $n s*ea%$n- '+ *(en'mena $t d'es n't +'ll'/ t(at)$+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned $s -$0en) t(e synt(es$s /($,( ,'nst$tutes $tsem*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'n $s als' t(ereby -$0en and *resu**'sed4 su,( asynt(es$s ,an be establ$s(ed 'nly by an a,tual re-ress $n t(e ser$es'+ ,'nd$t$'ns! 3ut /e are ent$tled t' say $n t($s ,ase t(at are-ress t' t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ a ,'nd$t$'ned) $n 't(er /'rds) t(at a,'nt$nu'us em*$r$,al synt(es$s $s en&'$ned4 t(at) $+ t(e ,'nd$t$'nsare n't -$0en) t(ey are at least re.u$red4 and t(at /e are ,erta$nt' d$s,'0er t(e ,'nd$t$'ns $n t($s re-ress!

2e ,an n'/ see t(at t(e ma&'r) $n t(e ab'0e ,'sm'l'-$,alsyll'-$sm) ta%es t(e ,'nd$t$'ned $n t(e trans,endental s$-n$+$,at$'n/($,( $t (as $n t(e *ure ,ate-'ry) /($le t(e m$n'r s*ea%s '+ $t $n t(eem*$r$,al s$-n$+$,at$'n /($,( $t (as $n t(e ,ate-'ry as a**l$ed t'*(en'mena! T(ere $s) t(ere+'re) a d$ale,t$,al +alla,y $n t(esyll'-$sm5 a s'*($sma +$-urae d$,t$'n$s! 3ut t($s +alla,y $s n't a,'ns,$'usly de0$sed 'ne) but a *er+e,tly natural $llus$'n '+ t(e,'mm'n reas'n '+ man! F'r) /(en a t($n- $s -$0en as ,'nd$t$'ned) /e*resu**'se $n t(e ma&'r $ts ,'nd$t$'ns and t(e$r ser$es)un*er,e$0ed) as $t /ere) and unseen4 be,ause t($s $s n't($n- m're t(ant(e l'-$,al re.u$rement '+ ,'m*lete and sat$s+a,t'ry *rem$sses +'r a

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-$0en ,'n,lus$'n! In t($s ,ase) t$me $s alt'-et(er le+t 'ut $n t(e,'nne,t$'n '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned /$t( t(e ,'nd$t$'n4 t(ey are su**'sed t'be -$0en $n t(emsel0es) and ,'ntem*'rane'usly! It $s) m're'0er) &ustas natural t' re-ard *(en'mena =$n t(e m$n'r> as t($n-s $nt(emsel0es and as 'b&e,ts *resented t' t(e *ure understand$n-) as $nt(e ma&'r) $n /($,( ,'m*lete abstra,t$'n /as made '+ all ,'nd$t$'ns '+$ntu$t$'n! 3ut $t $s under t(ese ,'nd$t$'ns al'ne t(at 'b&e,ts are-$0en! N'/ /e '0erl''%ed a remar%able d$st$n,t$'n bet/een t(e

,'n,e*t$'ns! T(e synt(es$s '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned /$t( $ts ,'nd$t$'n)and t(e ,'m*lete ser$es '+ t(e latter =$n t(e ma&'r> are n't l$m$tedby t$me) and d' n't ,'nta$n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ su,,ess$'n! On t(e,'ntrary) t(e em*$r$,al synt(es$s and t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns $nt(e *(en'menal /'rld5 subsumed $n t(e m$n'r5 are ne,essar$lysu,,ess$0e and -$0en $n t$me al'ne! It +'ll'/s t(at I ,ann't*resu**'se $n t(e m$n'r) as I d$d $n t(e ma&'r) t(e abs'lutet'tal$ty '+ t(e synt(es$s and '+ t(e ser$es t(ere$n re*resented4 +'r$n t(e ma&'r all t(e members '+ t(e ser$es are -$0en as t($n-s $nt(emsel0es5 /$t('ut any l$m$tat$'ns 'r ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t$me) /($le $nt(e m$n'r t(ey are *'ss$ble 'nly $n and t(r'u-( a su,,ess$0ere-ress) /($,( ,ann't e$st) e,e*t $t be a,tually ,arr$ed $nt'ee,ut$'n $n t(e /'rld '+ *(en'mena!

A+ter t($s *r''+ '+ t(e 0$,$'usness '+ t(e ar-ument ,'mm'nlyem*l'yed $n ma$nta$n$n- ,'sm'l'-$,al assert$'ns) b't( *art$es mayn'/ be &ustly d$sm$ssed) as ad0an,$n- ,la$ms /$t('ut -r'unds 'r t$tle!3ut t(e *r',ess (as n't been ended by ,'n0$n,$n- t(em t(at 'ne 'r b't(/ere $n t(e /r'n- and (ad ma$nta$ned an assert$'n /($,( /as /$t('ut0al$d -r'unds '+ *r''+! N't($n- seems t' be ,learer t(an t(at) $+'ne ma$nta$ns6 9T(e /'rld (as a be-$nn$n-)9 and an't(er6 9T(e /'rld(as n' be-$nn$n-)9 'ne '+ t(e t/' must be r$-(t! 3ut $t $s l$%e/$se,lear t(at) $+ t(e e0$den,e 'n b't( s$des $s e.ual) $t $s $m*'ss$blet' d$s,'0er 'n /(at s$de t(e trut( l$es4 and t(e ,'ntr'0ersy,'nt$nues) alt('u-( t(e *art$es (a0e been re,'mmended t' *ea,ebe+'re t(e tr$bunal '+ reas'n! T(ere rema$ns) t(en) n' 't(er means

'+ settl$n- t(e .uest$'n t(an t' ,'n0$n,e t(e *art$es) /(' re+ute ea,('t(er /$t( su,( ,'n,lus$0eness and ab$l$ty) t(at t(ey are d$s*ut$n-ab'ut n't($n-) and t(at a trans,endental $llus$'n (as been m',%$n-t(em /$t( 0$s$'ns '+ real$ty /(ere t(ere $s n'ne! T(e m'de '+ad&ust$n- a d$s*ute /($,( ,ann't be de,$ded u*'n $ts '/n mer$ts) /es(all n'/ *r',eed t' lay be+'re 'ur readers!

en' '+ Elea) a subtle d$ale,t$,$an) /as se0erely re*r$manded byPlat' as a s'*($st) /(') merely +r'm t(e base m't$0e '+ e($b$t$n- ($ss%$ll $n d$s,uss$'n) ma$nta$ned and sub0erted t(e same *r'*'s$t$'nby ar-uments as *'/er+ul and ,'n0$n,$n- 'n t(e 'ne s$de as 'n t(e't(er! He ma$nta$ned) +'r eam*le) t(at 'd =/(' /as *r'bablyn't($n- m're) $n ($s 0$e/) t(an t(e /'rld> $s ne$t(er +$n$te n'r

$n+$n$te) ne$t(er $n m't$'n n'r $n rest) ne$t(er s$m$lar n'rd$ss$m$lar t' any 't(er t($n-! It seemed t' t('se *($l's'*(ers /(',r$t$,$;ed ($s m'de '+ d$s,uss$'n t(at ($s *ur*'se /as t' deny,'m*letely b't( '+ t/' sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry *r'*'s$t$'ns5 /($,( $sabsurd! 3ut I ,ann't bel$e0e t(at t(ere $s any &ust$,e $n t($sa,,usat$'n! T(e +$rst '+ t(ese *r'*'s$t$'ns I s(all *resently ,'ns$der$n a m're deta$led manner! 2$t( re-ard t' t(e 't(ers) $+ by t(e /'rd'+ 'd (e underst''d merely t(e Un$0erse) ($s mean$n- must (a0ebeen5 t(at $t ,ann't be *ermanently *resent $n 'ne *la,e5 t(at $s)at rest5 n'r be ,a*able '+ ,(an-$n- $ts *la,e5 t(at $s) '+ m'0$n-5be,ause all *la,es are $n t(e un$0erse) and t(e un$0erse $tsel+ $s)

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t(ere+'re) $n n' *la,e! A-a$n) $+ t(e un$0erse ,'nta$ns $n $tsel+e0eryt($n- t(at e$sts) $t ,ann't be s$m$lar 'r d$ss$m$lar t' any't(er t($n-) be,ause t(ere $s) $n +a,t) n' 't(er t($n- /$t( /($,( $t,an be ,'m*ared! I+ t/' '**'s$te &ud-ements *resu**'se a ,'nt$n-ent$m*'ss$ble) 'r arb$trary ,'nd$t$'n) b't(5 $n s*$te '+ t(e$r '**'s$t$'n=/($,( $s) ('/e0er) n't *r'*erly 'r really a ,'ntrad$,t$'n>5 +alla/ay4 be,ause t(e ,'nd$t$'n) /($,( ensured t(e 0al$d$ty '+ b't() (as$tsel+ d$sa**eared!

I+ /e say6 9E0eryb'dy (as e$t(er a -''d 'r a bad smell)9 /e (a0e'm$tted a t($rd *'ss$ble &ud-ement5 $t (as n' smell at all4 and t(usb't( ,'n+l$,t$n- statements may be +alse! I+ /e say6 9It $s e$t(er-''d5smell$n- 'r n't -''d5smell$n- =0el sua0e'lens 0eln'n5sua0e'lens>)9 b't( &ud-ements are ,'ntrad$,t'r$ly '**'sed4 and t(e,'ntrad$,t'ry '**'s$te '+ t(e +'rmer &ud-ement5 s'me b'd$es are n't-''d5smell$n-5 embra,es als' t('se b'd$es /($,( (a0e n' smell atall! In t(e *re,ed$n- *a$r '+ '**'sed &ud-ements =*er d$s*arata>)t(e ,'nt$n-ent ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ b'dy =smell> atta,(ed t'b't( ,'n+l$,t$n- statements) $nstead '+ (a0$n- been 'm$tted $n t(elatter) /($,( $s ,'nse.uently n't t(e ,'ntrad$,t'ry '**'s$te '+ t(e+'rmer!

I+) a,,'rd$n-ly) /e say6 9T(e /'rld $s e$t(er $n+$n$te $n etens$'n)'r $t $s n't $n+$n$te =n'n est $n+$n$tus>94 and $+ t(e +'rmer*r'*'s$t$'n $s +alse) $ts ,'ntrad$,t'ry '**'s$te5 t(e /'rld $s n't$n+$n$te5 must be true! And t(us I s('uld deny t(e e$sten,e '+ an$n+$n$te) /$t('ut) ('/e0er a++$rm$n- t(e e$sten,e '+ a +$n$te/'rld! 3ut $+ /e ,'nstru,t 'ur *r'*'s$t$'n t(us6 9T(e /'rld $se$t(er $n+$n$te 'r +$n$te =n'n5$n+$n$te>)9 b't( statements may be+alse! F'r) $n t($s ,ase) /e ,'ns$der t(e /'rld as *er se determ$ned$n re-ard t' .uant$ty) and /($le) $n t(e 'ne &ud-ement) /e deny $ts$n+$n$te and ,'nse.uently) *er(a*s) $ts $nde*endent e$sten,e4 $nt(e 't(er) /e a**end t' t(e /'rld) re-arded as a t($n- $n $tsel+) a,erta$n determ$nat$'n5 t(at '+ +$n$tude4 and t(e latter may be +alse

as /ell as t(e +'rmer) $+ t(e /'rld $s n't -$0en as a t($n- $n $tsel+)and t(us ne$t(er as +$n$te n'r as $n+$n$te $n .uant$ty! T($s %$nd '+'**'s$t$'n I may be all'/ed t' term d$ale,t$,al4 t(at '+,'ntrad$,t'r$es may be ,alled analyt$,al '**'s$t$'n! T(us t(en) '+ t/'d$ale,t$,ally '**'sed &ud-ements b't( may be +alse) +r'm t(e +a,t)t(at t(e 'ne $s n't a mere ,'ntrad$,t'ry '+ t(e 't(er) but a,tuallyen'un,es m're t(an $s re.u$s$te +'r a +ull and ,'m*lete ,'ntrad$,t$'n!

2(en /e re-ard t(e t/' *r'*'s$t$'ns5 9T(e /'rld $s $n+$n$te $n.uant$ty)9 and) 9T(e /'rld $s +$n$te $n .uant$ty)9 as ,'ntrad$,t'ry'**'s$tes) /e are assum$n- t(at t(e /'rld5 t(e ,'m*lete ser$es '+*(en'mena5 $s a t($n- $n $tsel+! F'r $t rema$ns as a *ermanent.uant$ty) /(et(er I deny t(e $n+$n$te 'r t(e +$n$te re-ress $n t(e

ser$es '+ $ts *(en'mena! 3ut $+ /e d$sm$ss t($s assum*t$'n5 t($strans,endental $llus$'n5 and deny t(at $t $s a t($n- $n $tsel+) t(e,'ntrad$,t'ry '**'s$t$'n $s metam'r*('sed $nt' a merely d$ale,t$,al'ne4 and t(e /'rld) as n't e$st$n- $n $tsel+5 $nde*endently '+ t(ere-ress$0e ser$es '+ my re*resentat$'ns5 e$sts $n l$%e manner ne$t(eras a /('le /($,( $s $n+$n$te n'r as a /('le /($,( $s +$n$te $n $tsel+!T(e un$0erse e$sts +'r me 'nly $n t(e em*$r$,al re-ress '+ t(e ser$es'+ *(en'mena and n't *er se! I+) t(en) $t $s al/ays ,'nd$t$'ned) $t $sne0er ,'m*letely 'r as a /('le4 and $t $s) t(ere+'re) n't anun,'nd$t$'ned /('le and d'es n't e$st as su,() e$t(er /$t( an$n+$n$te) 'r /$t( a +$n$te .uant$ty!

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2(at /e (a0e (ere sa$d '+ t(e +$rst ,'sm'l'-$,al $dea5 t(at '+ t(eabs'lute t'tal$ty '+ .uant$ty $n *(en'mena5 a**l$es als' t' t(e't(ers! T(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns $s d$s,'0erable 'nly $n t(ere-ress$0e synt(es$s $tsel+) and n't $n t(e *(en'men'n ,'ns$dered as at($n- $n $tsel+5 -$0en *r$'r t' all re-ress! Hen,e I am ,'m*elled t'say6 9T(e a--re-ate '+ *arts $n a -$0en *(en'men'n $s $n $tsel+ne$t(er +$n$te n'r $n+$n$te4 and t(ese *arts are -$0en 'nly $n t(e

re-ress$0e synt(es$s '+ de,'m*'s$t$'n5 a synt(es$s /($,( $s ne0er-$0en $n abs'lute ,'m*leteness) e$t(er as +$n$te) 'r as $n+$n$te!9 T(esame $s t(e ,ase /$t( t(e ser$es '+ sub'rd$nated ,auses) 'r '+ t(e,'nd$t$'ned u* t' t(e un,'nd$t$'ned and ne,essary e$sten,e) /($,( ,anne0er be re-arded as $n $tsel+) $nd $n $ts t'tal$ty) e$t(er as+$n$te 'r as $n+$n$te4 be,ause) as a ser$es '+ sub'rd$natere*resentat$'ns) $t subs$sts 'nly $n t(e dynam$,al re-ress and,ann't be re-arded as e$st$n- *re0$'usly t' t($s re-ress) 'r as asel+5subs$stent ser$es '+ t($n-s!

T(us t(e ant$n'my '+ *ure reas'n $n $ts ,'sm'l'-$,al $deasd$sa**ears! F'r t(e ab'0e dem'nstrat$'n (as establ$s(ed t(e +a,tt(at $t $s merely t(e *r'du,t '+ a d$ale,t$,al and $llus'ry

'**'s$t$'n) /($,( ar$ses +r'm t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t(e $dea '+abs'lute t'tal$ty5 adm$ss$ble 'nly as a ,'nd$t$'n '+ t($n-s $nt(emsel0es5 t' *(en'mena) /($,( e$st 'nly $n 'ur re*resentat$'ns)and5 /(en ,'nst$tut$n- a ser$es5 $n a su,,ess$0e re-ress! T($sant$n'my '+ reas'n may) ('/e0er) be really *r'+$table t' 'urs*e,ulat$0e $nterests) n't $n t(e /ay '+ ,'ntr$but$n- any d'-mat$,aladd$t$'n) but as *resent$n- t' us an't(er mater$al su**'rt $n 'ur,r$t$,al $n0est$-at$'ns! F'r $t +urn$s(es us /$t( an $nd$re,t *r''+ '+t(e trans,endental $deal$ty '+ *(en'mena) $+ 'ur m$nds /ere n't,'m*letely sat$s+$ed /$t( t(e d$re,t *r''+ set +'rt( $n t(eTran,endental Aest(et$,! T(e *r''+ /'uld *r',eed $n t(e +'ll'/$n-d$lemma! I+ t(e /'rld $s a /('le e$st$n- $n $tsel+) $t must be e$t(er+$n$te 'r $n+$n$te! 3ut $t $s ne$t(er +$n$te n'r $n+$n$te5 as (as been

s('/n) 'n t(e 'ne s$de) by t(e t(es$s) 'n t(e 't(er) by t(eant$t(es$s! T(ere+'re t(e /'rld5 t(e ,'ntent '+ all *(en'mena5 $sn't a /('le e$st$n- $n $tsel+! It +'ll'/s t(at *(en'mena are n't($n-)a*art +r'm 'ur re*resentat$'ns! And t($s $s /(at /e mean bytrans,endental $deal$ty!

T($s remar% $s '+ s'me $m*'rtan,e! It enables us t' see t(at t(e*r''+s '+ t(e +'ur+'ld ant$n'my are n't mere s'*($str$es5 are n't+alla,$'us) but -r'unded 'n t(e nature '+ reas'n) and 0al$d5 under t(esu**'s$t$'n t(at *(en'mena are t($n-s $n t(emsel0es! T(e '**'s$t$'n '+t(e &ud-ements /($,( +'ll'/ ma%es $t e0$dent t(at a +alla,y lay $n t(e$n$t$al su**'s$t$'n) and t(us (el*s us t' d$s,'0er t(e true,'nst$tut$'n '+ 'b&e,ts '+ sense! T($s trans,endental d$ale,t$, d'es

n't +a0'ur s,e*t$,$sm) alt('u-( $t *resents us /$t( a tr$um*(antdem'nstrat$'n '+ t(e ad0anta-es '+ t(e s,e*t$,al met('d) t(e -reatut$l$ty '+ /($,( $s a**arent $n t(e ant$n'my) /(ere t(e ar-uments '+reas'n /ere all'/ed t' ,'n+r'nt ea,( 't(er $n und$m$n$s(ed +'r,e!And alt('u-( t(e result '+ t(ese ,'n+l$,ts '+ reas'n $s n't /(at /ee*e,ted5 alt('u-( /e (a0e 'bta$ned n' *'s$t$0e d'-mat$,al add$t$'n t'meta*(ys$,al s,$en,e5 /e (a0e st$ll rea*ed a -reat ad0anta-e $n t(e,'rre,t$'n '+ 'ur &ud-ements 'n t(ese sub&e,ts '+ t('u-(t!

SECTION DIII! Re-ulat$0e Pr$n,$*le '+ Pure Reas'n $n relat$'n

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t' t(e C'sm'l'-$,al Ideas!

T(e ,'sm'l'-$,al *r$n,$*le '+ t'tal$ty ,'uld n't -$0e us any ,erta$n%n'/led-e $n re-ard t' t(e ma$mum $n t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns $nt(e /'rld '+ sense) ,'ns$dered as a t($n- $n $tsel+! T(e a,tualre-ress $n t(e ser$es $s t(e 'nly means '+ a**r'a,($n- t($s ma$mum!T($s *r$n,$*le '+ *ure reas'n) t(ere+'re) may st$ll be ,'ns$dered as0al$d5 n't as an a$'m enabl$n- us t' ,'-$tate t'tal$ty $n t(e

'b&e,t as a,tual) but as a *r'blem +'r t(e understand$n-) /($,(re.u$res $t t' $nst$tute and t' ,'nt$nue) $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e$dea '+ t'tal$ty $n t(e m$nd) t(e re-ress $n t(e ser$es '+ t(e,'nd$t$'ns '+ a -$0en ,'nd$t$'ned! F'r $n t(e /'rld '+ sense) t(at $s)$n s*a,e and t$me) e0ery ,'nd$t$'n /($,( /e d$s,'0er $n 'ur$n0est$-at$'n '+ *(en'mena $s $tsel+ ,'nd$t$'ned4 be,ause sensu'us'b&e,ts are n't t($n-s $n t(emsel0es =$n /($,( ,ase an abs'lutelyun,'nd$t$'ned m$-(t be rea,(ed $n t(e *r'-ress '+ ,'-n$t$'n>) butare merely em*$r$,al re*resentat$'ns t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ /($,( mustal/ays be +'und $n $ntu$t$'n! T(e *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n $s t(ere+'re*r'*erly a mere rule5 *res,r$b$n- a re-ress $n t(e ser$es '+,'nd$t$'ns +'r -$0en *(en'mena) and *r'($b$t$n- any *ause 'r rest 'nan abs'lutely un,'nd$t$'ned! It $s) t(ere+'re) n't a *r$n,$*le '+

t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e 'r '+ t(e em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+sensu'us 'b&e,ts5 ,'nse.uently n't a *r$n,$*le '+ t(e understand$n-4+'r e0ery e*er$en,e $s ,'n+$ned /$t($n ,erta$n *r'*er l$m$tsdeterm$ned by t(e -$0en $ntu$t$'n! St$ll less $s $t a ,'nst$tut$0e*r$n,$*le '+ reas'n aut('r$;$n- us t' etend 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(esensu'us /'rld bey'nd all *'ss$ble e*er$en,e! It $s merely a*r$n,$*le +'r t(e enlar-ement and etens$'n '+ e*er$en,e as +ar as $s*'ss$ble +'r (uman +a,ult$es! It +'rb$ds us t' ,'ns$der anyem*$r$,al l$m$ts as abs'lute! It $s) (en,e) a *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n)/($,() as a rule) d$,tates ('/ /e 'u-(t t' *r',eed $n 'ur em*$r$,alre-ress) but $s unable t' ant$,$*ate 'r $nd$,ate *r$'r t' t(eem*$r$,al re-ress /(at $s -$0en $n t(e 'b&e,t $tsel+! I (a0e termed $t+'r t($s reas'n a re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n4 /($le t(e

*r$n,$*le '+ t(e abs'lute t'tal$ty '+ t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns) ase$st$n- $n $tsel+ and -$0en $n t(e 'b&e,t) $s a ,'nst$tut$0e,'sm'l'-$,al *r$n,$*le! T($s d$st$n,t$'n /$ll at 'n,e dem'nstratet(e +alse(''d '+ t(e ,'nst$tut$0e *r$n,$*le) and *re0ent us +r'mattr$but$n- =by a trans,endental subre*t$'> 'b&e,t$0e real$ty t' an$dea) /($,( $s 0al$d 'nly as a rule!

In 'rder t' understand t(e *r'*er mean$n- '+ t($s rule '+ *urereas'n) /e must n't$,e +$rst t(at $t ,ann't tell us /(at t(e 'b&e,t$s) but 'nly ('/ t(e em*$r$,al re-ress $s t' be *r',eeded /$t( $n'rder t' atta$n t' t(e ,'m*lete ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t! I+ $t -a0eus any $n+'rmat$'n $n res*e,t t' t(e +'rmer statement) $t /'uld be a,'nst$tut$0e *r$n,$*le5 a *r$n,$*le $m*'ss$ble +r'm t(e nature '+ *ure

reas'n! It /$ll n't t(ere+'re enable us t' establ$s( any su,(,'n,lus$'ns as6 9T(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns +'r a -$0en ,'nd$t$'ned $s$n $tsel+ +$n$te!9 'r) 9It $s $n+$n$te!9 F'r) $n t($s ,ase) /es('uld be ,'-$tat$n- $n t(e mere $dea '+ abs'lute t'tal$ty) an'b&e,t /($,( $s n't and ,ann't be -$0en $n e*er$en,e4 $nasmu,( as/e s('uld be attr$but$n- a real$ty 'b&e,t$0e and $nde*endent '+ t(eem*$r$,al synt(es$s) t' a ser$es '+ *(en'mena! T($s $dea '+ reas'n,ann't t(en be re-arded as 0al$d5 e,e*t as a rule +'r t(ere-ress$0e synt(es$s $n t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,(/e must *r',eed +r'm t(e ,'nd$t$'ned) t(r'u-( all $ntermed$ate andsub'rd$nate ,'nd$t$'ns) u* t' t(e un,'nd$t$'ned4 alt('u-( t($s -'al $s

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unatta$ned and unatta$nable! F'r t(e abs'lutely un,'nd$t$'ned ,ann'tbe d$s,'0ered $n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e!

2e n'/ *r',eed t' determ$ne ,learly 'ur n't$'n '+ a synt(es$s/($,( ,an ne0er be ,'m*lete! T(ere are t/' terms ,'mm'nly em*l'yed +'rt($s *ur*'se! T(ese terms are re-arded as e*ress$'ns '+ d$++erent andd$st$n-u$s(able n't$'ns) alt('u-( t(e -r'und '+ t(e d$st$n,t$'n (asne0er been ,learly e*'sed! T(e term em*l'yed by t(e mat(emat$,$ans $s

*r'-ressus $n $n+$n$tum! T(e *($l's'*(ers *re+er t(e e*ress$'n*r'-ressus $n $nde+$n$tum! 2$t('ut deta$n$n- t(e reader /$t( aneam$nat$'n '+ t(e reas'ns +'r su,( a d$st$n,t$'n) 'r /$t( remar%s'n t(e r$-(t 'r /r'n- use '+ t(e terms) I s(all endea0'ur ,learly t'determ$ne t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns) s' +ar as $s ne,essary +'r t(e *ur*'se $nt($s Cr$t$.ue!

2e may) /$t( *r'*r$ety) say '+ a stra$-(t l$ne) t(at $t may be*r'du,ed t' $n+$n$ty! In t($s ,ase t(e d$st$n,t$'n bet/een a*r'-ressus $n $n+$n$tum and a *r'-ressus $n $nde+$n$tum $s a mere*$e,e '+ subtlety! F'r) alt('u-( /(en /e say) 9Pr'du,e a stra$-(tl$ne)9 $t $s m're ,'rre,t t' say $n $nde+$n$tum t(an $n $n+$n$tum4be,ause t(e +'rmer means) 9Pr'du,e $t as +ar as y'u *lease)9 t(e

se,'nd) 9J'u must n't ,ease t' *r'du,e $t94 t(e e*ress$'n $n$n+$n$tum $s) /(en /e are s*ea%$n- '+ t(e *'/er t' d' $t) *er+e,tly,'rre,t) +'r /e ,an al/ays ma%e $t l'n-er $+ /e *lease5 'n t'$n+$n$ty! And t($s remar% ('lds -''d $n all ,ases) /(en /e s*ea% '+a *r'-ressus) t(at $s) an ad0an,ement +r'm t(e ,'nd$t$'n t' t(e,'nd$t$'ned4 t($s *'ss$ble ad0an,ement al/ays *r',eeds t' $n+$n$ty! 2emay *r',eed +r'm a -$0en *a$r $n t(e des,end$n- l$ne '+ -enerat$'n+r'm +at(er t' s'n) and ,'-$tate a ne0er5end$n- l$ne '+ des,endants+r'm $t! F'r $n su,( a ,ase reas'n d'es n't demand abs'lute t'tal$ty$n t(e ser$es) be,ause $t d'es n't *resu**'se $t as a ,'nd$t$'n and as-$0en =datum>) but merely as ,'nd$t$'ned) and as ,a*able '+ be$n--$0en =dab$le>!

Dery d$++erent $s t(e ,ase /$t( t(e *r'blem6 9H'/ +ar t(e re-ress)/($,( as,ends +r'm t(e -$0en ,'nd$t$'ned t' t(e ,'nd$t$'ns) mustetend94 /(et(er I ,an say6 9It $s a re-ress $n $n+$n$tum)9 'r 'nly9$n $nde+$n$tum94 and /(et(er) +'r eam*le) sett$n- 'ut +r'm t(e (umanbe$n-s at *resent al$0e $n t(e /'rld) I may as,end $n t(e ser$es '+t(e$r an,est'rs) $n $n+$n$tum5 mr /(et(er all t(at ,an be sa$d $s)t(at s' +ar as I (a0e *r',eeded) I (a0e d$s,'0ered n' em*$r$,al -r'und+'r ,'ns$der$n- t(e ser$es l$m$ted) s' t(at I am &ust$+$ed) and$ndeed) ,'m*elled t' sear,( +'r an,est'rs st$ll +urt(er ba,%) alt('u-(I am n't 'bl$-ed by t(e $dea '+ reas'n t' *resu**'se t(em!

"y ans/er t' t($s .uest$'n $s6 9I+ t(e ser$es $s -$0en $nem*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n as a /('le) t(e re-ress $n t(e ser$es '+ $ts

$nternal ,'nd$t$'ns *r',eeds $n $n+$n$tum4 but) $+ 'nly 'ne member'+ t(e ser$es $s -$0en) +r'm /($,( t(e re-ress $s t' *r',eed t'abs'lute t'tal$ty) t(e re-ress $s *'ss$ble 'nly $n $nde+$n$tum!9 F'ream*le) t(e d$0$s$'n '+ a *'rt$'n '+ matter -$0en /$t($n ,erta$nl$m$ts5 '+ a b'dy) t(at $s5 *r',eeds $n $n+$n$tum! F'r) as t(e,'nd$t$'n '+ t($s /('le $s $ts *art) and t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *art a*art '+ t(e *art) and s' 'n) and as $n t($s re-ress '+ de,'m*'s$t$'nan un,'nd$t$'ned $nd$0$s$ble member '+ t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns $s n'tt' be +'und4 t(ere are n' reas'ns 'r -r'unds $n e*er$en,e +'rst'**$n- $n t(e d$0$s$'n) but) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) t(e m're rem'temembers '+ t(e d$0$s$'n are a,tually and em*$r$,ally -$0en *r$'r t'

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t($s d$0$s$'n! T(at $s t' say) t(e d$0$s$'n *r',eeds t' $n+$n$ty! Ont(e 't(er (and) t(e ser$es '+ an,est'rs '+ any -$0en (uman be$n- $sn't -$0en) $n $ts abs'lute t'tal$ty) $n any e*er$en,e) and yet t(ere-ress *r',eeds +r'm e0ery -eneal'-$,al member '+ t($s ser$es t''ne st$ll ($-(er) and d'es n't meet /$t( any em*$r$,al l$m$t*resent$n- an abs'lutely un,'nd$t$'ned member '+ t(e ser$es! 3ut ast(e members '+ su,( a ser$es are n't ,'nta$ned $n t(e em*$r$,al$ntu$t$'n '+ t(e /('le) *r$'r t' t(e re-ress) t($s re-ress d'es n't

*r',eed t' $n+$n$ty) but 'nly $n $nde+$n$tum) t(at $s) /e are ,alledu*'n t' d$s,'0er 't(er and ($-(er members) /($,( are t(emsel0es al/ays,'nd$t$'ned!

In ne$t(er ,ase5 t(e re-ressus $n $n+$n$tum) n'r t(e re-ressus $n$nde+$n$tum) $s t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns t' be ,'ns$dered asa,tually $n+$n$te $n t(e 'b&e,t $tsel+! T($s m$-(t be true '+ t($n-s$n t(emsel0es) but $t ,ann't be asserted '+ *(en'mena) /($,() as,'nd$t$'ns '+ ea,( 't(er) are 'nly -$0en $n t(e em*$r$,al re-ress$tsel+! Hen,e) t(e .uest$'n n' l'n-er $s) 92(at $s t(e .uant$ty '+t($s ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns $n $tsel+5 $s $t +$n$te 'r $n+$n$te@9 +'r $t$s n't($n- $n $tsel+4 but) 9H'/ $s t(e em*$r$,al re-ress t' be,'mmen,ed) and ('/ +ar 'u-(t /e t' *r',eed /$t( $t@9 And (ere a s$-nal

d$st$n,t$'n $n t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t($s rule be,'mes a**arent! I+ t(e/('le $s -$0en em*$r$,ally) $t $s *'ss$ble t' re,ede $n t(e ser$es'+ $ts $nternal ,'nd$t$'ns t' $n+$n$ty! 3ut $+ t(e /('le $s n't -$0en)and ,an 'nly be -$0en by and t(r'u-( t(e em*$r$,al re-ress) I ,an 'nlysay6 9It $s *'ss$ble t' $n+$n$ty) t' *r',eed t' st$ll ($-(er,'nd$t$'ns $n t(e ser$es!9 In t(e +$rst ,ase) I am &ust$+$ed $nassert$n- t(at m're members are em*$r$,ally -$0en $n t(e 'b&e,t t(an Iatta$n t' $n t(e re-ress ='+ de,'m*'s$t$'n>! In t(e se,'nd ,ase) Iam &ust$+$ed 'nly $n say$n-) t(at I ,an al/ays *r',eed +urt(er $nt(e re-ress) be,ause n' member '+ t(e ser$es! $s -$0en as abs'lutely,'nd$t$'ned) and t(us a ($-(er member $s *'ss$ble) and an $n.u$ry /$t(re-ard t' $t $s ne,essary! In t(e 'ne ,ase $t $s ne,essary t' +$nd't(er members '+ t(e ser$es) $n t(e 't(er $t $s ne,essary t' $n.u$re

+'r 't(ers) $nasmu,( as e*er$en,e *resents n' abs'lute l$m$tat$'n'+ t(e re-ress! F'r) e$t(er y'u d' n't *'ssess a *er,e*t$'n /($,(abs'lutely l$m$ts y'ur em*$r$,al re-ress) and $n t($s ,ase t(e re-ress,ann't be re-arded as ,'m*lete4 'r) y'u d' *'ssess su,( a l$m$tat$0e*er,e*t$'n) $n /($,( ,ase $t $s n't a *art '+ y'ur ser$es =+'r t(at/($,( l$m$ts must be d$st$n,t +r'm t(at /($,( $s l$m$ted by $t>) and$t $s $n,umbent y'u t' ,'nt$nue y'ur re-ress u* t' t($s ,'nd$t$'n) ands' 'n!

T(ese remar%s /$ll be *la,ed $n t(e$r *r'*er l$-(t by t(e$ra**l$,at$'n $n t(e +'ll'/$n- se,t$'n!

SECTION I! O+ t(e Em*$r$,al Use '+ t(e Re-ulat$0e Pr$n,$*le

'+ Reas'n /$t( re-ard t' t(e C'sm'l'-$,al Ideas!

2e (a0e s('/n t(at n' trans,endental use ,an be made e$t(er '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n 'r '+ understand$n-! 2e (a0e s('/n) l$%e/$se)t(at t(e demand '+ abs'lute t'tal$ty $n t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns $nt(e /'rld '+ sense ar$ses +r'm a trans,endental em*l'yment '+reas'n) rest$n- 'n t(e '*$n$'n t(at *(en'mena are t' be re-arded ast($n-s $n t(emsel0es! It +'ll'/s t(at /e are n't re.u$red t' ans/ert(e .uest$'n res*e,t$n- t(e abs'lute .uant$ty '+ a ser$es5 /(et(er$t $s $n $tsel+ l$m$ted 'r unl$m$ted! 2e are 'nly ,alled u*'n t'

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determ$ne ('/ +ar /e must *r',eed $n t(e em*$r$,al re-ress +r'm,'nd$t$'n t' ,'nd$t$'n) $n 'rder t' d$s,'0er) $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(erule '+ reas'n) a +ull and ,'rre,t ans/er t' t(e .uest$'ns *r'*'sed byreas'n $tsel+!

T($s *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n $s (en,e 0al$d 'nly as a rule +'r t(eetens$'n '+ a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e5 $ts $n0al$d$ty as a *r$n,$*le,'nst$tut$0e '+ *(en'mena $n t(emsel0es (a0$n- been su++$,$ently

dem'nstrated! And t(us) t'') t(e ant$n'm$al ,'n+l$,t '+ reas'n /$t($tsel+ $s ,'m*letely *ut an end t'4 $nasmu,( as /e (a0e n't 'nly*resented a ,r$t$,al s'lut$'n '+ t(e +alla,y lur%$n- $n t(e '**'s$testatements '+ reas'n) but (a0e s('/n t(e true mean$n- '+ t(e $deas/($,( -a0e r$se t' t(ese statements! T(e d$ale,t$,al *r$n,$*le '+reas'n (as) t(ere+'re) been ,(an-ed $nt' a d',tr$nal *r$n,$*le! 3ut $n+a,t) $+ t($s *r$n,$*le) $n t(e sub&e,t$0e s$-n$+$,at$'n /($,( /e (a0es('/n t' be $ts 'nly true sense) may be -uaranteed as a *r$n,$*le '+t(e un,eas$n- etens$'n '+ t(e em*l'yment '+ 'ur understand$n-) $ts$n+luen,e and 0alue are &ust as -reat as $+ $t /ere an a$'m +'r t(e a*r$'r$ determ$nat$'n '+ 'b&e,ts! F'r su,( an a$'m ,'uld n't eert astr'n-er $n+luen,e 'n t(e etens$'n and re,t$+$,at$'n '+ 'ur%n'/led-e) 't(er/$se t(an by *r',ur$n- +'r t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e

understand$n- t(e m'st /$dely e*anded em*l'yment $n t(e +$eld '+e*er$en,e!

I! S'lut$'n '+ t(e C'sm'l'-$,al Idea '+ t(e T'tal$ty '+ t(e

C'm*'s$t$'n '+ P(en'mena $n t(e Un$0erse!

Here) as /ell as $n t(e ,ase '+ t(e 't(er ,'sm'l'-$,al *r'blems) t(e-r'und '+ t(e re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n $s t(e *r'*'s$t$'n t(at$n 'ur em*$r$,al re-ress n' e*er$en,e '+ an abs'lute l$m$t) and,'nse.uently n' e*er$en,e '+ a ,'nd$t$'n) /($,( $s $tsel+abs'lutely un,'nd$t$'ned) $s d$s,'0erable! And t(e trut( '+ t($s*r'*'s$t$'n $tsel+ rests u*'n t(e ,'ns$derat$'n t(at su,( an

e*er$en,e must re*resent t' us *(en'mena as l$m$ted by n't($n- 'r t(emere 0'$d) 'n /($,( 'ur ,'nt$nued re-ress by means '+ *er,e*t$'nmust abut5 /($,( $s $m*'ss$ble!

N'/ t($s *r'*'s$t$'n) /($,( de,lares t(at e0ery ,'nd$t$'n atta$ned$n t(e em*$r$,al re-ress must $tsel+ be ,'ns$dered em*$r$,ally,'nd$t$'ned) ,'nta$ns t(e rule $n term$n$s) /($,( re.u$res me) t'/(ate0er etent I may (a0e *r',eeded $n t(e as,end$n- ser$es) al/ayst' l''% +'r s'me ($-(er member $n t(e ser$es5 /(et(er t($s member $st' be,'me %n'/n t' me t(r'u-( e*er$en,e) 'r n't!

N't($n- +urt(er $s ne,essary) t(en) +'r t(e s'lut$'n '+ t(e +$rst,'sm'l'-$,al *r'blem) t(an t' de,$de) /(et(er) $n t(e re-ress t' t(e

un,'nd$t$'ned .uant$ty '+ t(e un$0erse =as re-ards s*a,e and t$me>)t($s ne0er l$m$ted as,ent 'u-(t t' be ,alled a re-ressus $n$n+$n$tum 'r $nde+$n$tum!

T(e -eneral re*resentat$'n /($,( /e +'rm $n 'ur m$nds '+ t(eser$es '+ all *ast states 'r ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e /'rld) 'r '+ all t(et($n-s /($,( at *resent e$st $n $t) $s $tsel+ n't($n- m're t(an a*'ss$ble em*$r$,al re-ress) /($,( $s ,'-$tated5 alt('u-( $n anundeterm$ned manner5 $n t(e m$nd) and /($,( -$0es r$se t' t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ a ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns +'r a -$0en 'b&e,t! N'/ I (a0e a,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e un$0erse) but n't an $ntu$t$'n5 t(at $s) n't an

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t($s l$m$tat$'n by a 0'$d t$me and a 0'$d s*a,e! 3ut su,( a*er,e*t$'n5 su,( an e*er$en,e $s $m*'ss$ble4 be,ause $t (as n','ntent! C'nse.uently) an abs'lute ,'sm$,al l$m$t $s em*$r$,ally)and t(ere+'re abs'lutely) $m*'ss$ble!

T(e reader /$ll remar% t(at t(e *r''+ *resented ab'0e $s 0eryd$++erent +r'm t(e d'-mat$,al dem'nstrat$'n -$0en $n t(e ant$t(es$s '+t(e +$rst ant$n'my! In t(at dem'nstrat$'n) $t /as ta%en +'r -ranted

t(at t(e /'rld $s a t($n- $n $tsel+5 -$0en $n $ts t'tal$ty *r$'r t'all re-ress) and a determ$ned *'s$t$'n $n s*a,e and t$me /as den$ed t'$t5 $+ $t /as n't ,'ns$dered as ',,u*y$n- all t$me and all s*a,e!Hen,e 'ur ,'n,lus$'n d$++ered +r'm t(at -$0en ab'0e4 +'r /e $n+erred$n t(e ant$t(es$s t(e a,tual $n+$n$ty '+ t(e /'rld!

Fr'm t($s +'ll'/s t(e a++$rmat$0e ans/er6 9T(e re-ress $n t(e ser$es'+ *(en'mena5 as a determ$nat$'n '+ t(e ,'sm$,al .uant$ty) *r',eeds $n$nde+$n$tum!9 T($s $s e.u$0alent t' say$n-6 9T(e /'rld '+ sense (as n'abs'lute .uant$ty) but t(e em*$r$,al re-ress =t(r'u-( /($,( al'net(e /'rld '+ sense $s *resented t' us 'n t(e s$de '+ $ts ,'nd$t$'ns>rests u*'n a rule) /($,( re.u$res $t t' *r',eed +r'm e0ery member '+t(e ser$es) as ,'nd$t$'ned) t' 'ne st$ll m're rem'te =/(et(er

t(r'u-( *ers'nal e*er$en,e) 'r by means '+ ($st'ry) 'r t(e ,(a$n '+,ause and e++e,t>) and n't t' ,ease at any *'$nt $n t($s etens$'n'+ t(e *'ss$ble em*$r$,al em*l'yment '+ t(e understand$n-!9 And t($s$s t(e *r'*er and 'nly use /($,( reas'n ,an ma%e '+ $ts *r$n,$*les!

T(e ab'0e rule d'es n't *res,r$be an un,eas$n- re-ress $n 'ne %$nd'+ *(en'mena! It d'es n't) +'r eam*le) +'rb$d us) $n 'ur as,ent+r'm an $nd$0$dual (uman be$n- t(r'u-( t(e l$ne '+ ($s an,est'rs) t'e*e,t t(at /e s(all d$s,'0er at s'me *'$nt '+ t(e re-ress a*r$me0al *a$r) 'r t' adm$t) $n t(e ser$es '+ (ea0enly b'd$es) a sun att(e +art(est *'ss$ble d$stan,e +r'm s'me ,entre! All t(at $t demands$s a *er*etual *r'-ress +r'm *(en'mena t' *(en'mena) e0en alt('u-(an a,tual *er,e*t$'n $s n't *resented by t(em =as $n t(e ,ase '+ 'ur

*er,e*t$'ns be$n- s' /ea% as t(at /e are unable t' be,'me ,'ns,$'us '+t(em>) s$n,e t(ey) ne0ert(eless) bel'n- t' *'ss$ble e*er$en,e!

E0ery be-$nn$n- $s $n t$me) and all l$m$ts t' etens$'n are $ns*a,e! 3ut s*a,e and t$me are $n t(e /'rld '+ sense! C'nse.uently*(en'mena $n t(e /'rld are ,'nd$t$'nally l$m$ted) but t(e /'rld $tsel+$s n't l$m$ted) e$t(er ,'nd$t$'nally 'r un,'nd$t$'nally!

F'r t($s reas'n) and be,ause ne$t(er t(e /'rld n'r t(e ,'sm$,alser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns t' a -$0en ,'nd$t$'ned ,an be ,'m*letely -$0en)'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e ,'sm$,al .uant$ty $s -$0en 'nly $n and t(r'u-(t(e re-ress and n't *r$'r t' $t5 $n a ,'lle,t$0e $ntu$t$'n! 3ut t(ere-ress $tsel+ $s really n't($n- m're t(an t(e determ$n$n- '+ t(e

,'sm$,al .uant$ty) and ,ann't t(ere+'re -$0e us any determ$ned,'n,e*t$'n '+ $t5 st$ll less a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a .uant$ty /($,( $s) $nrelat$'n t' a ,erta$n standard) $n+$n$te! T(e re-ress d'es n't)t(ere+'re) *r',eed t' $n+$n$ty =an $n+$n$ty -$0en>) but 'nly t' an$nde+$n$te etent) +'r 'r t(e '+ *resent$n- t' us a .uant$ty5 real$;ed'nly $n and t(r'u-( t(e re-ress $tsel+!

II! S'lut$'n '+ t(e C'sm'l'-$,al Idea '+ t(e T'tal$ty '+

t(e #$0$s$'n '+ a 2('le -$0en $n Intu$t$'n!

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2(en I d$0$de a /('le /($,( $s -$0en $n $ntu$t$'n) I *r',eed +r'ma ,'nd$t$'ned t' $ts ,'nd$t$'ns! T(e d$0$s$'n '+ t(e *arts '+ t(e/('le =subd$0$s$' 'r de,'m*'s$t$'> $s a re-ress $n t(e ser$es '+ t(ese,'nd$t$'ns! T(e abs'lute t'tal$ty '+ t($s ser$es /'uld be a,tuallyatta$ned and -$0en t' t(e m$nd) $+ t(e re-ress ,'uld arr$0e ats$m*le *arts! 3ut $+ all t(e *arts $n a ,'nt$nu'us de,'m*'s$t$'n aret(emsel0es d$0$s$ble) t(e d$0$s$'n) t(at $s t' say) t(e re-ress)*r',eeds +r'm t(e ,'nd$t$'ned t' $ts ,'nd$t$'ns $n $n+$n$tum4

be,ause t(e ,'nd$t$'ns =t(e *arts> are t(emsel0es ,'nta$ned $n t(e,'nd$t$'ned) and) as t(e latter $s -$0en $n a l$m$ted $ntu$t$'n) t(e+'rmer are all -$0en al'n- /$t( $t! T($s re-ress ,ann't) t(ere+'re) be,alled a re-ressus $n $nde+$n$tum) as (a**ened $n t(e ,ase '+ t(e*re,ed$n- ,'sm'l'-$,al $dea) t(e re-ress $n /($,( *r',eeded +r'm t(e,'nd$t$'ned t' t(e ,'nd$t$'ns n't -$0en ,'ntem*'rane'usly and al'n-/$t( $t) but d$s,'0erable 'nly t(r'u-( t(e em*$r$,al re-ress! 2e aren't) ('/e0er) ent$tled t' a++$rm '+ a /('le '+ t($s %$nd) /($,( $sd$0$s$ble $n $n+$n$tum) t(at $t ,'ns$sts '+ an $n+$n$te number '+*arts! F'r) alt('u-( all t(e *arts are ,'nta$ned $n t(e $ntu$t$'n '+t(e /('le) t(e /('le d$0$s$'n $s n't ,'nta$ned t(ere$n! T(e d$0$s$'n$s ,'nta$ned 'nly $n t(e *r'-ress$n- de,'m*'s$t$'n5 $n t(e re-ress$tsel+) /($,( $s t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty and a,tual$ty '+ t(e

ser$es! N'/) as t($s re-ress $s $n+$n$te) all t(e members =*arts> t'/($,( $t atta$ns must be ,'nta$ned $n t(e -$0en /('le as an a--re-ate!3ut t(e ,'m*lete ser$es '+ d$0$s$'n $s n't ,'nta$ned t(ere$n! F'r t($sser$es) be$n- $n+$n$te $n su,,ess$'n and al/ays $n,'m*lete) ,ann'tre*resent an $n+$n$te number '+ members) and st$ll less a,'m*'s$t$'n '+ t(ese members $nt' a /('le!

T' a**ly t($s remar% t' s*a,e! E0ery l$m$ted *art '+ s*a,e *resentedt' $ntu$t$'n $s a /('le) t(e *arts '+ /($,( are al/ays s*a,es5 t'/(ate0er etent subd$0$ded! E0ery l$m$ted s*a,e $s (en,e d$0$s$blet' $n+$n$ty!

<et us a-a$n a**ly t(e remar% t' an eternal *(en'men'n en,l'sed

$n l$m$ts) t(at $s) a b'dy! T(e d$0$s$b$l$ty '+ a b'dy rests u*'nt(e d$0$s$b$l$ty '+ s*a,e) /($,( $s t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty'+ t(e b'dy as an etended /('le! A b'dy $s ,'nse.uently d$0$s$blet' $n+$n$ty) t('u-( $t d'es n't) +'r t(at reas'n) ,'ns$st '+ an$n+$n$te number '+ *arts!

It ,erta$nly seems t(at) as a b'dy must be ,'-$tated as substan,e $ns*a,e) t(e la/ '+ d$0$s$b$l$ty /'uld n't be a**l$,able t' $t assubstan,e! F'r /e may and 'u-(t t' -rant) $n t(e ,ase '+ s*a,e) t(atd$0$s$'n 'r de,'m*'s$t$'n) t' any etent) ne0er ,an utterly ann$($late,'m*'s$t$'n =t(at $s t' say) t(e smallest *art '+ s*a,e must st$ll,'ns$st '+ s*a,es>4 't(er/$se s*a,e /'uld ent$rely ,ease t' e$st5/($,( $s $m*'ss$ble! 3ut) t(e assert$'n 'n t(e 't(er band t(at /(en

all ,'m*'s$t$'n $n matter $s ann$($lated $n t('u-(t) n't($n-rema$ns) d'es n't seem t' (arm'n$;e /$t( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+substan,e) /($,( must be *r'*erly t(e sub&e,t '+ all ,'m*'s$t$'n andmust rema$n) e0en a+ter t(e ,'n&un,t$'n '+ $ts attr$butes $n s*a,e5/($,( ,'nst$tuted a b'dy5 $s ann$($lated $n t('u-(t! 3ut t($s $s n'tt(e ,ase /$t( substan,e $n t(e *(en'menal /'rld) /($,( $s n't at($n- $n $tsel+ ,'-$tated by t(e *ure ,ate-'ry! P(en'menal substan,e$s n't an abs'lute sub&e,t4 $t $s merely a *ermanent sensu'us $ma-e)and n't($n- m're t(an an $ntu$t$'n) $n /($,( t(e un,'nd$t$'ned $sn't t' be +'und!

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3ut) alt('u-( t($s rule '+ *r'-ress t' $n+$n$ty $s le-$t$mate anda**l$,able t' t(e subd$0$s$'n '+ a *(en'men'n) as a mere ',,u*at$'n 'r+$ll$n- '+ s*a,e) $t $s n't a**l$,able t' a /('le ,'ns$st$n- '+ anumber '+ d$st$n,t *arts and ,'nst$tut$n- a .uantum d$s,retum5 t(at $st' say) an 'r-an$;ed b'dy! It ,ann't be adm$tted t(at e0ery *art $n an'r-an$;ed /('le $s $tsel+ 'r-an$;ed) and t(at) $n analys$n- $t t'$n+$n$ty) /e must al/ays meet /$t( 'r-an$;ed *arts4 alt('u-( /e mayall'/ t(at t(e *arts '+ t(e matter /($,( /e de,'m*'se $n $n+$n$tum)

may be 'r-an$;ed! F'r t(e $n+$n$ty '+ t(e d$0$s$'n '+ a *(en'men'n$n s*a,e rests alt'-et(er 'n t(e +a,t t(at t(e d$0$s$b$l$ty '+ a*(en'men'n $s -$0en 'nly $n and t(r'u-( t($s $n+$n$ty) t(at $s) anundeterm$ned number '+ *arts $s -$0en) /($le t(e *arts t(emsel0esare -$0en and determ$ned 'nly $n and t(r'u-( t(e subd$0$s$'n4 $n a/'rd) t(e $n+$n$ty '+ t(e d$0$s$'n ne,essar$ly *resu**'ses t(at t(e/('le $s n't already d$0$ded $n se! Hen,e 'ur d$0$s$'n determ$nes anumber '+ *arts $n t(e /('le5 a number /($,( etends &ust as +ar ast(e a,tual re-ress $n t(e d$0$s$'n4 /($le) 'n t(e 't(er (and) t(e 0eryn't$'n '+ a b'dy 'r-an$;ed t' $n+$n$ty re*resents t(e /('le as alreadyand $n $tsel+ d$0$ded! 2e e*e,t) t(ere+'re) t' +$nd $n $t adeterm$nate) but at t(e same t$me) $n+$n$te) number '+ *arts5 /($,( $ssel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry! F'r /e s('uld t(us (a0e a /('le ,'nta$n$n- a

ser$es '+ members /($,( ,'uld n't be ,'m*leted $n any re-ress5 /($,($s $n+$n$te) and at t(e same t$me ,'m*lete $n an 'r-an$;ed,'m*'s$te! In+$n$te d$0$s$b$l$ty $s a**l$,able 'nly t' a .uantum,'nt$nuum) and $s based ent$rely 'n t(e $n+$n$te d$0$s$b$l$ty '+s*a,e) 3ut $n a .uantum d$s,retum t(e mult$tude '+ *arts 'r un$ts $sal/ays determ$ned) and (en,e al/ays e.ual t' s'me number! T' /(atetent a b'dy may be 'r-an$;ed) e*er$en,e al'ne ,an $n+'rm us4 andalt('u-() s' +ar as 'ur e*er$en,e '+ t($s 'r t(at b'dy (asetended) /e may n't (a0e d$s,'0ered any $n'r-an$, *art) su,( *artsmust e$st $n *'ss$ble e*er$en,e! 3ut ('/ +ar t(e trans,endentald$0$s$'n '+ a *(en'men'n must etend) /e ,ann't %n'/ +r'me*er$en,e5 $t $s a .uest$'n /($,( e*er$en,e ,ann't ans/er4 $t $sans/ered 'nly by t(e *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n /($,( +'rb$ds us t'

,'ns$der t(e em*$r$,al re-ress) $n t(e analys$s '+ etended b'dy) ase0er abs'lutely ,'m*lete!

C'n,lud$n- Remar% 'n t(e S'lut$'n '+ t(e Trans,endental

"at(emat$,al Ideas5 and Intr'du,t'ry t' t(e

S'lut$'n '+ t(e #ynam$,al Ideas!

2e *resented t(e ant$n'my '+ *ure reas'n $n a tabular +'rm) and /eendea0'ured t' s('/ t(e -r'und '+ t($s sel+5,'ntrad$,t$'n 'n t(e*art '+ reas'n) and t(e 'nly means '+ br$n-$n- $t t' a ,'n,lus$'n5;namely) by de,lar$n- b't( ,'ntrad$,t'ry statements t' be +alse! 2e

re*resented $n t(ese ant$n'm$es t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ *(en'mena asbel'n-$n- t' t(e ,'nd$t$'ned a,,'rd$n- t' relat$'ns '+ s*a,e and t$me5/($,( $s t(e usual su**'s$t$'n '+ t(e ,'mm'n understand$n-! In t($sres*e,t) all d$ale,t$,al re*resentat$'ns '+ t'tal$ty) $n t(e ser$es '+,'nd$t$'ns t' a -$0en ,'nd$t$'ned) /ere *er+e,tly ('m'-ene'us! T(e,'nd$t$'n /as al/ays a member '+ t(e ser$es al'n- /$t( t(e,'nd$t$'ned) and t(us t(e ('m'-ene$ty '+ t(e /('le ser$es /as assured!In t($s ,ase t(e re-ress ,'uld ne0er be ,'-$tated as ,'m*lete4 'r)$+ t($s /as t(e ,ase) a member really ,'nd$t$'ned /as +alsely re-ardedas a *r$mal member) ,'nse.uently as un,'nd$t$'ned! In su,( anant$n'my) t(ere+'re) /e d$d n't ,'ns$der t(e 'b&e,t) t(at $s) t(e

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,'nd$t$'ned) but t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns bel'n-$n- t' t(e 'b&e,t) andt(e ma-n$tude '+ t(at ser$es! And t(us ar'se t(e d$++$,ulty5 ad$++$,ulty n't t' be settled by any de,$s$'n re-ard$n- t(e ,la$ms '+t(e t/' *art$es) but s$m*ly by ,utt$n- t(e %n't5 by de,lar$n- t(eser$es *r'*'sed by reas'n t' be e$t(er t'' l'n- 'r t'' s('rt +'r t(eunderstand$n-) /($,( ,'uld $n ne$t(er ,ase ma%e $ts ,'n,e*t$'nsade.uate /$t( t(e $deas!

3ut /e (a0e '0erl''%ed) u* t' t($s *'$nt) an essent$al d$++eren,ee$st$n- bet/een t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- /($,( reas'nendea0'urs t' ra$se t' t(e ran% '+ $deas5 t/' '+ t(ese $nd$,at$n- amat(emat$,al) and t/' a dynam$,al synt(es$s '+ *(en'mena! H$t(ert') $t/as ne,essary t' s$-nal$;e t($s d$st$n,t$'n4 +'r) &ust as $n 'ur-eneral re*resentat$'n '+ all trans,endental $deas) /e ,'ns$dered t(emunder *(en'menal ,'nd$t$'ns) s') $n t(e t/' mat(emat$,al $deas) 'urd$s,uss$'n $s ,'n,erned s'lely /$t( an 'b&e,t $n t(e /'rld '+*(en'mena! 3ut as /e are n'/ ab'ut t' *r',eed t' t(e ,'ns$derat$'n'+ t(e dynam$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-) and t(e$rade.uateness /$t( $deas) /e must n't l'se s$-(t '+ t($s d$st$n,t$'n!2e s(all +$nd t(at $t '*ens u* t' us an ent$rely ne/ 0$e/ '+ t(e,'n+l$,t $n /($,( reas'n $s $n0'l0ed! F'r) /($le $n t(e +$rst t/'

ant$n'm$es) b't( *art$es /ere d$sm$ssed) 'n t(e -r'und '+ (a0$n-ad0an,ed statements based u*'n +alse (y*'t(es$s4 $n t(e *resent ,aset(e ('*e a**ears '+ d$s,'0er$n- a (y*'t(es$s /($,( may be ,'ns$stent/$t( t(e demands '+ reas'n) and) t(e &ud-e ,'m*let$n- t(e statement '+t(e -r'unds '+ ,la$m) /($,( b't( *art$es (ad le+t $n an unsat$s+a,t'rystate) t(e .uest$'n may be settled 'n $ts '/n mer$ts) n't byd$sm$ss$n- t(e ,la$mants) but by a ,'m*ar$s'n '+ t(e ar-uments 'n b't(s$des! I+ /e ,'ns$der merely t(e$r etens$'n) and /(et(er t(ey areade.uate /$t( $deas) t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns may be re-arded as all('m'-ene'us! 3ut t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n- /($,( l$es at t(ebas$s '+ t(ese $deas) ,'nta$ns e$t(er a synt(es$s '+ t(e ('m'-ene'us=*resu**'sed $n e0ery .uant$ty5 $n $ts ,'m*'s$t$'n as /ell as $n $tsd$0$s$'n> 'r '+ t(e (eter'-ene'us) /($,( $s t(e ,ase $n t(e

dynam$,al synt(es$s '+ ,ause and e++e,t) as /ell as '+ t(e ne,essaryand t(e ,'nt$n-ent!

T(us $t (a**ens t(at $n t(e mat(emat$,al ser$es '+ *(en'mena n''t(er t(an a sensu'us ,'nd$t$'n $s adm$ss$ble5 a ,'nd$t$'n /($,( $s$tsel+ a member '+ t(e ser$es4 /($le t(e dynam$,al ser$es '+sensu'us ,'nd$t$'ns adm$ts a (eter'-ene'us ,'nd$t$'n) /($,( $s n't amember '+ t(e ser$es) but) as *urely $ntell$-$ble) l$es 'ut '+ andbey'nd $t! And t(us reas'n $s sat$s+$ed) and an un,'nd$t$'ned *la,edat t(e (ead '+ t(e ser$es '+ *(en'mena) /$t('ut $ntr'du,$n-,'n+us$'n $nt' 'r d$s,'nt$nu$n- $t) ,'ntrary t' t(e *r$n,$*les '+t(e understand$n-!

N'/) +r'm t(e +a,t t(at t(e dynam$,al $deas adm$t a ,'nd$t$'n '+*(en'mena /($,( d'es n't +'rm a *art '+ t(e ser$es '+ *(en'mena)ar$ses a result /($,( /e s('uld n't (a0e e*e,ted +r'm an ant$n'my! In+'rmer ,ases) t(e result /as t(at b't( ,'ntrad$,t'ry d$ale,t$,alstatements /ere de,lared t' be +alse! In t(e *resent ,ase) /e +$nd t(e,'nd$t$'ned $n t(e dynam$,al ser$es ,'nne,ted /$t( an em*$r$,allyun,'nd$t$'ned) but n'n5sensu'us ,'nd$t$'n4 and t(us sat$s+a,t$'n $sd'ne t' t(e understand$n- 'n t(e 'ne (and and t' t(e reas'n 'n t(e't(er! 2($le) m're'0er) t(e d$ale,t$,al ar-uments +'r un,'nd$t$'nedt'tal$ty $n mere *(en'mena +all t' t(e -r'und) b't( *r'*'s$t$'ns '+reas'n may be s('/n t' be true $n t(e$r *r'*er s$-n$+$,at$'n! T($s

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,'uld n't (a**en $n t(e ,ase '+ t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al $deas /($,(demanded a mat(emat$,ally un,'nd$t$'ned un$ty4 +'r n' ,'nd$t$'n,'uld be *la,ed at t(e (ead '+ t(e ser$es '+ *(en'mena) e,e*t 'ne/($,( /as $tsel+ a *(en'men'n and ,'nse.uently a member '+ t(e ser$es!

F'r t(e understand$n- ,ann't adm$t am'n- *(en'mena a ,'nd$t$'n/($,( $s $tsel+ em*$r$,ally un,'nd$t$'ned! 3ut $+ $t $s *'ss$ble t','-$tate an $ntell$-$ble ,'nd$t$'n5 'ne /($,( $s n't a member '+ t(e

ser$es '+ *(en'mena5 +'r a ,'nd$t$'ned *(en'men'n) /$t('ut brea%$n-t(e ser$es '+ em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns) su,( a ,'nd$t$'n may be adm$ss$bleas em*$r$,ally un,'nd$t$'ned) and t(e em*$r$,al re-ress ,'nt$nuere-ular) un,eas$n-) and $nta,t!

III! S'lut$'n '+ t(e C'sm'l'-$,al Idea '+ t(e T'tal$ty '+

t(e #edu,t$'n '+ C'sm$,al E0ents +r'm t(e$r Causes!

T(ere are 'nly t/' m'des '+ ,ausal$ty ,'-$table5 t(e ,ausal$ty '+nature 'r '+ +reed'm! T(e +$rst $s t(e ,'n&un,t$'n '+ a *art$,ularstate /$t( an't(er *re,ed$n- $t $n t(e /'rld '+ sense) t(e +'rmer+'ll'/$n- t(e latter by 0$rtue '+ a la/! N'/) as t(e ,ausal$ty '+

*(en'mena $s sub&e,t t' ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t$me) and t(e *re,ed$n- state)$+ $t (ad al/ays e$sted) ,'uld n't (a0e *r'du,ed an e++e,t /($,(/'uld ma%e $ts +$rst a**earan,e at a *art$,ular t$me) t(e ,ausal$ty '+a ,ause must $tsel+ be an e++e,t5 must $tsel+ (a0e be-un t' be) andt(ere+'re) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e understand$n-) $tsel+re.u$res a ,ause!

2e must understand) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) by t(e term +reed'm) $n t(e,'sm'l'-$,al sense) a +a,ulty '+ t(e s*'ntane'us 'r$-$nat$'n '+ astate4 t(e ,ausal$ty '+ /($,() t(ere+'re) $s n't sub'rd$nated t'an't(er ,ause determ$n$n- $t $n t$me! Freed'm $s $n t($s sense a*ure trans,endental $dea) /($,() $n t(e +$rst *la,e) ,'nta$ns n'em*$r$,al element4 t(e 'b&e,t '+ /($,() $n t(e se,'nd *la,e) ,ann't be

-$0en 'r determ$ned $n any e*er$en,e) be,ause $t $s a un$0ersal la/'+ t(e 0ery *'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e) t(at e0eryt($n- /($,( (a**ensmust (a0e a ,ause) t(at ,'nse.uently t(e ,ausal$ty '+ a ,ause) be$n-$tsel+ s'met($n- t(at (as (a**ened) must als' (a0e a ,ause! In t($s0$e/ '+ t(e ,ase) t(e /('le +$eld '+ e*er$en,e) ('/ +ar s'e0er $t mayetend) ,'nta$ns n't($n- t(at $s n't sub&e,t t' t(e la/s '+ nature!3ut) as /e ,ann't by t($s means atta$n t' an abs'lute t'tal$ty '+,'nd$t$'ns $n re+eren,e t' t(e ser$es '+ ,auses and e++e,ts) reas'n,reates t(e $dea '+ a s*'ntane$ty) /($,( ,an be-$n t' a,t '+ $tsel+)and /$t('ut any eternal ,ause determ$n$n- $t t' a,t$'n) a,,'rd$n-t' t(e natural la/ '+ ,ausal$ty!

It $s es*e,$ally remar%able t(at t(e *ra,t$,al ,'n,e*t$'n '+ +reed'm

$s based u*'n t(e trans,endental $dea) and t(at t(e .uest$'n '+ t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e +'rmer $s d$++$,ult 'nly as $t $n0'l0es t(e,'ns$derat$'n '+ t(e trut( '+ t(e latter! Freed'm) $n t(e *ra,t$,alsense) $s t(e $nde*enden,e '+ t(e /$ll '+ ,'er,$'n by sensu'us$m*ulses! A /$ll $s sensu'us) $n s' +ar as $t $s *at('l'-$,allya++e,ted =by sensu'us $m*ulses>4 $t $s termed an$mal =arb$tr$umbrutum>) /(en $t $s *at('l'-$,ally ne,ess$tated! T(e (uman /$ll $s,erta$nly an arb$tr$um sens$t$0um) n't brutum) but l$berum4 be,ausesensu'usness d'es n't ne,ess$tate $ts a,t$'n) a +a,ulty e$st$n- $nman '+ sel+5determ$nat$'n) $nde*endently '+ all sensu'us ,'er,$'n!

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t(e ,ausal$ty '+ su,( an $ntell$-$ble ,ause $s n't determ$ned 'rdeterm$nable by *(en'mena4 alt('u-( $ts e++e,ts) as *(en'mena) must bedeterm$ned by 't(er *(en'menal e$sten,es! T($s ,ause and $ts,ausal$ty e$st t(ere+'re 'ut '+ and a*art +r'm t(e ser$es '+*(en'mena4 /($le $ts e++e,ts d' e$st and are d$s,'0erable $n t(eser$es '+ em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns! Su,( an e++e,t may t(ere+'re be,'ns$dered t' be +ree $n relat$'n t' $ts $ntell$-$ble ,ause) andne,essary $n relat$'n t' t(e *(en'mena +r'm /($,( $t $s a ne,essary

,'nse.uen,e5 a d$st$n,t$'n /($,() stated $n t($s *er+e,tly -eneral andabstra,t manner) must a**ear $n t(e ($-(est de-ree subtle and 'bs,ure!T(e se.uel /$ll e*la$n! It $s su++$,$ent) at *resent) t' remar% t(at)as t(e ,'m*lete and unbr'%en ,'nne,t$'n '+ *(en'mena $s an unalterablela/ '+ nature) +reed'm $s $m*'ss$ble5 'n t(e su**'s$t$'n t(at*(en'mena are abs'lutely real! Hen,e t('se *($l's'*(ers /(' ad(eret' t(e ,'mm'n '*$n$'n 'n t($s sub&e,t ,an ne0er su,,eed $n re,'n,$l$n-t(e $deas '+ nature and +reed'm!

P'ss$b$l$ty '+ Freed'm $n Harm'ny /$t( t(e Un$0ersal <a/

'+ Natural Ne,ess$ty!

T(at element $n a sensu'us 'b&e,t /($,( $s n't $tsel+ sensu'us) Imay be all'/ed t' term $ntell$-$ble! I+) a,,'rd$n-ly) an 'b&e,t/($,( must be re-arded as a sensu'us *(en'men'n *'ssesses a +a,ulty/($,( $s n't an 'b&e,t '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) but by means '+ /($,( $t$s ,a*able '+ be$n- t(e ,ause '+ *(en'mena) t(e ,ausal$ty '+ an 'b&e,t'r e$sten,e '+ t($s %$nd may be re-arded +r'm t/' d$++erent *'$nts '+0$e/! It may be ,'ns$dered t' be $ntell$-$ble) as re-ards $tsa,t$'n5 t(e a,t$'n '+ a t($n- /($,( $s a t($n- $n $tsel+) andsensu'us) as re-ards $ts e++e,ts5 t(e e++e,ts '+ a *(en'men'nbel'n-$n- t' t(e sensu'us /'rld! 2e s('uld a,,'rd$n-ly) (a0e t' +'rmb't( an em*$r$,al and an $ntelle,tual ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e ,ausal$ty '+su,( a +a,ulty 'r *'/er5 b't() ('/e0er) (a0$n- re+eren,e t' t(e samee++e,t! T($s t/'+'ld manner '+ ,'-$tat$n- a *'/er res$d$n- $n a

sensu'us 'b&e,t d'es n't run ,'unter t' any '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,(/e 'u-(t t' +'rm '+ t(e /'rld '+ *(en'mena 'r '+ a *'ss$blee*er$en,e! P(en'mena5 n't be$n- t($n-s $n t(emsel0es5 must (a0e atrans,endental 'b&e,t as a +'undat$'n) /($,( determ$nes t(em as merere*resentat$'ns4 and t(ere seems t' be n' reas'n /(y /e s('uld n'tas,r$be t' t($s trans,endental 'b&e,t) $n add$t$'n t' t(e *r'*erty'+ sel+5*(en'men$;at$'n) a ,ausal$ty /('se e++e,ts are t' be met/$t( $n t(e /'rld '+ *(en'mena) alt('u-( $t $s n't $tsel+ a*(en'men'n! 3ut e0ery e++e,t$0e ,ause must *'ssess a ,(ara,ter) t(at$s t' say) a la/ '+ $ts ,ausal$ty) /$t('ut /($,( $t /'uld ,ease t'be a ,ause! In t(e ab'0e ,ase) t(en) e0ery sensu'us 'b&e,t /'uld*'ssess an em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter) /($,( -uaranteed t(at $ts a,t$'ns)as *(en'mena) stand $n ,'m*lete and (arm'n$'us ,'nne,t$'n) ,'n+'rmably

t' un0ary$n- natural la/s) /$t( all 't(er *(en'mena) and ,an bededu,ed +r'm t(ese) as ,'nd$t$'ns) and t(at t(ey d' t(us) $n,'nne,t$'n /$t( t(ese) ,'nst$tute a ser$es $n t(e 'rder '+ nature!T($s sensu'us 'b&e,t must) $n t(e se,'nd *la,e) *'ssess an$ntell$-$ble ,(ara,ter) /($,( -uarantees $t t' be t(e ,ause '+ t('sea,t$'ns) as *(en'mena) alt('u-( $t $s n't $tsel+ a *(en'men'n n'rsub'rd$nate t' t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e /'rld '+ sense! T(e +'rmer may betermed t(e ,(ara,ter '+ t(e t($n- as a *(en'men'n) t(e latter t(e,(ara,ter '+ t(e t($n- as a t($n- $n $tsel+!

N'/ t($s a,t$0e sub&e,t /'uld) $n $ts ,(ara,ter '+ $ntell$-$ble

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sub&e,t) be sub'rd$nate t' n' ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t$me) +'r t$me $s 'nly a,'nd$t$'n '+ *(en'mena) and n't '+ t($n-s $n t(emsel0es! N' a,t$'n/'uld be-$n 'r ,ease t' be $n t($s sub&e,t4 $t /'uld ,'nse.uently be+ree +r'm t(e la/ '+ all determ$nat$'n '+ t$me5 t(e la/ '+ ,(an-e)namely) t(at e0eryt($n- /($,( (a**ens must (a0e a ,ause $n t(e*(en'mena '+ a *re,ed$n- state! In 'ne /'rd) t(e ,ausal$ty '+ t(esub&e,t) $n s' +ar as $t $s $ntell$-$ble) /'uld n't +'rm *art '+ t(eser$es '+ em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns /($,( determ$ne and ne,ess$tate an

e0ent $n t(e /'rld '+ sense! A-a$n) t($s $ntell$-$ble ,(ara,ter '+ at($n- ,ann't be $mmed$ately ,'-n$;ed) be,ause /e ,an *er,e$0en't($n- but *(en'mena) but $t must be ,a*able '+ be$n- ,'-$tated $n(arm'ny /$t( t(e em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter4 +'r /e al/ays +$nd 'ursel0es,'m*elled t' *la,e) $n t('u-(t) a trans,endental 'b&e,t at t(e bas$s'+ *(en'mena alt('u-( /e ,an ne0er %n'/ /(at t($s 'b&e,t $s $n $tsel+!

In 0$rtue '+ $ts em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter) t($s sub&e,t /'uld at t(e samet$me be sub'rd$nate t' all t(e em*$r$,al la/s '+ ,ausal$ty) and) asa *(en'men'n and member '+ t(e sensu'us /'rld) $ts e++e,ts /'uld(a0e t' be a,,'unted +'r by a re+eren,e t' *re,ed$n- *(en'mena!Eternal *(en'mena must be ,a*able '+ $n+luen,$n- $t4 and $tsa,t$'ns) $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( natural la/s) must e*la$n t' us ('/ $ts

em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter) t(at $s) t(e la/ '+ $ts ,ausal$ty) $s t' be,'-n$;ed $n and by means '+ e*er$en,e! In a /'rd) all re.u$s$tes+'r a ,'m*lete and ne,essary determ$nat$'n '+ t(ese a,t$'ns must be*resented t' us by e*er$en,e!

In 0$rtue '+ $ts $ntell$-$ble ,(ara,ter) 'n t(e 't(er (and =alt('u-(/e *'ssess 'nly a -eneral ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t($s ,(ara,ter>) t(e sub&e,tmust be re-arded as +ree +r'm all sensu'us $n+luen,es) and +r'm all*(en'menal determ$nat$'n! "'re'0er) as n't($n- (a**ens $n t($ssub&e,t5 +'r $t $s a n'umen'n) and t(ere d'es n't ,'nse.uently e$st$n $t any ,(an-e) demand$n- t(e dynam$,al determ$nat$'n '+ t$me) and+'r t(e same reas'n n' ,'nne,t$'n /$t( *(en'mena as ,auses5 t($sa,t$0e e$sten,e must $n $ts a,t$'ns be +ree +r'm and $nde*endent '+

natural ne,ess$ty) +'r 'r ne,ess$ty e$sts 'nly $n t(e /'rld '+*(en'mena! It /'uld be .u$te ,'rre,t t' say t(at $t 'r$-$nates 'rbe-$ns $ts e++e,ts $n t(e /'rld '+ sense +r'm $tsel+) alt('u-( t(ea,t$'n *r'du,t$0e '+ t(ese e++e,ts d'es n't be-$n $n $tsel+! 2e s('uldn't be $n t($s ,ase a++$rm$n- t(at t(ese sensu'us e++e,ts be-an t'e$st '+ t(emsel0es) be,ause t(ey are al/ays determ$ned by *r$'rem*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns5 by 0$rtue '+ t(e em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter) /($,( $st(e *(en'men'n '+ t(e $ntell$-$ble ,(ara,ter5 and are *'ss$ble 'nly as,'nst$tut$n- a ,'nt$nuat$'n '+ t(e ser$es '+ natural ,auses! Andt(us nature and +reed'm) ea,( $n t(e ,'m*lete and abs'lutes$-n$+$,at$'n '+ t(ese terms) ,an e$st) /$t('ut ,'ntrad$,t$'n 'rd$sa-reement) $n t(e same a,t$'n t'

E*'s$t$'n '+ t(e C'sm'l'-$,al Idea '+ Freed'm $n Harm'ny

/$t( t(e Un$0ersal <a/ '+ Natural Ne,ess$ty!

I (a0e t('u-(t $t ad0$sable t' lay be+'re t(e reader at +$rst merelya s%et,( '+ t(e s'lut$'n '+ t($s trans,endental *r'blem) $n 'rder t'enable ($m t' +'rm /$t( -reater ease a ,lear ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e,'urse /($,( reas'n must ad'*t $n t(e s'lut$'n! I s(all n'/ *r',eed t'e($b$t t(e se0eral m'menta '+ t($s s'lut$'n) and t' ,'ns$der t(em$n t(e$r 'rder!

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T(e natural la/ t(at e0eryt($n- /($,( (a**ens must (a0e a ,ause)t(at t(e ,ausal$ty '+ t($s ,ause) t(at $s) t(e a,t$'n '+ t(e ,ause=/($,( ,ann't al/ays (a0e e$sted) but must be $tsel+ an e0ent) +'r $t*re,edes $n t$me s'me e++e,t /($,( $t (as 'r$-$nated>) must (a0e$tsel+ a *(en'menal ,ause) by /($,( $t $s determ$ned and) and),'nse.uently) all e0ents are em*$r$,ally determ$ned $n an 'rder '+nature5 t($s la/) I say) /($,( l$es at t(e +'undat$'n '+ t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e) and '+ a ,'nne,ted system '+ *(en'mena 'r

nature $s a la/ '+ t(e understand$n-) +r'm /($,( n' de*arture) andt' /($,( n' e,e*t$'n) ,an be adm$tted! F'r t' e,e*t e0en a s$n-le*(en'men'n +r'm $ts '*erat$'n $s t' e,lude $t +r'm t(e s*(ere '+*'ss$ble e*er$en,e and t(us t' adm$t $t t' be a mere +$,t$'n '+t('u-(t 'r *(ant'm '+ t(e bra$n!

T(us /e are 'bl$-ed t' a,%n'/led-e t(e e$sten,e '+ a ,(a$n '+,auses) $n /($,() ('/e0er) abs'lute t'tal$ty ,ann't be +'und! 3ut /eneed n't deta$n 'ursel0es /$t( t($s .uest$'n) +'r $t (as alreadybeen su++$,$ently ans/ered $n 'ur d$s,uss$'n '+ t(e ant$n'm$es $nt'/($,( reas'n +alls) /(en $t attem*ts t' rea,( t(e un,'nd$t$'ned $n t(eser$es '+ *(en'mena! I+ /e *erm$t 'ursel0es t' be de,e$0ed by t(e$llus$'n '+ trans,endental $deal$sm) /e s(all +$nd t(at ne$t(er nature

n'r +reed'm e$sts! N'/ t(e .uest$'n $s6 92(et(er) adm$tt$n- t(ee$sten,e '+ natural ne,ess$ty $n t(e /'rld '+ *(en'mena) $t $s*'ss$ble t' ,'ns$der an e++e,t as at t(e same t$me an e++e,t '+ natureand an e++e,t '+ +reed'm5 'r) /(et(er t(ese t/' m'des '+ ,ausal$ty are,'ntrad$,t'ry and $n,'m*at$ble@9

N' *(en'menal ,ause ,an abs'lutely and '+ $tsel+ be-$n a ser$es!E0ery a,t$'n) $n s' +ar as $t $s *r'du,t$0e '+ an e0ent) $s $tsel+an e0ent 'r ',,urren,e) and *resu**'ses an't(er *re,ed$n- state) $n/($,( $ts ,ause e$sted! T(us e0eryt($n- t(at (a**ens $s but a,'nt$nuat$'n '+ a ser$es) and an abs'lute be-$nn$n- $s $m*'ss$ble $nt(e sensu'us /'rld! T(e a,t$'ns '+ natural ,auses are) a,,'rd$n-ly)t(emsel0es e++e,ts) and *resu**'se ,auses *re,ed$n- t(em $n t$me! A

*r$mal a,t$'n /($,( +'rms an abs'lute be-$nn$n-) $s bey'nd t(e,ausal *'/er '+ *(en'mena!

N'/) $s $t abs'lutely ne,essary t(at) -rant$n- t(at all e++e,tsare *(en'mena) t(e ,ausal$ty '+ t(e ,ause '+ t(ese e++e,ts must als'be a *(en'men'n and bel'n- t' t(e em*$r$,al /'rld@ Is $t n't rat(er*'ss$ble t(at) alt('u-( e0ery e++e,t $n t(e *(en'menal /'rld must be,'nne,ted /$t( an em*$r$,al ,ause) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e un$0ersal la/ '+nature) t($s em*$r$,al ,ausal$ty may be $tsel+ t(e e++e,t '+ an'n5em*$r$,al and $ntell$-$ble ,ausal$ty5 $ts ,'nne,t$'n /$t(natural ,auses rema$n$n- ne0ert(eless $nta,t@ Su,( a ,ausal$ty /'uldbe ,'ns$dered) $n re+eren,e t' *(en'mena) as t(e *r$mal a,t$'n '+ a,ause) /($,( $s $n s' +ar) t(ere+'re) n't *(en'menal) but) by reas'n

'+ t($s +a,ulty 'r *'/er) $ntell$-$ble4 alt('u-( $t must) at t(esame t$me) as a l$n% $n t(e ,(a$n '+ nature) be re-arded asbel'n-$n- t' t(e sensu'us /'rld!

A bel$e+ $n t(e re,$*r',al ,ausal$ty '+ *(en'mena $s ne,essary) $+/e are re.u$red t' l''% +'r and t' *resent t(e natural ,'nd$t$'ns '+natural e0ents) t(at $s t' say) t(e$r ,auses! T($s be$n- adm$tted asune,e*t$'nably 0al$d) t(e re.u$rements '+ t(e understand$n-) /($,(re,'-n$;es n't($n- but nature $n t(e re-$'n '+ *(en'mena) aresat$s+$ed) and 'ur *(ys$,al e*lanat$'ns '+ *(ys$,al *(en'mena may*r',eed $n t(e$r re-ular ,'urse) /$t('ut ($ndran,e and /$t('ut

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'**'s$t$'n! 3ut $t $s n' stumbl$n-5bl',% $n t(e /ay) e0en assum$n- t(e$dea t' be a *ure +$,t$'n) t' adm$t t(at t(ere are s'me natural ,auses$n t(e *'ssess$'n '+ a +a,ulty /($,( $s n't em*$r$,al) but$ntell$-$ble) $nasmu,( as $t $s n't determ$ned t' a,t$'n byem*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns) but *urely and s'lely u*'n -r'unds br'u-(t+'r/ard by t(e understand$n-5 t($s a,t$'n be$n- st$ll) /(en t(e,ause $s *(en'men$;ed) $n *er+e,t a,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e la/s '+em*$r$,al ,ausal$ty! T(us t(e a,t$n- sub&e,t) as a ,ausal

*(en'men'n) /'uld ,'nt$nue t' *reser0e a ,'m*lete ,'nne,t$'n /$t(nature and natural ,'nd$t$'ns4 and t(e *(en'men'n 'nly '+ t(esub&e,t =/$t( all $ts *(en'menal ,ausal$ty> /'uld ,'nta$n ,erta$n,'nd$t$'ns) /($,() $+ /e as,end +r'm t(e em*$r$,al t' t(etrans,endental 'b&e,t) must ne,essar$ly be re-arded as $ntell$-$ble!F'r) $+ /e attend) $n 'ur $n.u$r$es /$t( re-ard t' ,auses $n t(e /'rld'+ *(en'mena) t' t(e d$re,t$'ns '+ nature al'ne) /e need n't tr'uble'ursel0es ab'ut t(e relat$'n $n /($,( t(e trans,endental sub&e,t)/($,( $s ,'m*letely un%n'/n t' us) stands t' t(ese *(en'mena and t(e$r,'nne,t$'n $n nature! T(e $ntell$-$ble -r'und '+ *(en'mena $n t($ssub&e,t d'es n't ,'n,ern em*$r$,al .uest$'ns! It (as t' d' 'nly /$t(*ure t('u-(t4 and) alt('u-( t(e e++e,ts '+ t($s t('u-(t and a,t$'n'+ t(e *ure understand$n- are d$s,'0erable $n *(en'mena) t(ese

*(en'mena must ne0ert(eless be ,a*able '+ a +ull and ,'m*letee*lanat$'n) u*'n *urely *(ys$,al -r'unds and $n a,,'rdan,e /$t(natural la/s! And $n t($s ,ase /e attend s'lely t' t(e$r em*$r$,al and'm$t all ,'ns$derat$'n '+ t(e$r $ntell$-$ble ,(ara,ter =/($,( $s t(etrans,endental ,ause '+ t(e +'rmer> as ,'m*letely un%n'/n) e,e*t $ns' +ar as $t $s e($b$ted by t(e latter as $ts em*$r$,al symb'l! N'/let us a**ly t($s t' e*er$en,e! "an $s a *(en'men'n '+ t(e sensu'us/'rld and) at t(e same t$me) t(ere+'re) a natural ,ause) t(e ,ausal$ty'+ /($,( must be re-ulated by em*$r$,al la/s! As su,() (e must *'ssessan em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter) l$%e all 't(er natural *(en'mena! 2e remar%t($s em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter $n ($s a,t$'ns) /($,( re0eal t(e *resen,e'+ ,erta$n *'/ers and +a,ult$es! I+ /e ,'ns$der $nan$mate 'r merelyan$mal nature) /e ,an d$s,'0er n' reas'n +'r as,r$b$n- t' 'ursel0es

any 't(er t(an a +a,ulty /($,( $s determ$ned $n a *urely sensu'usmanner! 3ut man) t' /('m nature re0eals (ersel+ 'nly t(r'u-( sense),'-n$;es ($msel+ n't 'nly by ($s senses) but als' t(r'u-( *urea**er,e*t$'n4 and t($s $n a,t$'ns and $nternal determ$nat$'ns) /($,((e ,ann't re-ard as sensu'us $m*ress$'ns! He $s t(us t' ($msel+) 'nt(e 'ne (and) a *(en'men'n) but 'n t(e 't(er (and) $n res*e,t '+,erta$n +a,ult$es) a *urely $ntell$-$ble 'b&e,t5 $ntell$-$ble) be,ause$ts a,t$'n ,ann't be as,r$bed t' sensu'us re,e*t$0$ty! T(ese +a,ult$esare understand$n- and reas'n! T(e latter) es*e,$ally) $s $n a *e,ul$armanner d$st$n,t +r'm all em*$r$,ally5,'nd$t$'ned +a,ult$es) +'r $tem*l'ys $deas al'ne $n t(e ,'ns$derat$'n '+ $ts 'b&e,ts) and bymeans '+ t(ese determ$nes t(e understand$n-) /($,( t(en *r',eeds t'ma%e an em*$r$,al use '+ $ts '/n ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,() l$%e t(e $deas '+

reas'n) are *ure and n'n5em*$r$,al!

T(at reas'n *'ssesses t(e +a,ulty '+ ,ausal$ty) 'r t(at at least/e are ,'m*elled s' t' re*resent $t) $s e0$dent +r'm t(e$m*erat$0es) /($,( $n t(e s*(ere '+ t(e *ra,t$,al /e $m*'se 'n many '+'ur ee,ut$0e *'/ers! T(e /'rds I 'u-(t e*ress a s*e,$es '+ne,ess$ty) and $m*ly a ,'nne,t$'n /$t( -r'unds /($,( nature d'es n'tand ,ann't *resent t' t(e m$nd '+ man! Understand$n- %n'/s n't($n-$n nature but t(at /($,( $s) 'r (as been) 'r /$ll be! It /'uld beabsurd t' say t(at anyt($n- $n nature 'u-(t t' be 't(er t(an $t $s$n t(e relat$'ns '+ t$me $n /($,( $t stands4 $ndeed) t(e 'u-(t) /(en

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/e ,'ns$der merely t(e ,'urse '+ nature) bas ne$t(er a**l$,at$'n n'rmean$n-! T(e .uest$'n) 92(at 'u-(t t' (a**en $n t(e s*(ere '+ nature@9$s &ust as absurd as t(e .uest$'n) 92(at 'u-(t t' be t(e *r'*ert$es '+a ,$r,le@9 All t(at /e are ent$tled t' as% $s) 92(at ta%es *la,e $nnature@9 'r) $n t(e latter ,ase) 92(at are t(e *r'*ert$es '+ a,$r,le@9

3ut t(e $dea '+ an 'u-(t 'r '+ duty $nd$,ates a *'ss$ble a,t$'n) t(e

-r'und '+ /($,( $s a *ure ,'n,e*t$'n4 /($le t(e -r'und '+ a merelynatural a,t$'n $s) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) al/ays a *(en'men'n! T($s a,t$'nmust ,erta$nly be *'ss$ble under *(ys$,al ,'nd$t$'ns) $+ $t $s*res,r$bed by t(e m'ral $m*erat$0e 'u-(t4 but t(ese *(ys$,al 'rnatural ,'nd$t$'ns d' n't ,'n,ern t(e determ$nat$'n '+ t(e /$ll$tsel+) t(ey relate t' $ts e++e,ts al'ne) and t(e ,'nse.uen,es '+t(e e++e,t $n t(e /'rld '+ *(en'mena! 2(ate0er number '+ m't$0esnature may *resent t' my /$ll) /(ate0er sensu'us $m*ulses5 t(e m'ral'u-(t $t $s bey'nd t(e$r *'/er t' *r'du,e! T(ey may *r'du,e a0'l$t$'n) /($,() s' +ar +r'm be$n- ne,essary) $s al/ays ,'nd$t$'ned5 a0'l$t$'n t' /($,( t(e 'u-(t enun,$ated by reas'n) sets an a$m and astandard) -$0es *erm$ss$'n 'r *r'($b$t$'n! 3e t(e 'b&e,t /(at $tmay) *urely sensu'us5 as *leasure) 'r *resented by *ure reas'n5 as

-''d) reas'n /$ll n't y$eld t' -r'unds /($,( (a0e an em*$r$,al 'r$-$n!Reas'n /$ll n't +'ll'/ t(e 'rder '+ t($n-s *resented by e*er$en,e)but) /$t( *er+e,t s*'ntane$ty) rearran-es t(em a,,'rd$n- t' $deas)/$t( /($,( $t ,'m*els em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns t' a-ree! It de,lares) $nt(e name '+ t(ese $deas) ,erta$n a,t$'ns t' be ne,essary /($,(ne0ert(eless (a0e n't ta%en *la,e and /($,( *er(a*s ne0er /$ll ta%e*la,e4 and yet *resu**'ses t(at $t *'ssesses t(e +a,ulty '+,ausal$ty $n relat$'n t' t(ese a,t$'ns! F'r) $n t(e absen,e '+ t($ssu**'s$t$'n) $t ,'uld n't e*e,t $ts $deas t' *r'du,e ,erta$ne++e,ts $n t(e /'rld '+ e*er$en,e!

N'/) let us st'* (ere and adm$t $t t' be at least *'ss$ble t(atreas'n d'es stand $n a really ,ausal relat$'n t' *(en'mena! In t($s

,ase $t must5 *ure reas'n as $t $s5 e($b$t an em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter!F'r e0ery ,ause su**'ses a rule) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( ,erta$n*(en'mena +'ll'/ as e++e,ts +r'm t(e ,ause) and e0ery rule re.u$resun$+'rm$ty $n t(ese e++e,ts4 and t($s $s t(e *r'*er -r'und '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ a ,ause5 as a +a,ulty 'r *'/er! N'/ t($s ,'n,e*t$'n='+ a ,ause> may be termed t(e em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter '+ reas'n4 and t($s,(ara,ter $s a *ermanent 'ne) /($le t(e e++e,ts *r'du,ed a**ear) $n,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e 0ar$'us ,'nd$t$'ns /($,( a,,'m*any and *artlyl$m$t t(em) $n 0ar$'us +'rms!

T(us t(e 0'l$t$'n '+ e0ery man (as an em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter) /($,($s n't($n- m're t(an t(e ,ausal$ty '+ ($s reas'n) $n s' +ar as $tse++e,ts $n t(e *(en'menal /'rld man$+est t(e *resen,e '+ a rule)

a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( /e are enabled t' eam$ne) $n t(e$r se0eral %$ndsand de-rees) t(e a,t$'ns '+ t($s ,ausal$ty and t(e rat$'nal -r'unds+'r t(ese a,t$'ns) and $n t($s /ay t' de,$de u*'n t(e sub&e,t$0e*r$n,$*les '+ t(e 0'l$t$'n! N'/ /e learn /(at t($s em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter$s 'nly +r'm *(en'menal e++e,ts) and +r'm t(e rule '+ t(ese /($,( $s*resented by e*er$en,e4 and +'r t($s reas'n all t(e a,t$'ns '+ man $nt(e /'rld '+ *(en'mena are determ$ned by ($s em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter)and t(e ,'5'*erat$0e ,auses '+ nature! I+) t(en) /e ,'uld$n0est$-ate all t(e *(en'mena '+ (uman 0'l$t$'n t' t(e$r l'/est+'undat$'n $n t(e m$nd) t(ere /'uld be n' a,t$'n /($,( /e ,'uld n'tant$,$*ate /$t( ,erta$nty) and re,'-n$;e t' be abs'lutely ne,essary

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+r'm $ts *re,ed$n- ,'nd$t$'ns! S' +ar as relates t' t($s em*$r$,al,(ara,ter) t(ere+'re) t(ere ,an be n' +reed'm4 and $t $s 'nly $n t(el$-(t '+ t($s ,(ara,ter t(at /e ,an ,'ns$der t(e (uman /$ll) /(en /e,'n+$ne 'ursel0es t' s$m*le 'bser0at$'n and) as $s t(e ,ase $nant(r'*'l'-y) $nst$tute a *(ys$'l'-$,al $n0est$-at$'n '+ t(e m't$0e,auses '+ (uman a,t$'ns!

3ut /(en /e ,'ns$der t(e same a,t$'ns $n relat$'n t' reas'n5 n't +'r

t(e *ur*'se '+ e*la$n$n- t(e$r 'r$-$n) t(at $s) $n relat$'n t's*e,ulat$0e reas'n) but t' *ra,t$,al reas'n) as t(e *r'du,$n- ,ause '+t(ese a,t$'ns5 /e s(all d$s,'0er a rule and an 'rder 0ery d$++erent+r'm t('se '+ nature and e*er$en,e! F'r t(e de,larat$'n '+ t($smental +a,ulty may be t(at /(at (as and ,'uld n't but ta%e *la,e $nt(e ,'urse '+ nature) 'u-(t n't t' (a0e ta%en *la,e! S'met$mes) t'')/e d$s,'0er) 'r bel$e0e t(at /e d$s,'0er) t(at t(e $deas '+ reas'n d$da,tually stand $n a ,ausal relat$'n t' ,erta$n a,t$'ns '+ man4 andt(at t(ese a,t$'ns (a0e ta%en *la,e be,ause t(ey /ere determ$ned)n't by em*$r$,al ,auses) but by t(e a,t '+ t(e /$ll u*'n -r'unds '+reas'n!

N'/) -rant$n- t(at reas'n stands $n a ,ausal relat$'n t'

*(en'mena4 ,an an a,t$'n '+ reas'n be ,alled +ree) /(en /e %n'/t(at) sensu'usly) $n $ts em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter) $t $s ,'m*letelydeterm$ned and abs'lutely ne,essary@ 3ut t($s em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter $s$tsel+ determ$ned by t(e $ntell$-$ble ,(ara,ter! T(e latter /e,ann't ,'-n$;e4 /e ,an 'nly $nd$,ate $t by means '+ *(en'mena) /($,(enable us t' (a0e an $mmed$ate ,'-n$t$'n 'nly '+ t(e em*$r$,al,(ara,ter! An a,t$'n) t(en) $n s' +ar as $t $s t' be as,r$bed t' an$ntell$-$ble ,ause) d'es n't result +r'm $t $n a,,'rdan,e /$t(em*$r$,al la/s! T(at $s t' say) n't t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ *ure reas'n) but'nly t(e$r e++e,ts $n t(e $nternal sense) *re,ede t(e a,t! Purereas'n) as a *urely $ntell$-$ble +a,ulty) $s n't sub&e,t t' t(e,'nd$t$'ns '+ t$me! T(e ,ausal$ty '+ reas'n $n $ts $ntell$-$ble,(ara,ter d'es n't be-$n t' be4 $t d'es n't ma%e $ts a**earan,e at a

,erta$n t$me) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ *r'du,$n- an e++e,t! I+ t($s /ere n'tt(e ,ase) t(e ,ausal$ty '+ reas'n /'uld be subser0$ent t' t(enatural la/ '+ *(en'mena) /($,( determ$nes t(em a,,'rd$n- t' t$me) andas a ser$es '+ ,auses and e++e,ts $n t$me4 $t /'uld ,'nse.uently ,easet' be +reed'm and be,'me a *art '+ nature! 2e are t(ere+'re&ust$+$ed $n say$n-6 9I+ reas'n stands $n a ,ausal relat$'n t'*(en'mena) $t $s a +a,ulty /($,( 'r$-$nates t(e sensu'us ,'nd$t$'n'+ an em*$r$,al ser$es '+ e++e,ts!9 F'r t(e ,'nd$t$'n) /($,( res$des$n t(e reas'n) $s n'n5sensu'us) and t(ere+'re ,ann't be 'r$-$nated) 'rbe-$n t' be! And t(us /e +$nd5 /(at /e ,'uld n't d$s,'0er $n anyem*$r$,al ser$es5 a ,'nd$t$'n '+ a su,,ess$0e ser$es '+ e0ents$tsel+ em*$r$,ally un,'nd$t$'ned! F'r) $n t(e *resent ,ase) t(e,'nd$t$'n stands 'ut '+ and bey'nd t(e ser$es '+ *(en'mena5 $t $s

$ntell$-$ble) and $t ,'nse.uently ,ann't be sub&e,ted t' anysensu'us ,'nd$t$'n) 'r t' any t$me5determ$nat$'n by a *re,ed$n- ,ause!

T(e real m'ral$ty '+ a,t$'ns5 t(e$r mer$t 'r demer$t) and e0en t(at'+ 'ur '/n ,'ndu,t) $s ,'m*letely un%n'/n t' us! Our est$mates ,anrelate 'nly t' t(e$r em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter! H'/ mu,( $s t(e result '+t(e a,t$'n '+ +ree /$ll) ('/ mu,( $s t' be as,r$bed t' nature and t'blameless err'r) 'r t' a (a**y ,'nst$tut$'n '+ tem*erament =mer$t'+'rtunae>) n' 'ne ,an d$s,'0er) n'r) +'r t($s reas'n) determ$ne /$t(*er+e,t &ust$,e!

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3ut) $n an't(er res*e,t) t(e same ,ause bel'n-s als' t' t(e ser$es'+ *(en'mena! "an $s ($msel+ a *(en'men'n! H$s /$ll (as an em*$r$,al,(ara,ter) /($,( $s t(e em*$r$,al ,ause '+ all ($s a,t$'ns! T(ere $sn' ,'nd$t$'n5 determ$n$n- man and ($s 0'l$t$'n $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t($s,(ara,ter5 /($,( d'es n't $tsel+ +'rm *art '+ t(e ser$es '+ e++e,ts $nnature) and $s sub&e,t t' t(e$r la/5 t(e la/ a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( anem*$r$,ally undeterm$ned ,ause '+ an e0ent $n t$me ,ann't e$st! F'rt($s reas'n n' -$0en a,t$'n ,an (a0e an abs'lute and s*'ntane'us

'r$-$nat$'n) all a,t$'ns be$n- *(en'mena) and bel'n-$n- t' t(e /'rld'+ e*er$en,e! 3ut $t ,ann't be sa$d '+ reas'n) t(at t(e state $n/($,( $t determ$nes t(e /$ll $s al/ays *re,eded by s'me 't(er statedeterm$n$n- $t! F'r reas'n $s n't a *(en'men'n) and t(ere+'re n'tsub&e,t t' sensu'us ,'nd$t$'ns4 and) ,'nse.uently) e0en $n relat$'n t'$ts ,ausal$ty) t(e se.uen,e 'r ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t$me d' n't $n+luen,ereas'n) n'r ,an t(e dynam$,al la/ '+ nature) /($,( determ$nes t(ese.uen,e '+ t$me a,,'rd$n- t' ,erta$n rules) be a**l$ed t' $t!

Reas'n $s ,'nse.uently t(e *ermanent ,'nd$t$'n '+ all a,t$'ns '+ t(e(uman /$ll! Ea,( '+ t(ese $s determ$ned $n t(e em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter'+ t(e man) e0en be+'re $t (as ta%en *la,e! T(e $ntell$-$ble,(ara,ter) '+ /($,( t(e +'rmer $s but t(e sensu'us s,(ema) %n'/s n'

be+'re 'r a+ter4 and e0ery a,t$'n) $rres*e,t$0e '+ t(e t$me5relat$'n$n /($,( $t stands /$t( 't(er *(en'mena) $s t(e $mmed$ate e++e,t '+t(e $ntell$-$ble ,(ara,ter '+ *ure reas'n) /($,() ,'nse.uently) en&'ys+reed'm '+ a,t$'n) and $s n't dynam$,ally determ$ned e$t(er by$nternal 'r eternal *re,ed$n- ,'nd$t$'ns! T($s +reed'm must n't bedes,r$bed) $n a merely ne-at$0e manner) as $nde*enden,e '+ em*$r$,al,'nd$t$'ns) +'r $n t($s ,ase t(e +a,ulty '+ reas'n /'uld ,ease t' be a,ause '+ *(en'mena4 but $t must be re-arded) *'s$t$0ely) as a+a,ulty /($,( ,an s*'ntane'usly 'r$-$nate a ser$es '+ e0ents! At t(esame t$me) $t must n't be su**'sed t(at any be-$nn$n- ,an ta%e *la,e$n reas'n4 'n t(e ,'ntrary) reas'n) as t(e un,'nd$t$'ned ,'nd$t$'n'+ all a,t$'n '+ t(e /$ll) adm$ts '+ n' t$me5,'nd$t$'ns) alt('u-($ts e++e,t d'es really be-$n $n a ser$es '+ *(en'mena5 a be-$nn$n-

/($,( $s n't) ('/e0er) abs'lutely *r$mal!

I s(all $llustrate t($s re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n by aneam*le) +r'm $ts em*l'yment $n t(e /'rld '+ e*er$en,e4 *r'0ed $t,ann't be by any am'unt '+ e*er$en,e) 'r by any number '+ +a,ts)+'r su,( ar-uments ,ann't establ$s( t(e trut( '+ trans,endental*r'*'s$t$'ns! <et us ta%e a 0'luntary a,t$'n5 +'r eam*le) a+alse(''d5 by means '+ /($,( a man (as $ntr'du,ed a ,erta$n de-ree'+ ,'n+us$'n $nt' t(e s',$al l$+e '+ (uman$ty) /($,( $s &ud-eda,,'rd$n- t' t(e m't$0es +r'm /($,( $t 'r$-$nated) and t(e blame '+/($,( and '+ t(e e0$l ,'nse.uen,es ar$s$n- +r'm $t) $s $m*uted t't(e '++ender! 2e at +$rst *r',eed t' eam$ne t(e em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter'+ t(e '++en,e) and +'r t($s *ur*'se /e endea0'ur t' *enetrate t'

t(e s'ur,es '+ t(at ,(ara,ter) su,( as a de+e,t$0e edu,at$'n) bad,'m*any) a s(ameless and /$,%ed d$s*'s$t$'n) +r$0'l$ty) and /ant '+re+le,t$'n5 n't +'r-ett$n- als' t(e ',,as$'n$n- ,auses /($,( *re0a$ledat t(e m'ment '+ t(e trans-ress$'n! In t($s t(e *r',edure $s ea,tlyt(e same as t(at *ursued $n t(e $n0est$-at$'n '+ t(e ser$es '+,auses /($,( determ$ne a -$0en *(ys$,al e++e,t! N'/) alt('u-( /ebel$e0e t(e a,t$'n t' (a0e been determ$ned by all t(ese ,$r,umstan,es)/e d' n't t(e less blame t(e '++ender! 2e d' n't blame ($m +'r ($sun(a**y d$s*'s$t$'n) n'r +'r t(e ,$r,umstan,es /($,( $n+luen,ed ($m)nay) n't e0en +'r ($s +'rmer ,'urse '+ l$+e4 +'r /e *resu**'se t(atall t(ese ,'ns$derat$'ns may be set as$de) t(at t(e ser$es '+

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*re,ed$n- ,'nd$t$'ns may be re-arded as (a0$n- ne0er e$sted) and t(att(e a,t$'n may be ,'ns$dered as ,'m*letely un,'nd$t$'ned $n relat$'nt' any state *re,ed$n-) &ust as $+ t(e a-ent ,'mmen,ed /$t( $t anent$rely ne/ ser$es '+ e++e,ts! Our blame '+ t(e '++ender $s-r'unded u*'n a la/ '+ reas'n) /($,( re.u$res us t' re-ard t($s+a,ulty as a ,ause) /($,( ,'uld (a0e and 'u-(t t' (a0e 't(er/$sedeterm$ned t(e be(a0$'ur '+ t(e ,ul*r$t) $nde*endently '+ allem*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns! T($s ,ausal$ty '+ reas'n /e d' n't re-ard as a

,'5'*erat$n- a-en,y) but as ,'m*lete $n $tsel+! It matters n't /(et(ert(e sensu'us $m*ulses +a0'ured 'r '**'sed t(e a,t$'n '+ t($s,ausal$ty) t(e '++en,e $s est$mated a,,'rd$n- t' $ts $ntell$-$ble,(ara,ter5 t(e '++ender $s de,$dedly /'rt(y '+ blame) t(e m'ment (eutters a +alse(''d! It +'ll'/s t(at /e re-ard reas'n) $n s*$te '+t(e em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e a,t) as ,'m*letely +ree) andt(ere+'re) t(ere+'re) as $n t(e *resent ,ase) ,ul*able!

T(e ab'0e &ud-ement $s ,'m*lete e0$den,e t(at /e are a,,ust'med t't($n% t(at reas'n $s n't a++e,ted by sensu'us ,'nd$t$'ns) t(at $n $tn' ,(an-e ta%es *la,e5 alt('u-( $ts *(en'mena) $n 't(er /'rds) t(em'de $n /($,( $t a**ears $n $ts e++e,ts) are sub&e,t t' ,(an-e5 t(at$n $t n' *re,ed$n- state determ$nes t(e +'ll'/$n-) and)

,'nse.uently) t(at $t d'es n't +'rm a member '+ t(e ser$es '+ sensu'us,'nd$t$'ns /($,( ne,ess$tate *(en'mena a,,'rd$n- t' natural la/s!Reas'n $s *resent and t(e same $n all (uman a,t$'ns and at allt$mes4 but $t d'es n't $tsel+ e$st $n t$me) and t(ere+'re d'es n'tenter u*'n any state $n /($,( $t d$d n't +'rmerly e$st! It $s)relat$0ely t' ne/ states 'r ,'nd$t$'ns) determ$n$n-) but n'tdeterm$nable! Hen,e /e ,ann't as%6 92(y d$d n't reas'n determ$ne$tsel+ $n a d$++erent manner@9 T(e .uest$'n 'u-(t t' be t(us stated692(y d$d n't reas'n em*l'y $ts *'/er '+ ,ausal$ty t' determ$ne ,erta$n*(en'mena $n a d$++erent manner@9 93ut t($s $s a .uest$'n /($,( adm$ts'+ n' ans/er! F'r a d$++erent $ntell$-$ble ,(ara,ter /'uld (a0ee($b$ted a d$++erent em*$r$,al ,(ara,ter4 and) /(en /e say t(at) $ns*$te '+ t(e ,'urse /($,( ($s /('le +'rmer l$+e (as ta%en) t(e

'++ender ,'uld (a0e re+ra$ned +r'm utter$n- t(e +alse(''d) t($smeans merely t(at t(e a,t /as sub&e,t t' t(e *'/er and aut('r$ty5*erm$ss$0e 'r *r'($b$t$0e5 '+ reas'n! N'/) reas'n $s n't sub&e,t $n$ts ,ausal$ty t' any ,'nd$t$'ns '+ *(en'mena 'r '+ t$me4 and ad$++eren,e $n t$me may *r'du,e a d$++eren,e $n t(e relat$'n '+*(en'mena t' ea,( 't(er5 +'r t(ese are n't t($n-s and t(ere+'re n't,auses $n t(emsel0es5 but $t ,ann't *r'du,e any d$++eren,e $n t(erelat$'n $n /($,( t(e a,t$'n stands t' t(e +a,ulty '+ reas'n!

T(us) t(en) $n 'ur $n0est$-at$'n $nt' +ree a,t$'ns and t(e ,ausal*'/er /($,( *r'du,ed t(em) /e arr$0e at an $ntell$-$ble ,ause)bey'nd /($,() ('/e0er) /e ,ann't -'4 alt('u-( /e ,an re,'-n$;e t(at $t$s +ree) t(at $s) $nde*endent '+ all sensu'us ,'nd$t$'ns) and t(at) $n

t($s /ay) $t may be t(e sensu'usly un,'nd$t$'ned ,'nd$t$'n '+*(en'mena! 3ut +'r /(at reas'n t(e $ntell$-$ble ,(ara,ter -eneratessu,( and su,( *(en'mena and e($b$ts su,( and su,( an em*$r$,al,(ara,ter under ,erta$n ,$r,umstan,es) $t $s bey'nd t(e *'/er '+ 'urreas'n t' de,$de! T(e .uest$'n $s as mu,( ab'0e t(e *'/er and t(es*(ere '+ reas'n as t(e +'ll'/$n- /'uld be6 92(y d'es t(etrans,endental 'b&e,t '+ 'ur eternal sensu'us $ntu$t$'n all'/ '+ n''t(er +'rm t(an t(at '+ $ntu$t$'n $n s*a,e@9 3ut t(e *r'blem) /($,( /e/ere ,alled u*'n t' s'l0e) d'es n't re.u$re us t' enterta$n any su,(.uest$'ns! T(e *r'blem /as merely t($s5 /(et(er +reed'm and naturalne,ess$ty ,an e$st /$t('ut '**'s$t$'n $n t(e same a,t$'n! T' t($s

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.uest$'n /e (a0e -$0en a su++$,$ent ans/er4 +'r /e (a0e s('/n t(at) ast(e +'rmer stands $n a relat$'n t' a d$++erent %$nd '+ ,'nd$t$'n+r'm t('se '+ t(e latter) t(e la/ '+ t(e 'ne d'es n't a++e,t t(e la/'+ t(e 't(er and t(at) ,'nse.uently) b't( ,an e$st t'-et(er $n$nde*enden,e '+ and /$t('ut $nter+eren,e /$t( ea,( 't(er!

T(e reader must be ,are+ul t' remar% t(at my $ntent$'n $n t(eab'0e remar%s (as n't been t' *r'0e t(e a,tual e$sten,e '+ +reed'm)

as a +a,ulty $n /($,( res$des t(e ,ause '+ ,erta$n sensu'us *(en'mena!F'r) n't t' ment$'n t(at su,( an ar-ument /'uld n't (a0e atrans,endental ,(ara,ter) n'r (a0e been l$m$ted t' t(e d$s,uss$'n '+*ure ,'n,e*t$'ns5 all attem*ts at $n+err$n- +r'm e*er$en,e /(at,ann't be ,'-$tated $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( $ts la/s) must e0er beunsu,,ess+ul! Nay) m're) I (a0e n't e0en a$med at dem'nstrat$n- t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ +reed'm4 +'r t($s t'' /'uld (a0e been a 0a$n endea0'ur)$nasmu,( as $t $s bey'nd t(e *'/er '+ t(e m$nd t' ,'-n$;e t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ a real$ty 'r '+ a ,ausal *'/er by t(e a$d '+ mere a*r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns! Freed'm (as been ,'ns$dered $n t(e +'re-'$n-remar%s 'nly as a trans,endental $dea) by means '+ /($,( reas'n a$msat 'r$-$nat$n- a ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns $n t(e /'rld '+ *(en'mena /$t(t(e (el* '+ t(at /($,( $s sensu'usly un,'nd$t$'ned) $n0'l0$n-

$tsel+) ('/e0er) $n an ant$n'my /$t( t(e la/s /($,( $tsel+*res,r$bes +'r t(e ,'ndu,t '+ t(e understand$n-! T(at t($s ant$n'my $sbased u*'n a mere $llus$'n) and t(at nature and +reed'm are at leastn't '**'sed5 t($s /as t(e 'nly t($n- $n 'ur *'/er t' *r'0e) and t(e.uest$'n /($,( $t /as 'ur tas% t' s'l0e!

ID! S'lut$'n '+ t(e C'sm'l'-$,al Idea '+ t(e T'tal$ty '+

t(e #e*enden,e '+ P(en'menal E$sten,es!

In t(e *re,ed$n- remar%s) /e ,'ns$dered t(e ,(an-es $n t(e /'rld'+ sense as ,'nst$tut$n- a dynam$,al ser$es) $n /($,( ea,( member $ssub'rd$nated t' an't(er5 as $ts ,ause! Our *resent *ur*'se $s t' a0a$l

'ursel0es '+ t($s ser$es '+ states 'r ,'nd$t$'ns as a -u$de t' ane$sten,e /($,( may be t(e ($-(est ,'nd$t$'n '+ all ,(an-eable*(en'mena) t(at $s) t' a ne,essary be$n-! Our endea0'ur t' rea,()n't t(e un,'nd$t$'ned ,ausal$ty) but t(e un,'nd$t$'ned e$sten,e) '+substan,e! T(e ser$es be+'re us $s t(ere+'re a ser$es '+,'n,e*t$'ns) and n't '+ $ntu$t$'ns =$n /($,( t(e 'ne $ntu$t$'n $st(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e 't(er>!

3ut $t $s e0$dent t(at) as all *(en'mena are sub&e,t t' ,(an-e and,'nd$t$'ned $n t(e$r e$sten,e) t(e ser$es '+ de*endent e$sten,es,ann't embra,e an un,'nd$t$'ned member) t(e e$sten,e '+ /($,( /'uldbe abs'lutely ne,essary! It +'ll'/s t(at) $+ *(en'mena /ere t($n-s$n t(emsel0es) and5 as an $mmed$ate ,'nse.uen,e +r'm t($s su**'s$t$'n5

,'nd$t$'n and ,'nd$t$'ned bel'n-ed t' t(e same ser$es '+ *(en'mena)t(e e$sten,e '+ a ne,essary be$n-) as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(ee$sten,e '+ sensu'us *(en'mena) /'uld be *er+e,tly $m*'ss$ble!

An $m*'rtant d$st$n,t$'n) ('/e0er) e$sts bet/een t(e dynam$,aland t(e mat(emat$,al re-ress! T(e latter $s en-a-ed s'lely /$t( t(e,'mb$nat$'n '+ *arts $nt' a /('le) 'r /$t( t(e d$0$s$'n '+ a /('le$nt' $ts *arts4 and t(ere+'re are t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ $ts ser$es *arts'+ t(e ser$es) and t' be ,'nse.uently re-arded as ('m'-ene'us) and +'rt($s reas'n) as ,'ns$st$n-) /$t('ut e,e*t$'n) '+ *(en'mena! I+ t(e+'rmer re-ress) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) t(e a$m '+ /($,( $s n't t'

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establ$s( t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ an un,'nd$t$'ned /('le ,'ns$st$n- '+-$0en *arts) 'r '+ an un,'nd$t$'ned *art '+ a -$0en /('le) but t'dem'nstrate t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e dedu,t$'n '+ a ,erta$n state +r'm$ts ,ause) 'r '+ t(e ,'nt$n-ent e$sten,e '+ substan,e +r'm t(at /($,(e$sts ne,essar$ly) $t $s n't re.u$s$te t(at t(e ,'nd$t$'n s('uld +'rm*art '+ an em*$r$,al ser$es al'n- /$t( t(e ,'nd$t$'ned!

In t(e ,ase '+ t(e a**arent ant$n'my /$t( /($,( /e are at *resent

deal$n-) t(ere e$sts a /ay '+ es,a*e +r'm t(e d$++$,ulty4 +'r $t $sn't $m*'ss$ble t(at b't( '+ t(e ,'ntrad$,t'ry statements may be true$n d$++erent relat$'ns! All sensu'us *(en'mena may be ,'nt$n-ent)and ,'nse.uently *'ssess 'nly an em*$r$,ally ,'nd$t$'ned e$sten,e)and yet t(ere may als' e$st a n'n5em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e /('leser$es) 'r) $n 't(er /'rds) a ne,essary be$n-! F'r t($s ne,essarybe$n-) as an $ntell$-$ble ,'nd$t$'n) /'uld n't +'rm a member5 n't e0ent(e ($-(est member5 '+ t(e ser$es4 t(e /('le /'rld '+ sense /'uld bele+t $n $ts em*$r$,ally determ$ned e$sten,e un$nter+ered /$t( andun$n+luen,ed! T($s /'uld als' +'rm a -r'und '+ d$st$n,t$'n bet/een t(em'des '+ s'lut$'n em*l'yed +'r t(e t($rd and +'urt( ant$n'm$es! F'r)/($le $n t(e ,'ns$derat$'n '+ +reed'm $n t(e +'rmer ant$n'my) t(et($n- $tsel+5 t(e ,ause =substant$a *(aen'men'n>5 /as re-arded as

bel'n-$n- t' t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns) and 'nly $ts ,ausal$ty t' t(e$ntell$-$ble /'rld5 /e are 'bl$-ed $n t(e *resent ,ase t' ,'-$tatet($s ne,essary be$n- as *urely $ntell$-$ble and as e$st$n- ent$relya*art +r'm t(e /'rld '+ sense =as an ens etramundanum>4 +'r 't(er/$se$t /'uld be sub&e,t t' t(e *(en'menal la/ '+ ,'nt$n-en,y andde*enden,e!

In relat$'n t' t(e *resent *r'blem) t(ere+'re) t(e re-ulat$0e*r$n,$*le '+ reas'n $s t(at e0eryt($n- $n t(e sensu'us /'rld *'ssessesan em*$r$,ally ,'nd$t$'ned e$sten,e5 t(at n' *r'*erty '+ t(e sensu'us/'rld *'ssesses un,'nd$t$'ned ne,ess$ty5 t(at /e are b'und t'e*e,t) and) s' +ar as $s *'ss$ble) t' see% +'r t(e em*$r$,al,'nd$t$'n '+ e0ery member $n t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns5 and t(at

t(ere $s n' su++$,$ent reas'n t' &ust$+y us $n dedu,$n- anye$sten,e +r'm a ,'nd$t$'n /($,( l$es 'ut '+ and bey'nd t(eem*$r$,al ser$es) 'r $n re-ard$n- any e$sten,e as $nde*endent andsel+5subs$stent4 alt('u-( t($s s('uld n't *re0ent us +r'mre,'-n$;$n- t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e /('le ser$es be$n- based u*'n abe$n- /($,( $s $ntell$-$ble) and +'r t($s reas'n +ree +r'm allem*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns!

3ut $t (as been +ar +r'm my $ntent$'n) $n t(ese remar%s) t' *r'0et(e e$sten,e '+ t($s un,'nd$t$'ned and ne,essary be$n-) 'r e0en t'e0$den,e t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a *urely $ntell$-$ble ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(ee$sten,e 'r all sensu'us *(en'mena! As b'unds /ere set t' reas'n)t' *re0ent $t +r'm lea0$n- t(e -u$d$n- t(read '+ em*$r$,al

,'nd$t$'ns and l's$n- $tsel+ $n trans,endent t(e'r$es /($,( are$n,a*able '+ ,'n,rete *resentat$'n4 s' $t /as my *ur*'se) 'n t(e 't(erband) t' set b'unds t' t(e la/ '+ t(e *urely em*$r$,alunderstand$n-) and t' *r'test a-a$nst any attem*ts 'n $ts *art atde,$d$n- 'n t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s) 'r de,lar$n- t(e e$sten,e '+t(e $ntell$-$ble t' be $m*'ss$ble) merely 'n t(e -r'und t(at $t $s n'ta0a$lable +'r t(e e*lanat$'n and e*'s$t$'n '+ *(en'mena! It (as beens('/n) at t(e same t$me) t(at t(e ,'nt$n-en,y '+ all t(e *(en'mena'+ nature and t(e$r em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns $s .u$te ,'ns$stent /$t(t(e arb$trary (y*'t(es$s '+ a ne,essary) alt('u-( *urely$ntell$-$ble ,'nd$t$'n) t(at n' real ,'ntrad$,t$'n e$sts bet/een t(em

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and t(at) ,'nse.uently) b't( may be true! T(e e$sten,e '+ su,( anabs'lutely ne,essary be$n- may be $m*'ss$ble4 but t($s ,an ne0er bedem'nstrated +r'm t(e un$0ersal ,'nt$n-en,y and de*enden,e '+ sensu'us*(en'mena) n'r +r'm t(e *r$n,$*le /($,( +'rb$ds us t' d$s,'nt$nuet(e ser$es at s'me member '+ $t) 'r t' see% +'r $ts ,ause $n s'mes*(ere '+ e$sten,e bey'nd t(e /'rld '+ nature! Reas'n -'es $ts /ay $nt(e em*$r$,al /'rld) and +'ll'/s) t'') $ts *e,ul$ar *at( $n t(e s*(ere'+ t(e trans,endental!

T(e sensu'us /'rld ,'nta$ns n't($n- but *(en'mena) /($,( are merere*resentat$'ns) and al/ays sensu'usly ,'nd$t$'ned4 t($n-s $nt(emsel0es are n't) and ,ann't be) 'b&e,ts t' us! It $s n't t' be/'ndered at) t(ere+'re) t(at /e are n't &ust$+$ed $n lea*$n- +r'm s'memember '+ an em*$r$,al ser$es bey'nd t(e /'rld '+ sense) as $+em*$r$,al re*resentat$'ns /ere t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) e$st$n- a*art+r'm t(e$r trans,endental -r'und $n t(e (uman m$nd) and t(e ,ause '+/('se e$sten,e may be s'u-(t 'ut '+ t(e em*$r$,al ser$es! T($s/'uld ,erta$nly be t(e ,ase /$t( ,'nt$n-ent t($n-s4 but $t ,ann't be/$t( mere re*resentat$'ns '+ t($n-s) t(e ,'nt$n-en,y '+ /($,( $s$tsel+ merely a *(en'men'n and ,an relate t' n' 't(er re-ress t(ant(at /($,( determ$nes *(en'mena) t(at $s) t(e em*$r$,al! 3ut t'

,'-$tate an $ntell$-$ble -r'und '+ *(en'mena) as +ree) m're'0er)+r'm t(e ,'nt$n-en,y '+ t(e latter) ,'n+l$,ts ne$t(er /$t( t(eunl$m$ted nature '+ t(e em*$r$,al re-ress) n'r /$t( t(e ,'m*lete,'nt$n-en,y '+ *(en'mena! And t(e dem'nstrat$'n '+ t($s /as t(e 'nlyt($n- ne,essary +'r t(e s'lut$'n '+ t($s a**arent ant$n'my! F'r $+ t(e,'nd$t$'n '+ e0ery ,'nd$t$'ned5 as re-ards $ts e$sten,e5 $s sensu'us)and +'r t($s reas'n a *art '+ t(e same ser$es) $t must be $tsel+,'nd$t$'ned) as /as s('/n $n t(e ant$t(es$s '+ t(e +'urt( ant$n'my!T(e embarrassments $nt' /($,( a reas'n) /($,( *'stulates t(eun,'nd$t$'ned) ne,essar$ly +alls) must) t(ere+'re) ,'nt$nue t'e$st4 'r t(e un,'nd$t$'ned must be *la,ed $n t(e s*(ere '+ t(e$ntell$-$ble! In t($s /ay) $ts ne,ess$ty d'es n't re.u$re) n'r d'es $te0en *erm$t) t(e *resen,e '+ an em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'n6 and $t $s)

,'nse.uently) un,'nd$t$'nally ne,essary!

T(e em*$r$,al em*l'yment '+ reas'n $s n't a++e,ted by t(e assum*t$'n'+ a *urely $ntell$-$ble be$n-4 $t ,'nt$nues $ts '*erat$'ns 'n t(e*r$n,$*le '+ t(e ,'nt$n-en,y '+ all *(en'mena) *r',eed$n- +r'mem*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns t' st$ll ($-(er and ($-(er ,'nd$t$'ns) t(emsel0esem*$r$,al! &ust as l$ttle d'es t($s re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le e,lude t(eassum*t$'n '+ an $ntell$-$ble ,ause) /(en t(e .uest$'n re-ardsmerely t(e *ure em*l'yment '+ reas'n5 $n relat$'n t' ends 'r a$ms!F'r) $n t($s ,ase) an $ntell$-$ble ,ause s$-n$+$es merely t(etrans,endental and t' us un%n'/n -r'und '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ sensu'us*(en'mena) and $ts e$sten,e) ne,essary and $nde*endent '+ allsensu'us ,'nd$t$'ns) $s n't $n,'ns$stent /$t( t(e ,'nt$n-en,y '+

*(en'mena) 'r /$t( t(e unl$m$ted *'ss$b$l$ty '+ re-ress /($,( e$sts$n t(e ser$es '+ em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns!

C'n,lud$n- Remar%s 'n t(e Ant$n'my '+ Pure Reas'n!

S' l'n- as t(e 'b&e,t '+ 'ur rat$'nal ,'n,e*t$'ns $s t(e t'tal$ty '+,'nd$t$'ns $n t(e /'rld '+ *(en'mena) and t(e sat$s+a,t$'n) +r'mt($s s'ur,e) '+ t(e re.u$rements '+ reas'n) s' l'n- are 'ur $deastrans,endental and ,'sm'l'-$,al! 3ut /(en /e set t(e un,'nd$t$'ned5/($,( $s t(e a$m '+ all 'ur $n.u$r$es5 $n a s*(ere /($,( l$es 'ut '+t(e /'rld '+ sense and *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) 'ur $deas be,'me

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trans,endent! T(ey are t(en n't merely ser0$,eable t'/ards t(e,'m*let$'n '+ t(e eer,$se '+ reas'n =/($,( rema$ns an $dea) ne0eree,uted) but al/ays t' be *ursued>4 t(ey deta,( t(emsel0es ,'m*letely+r'm e*er$en,e and ,'nstru,t +'r t(emsel0es 'b&e,ts) t(e mater$al'+ /($,( (as n't been *resented by e*er$en,e) and t(e 'b&e,t$0ereal$ty '+ /($,( $s n't based u*'n t(e ,'m*let$'n '+ t(e em*$r$,alser$es) but u*'n *ure a *r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns! T(e $ntell$-$ble 'b&e,t '+t(ese trans,endent $deas may be ,'n,eded) as a trans,endental

'b&e,t! 3ut /e ,ann't ,'-$tate $t as a t($n- determ$nable by ,erta$nd$st$n,t *red$,ates relat$n- t' $ts $nternal nature) +'r $t (as n','nne,t$'n /$t( em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns4 n'r are /e &ust$+$ed $na++$rm$n- t(e e$sten,e '+ any su,( 'b&e,t! It $s) ,'nse.uently) amere *r'du,t '+ t(e m$nd al'ne! O+ all t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al $deas)('/e0er) $t $s t(at ',,as$'n$n- t(e +'urt( ant$n'my /($,( ,'m*els ust' 0enture u*'n t($s ste*! F'r t(e e$sten,e '+ *(en'mena) al/ays,'nd$t$'ned and ne0er sel+5subs$stent) re.u$res us t' l''% +'r an'b&e,t d$++erent +r'm *(en'mena5 an $ntell$-$ble 'b&e,t) /$t( /($,(all ,'nt$n-en,y must ,ease! 3ut) as /e (a0e all'/ed 'ursel0es t'assume t(e e$sten,e '+ a sel+5subs$stent real$ty 'ut '+ t(e +$eld'+ e*er$en,e) and are t(ere+'re 'bl$-ed t' re-ard *(en'mena as merelya ,'nt$n-ent m'de '+ re*resent$n- $ntell$-$ble 'b&e,ts em*l'yed by

be$n-s /($,( are t(emsel0es $ntell$-en,es5 n' 't(er ,'urse rema$ns +'rus t(an t' +'ll'/ an al'-y and em*l'y t(e same m'de $n +'rm$n- s'me,'n,e*t$'n '+ $ntell$-$ble t($n-s) '+ /($,( /e (a0e n't t(e least%n'/led-e) /($,( nature tau-(t us t' use $n t(e +'rmat$'n '+ em*$r$,al,'n,e*t$'ns! E*er$en,e made us a,.ua$nted /$t( t(e ,'nt$n-ent! 3ut /eare at *resent en-a-ed $n t(e d$s,uss$'n '+ t($n-s /($,( are n't'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e4 and must) t(ere+'re) dedu,e 'ur %n'/led-e '+t(em +r'm t(at /($,( $s ne,essary abs'lutely and $n $tsel+) t(at $s)+r'm *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns! Hen,e t(e +$rst ste* /($,( /e ta%e 'ut '+ t(e/'rld '+ sense 'bl$-es us t' be-$n 'ur system '+ ne/ ,'-n$t$'n /$t(t(e $n0est$-at$'n '+ a ne,essary be$n-) and t' dedu,e +r'm 'ur,'n,e*t$'ns '+ $t all 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ $ntell$-$ble t($n-s! T($s/e *r'*'se t' attem*t $n t(e +'ll'/$n- ,(a*ter!

CHAPTER III! T(e Ideal '+ Pure Reas'n!

SECTION I! O+ t(e Ideal $n eneral!

2e (a0e seen t(at *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns d' n't *resent 'b&e,ts t' t(em$nd) e,e*t under sensu'us ,'nd$t$'ns4 be,ause t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+'b&e,t$0e real$ty d' n't e$st $n t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,( ,'nta$n) $n+a,t) n't($n- but t(e mere +'rm '+ t('u-(t! T(ey may) ('/e0er) /(ena**l$ed t' *(en'mena) be *resented $n ,'n,ret'4 +'r $t $s *(en'menat(at *resent t' t(em t(e mater$als +'r t(e +'rmat$'n '+ em*$r$,al,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,( are n't($n- m're t(an ,'n,rete +'rms '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-! 3ut $deas are st$ll +urt(er

rem'0ed +r'm 'b&e,t$0e real$ty t(an ,ate-'r$es4 +'r n' *(en'men'n,an e0er *resent t(em t' t(e (uman m$nd $n ,'n,ret'! T(ey ,'nta$n a,erta$n *er+e,t$'n) atta$nable by n' *'ss$ble em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n4 andt(ey -$0e t' reas'n a systemat$, un$ty) t' /($,( t(e un$ty '+e*er$en,e attem*ts t' a**r'$mate) but ,an ne0er ,'m*letely atta$n!

3ut st$ll +urt(er rem'0ed t(an t(e $dea +r'm 'b&e,t$0e real$ty $st(e Ideal) by /($,( term I understand t(e $dea) n't $n ,'n,ret') but$n $nd$0$du'5 as an $nd$0$dual t($n-) determ$nable 'r determ$ned byt(e $dea al'ne! T(e $dea '+ (uman$ty $n $ts ,'m*lete *er+e,t$'nsu**'ses n't 'nly t(e ad0an,ement '+ all t(e *'/ers and +a,ult$es)

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/($,( ,'nst$tute 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+ (uman nature) t' a ,'m*leteatta$nment '+ t(e$r +$nal a$ms) but als' e0eryt($n- /($,( $s re.u$s$te+'r t(e ,'m*lete determ$nat$'n '+ t(e $dea4 +'r '+ all ,'ntrad$,t'ry*red$,ates) 'nly 'ne ,an ,'n+'rm /$t( t(e $dea '+ t(e *er+e,t man!2(at I (a0e termed an $deal /as $n Plat'?s *($l's'*(y an $dea '+ t(ed$0$ne m$nd5 an $nd$0$dual 'b&e,t *resent t' $ts *ure $ntu$t$'n) t(em'st *er+e,t '+ e0ery %$nd '+ *'ss$ble be$n-s) and t(e ar,(ety*e '+all *(en'menal e$sten,es!

2$t('ut r$s$n- t' t(ese s*e,ulat$0e (e$-(ts) /e are b'und t' ,'n+esst(at (uman reas'n ,'nta$ns n't 'nly $deas) but $deals) /($,(*'ssess) n't) l$%e t('se '+ Plat') ,reat$0e) but ,erta$nly *ra,t$,al*'/er5 as re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*les) and +'rm t(e bas$s '+ t(e*er+e,t$b$l$ty '+ ,erta$n a,t$'ns! "'ral ,'n,e*t$'ns are n't *er+e,tly*ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n) be,ause an em*$r$,al element5 '+*leasure 'r *a$n5 l$es at t(e +'undat$'n '+ t(em! In relat$'n)('/e0er) t' t(e *r$n,$*le) /(ereby reas'n sets b'unds t' a +reed'm/($,( $s $n $tsel+ /$t('ut la/) and ,'nse.uently /(en /e attend merelyt' t(e$r +'rm) t(ey may be ,'ns$dered as *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n!D$rtue and /$sd'm $n t(e$r *er+e,t *ur$ty are $deas! 3ut t(e /$seman '+ t(e St'$,s $s an $deal) t(at $s t' say) a (uman be$n-

e$st$n- 'nly $n t('u-(t and $n ,'m*lete ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e $dea '+/$sd'm! As t(e $dea *r'0$des a rule) s' t(e $deal ser0es as anar,(ety*e +'r t(e *er+e,t and ,'m*lete determ$nat$'n '+ t(e ,'*y! T(ust(e ,'ndu,t '+ t($s /$se and d$0$ne man ser0es us as a standard '+a,t$'n) /$t( /($,( /e may ,'m*are and &ud-e 'ursel0es) /($,( may(el* us t' re+'rm 'ursel0es) alt('u-( t(e *er+e,t$'n $t demands ,anne0er be atta$ned by us! Alt('u-( /e ,ann't ,'n,ede 'b&e,t$0ereal$ty t' t(ese $deals) t(ey are n't t' be ,'ns$dered as ,($meras4 'nt(e ,'ntrary) t(ey *r'0$de reas'n /$t( a standard) /($,( enables $t t'est$mate) by ,'m*ar$s'n) t(e de-ree '+ $n,'m*leteness $n t(e 'b&e,ts*resented t' $t! 3ut t' a$m at real$;$n- t(e $deal $n an eam*le $nt(e /'rld '+ e*er$en,e5 t' des,r$be) +'r $nstan,e) t(e ,(ara,ter '+t(e *er+e,tly /$se man $n a r'man,e5 $s $m*ra,t$,able! Nay m're) t(ere

$s s'met($n- absurd $n t(e attem*t4 and t(e result must be l$ttleed$+y$n-) as t(e natural l$m$tat$'ns) /($,( are ,'nt$nually brea%$n-$n u*'n t(e *er+e,t$'n and ,'m*leteness '+ t(e $dea) destr'y t(e$llus$'n $n t(e st'ry and t(r'/ an a$r '+ sus*$,$'n e0en 'n /(at $s-''d $n t(e $dea) /($,( (en,e a**ears +$,t$t$'us and unreal!

Su,( $s t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ t(e $deal '+ reas'n) /($,( $s al/aysbased u*'n determ$nate ,'n,e*t$'ns) and ser0es as a rule and a m'del+'r l$m$tat$'n 'r '+ ,r$t$,$sm! Dery d$++erent $s t(e nature '+ t(e$deals '+ t(e $ma-$nat$'n! O+ t(ese $t $s $m*'ss$ble t' *resent an$ntell$-$ble ,'n,e*t$'n4 t(ey are a %$nd '+ m'n'-ram) dra/na,,'rd$n- t' n' determ$nate rule) and +'rm$n- rat(er a 0a-ue*$,ture5 t(e *r'du,t$'n '+ many d$0erse e*er$en,es5 t(an a

determ$nate $ma-e! Su,( are t(e $deals /($,( *a$nters and*(ys$'-n'm$sts *r'+ess t' (a0e $n t(e$r m$nds) and /($,( ,an ser0ene$t(er as a m'del +'r *r'du,t$'n n'r as a standard +'ra**re,$at$'n! T(ey may be termed) t('u-( $m*r'*erly) sensu'us$deals) as t(ey are de,lared t' be m'dels '+ ,erta$n *'ss$bleem*$r$,al $ntu$t$'ns! T(ey ,ann't) ('/e0er) +urn$s( rules 'r standards+'r e*lanat$'n 'r eam$nat$'n /$t(

In $ts $deals) reas'n a$ms at ,'m*lete and *er+e,t determ$nat$'na,,'rd$n- t' a *r$'r$ rules4 and (en,e $t ,'-$tates an 'b&e,t) /($,(must be ,'m*letely determ$nable $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( *r$n,$*les)

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alt('u-( all em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns are absent) and t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+t(e 'b&e,t $s 'n t($s a,,'unt trans,endent!

SECTION II! O+ t(e Trans,endental Ideal =Pr't'ty*'n

Tran,endentale>!

E0ery ,'n,e*t$'n $s) $n relat$'n t' t(at /($,( $s n't ,'nta$ned $n

$t) undeterm$ned and sub&e,t t' t(e *r$n,$*le '+ determ$nab$l$ty! T($s*r$n,$*le $s t(at) '+ e0ery t/' ,'ntrad$,t'r$ly '**'sed *red$,ates)'nly 'ne ,an bel'n- t' a ,'n,e*t$'n! It $s a *urely l'-$,al *r$n,$*le)$tsel+ based u*'n t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,'ntrad$,t$'n4 $nasmu,( as $t ma%es,'m*lete abstra,t$'n '+ t(e ,'ntent and attends merely t' t(el'-$,al +'rm '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n!

3ut a-a$n) e0eryt($n-) as re-ards $ts *'ss$b$l$ty) $s als' sub&e,tt' t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,'m*lete determ$nat$'n) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( 'ne'+ all t(e *'ss$ble ,'ntrad$,t'ry *red$,ates '+ t($n-s must bel'n-t' $t! T($s *r$n,$*le $s n't based merely u*'n t(at '+,'ntrad$,t$'n4 +'r) $n add$t$'n t' t(e relat$'n bet/een t/','ntrad$,t'ry *red$,ates) $t re-ards e0eryt($n- as stand$n- $n a

relat$'n t' t(e sum '+ *'ss$b$l$t$es) as t(e sum t'tal '+ all*red$,ates '+ t($n-s) and) /($le *resu**'s$n- t($s sum as an a*r$'r$ ,'nd$t$'n) *resents t' t(e m$nd e0eryt($n- as re,e$0$n- t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ $ts $nd$0$dual e$sten,e +r'm t(e relat$'n $t bears t')and t(e s(are $t *'ssesses $n) t(e a+'resa$d sum '+ *'ss$b$l$t$es!T(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,'m*lete determ$nat$'n relates t(e ,'ntent and n't t't(e l'-$,al +'rm! It $s t(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e synt(es$s '+ all t(e*red$,ates /($,( are re.u$red t' ,'nst$tute t(e ,'m*lete ,'n,e*t$'n '+a t($n-) and n't a mere *r$n,$*le analyt$,al re*resentat$'n) /($,(en'un,es t(at 'ne '+ t/' ,'ntrad$,t'ry *red$,ates must bel'n- t' a,'n,e*t$'n! It ,'nta$ns) m're'0er) a trans,endental *resu**'s$t$'n5t(at) namely) '+ t(e mater$al +'r all *'ss$b$l$ty) /($,( must,'nta$n a *r$'r$ t(e data +'r t($s 'r t(at *art$,ular *'ss$b$l$ty!

T(us t($s *r$n,$*le de,lares e0eryt($n- t' *'ssess a relat$'n t'a ,'mm'n ,'rrelate5 t(e sum5t'tal '+ *'ss$b$l$ty) /($,() $+ d$s,'0eredt' e$st $n t(e $dea '+ 'ne $nd$0$dual t($n-) /'uld establ$s( t(ea++$n$ty '+ all *'ss$ble t($n-s) +r'm t(e $dent$ty '+ t(e -r'und '+t(e$r ,'m*lete determ$nat$'n! T(e determ$nab$l$ty '+ e0ery,'n,e*t$'n $s sub'rd$nate t' t(e un$0ersal$ty =All-eme$n(e$t)un$0ersal$tas> '+ t(e *r$n,$*le '+ e,luded m$ddle4 t(edeterm$nat$'n '+ a t($n- t' t(e t'tal$ty =All(e$t) un$0ers$tas> '+ all*'ss$ble *red$,ates!

T(e *r'*'s$t$'n) E0eryt($n- /($,( e$sts $s ,'m*letely determ$ned)means n't 'nly t(at 'ne '+ e0ery *a$r '+ -$0en ,'ntrad$,t'ry

attr$butes) but t(at 'ne '+ all *'ss$ble attr$butes) $s al/ays*red$,able '+ t(e t($n-4 $n $t t(e *red$,ates are n't merely,'m*ared l'-$,ally /$t( ea,( 't(er) but t(e t($n- $tsel+ $strans,endentally ,'m*ared /$t( t(e sum5t'tal '+ all *'ss$ble*red$,ates! T(e *r'*'s$t$'n $s e.u$0alent t' say$n-6 9T' atta$n t' a,'m*lete %n'/led-e '+ a t($n-) $t $s ne,essary t' *'ssess a%n'/led-e '+ e0eryt($n- t(at $s *'ss$ble) and t' determ$ne $tt(ereby $n a *'s$t$0e 'r ne-at$0e manner!9 T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+,'m*lete determ$nat$'n $s ,'nse.uently a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( ,ann't be*resented $n $ts t'tal$ty $n ,'n,ret') and $s t(ere+'re based u*'nan $dea) /($,( (as $ts seat $n t(e reas'n5 t(e +a,ulty /($,(

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*res,r$bes t' t(e understand$n- t(e la/s '+ $ts (arm'n$'us and *er+e,teer,$se relates

N'/) alt('u-( t($s $dea '+ t(e sum5t'tal '+ all *'ss$b$l$ty) $n s'+ar as $t +'rms t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e ,'m*lete determ$nat$'n '+e0eryt($n-) $s $tsel+ undeterm$ned $n relat$'n t' t(e *red$,ates /($,(may ,'nst$tute t($s sum5t'tal) and /e ,'-$tate $n $t merely t(esum5t'tal '+ all *'ss$ble *red$,ates5 /e ne0ert(eless +$nd) u*'n

,l'ser eam$nat$'n) t(at t($s $dea) as a *r$m$t$0e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(em$nd) e,ludes a lar-e number '+ *red$,ates5 t('se dedu,ed and t('se$rre,'n,$lable /$t( 't(ers) and t(at $t $s e0'l0ed as a ,'n,e*t$'n,'m*letely determ$ned a *r$'r$! T(us $t be,'mes t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an$nd$0$dual 'b&e,t) /($,( $s ,'m*letely determ$ned by and t(r'u-( t(emere $dea) and must ,'nse.uently be termed an $deal '+ *ure reas'n!

2(en /e ,'ns$der all *'ss$ble *red$,ates) n't merely l'-$,ally)but trans,endentally) t(at $s t' say) /$t( re+eren,e t' t(e ,'ntent/($,( may be ,'-$tated as e$st$n- $n t(em a *r$'r$) /e s(all +$ndt(at s'me $nd$,ate a be$n-) 't(ers merely a n'n5be$n-! T(e l'-$,alne-at$'n e*ressed $n t(e /'rd n't d'es n't *r'*erly bel'n- t' a,'n,e*t$'n) but 'nly t' t(e relat$'n '+ 'ne ,'n,e*t$'n t' an't(er $n a

&ud-ement) and $s ,'nse.uently .u$te $nsu++$,$ent t' *resent t' t(em$nd t(e ,'ntent '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n! T(e e*ress$'n n't m'rtal d'es n't$nd$,ate t(at a n'n5be$n- $s ,'-$tated $n t(e 'b&e,t4 $t d'es n't,'n,ern t(e ,'ntent at all! A trans,endental ne-at$'n) 'n t(e,'ntrary) $nd$,ates n'n5be$n- $n $tsel+) and $s '**'sed t'trans,endental a++$rmat$'n) t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ /($,( '+ $tsel+e*resses a be$n-! Hen,e t($s a++$rmat$'n $nd$,ates a real$ty) be,ause$n and t(r'u-( $t 'b&e,ts are ,'ns$dered t' be s'met($n-5 t' bet($n-s4 /($le t(e '**'s$te ne-at$'n) 'n t(e 't(er band) $nd$,ates amere /ant) 'r *r$0at$'n) 'r absen,e) and) /(ere su,( ne-at$'ns al'neare atta,(ed t' a re*resentat$'n) t(e n'n5e$sten,e '+ anyt($n-,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(e re*resentat$'n!

N'/ a ne-at$'n ,ann't be ,'-$tated as determ$ned) /$t('ut ,'-$tat$n-at t(e same t$me t(e '**'s$te a++$rmat$'n! T(e man b'rn bl$nd (asn't t(e least n't$'n '+ dar%ness) be,ause (e (as n'ne '+ l$-(t4 t(e0a-ab'nd %n'/s n't($n- '+ *'0erty) be,ause (e (as ne0er %n'/n /(at$t $s t' be $n ,'m+'rt4 t(e $-n'rant man (as n' ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ($s$-n'ran,e) be,ause (e (as n' ,'n,e*t$'n '+ %n'/led-e! All,'n,e*t$'ns '+ ne-at$0es are a,,'rd$n-ly der$0ed 'r dedu,ed,'n,e*t$'ns4 and real$t$es ,'nta$n t(e data) and) s' t' s*ea%) t(emater$al 'r trans,endental ,'ntent '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty and ,'m*letedeterm$nat$'n '+ all t($n-s!

T(e $n0est$-at$'ns and ,al,ulat$'ns '+ astr'n'mers (a0e tau-(t usmu,( t(at $s /'nder+ul4 but t(e m'st $m*'rtant less'n /e (a0e re,e$0ed

+r'm t(em $s t(e d$s,'0ery '+ t(e abyss '+ 'ur $-n'ran,e $n relat$'nt' t(e un$0erse5 an $-n'ran,e t(e ma-n$tude '+ /($,( reas'n) /$t('utt(e $n+'rmat$'n t(us der$0ed) ,'uld ne0er (a0e ,'n,e$0ed! T($sd$s,'0ery '+ 'ur de+$,$en,$es must *r'du,e a -reat ,(an-e $n t(edeterm$nat$'n '+ t(e a$ms '+ (uman reas'n!

I+) t(ere+'re) a trans,endental substratum l$es at t(e +'undat$'n '+t(e ,'m*lete determ$nat$'n '+ t($n-s5 a substratum /($,( $s t' +'rmt(e +und +r'm /($,( all *'ss$ble *red$,ates '+ t($n-s are t' besu**l$ed) t($s substratum ,ann't be anyt($n- else t(an t(e $dea '+ asum5t'tal '+ real$ty ='mn$tud' real$tat$s>! In t($s 0$e/) ne-at$'ns

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are n't($n- but l$m$tat$'ns5 a term /($,( ,'uld n't) /$t( *r'*r$ety)be a**l$ed t' t(em) $+ t(e unl$m$ted =t(e all> d$d n't +'rm t(e truebas$s '+ 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n!

T($s ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a sum5t'tal '+ real$ty $s t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ at($n- $n $tsel+) re-arded as ,'m*letely determ$ned4 and t(e ,'n,e*t$'n'+ an ens real$ss$mum $s t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an $nd$0$dual be$n-)$nasmu,( as $t $s determ$ned by t(at *red$,ate '+ all *'ss$ble

,'ntrad$,t'ry *red$,ates) /($,( $nd$,ates and bel'n-s t' be$n-! It $s)t(ere+'re) a trans,endental $deal /($,( +'rms t(e bas$s '+ t(e,'m*lete determ$nat$'n '+ e0eryt($n- t(at e$sts) and $s t(e ($-(estmater$al ,'nd$t$'n '+ $ts *'ss$b$l$ty5 a ,'nd$t$'n 'n /($,( mustrest t(e ,'-$tat$'n '+ all 'b&e,ts /$t( res*e,t t' t(e$r ,'ntent! Nay)m're) t($s $deal $s t(e 'nly *r'*er $deal '+ /($,( t(e (uman m$nd $s,a*able4 be,ause $n t($s ,ase al'ne a -eneral ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- $s,'m*letely determ$ned by and t(r'u-( $tsel+) and ,'-n$;ed as t(ere*resentat$'n '+ an $nd$0$duum!

T(e l'-$,al determ$nat$'n '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n $s based u*'n ad$s&un,t$0e syll'-$sm) t(e ma&'r '+ /($,( ,'nta$ns t(e l'-$,ald$0$s$'n '+ t(e etent '+ a -eneral ,'n,e*t$'n) t(e m$n'r l$m$ts

t($s etent t' a ,erta$n *art) /($le t(e ,'n,lus$'n determ$nes t(e,'n,e*t$'n by t($s *art! T(e -eneral ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a real$ty ,ann't bed$0$ded a *r$'r$) be,ause) /$t('ut t(e a$d '+ e*er$en,e) /e ,ann't%n'/ any determ$nate %$nds '+ real$ty) stand$n- under t(e +'rmer ast(e -enus! T(e trans,endental *r$n,$*le '+ t(e ,'m*letedeterm$nat$'n '+ all t($n-s $s t(ere+'re merely t(e re*resentat$'n'+ t(e sum5t'tal '+ all real$ty4 $t $s n't a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( $s t(e-enus '+ all *red$,ates under $tsel+) but 'ne /($,( ,'m*re(ends t(emall /$t($n $tsel+! T(e ,'m*lete determ$nat$'n '+ a t($n- $s,'nse.uently based u*'n t(e l$m$tat$'n '+ t($s t'tal '+ real$ty) s'mu,( be$n- *red$,ated '+ t(e t($n-) /($le all t(at rema$ns '0er $se,luded5 a *r',edure /($,( $s $n ea,t a-reement /$t( t(at '+ t(ed$s&un,t$0e syll'-$sm and t(e determ$nat$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,ts $n t(e

,'n,lus$'n by 'ne '+ t(e members '+ t(e d$0$s$'n! It +'ll'/s t(atreas'n) $n lay$n- t(e trans,endental $deal at t(e +'undat$'n '+ $tsdeterm$nat$'n '+ all *'ss$ble t($n-s) ta%es a ,'urse $n ea,tanal'-y /$t( t(at /($,( $t *ursues $n d$s&un,t$0e syll'-$sms5 a*r'*'s$t$'n /($,( +'rmed t(e bas$s '+ t(e systemat$, d$0$s$'n '+ alltrans,endental $deas) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,( t(ey are *r'du,ed $n ,'m*lete*arallel$sm /$t( t(e t(ree m'des '+ syll'-$st$, reas'n$n- em*l'yedby t(e (uman m$nd!

It $s sel+5e0$dent t(at reas'n) $n ,'-$tat$n- t(e ne,essary ,'m*letedeterm$nat$'n '+ t($n-s) d'es n't *resu**'se t(e e$sten,e '+ abe$n- ,'rres*'nd$n- t' $ts $deal) but merely t(e $dea '+ t(e $deal5+'r t(e *ur*'se '+ dedu,$n- +r'm t(e un,'nd$t$'nal t'tal$ty '+

,'m*lete determ$nat$'n) T(e $deal $s t(ere+'re t(e *r't'ty*e '+ allt($n-s) /($,() as de+e,t$0e ,'*$es =e,ty*a>) re,e$0e +r'm $t t(emater$al '+ t(e$r *'ss$b$l$ty) and a**r'$mate t' $t m're 'r less)t('u-( $t $s $m*'ss$ble t(at t(ey ,an e0er atta$n t' $ts *er+e,t$'n!

T(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s must t(ere+'re be re-arded as der$0ed5e,e*t t(at '+ t(e t($n- /($,( ,'nta$ns $n $tsel+ all real$ty) /($,(must be ,'ns$dered t' be *r$m$t$0e and 'r$-$nal! F'r all ne-at$'ns5and t(ey are t(e 'nly *red$,ates by means '+ /($,( all 't(er t($n-s,an be d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm t(e ens real$ss$mum5 are mere l$m$tat$'ns '+a -reater and a ($-(er5 nay) t(e ($-(est real$ty4 and t(ey

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,'nse.uently *resu**'se t($s real$ty) and are) as re-ards t(e$r,'ntent) der$0ed +r'm $t! T(e man$+'ld nature '+ t($n-s $s 'nly an$n+$n$tely 0ar$'us m'de '+ l$m$t$n- t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e ($-(estreal$ty) /($,( $s t(e$r ,'mm'n substratum4 &ust as all +$-ures are*'ss$ble 'nly as d$++erent m'des '+ l$m$t$n- $n+$n$te s*a,e! T(e'b&e,t '+ t(e $deal '+ reas'n5 an 'b&e,t e$st$n- 'nly $n reas'n$tsel+5 $s als' termed t(e *r$mal be$n- =ens 'r$-$nar$um>4 as (a0$n-n' e$sten,e su*er$'r t' ($m) t(e su*reme be$n- =ens summum>4 and as

be$n- t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ all 't(er be$n-s) /($,( ran% under $t) t(ebe$n- '+ all be$n-s =ens ent$um>! 3ut n'ne '+ t(ese terms $nd$,ate t(e'b&e,t$0e relat$'n '+ an a,tually e$st$n- 'b&e,t t' 't(er t($n-s) butmerely t(at '+ an $dea t' ,'n,e*t$'ns4 and all 'ur $n0est$-at$'ns $nt't($s sub&e,t st$ll lea0e us $n *er+e,t un,erta$nty /$t( re-ard t't(e e$sten,e '+ t($s be$n-!

A *r$mal be$n- ,ann't be sa$d t' ,'ns$st '+ many 't(er be$n-s /$t(an e$sten,e /($,( $s der$0at$0e) +'r t(e latter *resu**'se t(e+'rmer) and t(ere+'re ,ann't be ,'nst$tut$0e *arts '+ $t! It +'ll'/st(at t(e $deal '+ t(e *r$mal be$n- must be ,'-$tated as s$m*le!

T(e dedu,t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ all 't(er t($n-s +r'm t($s

*r$mal be$n- ,ann't) str$,tly s*ea%$n-) be ,'ns$dered as a l$m$tat$'n)'r as a %$nd '+ d$0$s$'n '+ $ts real$ty4 +'r t($s /'uld be re-ard$n-t(e *r$mal be$n- as a mere a--re-ate5 /($,( (as been s('/n t' be$m*'ss$ble) alt('u-( $t /as s' re*resented $n 'ur +$rst r'u-(s%et,(! T(e ($-(est real$ty must be re-arded rat(er as t(e -r'und t(anas t(e sum5t'tal '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ all t($n-s) and t(e man$+'ldnature '+ t($n-s be based) n't u*'n t(e l$m$tat$'n '+ t(e *r$mal be$n-$tsel+) but u*'n t(e ,'m*lete ser$es '+ e++e,ts /($,( +l'/ +r'm $t!And t(us all 'ur *'/ers '+ sense) as /ell as all *(en'menal real$ty)*(en'menal real$ty) may be /$t( *r'*r$ety re-arded as bel'n-$n- t't($s ser$es '+ e++e,ts) /($le t(ey ,'uld n't (a0e +'rmed *arts '+t(e $dea) ,'ns$dered as an a--re-ate! Pursu$n- t($s tra,%) and(y*'stat$;$n- t($s $dea) /e s(all +$nd 'ursel0es aut('r$;ed t'

determ$ne 'ur n't$'n '+ t(e Su*reme 3e$n- by means '+ t(e mere,'n,e*t$'n '+ a ($-(est real$ty) as 'ne) s$m*le) all5su++$,$ent)eternal) and s' 'n5 $n 'ne /'rd) t' determ$ne $t $n $tsun,'nd$t$'ned ,'m*leteness by t(e a$d '+ e0ery *'ss$ble *red$,ate! T(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ su,( a be$n- $s t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ 'd $n $tstrans,endental sense) and t(us t(e $deal '+ *ure reas'n $s t(e'b&e,t5matter '+ a trans,endental t(e'l'-y!

3ut) by su,( an em*l'yment '+ t(e trans,endental $dea) /e s('uldbe '0er ste**$n- t(e l$m$ts '+ $ts 0al$d$ty and *ur*'se! F'r reas'n*la,ed $t) as t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ all real$ty) at t(e bas$s '+ t(e,'m*lete determ$nat$'n '+ t($n-s) /$t('ut re.u$r$n- t(at t($s,'n,e*t$'n be re-arded as t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t$0e e$sten,e!

Su,( an e$sten,e /'uld be *urely +$,t$t$'us) and t(e (y*'stat$;$n- '+t(e ,'ntent '+ t(e $dea $nt' an $deal) as an $nd$0$dual be$n-) $s aste* *er+e,tly unaut('r$;ed! Nay) m're) /e are n't e0en ,alled u*'n t'assume t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ su,( an (y*'t(es$s) as n'ne '+ t(ededu,t$'ns dra/n +r'm su,( an $deal /'uld a++e,t t(e ,'m*letedeterm$nat$'n '+ t($n-s $n -eneral5 +'r t(e sa%e '+ /($,( al'ne $s t(e$dea ne,essary!

It $s n't su++$,$ent t' ,$r,ums,r$be t(e *r',edure and t(e d$ale,t$,'+ reas'n4 /e must als' endea0'ur t' d$s,'0er t(e s'ur,es '+ t($sd$ale,t$,) t(at /e may (a0e $t $n 'ur *'/er t' -$0e a rat$'nal

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e*lanat$'n '+ t($s $llus$'n) as a *(en'men'n '+ t(e (uman m$nd! F'rt(e $deal) '+ /($,( /e are at *resent s*ea%$n-) $s based) n't u*'nan arb$trary) but u*'n a natural) $dea! T(e .uest$'n (en,e ar$ses6 H'/(a**ens $t t(at reas'n re-ards t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ all t($n-s asdedu,ed +r'm a s$n-le *'ss$b$l$ty) t(at) t' /$t) '+ t(e ($-(estreal$ty) and *resu**'ses t($s as e$st$n- $n an $nd$0$dual and*r$mal be$n-@*

T(e ans/er $s ready4 $t $s at 'n,e *resented by t(e *r',edure '+trans,endental analyt$,! T(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ sensu'us 'b&e,ts $s arelat$'n '+ t(ese 'b&e,ts t' t('u-(t) $n /($,( s'met($n- =t(eem*$r$,al +'rm> may be ,'-$tated a *r$'r$4 /($le t(at /($,(,'nst$tutes t(e matter5 t(e real$ty '+ t(e *(en'men'n =t(at element/($,( ,'rres*'nds t' sensat$'n>5 must be -$0en +r'm /$t('ut) as't(er/$se $t ,'uld n't e0en be ,'-$tated by) n'r ,'uld $ts *'ss$b$l$tybe *resentable t' t(e m$nd! N'/) a sensu'us 'b&e,t $s ,'m*letelydeterm$ned) /(en $t (as been ,'m*ared /$t( all *(en'menal*red$,ates) and re*resented by means '+ t(ese e$t(er *'s$t$0ely 'rne-at$0ely! 3ut) as t(at /($,( ,'nst$tutes t(e t($n- $tsel+5 t(ereal $n a *(en'men'n) must be -$0en) and t(at) $n /($,( t(e real '+all *(en'mena $s -$0en) $s e*er$en,e) 'ne) s'le) and all5embra,$n-5

t(e mater$al '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ all sensu'us 'b&e,ts must be*resu**'sed as -$0en $n a /('le) and $t $s u*'n t(e l$m$tat$'n '+ t($s/('le t(at t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ all em*$r$,al 'b&e,ts) t(e$r d$st$n,t$'n+r'm ea,( 't(er and t(e$r ,'m*lete determ$nat$'n) are based! N'/) n''t(er 'b&e,ts are *resented t' us bes$des sensu'us 'b&e,ts) andt(ese ,an be -$0en 'nly $n ,'nne,t$'n /$t( a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e4 $t+'ll'/s t(at a t($n- $s n't an 'b&e,t t' us) unless $t *resu**'ses t(e/('le 'r sum5t'tal '+ em*$r$,al real$ty as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ $ts*'ss$b$l$ty! N'/) a natural $llus$'n leads us t' ,'ns$der t($s*r$n,$*le) /($,( $s 0al$d 'nly '+ sensu'us 'b&e,ts) as 0al$d /$t(re-ard t' t($n-s $n -eneral! And t(us /e are $ndu,ed t' ('ld t(eem*$r$,al *r$n,$*le '+ 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s)as *(en'mena) by lea0$n- 'ut t($s l$m$tat$0e ,'nd$t$'n) t' be a

trans,endental *r$n,$*le '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s $n -eneral!t

2e *r',eed a+ter/ards t' (y*'stat$;e t($s $dea '+ t(e sum5t'tal '+all real$ty) by ,(an-$n- t(e d$str$but$0e un$ty '+ t(e em*$r$,aleer,$se '+ t(e understand$n- $nt' t(e ,'lle,t$0e un$ty '+ anem*$r$,al /('le5 a d$ale,t$,al $llus$'n) and by ,'-$tat$n- t($s/('le 'r sum '+ e*er$en,e as an $nd$0$dual t($n-) ,'nta$n$n- $n$tsel+ all em*$r$,al real$ty! T($s $nd$0$dual t($n- 'r be$n- $st(en) by means '+ t(e ab'0e5ment$'ned trans,endental subre*t$'n)subst$tuted +'r 'ur n't$'n '+ a t($n- /($,( stands at t(e (ead '+t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ all t($n-s) t(e real ,'nd$t$'ns '+ /('se ,'m*letedeterm$nat$'n $t *resents!d

T($s $deal '+ t(e ens real$ss$mum5 alt('u-( merely a mentalre*resentat$'n5 $s +$rst 'b&e,t$0$;ed) t(at $s) (as an 'b&e,t$0ee$sten,e attr$buted t' $t) t(en (y*'stat$;ed) and +$nally) by t(enatural *r'-ress '+ reas'n t' t(e ,'m*let$'n '+ un$ty) *ers'n$+$ed) as/e s(all s('/ *resently! F'r t(e re-ulat$0e un$ty '+ e*er$en,e $s n'tbased u*'n *(en'mena t(emsel0es) but u*'n t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ t(e0ar$ety '+ *(en'mena by t(e understand$n- $n a ,'ns,$'usness) and t(ust(e un$ty '+ t(e su*reme real$ty and t(e ,'m*lete determ$nab$l$ty '+all t($n-s) seem t' res$de $n a su*reme understand$n-) and),'nse.uently) $n a ,'ns,$'us $ntell$-en,e!,

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SECTION III! O+ t(e Ar-uments em*l'yed by S*e,ulat$0e Reas'n $n

Pr''+ '+ t(e E$sten,e '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-!

N't/$t(stand$n- t(e *ress$n- ne,ess$ty /($,( reas'n +eels) t' +'rms'me *resu**'s$t$'n t(at s(all ser0e t(e understand$n- as a *r'*erbas$s +'r t(e ,'m*lete determ$nat$'n '+ $ts ,'n,e*t$'ns) t(e$deal$st$, and +a,t$t$'us nature '+ su,( a *resu**'s$t$'n $s t''

e0$dent t' all'/ reas'n +'r a m'ment t' *ersuade $tsel+ $nt' abel$e+ '+ t(e 'b&e,t$0e e$sten,e '+ a mere ,reat$'n '+ $ts '/nt('u-(t! 3ut t(ere are 't(er ,'ns$derat$'ns /($,( ,'m*el reas'n t'see% 'ut s'me rest$n- *la,e $n t(e re-ress +r'm t(e ,'nd$t$'ned t' t(eun,'nd$t$'ned) /($,( $s n't -$0en as an a,tual e$sten,e +r'm t(e mere,'n,e*t$'n '+ $t) alt('u-( $t al'ne ,an -$0e ,'m*leteness t' t(eser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns! And t($s $s t(e natural ,'urse '+ e0ery (umanreas'n) e0en '+ t(e m'st unedu,ated) alt('u-( t(e *at( at +$rstentered $t d'es n't al/ays ,'nt$nue t' +'ll'/! It d'es n't be-$n+r'm ,'n,e*t$'ns) but +r'm ,'mm'n e*er$en,e) and re.u$res a bas$s$n a,tual e$sten,e! 3ut t($s bas$s $s $nse,ure) unless $t restsu*'n t(e $mm'0able r',% '+ t(e abs'lutely ne,essary! And t($s+'undat$'n $s $tsel+ un/'rt(y '+ trust) $+ $t lea0e under and ab'0e $t

em*ty s*a,e) $+ $t d' n't +$ll all) and lea0e n' r''m +'r a /(y 'r a/(ere+'re) $+ $t be n't) $n 'ne /'rd) $n+$n$te $n $ts real$ty!/

I+ /e adm$t t(e e$sten,e '+ s'me 'ne t($n-) /(ate0er $t may be)/e must als' adm$t t(at t(ere $s s'met($n- /($,( e$sts ne,essar$ly!F'r /(at $s ,'nt$n-ent e$sts 'nly under t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ s'me 't(ert($n-) /($,( $s $ts ,ause4 and +r'm t($s /e must -' 'n t' ,'n,lude t(ee$sten,e '+ a ,ause /($,( $s n't ,'nt$n-ent) and /($,( ,'nse.uentlye$sts ne,essar$ly and un,'nd$t$'nally! Su,( $s t(e ar-ument by/($,( reas'n &ust$+$es $ts ad0an,es t'/ards a *r$mal be$n-!/

N'/ reas'n l''%s r'und +'r t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a be$n- t(at may beadm$tted) /$t('ut $n,'ns$sten,y) t' be /'rt(y '+ t(e attr$bute '+

abs'lute ne,ess$ty) n't +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ $n+err$n- a *r$'r$) +r'mt(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ su,( a be$n-) $ts 'b&e,t$0e e$sten,e =+'r $+ reas'nall'/ed $tsel+ t' ta%e t($s ,'urse) $t /'uld n't re.u$re a bas$s $n-$0en and a,tual e$sten,e) but merely t(e su**'rt '+ *ure,'n,e*t$'ns>) but +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ d$s,'0er$n-) am'n- all 'ur,'n,e*t$'ns '+ *'ss$ble t($n-s) t(at ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( *'ssesses n'element $n,'ns$stent /$t( t(e $dea '+ abs'lute ne,ess$ty! F'r t(att(ere must be s'me abs'lutely ne,essary e$sten,e) $t re-ards as atrut( already establ$s(ed! N'/) $+ $t ,an rem'0e e0ery e$sten,e$n,a*able '+ su**'rt$n- t(e attr$bute '+ abs'lute ne,ess$ty) e,e*t$n-'ne5 t($s must be t(e abs'lutely ne,essary be$n-) /(et(er $tsne,ess$ty $s ,'m*re(ens$ble by us) t(at $s) dedu,$ble +r'm t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ $t al'ne) 'r n't!,

N'/ t(at) t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ /($,( ,'nta$ns a t(ere+'re t' e0ery/(ere+'re) /($,( $s n't de+e,t$0e $n any res*e,t /(ate0er) /($,( $sall5su++$,$ent as a ,'nd$t$'n) seems t' be t(e be$n- '+ /($,( /e ,an&ustly *red$,ate abs'lute ne,ess$ty5 +'r t($s reas'n) t(at) *'ssess$n-t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ all t(at $s *'ss$ble) $t d'es n't and ,ann't$tsel+ re.u$re any ,'nd$t$'n! And t(us $t sat$s+$es) $n 'ne res*e,t atleast) t(e re.u$rements '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ abs'lute ne,ess$ty! Int($s 0$e/) $t $s su*er$'r t' all 't(er ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,() asde+$,$ent and $n,'m*lete) d' n't *'ssess t(e ,(ara,ter$st$, '+$nde*enden,e '+ all ($-(er ,'nd$t$'ns! It $s true t(at /e ,ann't $n+er

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+r'm t($s t(at /(at d'es n't ,'nta$n $n $tsel+ t(e su*reme and,'m*lete ,'nd$t$'n5 t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ all 't(er t($n-s5 must *'ssess'nly a ,'nd$t$'ned e$sten,e4 but as l$ttle ,an /e assert t(e,'ntrary) +'r t($s su**'sed be$n- d'es n't *'ssess t(e 'nly,(ara,ter$st$, /($,( ,an enable reas'n t' ,'-n$;e by means '+ an a*r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'n t(e un,'nd$t$'ned and ne,essary nature '+ $tse$sten,e!e

T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an ens real$ss$mum $s t(at /($,( best a-rees/$t( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an un,'nd$t$'ned and ne,essary be$n-! T(e+'rmer ,'n,e*t$'n d'es n't sat$s+y all t(e re.u$rements '+ t(e latter4but /e (a0e n' ,('$,e) /e are 'bl$-ed t' ad(ere t' $t) +'r /e +$ndt(at /e ,ann't d' /$t('ut t(e e$sten,e '+ a ne,essary be$n-4 and e0enalt('u-( /e adm$t $t) /e +$nd $t 'ut '+ 'ur *'/er t' d$s,'0er $n t(e/('le s*(ere '+ *'ss$b$l$ty any be$n- t(at ,an ad0an,e /ell-r'unded,la$ms t' su,( a d$st$n,t$'n!,

T(e +'ll'/$n- $s) t(ere+'re) t(e natural ,'urse '+ (uman reas'n!It be-$ns by *ersuad$n- $tsel+ '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ s'me ne,essarybe$n-! In t($s be$n- $t re,'-n$;es t(e ,(ara,ter$st$,s '+un,'nd$t$'ned e$sten,e! It t(en see%s t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(at /($,( $s

$nde*endent '+ all ,'nd$t$'ns) and +$nds $t $n t(at /($,( $s $tsel+t(e su++$,$ent ,'nd$t$'n '+ all 't(er t($n-s5 $n 't(er /'rds) $nt(at /($,( ,'nta$ns all real$ty! 3ut t(e unl$m$ted all $s anabs'lute un$ty) and $s ,'n,e$0ed by t(e m$nd as a be$n- 'ne andsu*reme4 and t(us reas'n ,'n,ludes t(at t(e Su*reme 3e$n-) as t(e*r$mal bas$s '+ all t($n-s) *'ssesses an e$sten,e /($,( $s abs'lutelyne,essary!n

T($s ,'n,e*t$'n must be re-arded as $n s'me de-ree sat$s+a,t'ry)$+ /e adm$t t(e e$sten,e '+ a ne,essary be$n-) and ,'ns$der t(att(ere e$sts a ne,ess$ty +'r a de+$n$te and +$nal ans/er t' t(ese.uest$'ns! In su,( a ,ase) /e ,ann't ma%e a better ,('$,e) 'r rat(er/e (a0e n' ,('$,e at all) but +eel 'ursel0es 'bl$-ed t' de,lare $n

+a0'ur '+ t(e abs'lute un$ty '+ ,'m*lete real$ty) as t(e ($-(ests'ur,e '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s! 3ut $+ t(ere e$sts n' m't$0e +'r,'m$n- t' a de+$n$te ,'n,lus$'n) and /e may lea0e t(e .uest$'nunans/ered t$ll /e (a0e +ully /e$-(ed b't( s$des5 $n 't(er /'rds) /(en/e are merely ,alled u*'n t' de,$de ('/ mu,( /e (a**en t' %n'/ ab'utt(e .uest$'n) and ('/ mu,( /e merely +latter 'ursel0es t(at /e %n'/5t(e ab'0e ,'n,lus$'n d'es n't a**ear t' be s' -reat ad0anta-e) but) 'nt(e ,'ntrary) seems de+e,t$0e $n t(e -r'unds u*'n /($,( $t $ssu**'rted!s

F'r) adm$tt$n- t(e trut( '+ all t(at (as been sa$d) t(at) namely)t(e $n+eren,e +r'm a -$0en e$sten,e =my '/n) +'r eam*le> t' t(ee$sten,e '+ an un,'nd$t$'ned and ne,essary be$n- $s 0al$d and

unassa$lable4 t(at) $n t(e se,'nd *la,e) /e must ,'ns$der a be$n-/($,( ,'nta$ns all real$ty) and ,'nse.uently all t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+'t(er t($n-s) t' be abs'lutely un,'nd$t$'ned4 and adm$tt$n- t'')t(at /e (a0e t(us d$s,'0ered t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- t' /($,( may beattr$buted) /$t('ut $n,'ns$sten,y) abs'lute ne,ess$ty5 $t d'es n't+'ll'/ +r'm all t($s t(at t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a l$m$ted be$n-) $n/($,( t(e su*reme real$ty d'es n't res$de) $s t(ere+'re $n,'m*at$ble/$t( t(e $dea '+ abs'lute ne,ess$ty! F'r) alt('u-( I d' n't d$s,'0ert(e element '+ t(e un,'nd$t$'ned $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ su,( a be$n-5 anelement /($,( $s man$+estly e$stent $n t(e sum5t'tal '+ all,'nd$t$'ns5 I am n't ent$tled t' ,'n,lude t(at $ts e$sten,e $s

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t(ere+'re ,'nd$t$'ned4 &ust as I am n't ent$tled t' a++$rm) $n a(y*'t(et$,al syll'-$sm) t(at /(ere a ,erta$n ,'nd$t$'n d'es n'te$st =$n t(e *resent) ,'m*leteness) as +ar as *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns are,'n,erned>) t(e ,'nd$t$'ned d'es n't e$st e$t(er! On t(e ,'ntrary) /eare +ree t' ,'ns$der all l$m$ted be$n-s as l$%e/$se un,'nd$t$'nallyne,essary) alt('u-( /e are unable t' $n+er t($s +r'm t(e -eneral,'n,e*t$'n /($,( /e (a0e '+ t(em! T(us ,'ndu,ted) t($s ar-ument $s$n,a*able '+ -$0$n- us t(e least n't$'n '+ t(e *r'*ert$es '+ a

ne,essary be$n-) and must be $n e0ery res*e,t /$t('ut result!n

T($s ar-ument ,'nt$nues) ('/e0er) t' *'ssess a /e$-(t and anaut('r$ty) /($,() $n s*$te '+ $ts 'b&e,t$0e $nsu++$,$en,y) $t (asne0er been d$0ested '+! F'r) -rant$n- t(at ,erta$n res*'ns$b$l$t$esl$e u*'n us) /($,() as based 'n t(e $deas '+ reas'n) deser0e t' beres*e,ted and subm$tted t') alt('u-( t(ey are $n,a*able '+ a real 'r*ra,t$,al a**l$,at$'n t' 'ur nature) 'r) $n 't(er /'rds) /'uld beres*'ns$b$l$t$es /$t('ut m't$0es) e,e*t u*'n t(e su**'s$t$'n '+ aSu*reme 3e$n- t' -$0e e++e,t and $n+luen,e t' t(e *ra,t$,al la/s6 $nsu,( a ,ase /e s('uld be b'und t' 'bey 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,()alt('u-( 'b&e,t$0ely $nsu++$,$ent) d') a,,'rd$n- t' t(e standard '+reas'n) *re*'nderate '0er and are su*er$'r t' any ,la$ms t(at may be

ad0an,ed +r'm any 't(er .uarter! T(e e.u$l$br$um '+ d'ubt /'uld $nt($s ,ase be destr'yed by a *ra,t$,al add$t$'n4 $ndeed) Reas'n /'uldbe ,'m*elled t' ,'ndemn (ersel+) $+ s(e re+used t' ,'m*ly /$t( t(edemands '+ t(e &ud-ement) n' su*er$'r t' /($,( /e %n'/5 ('/e0erde+e,t$0e (er understand$n- '+ t(e -r'unds '+ t(ese demands m$-(t be!d

T($s ar-ument) alt('u-( $n +a,t trans,endental) $nasmu,( as $t restsu*'n t(e $ntr$ns$, $nsu++$,$en,y '+ t(e ,'nt$n-ent) $s s' s$m*le andnatural) t(at t(e ,'mm'nest understand$n- ,an a**re,$ate $ts 0alue! 2esee t($n-s ar'und us ,(an-e) ar$se) and *ass a/ay4 t(ey) 'r t(e$r,'nd$t$'n) must t(ere+'re (a0e a ,ause! T(e same demand must a-a$nbe made '+ t(e ,ause $tsel+5 as a datum '+ e*er$en,e! N'/ $t $snatural t(at /e s('uld *la,e t(e ($-(est ,ausal$ty &ust /(ere /e *la,e

su*reme ,ausal$ty) $n t(at be$n-) /($,( ,'nta$ns t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ all*'ss$ble e++e,ts) and t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ /($,( $s s' s$m*le as t(at'+ an all5embra,$n- real$ty! T($s ($-(est ,ause) t(en) /e re-ard asabs'lutely ne,essary) be,ause /e +$nd $t abs'lutely ne,essary t'r$se t' $t) and d' n't d$s,'0er any reas'n +'r *r',eed$n- bey'nd $t!T(us) am'n- all nat$'ns) t(r'u-( t(e dar%est *'lyt(e$sm -l$mmer s'me+a$nt s*ar%s '+ m'n't(e$sm) t' /($,( t(ese $d'laters (a0e been led)n't +r'm re+le,t$'n and *r'+'und t('u-(t) but by t(e study and natural*r'-ress '+ t(e ,'mm'n understand$n-!*

T(ere are 'nly t(ree m'des '+ *r'0$n- t(e e$sten,e '+ a #e$ty) 'nt(e -r'unds '+ s*e,ulat$0e reas'n!t

All t(e *at(s ,'ndu,t$n- t' t($s end be-$n e$t(er +r'm determ$natee*er$en,e and t(e *e,ul$ar ,'nst$tut$'n '+ t(e /'rld '+ sense) andr$se) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e la/s '+ ,ausal$ty) +r'm $t t' t(e ($-(est ,ausee$st$n- a*art +r'm t(e /'rld5 'r +r'm a *urely $ndeterm$natee*er$en,e) t(at $s) s'me em*$r$,al e$sten,e5 'r abstra,t$'n $smade '+ all e*er$en,e) and t(e e$sten,e '+ a su*reme ,ause $s,'n,luded +r'm a *r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns al'ne! T(e +$rst $s t(e*(ys$,'t(e'l'-$,al ar-ument) t(e se,'nd t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al) t(e t($rdt(e 'nt'l'-$,al! "'re t(ere are n't) and m're t(ere ,ann't be!t

I s(all s('/ $t $s as unsu,,ess+ul 'n t(e 'ne *at(5 t(e em*$r$,al5

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as 'n t(e 't(er5 t(e trans,endental5 and t(at $t stret,(es $ts /$n-s$n 0a$n) t' s'ar bey'nd t(e /'rld '+ sense by t(e mere m$-(t '+s*e,ulat$0e t('u-(t! As re-ards t(e 'rder $n /($,( /e must d$s,usst('se ar-uments) $t /$ll be ea,tly t(e re0erse '+ t(at $n /($,(reas'n) $n t(e *r'-ress '+ $ts de0el'*ment) atta$ns t' t(em5 t(e 'rder$n /($,( t(ey are *la,ed ab'0e! F'r $t /$ll be made man$+est t' t(ereader t(at) alt('u-( e*er$en,e *resents t(e ',,as$'n and t(estart$n-5*'$nt) $t $s t(e trans,endental $dea '+ reas'n /($,( -u$des

$t $n $ts *$l-r$ma-e and $s t(e -'al '+ all $ts stru--les! I s(allt(ere+'re be-$n /$t( an eam$nat$'n '+ t(e trans,endental ar-ument)and a+ter/ards $n.u$re /(at add$t$'nal stren-t( (as a,,rued t' t($sm'de '+ *r''+ +r'm t(e add$t$'n '+ t(e em*$r$,al element!m

SECTION ID! O+ t(e Im*'ss$b$l$ty '+ an Ont'l'-$,al Pr''+ '+

t(e E$sten,e '+ 'd!

It $s e0$dent +r'm /(at (as been sa$d t(at t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ anabs'lutely ne,essary be$n- $s a mere $dea) t(e 'b&e,t$0e real$ty '+/($,( $s +ar +r'm be$n- establ$s(ed by t(e mere +a,t t(at $t $s a need'+ reas'n! On t(e ,'ntrary) t($s $dea ser0es merely t' $nd$,ate a

,erta$n unatta$nable *er+e,t$'n) and rat(er l$m$ts t(e '*erat$'nst(an) by t(e *resentat$'n '+ ne/ 'b&e,ts) etends t(e s*(ere '+ t(eunderstand$n-! 3ut a stran-e an'maly meets us at t(e 0ery t(res('ld4+'r t(e $n+eren,e +r'm a -$0en e$sten,e $n -eneral t' an abs'lutelyne,essary e$sten,e seems t' be ,'rre,t and una0'$dable) /($le t(e,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- re+use t' a$d us $n +'rm$n- any,'n,e*t$'n '+ su,( a be$n-!,

P($l's'*(ers (a0e al/ays tal%ed '+ an abs'lutely ne,essary be$n-)and (a0e ne0ert(eless de,l$ned t' ta%e t(e tr'uble '+ ,'n,e$0$n-/(et(er5 and ('/5 a be$n- '+ t($s nature $s e0en ,'-$table) n't t'ment$'n t(at $ts e$sten,e $s a,tually dem'nstrable! A 0erbalde+$n$t$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $s ,erta$nly easy en'u-(6 $t $s s'met($n-

t(e n'n5e$sten,e '+ /($,( $s $m*'ss$ble! 3ut d'es t($s de+$n$t$'nt(r'/ any l$-(t u*'n t(e ,'nd$t$'ns /($,( render $t $m*'ss$ble t','-$tate t(e n'n5e$sten,e '+ a t($n-5 ,'nd$t$'ns /($,( /e /$s( t'as,erta$n) t(at /e may d$s,'0er /(et(er /e t($n% anyt($n- $n t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ su,( a be$n- 'r n't@ F'r t(e mere +a,t t(at I t(r'/a/ay) by means '+ t(e /'rd un,'nd$t$'ned) all t(e ,'nd$t$'ns /($,( t(eunderstand$n- (ab$tually re.u$res $n 'rder t' re-ard anyt($n- asne,essary) $s 0ery +ar +r'm ma%$n- ,lear /(et(er by means '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e un,'nd$t$'nally ne,essary I t($n% '+ s'met($n-) 'rreally '+ n't($n- at all!r

Nay) m're) t($s ,(an,e5,'n,e*t$'n) n'/ be,'me s' ,urrent) many(a0e endea0'ured t' e*la$n by eam*les /($,( seemed t' render any

$n.u$r$es re-ard$n- $ts $ntell$-$b$l$ty .u$te needless! E0ery-e'metr$,al *r'*'s$t$'n5 a tr$an-le (as t(ree an-les5 $t /as sa$d)$s abs'lutely ne,essary4 and t(us *e'*le tal%ed '+ an 'b&e,t /($,( lay'ut '+ t(e s*(ere '+ 'ur understand$n- as $+ $t /ere *er+e,tly *la$n/(at t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ su,( a be$n- meant!/

All t(e eam*les addu,ed (a0e been dra/n) /$t('ut e,e*t$'n) +r'm&ud-ements) and n't +r'm t($n-s! 3ut t(e un,'nd$t$'ned ne,ess$ty '+a &ud-ement d'es n't +'rm t(e abs'lute ne,ess$ty '+ a t($n-! On t(e,'ntrary) t(e abs'lute ne,ess$ty '+ a &ud-ement $s 'nly a,'nd$t$'ned ne,ess$ty '+ a t($n-) 'r '+ t(e *red$,ate $n a

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&ud-ement! T(e *r'*'s$t$'n ab'0e5ment$'ned d'es n't en'un,e t(at t(reean-les ne,essar$ly e$st) but) u*'n ,'nd$t$'n t(at a tr$an-lee$sts) t(ree an-les must ne,essar$ly e$st5 $n $t! And t(us t($sl'-$,al ne,ess$ty (as been t(e s'ur,e '+ t(e -reatest delus$'ns!Ha0$n- +'rmed an a *r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n-) t(e ,'ntent '+/($,( /as made t' embra,e e$sten,e) /e bel$e0ed 'ursel0es sa+e $n,'n,lud$n- t(at) be,ause e$sten,e bel'n-s ne,essar$ly t' t(e 'b&e,t'+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n =t(at $s) under t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ my *'s$t$n- t($s

t($n- as -$0en>) t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e t($n- $s als' *'s$tedne,essar$ly) and t(at $t $s t(ere+'re abs'lutely ne,essary5 merelybe,ause $ts e$sten,e (as been ,'-$tated $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n!b

I+) $n an $dent$,al &ud-ement) I ann$($late t(e *red$,ate $nt('u-(t) and reta$n t(e sub&e,t) a ,'ntrad$,t$'n $s t(e result4 and(en,e I say) t(e +'rmer bel'n-s ne,essar$ly t' t(e latter! 3ut $+ Isu**ress b't( sub&e,t and *red$,ate $n t('u-(t) n' ,'ntrad$,t$'nar$ses4 +'r t(ere $s n't($n- at all) and t(ere+'re n' means '+ +'rm$n-a ,'ntrad$,t$'n! T' su**'se t(e e$sten,e '+ a tr$an-le and n't t(at'+ $ts t(ree an-les) $s sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry4 but t' su**'se t(en'n5e$sten,e '+ b't( tr$an-le and an-les $s *er+e,tly adm$ss$ble! Ands' $s $t /$t( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an abs'lutely ne,essary be$n-!

Ann$($late $ts e$sten,e $n t('u-(t) and y'u ann$($late t(e t($n-$tsel+ /$t( all $ts *red$,ates4 ('/ t(en ,an t(ere be any r''m +'r,'ntrad$,t$'n@ Eternally) t(ere $s n't($n- t' -$0e r$se t' a,'ntrad$,t$'n) +'r a t($n- ,ann't be ne,essary eternally4 n'r$nternally) +'r) by t(e ann$($lat$'n 'r su**ress$'n '+ t(e t($n-$tsel+) $ts $nternal *r'*ert$es are als' ann$($lated! 'd $s'mn$*'tent5 t(at $s a ne,essary &ud-ement! H$s 'mn$*'ten,e ,ann't beden$ed) $+ t(e e$sten,e '+ a #e$ty $s *'s$ted5 t(e e$sten,e) t(at$s) '+ an $n+$n$te be$n-) t(e t/' ,'n,e*t$'ns be$n- $dent$,al! 3ut/(en y'u say) 'd d'es n't e$st) ne$t(er 'mn$*'ten,e n'r any 't(er*red$,ate $s a++$rmed4 t(ey must all d$sa**ear /$t( t(e sub&e,t) and$n t($s &ud-ement t(ere ,ann't e$st t(e least sel+5,'ntrad$,t$'n!$

J'u (a0e t(us seen t(at /(en t(e *red$,ate '+ a &ud-ement $sann$($lated $n t('u-(t al'n- /$t( t(e sub&e,t) n' $nternal,'ntrad$,t$'n ,an ar$se) be t(e *red$,ate /(at $t may! T(ere $s n'*'ss$b$l$ty '+ e0ad$n- t(e ,'n,lus$'n5 y'u +$nd y'ursel0es ,'m*elledt' de,lare6 T(ere are ,erta$n sub&e,ts /($,( ,ann't be ann$($lated$n t('u-(t! 3ut t($s $s n't($n- m're t(an say$n-6 T(ere e$st sub&e,ts/($,( are abs'lutely ne,essary5 t(e 0ery (y*'t(es$s /($,( y'u are,alled u*'n t' establ$s(! F'r I +$nd mysel+ unable t' +'rm t(esl$-(test ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- /($,( /(en ann$($lated $n t('u-(t /$t(all $ts *red$,ates) lea0es be($nd a ,'ntrad$,t$'n4 and ,'ntrad$,t$'n$s t(e 'nly ,r$ter$'n '+ $m*'ss$b$l$ty $n t(e s*(ere '+ *ure a*r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns!*

A-a$nst t(ese -eneral ,'ns$derat$'ns) t(e &ust$,e '+ /($,( n' 'ne,an d$s*ute) 'ne ar-ument $s addu,ed) /($,( $s re-arded as+urn$s($n- a sat$s+a,t'ry dem'nstrat$'n +r'm t(e +a,t! It $sa++$rmed t(at t(ere $s 'ne and 'nly 'ne ,'n,e*t$'n) $n /($,( t(en'n5be$n- 'r ann$($lat$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t $s sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry) andt($s $s t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an ens real$ss$mum! It *'ssesses) y'u say)all real$ty) and y'u +eel y'ursel0es &ust$+$ed $n adm$tt$n- t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ su,( a be$n-! =T($s I am /$ll$n- t' -rant +'r t(e*resent) alt('u-( t(e e$sten,e '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( $s n'tsel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry $s +ar +r'm be$n- su++$,$ent t' *r'0e t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ an 'b&e,t!> N'/ t(e n't$'n '+ all real$ty embra,es

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$n $t t(at '+ e$sten,e4 t(e n't$'n '+ e$sten,e l$es) t(ere+'re) $nt(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t($s *'ss$ble t($n-! I+ t($s t($n- $s ann$($lated $nt('u-(t) t(e $nternal *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e t($n- $s als' ann$($lated)/($,( $s sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry!/

A ,'n,e*t$'n $s al/ays *'ss$ble) $+ $t $s n't sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry!T($s $s t(e l'-$,al ,r$ter$'n '+ *'ss$b$l$ty) d$st$n-u$s($n- t(e'b&e,t '+ su,( a ,'n,e*t$'n +r'm t(e n$($l ne-at$0um! 3ut $t may be)

n't/$t(stand$n-) an em*ty ,'n,e*t$'n) unless t(e 'b&e,t$0e real$ty'+ t($s synt(es$s) but /($,( $t $s -enerated) $s dem'nstrated4 and a*r''+ '+ t($s %$nd must be based u*'n *r$n,$*les '+ *'ss$blee*er$en,e) and n't u*'n t(e *r$n,$*le '+ analys$s 'r ,'ntrad$,t$'n!T($s remar% may be ser0$,eable as a /arn$n- a-a$nst ,'n,lud$n-) +r'mt(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n5 /($,( $s l'-$,al5 t(e *'ss$b$l$ty'+ a t($n-5 /($,( $s real!'

I ans/er6 It $s absurd t' $ntr'du,e5 under /(ate0er termd$s-u$sed5 $nt' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n-) /($,( $s t' be ,'-$tateds'lely $n re+eren,e t' $ts *'ss$b$l$ty) t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ $tse$sten,e! I+ t($s $s adm$tted) y'u /$ll (a0e a**arently -a$ned t(eday) but $n real$ty (a0e en'un,ed n't($n- but a mere taut'l'-y! I as%)

$s t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) t($s 'r t(at t($n- =/($,( I am adm$tt$n- t' be*'ss$ble> e$sts) an analyt$,al 'r a synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n@ I+ t(e+'rmer) t(ere $s n' add$t$'n made t' t(e sub&e,t '+ y'ur t('u-(t byt(e a++$rmat$'n '+ $ts e$sten,e4 but t(en t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $n y'urm$nds $s $dent$,al /$t( t(e t($n- $tsel+) 'r y'u (a0e su**'sed t(ee$sten,e '+ a t($n- t' be *'ss$ble) and t(en $n+erred $ts e$sten,e+r'm $ts $nternal *'ss$b$l$ty5 /($,( $s but a m$serable taut'l'-y! T(e/'rd real$ty $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e t($n-) and t(e /'rd e$sten,e $nt(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e *red$,ate) /$ll n't (el* y'u 'ut '+ t(ed$++$,ulty! F'r) su**'s$n- y'u /ere t' term all *'s$t$n- '+ a t($n-real$ty) y'u (a0e t(ereby *'s$ted t(e t($n- /$t( all $ts *red$,ates $nt(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e sub&e,t and assumed $ts a,tual e$sten,e) andt($s y'u merely re*eat $n t(e *red$,ate! 3ut $+ y'u ,'n+ess) as

e0ery reas'nable *ers'n must) t(at e0ery e$stent$al *r'*'s$t$'n $ssynt(et$,al) ('/ ,an $t be ma$nta$ned t(at t(e *red$,ate '+e$sten,e ,ann't be den$ed /$t('ut ,'ntrad$,t$'n@5 a *r'*erty /($,( $st(e ,(ara,ter$st$, '+ analyt$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns) al'ne!t

I s('uld (a0e a reas'nable ('*e '+ *utt$n- an end +'r e0er t' t($ss'*($st$,al m'de '+ ar-umentat$'n) by a str$,t de+$n$t$'n '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ e$sten,e) d$d n't my '/n e*er$en,e tea,( me t(at t(e$llus$'n ar$s$n- +r'm 'ur ,'n+'und$n- a l'-$,al /$t( a real*red$,ate =a *red$,ate /($,( a$ds $n t(e determ$nat$'n '+ a t($n->res$sts alm'st all t(e endea0'urs '+ e*lanat$'n and $llustrat$'n! Al'-$,al *red$,ate may be /(at y'u *lease) e0en t(e sub&e,t may be*red$,ated '+ $tsel+4 +'r l'-$, *ays n' re-ard t' t(e ,'ntent '+ a

&ud-ement! 3ut t(e determ$nat$'n '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n $s a *red$,ate) /($,(adds t' and enlar-es t(e ,'n,e*t$'n! It must n't) t(ere+'re) be,'nta$ned $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n!,

3e$n- $s e0$dently n't a real *red$,ate) t(at $s) a ,'n,e*t$'n '+s'met($n- /($,( $s added t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ s'me 't(er t($n-! It$s merely t(e *'s$t$n- '+ a t($n-) 'r '+ ,erta$n determ$nat$'ns $n $t!<'-$,ally) $t $s merely t(e ,'*ula '+ a &ud-ement! T(e *r'*'s$t$'n)'d $s 'mn$*'tent) ,'nta$ns t/' ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,( (a0e a ,erta$n'b&e,t 'r ,'ntent4 t(e /'rd $s) $s n' add$t$'nal *red$,ate5 $tmerely $nd$,ates t(e relat$'n '+ t(e *red$,ate t' t(e sub&e,t! N'/) $+

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I ta%e t(e sub&e,t ='d> /$t( all $ts *red$,ates ='mn$*'ten,e be$n-'ne>) and say6 'd $s) 'r) T(ere $s a 'd) I add n' ne/ *red$,ate t't(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ 'd) I merely *'s$t 'r a++$rm t(e e$sten,e '+ t(esub&e,t /$t( all $ts *red$,ates5 I *'s$t t(e 'b&e,t $n relat$'n t'my ,'n,e*t$'n! T(e ,'ntent '+ b't( $s t(e same4 and t(ere $s n'add$t$'n made t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) /($,( e*resses merely t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e 'b&e,t) by my ,'-$tat$n- t(e 'b&e,t5 $n t(ee*ress$'n) $t $s5 as abs'lutely -$0en 'r e$st$n-! T(us t(e real

,'nta$ns n' m're t(an t(e *'ss$ble! A (undred real d'llars ,'nta$nn' m're t(an a (undred *'ss$ble d'llars! F'r) as t(e latter $nd$,atet(e ,'n,e*t$'n) and t(e +'rmer t(e 'b&e,t) 'n t(e su**'s$t$'n t(at t(e,'ntent '+ t(e +'rmer /as -reater t(an t(at '+ t(e latter) my,'n,e*t$'n /'uld n't be an e*ress$'n '+ t(e /('le 'b&e,t) and /'uld,'nse.uently be an $nade.uate ,'n,e*t$'n '+ $t! 3ut $n re,%'n$n- my/ealt( t(ere may be sa$d t' be m're $n a (undred real d'llars t(an$n a (undred *'ss$ble d'llars5 t(at $s) $n t(e mere ,'n,e*t$'n '+t(em! F'r t(e real 'b&e,t5 t(e d'llars5 $s n't analyt$,ally,'nta$ned $n my ,'n,e*t$'n) but +'rms a synt(et$,al add$t$'n t' my,'n,e*t$'n =/($,( $s merely a determ$nat$'n '+ my mental state>)alt('u-( t($s 'b&e,t$0e real$ty5 t($s e$sten,e5 a*art +r'm my,'n,e*t$'ns) d'es n't $n t(e least de-ree $n,rease t(e a+'resa$d

(undred d'llars!(

3y /(ate0er and by /(ate0er number '+ *red$,ates5 e0en t' t(e,'m*lete determ$nat$'n '+ $t5 I may ,'-$tate a t($n-) I d' n't $nt(e least au-ment t(e 'b&e,t '+ my ,'n,e*t$'n by t(e add$t$'n '+ t(estatement6 T($s t($n- e$sts! Ot(er/$se) n't ea,tly t(e same) buts'met($n- m're t(an /(at /as ,'-$tated $n my ,'n,e*t$'n) /'ulde$st) and I ,'uld n't a++$rm t(at t(e ea,t 'b&e,t '+ my ,'n,e*t$'n(ad real e$sten,e! I+ I ,'-$tate a t($n- as ,'nta$n$n- all m'des '+real$ty e,e*t 'ne) t(e m'de '+ real$ty /($,( $s absent $s n't addedt' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e t($n- by t(e a++$rmat$'n t(at t(e t($n-e$sts4 'n t(e ,'ntrary) t(e t($n- e$sts5 $+ $t e$st at all5 /$t(t(e same de+e,t as t(at ,'-$tated $n $ts ,'n,e*t$'n4 't(er/$se n't

t(at /($,( /as ,'-$tated) but s'met($n- d$++erent) e$sts! N'/) $+ I,'-$tate a be$n- as t(e ($-(est real$ty) /$t('ut de+e,t 'r$m*er+e,t$'n) t(e .uest$'n st$ll rema$ns5 /(et(er t($s be$n- e$sts 'rn't@ F'r) alt('u-( n' element $s /ant$n- $n t(e *'ss$ble real,'ntent '+ my ,'n,e*t$'n) t(ere $s a de+e,t $n $ts relat$'n t' mymental state) t(at $s) I am $-n'rant /(et(er t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e'b&e,t $nd$,ated by t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $s *'ss$ble a *'ster$'r$! And(ere t(e ,ause '+ t(e *resent d$++$,ulty be,'mes a**arent! I+ t(e.uest$'n re-arded an 'b&e,t '+ sense merely) $t /'uld be $m*'ss$ble+'r me t' ,'n+'und t(e ,'n,e*t$'n /$t( t(e e$sten,e '+ a t($n-! F'rt(e ,'n,e*t$'n merely enables me t' ,'-$tate an 'b&e,t as a,,'rd$n-/$t( t(e -eneral ,'nd$t$'ns '+ e*er$en,e4 /($le t(e e$sten,e '+t(e 'b&e,t *erm$ts me t' ,'-$tate $t as ,'nta$ned $n t(e s*(ere '+

a,tual e*er$en,e! At t(e same t$me) t($s ,'nne,t$'n /$t( t(e /'rld '+e*er$en,e d'es n't $n t(e least au-ment t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) alt('u-( a*'ss$ble *er,e*t$'n (as been added t' t(e e*er$en,e '+ t(e m$nd!3ut $+ /e ,'-$tate e$sten,e by t(e *ure ,ate-'ry al'ne) $t $s n'tt' be /'ndered at) t(at /e s('uld +$nd 'ursel0es unable t' *resent any,r$ter$'n su++$,$ent t' d$st$n-u$s( $t +r'm mere *'ss$b$l$ty!,

2(ate0er be t(e ,'ntent '+ 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t) $t $sne,essary t' -' bey'nd $t) $+ /e /$s( t' *red$,ate e$sten,e '+ t(e'b&e,t! In t(e ,ase '+ sensu'us 'b&e,ts) t($s $s atta$ned by t(e$r,'nne,t$'n a,,'rd$n- t' em*$r$,al la/s /$t( s'me 'ne '+ my

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*er,e*t$'ns4 but t(ere $s n' means '+ ,'-n$;$n- t(e e$sten,e '+'b&e,ts '+ *ure t('u-(t) be,ause $t must be ,'-n$;ed ,'m*letely a*r$'r$! 3ut all 'ur %n'/led-e '+ e$sten,e =be $t $mmed$ately by*er,e*t$'n) 'r by $n+eren,es ,'nne,t$n- s'me 'b&e,t /$t( a *er,e*t$'n>bel'n-s ent$rely t' t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e5 /($,( $s $n *er+e,tun$ty /$t( $tsel+4 and alt('u-( an e$sten,e 'ut '+ t($s s*(ere ,ann'tbe abs'lutely de,lared t' be $m*'ss$ble) $t $s a (y*'t(es$s t(etrut( '+ /($,( /e (a0e n' means '+ as,erta$n$n-!t

T(e n't$'n '+ a Su*reme 3e$n- $s $n many res*e,ts a ($-(ly use+ul$dea4 but +'r t(e 0ery reas'n t(at $t $s an $dea) $t $s $n,a*able '+enlar-$n- 'ur ,'-n$t$'n /$t( re-ard t' t(e e$sten,e '+ t($n-s! It$s n't e0en su++$,$ent t' $nstru,t us as t' t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a be$n-/($,( /e d' n't %n'/ t' e$st! T(e analyt$,al ,r$ter$'n '+*'ss$b$l$ty) /($,( ,'ns$sts $n t(e absen,e '+ ,'ntrad$,t$'n $n*r'*'s$t$'ns) ,ann't be den$ed $t! 3ut t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ real*r'*ert$es $n a t($n- $s a synt(es$s '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ /($,( ana *r$'r$ &ud-ement ,ann't be +'rmed) be,ause t(ese real$t$es are n't*resented t' us s*e,$+$,ally4 and e0en $+ t($s /ere t' (a**en) a&ud-ement /'uld st$ll be $m*'ss$ble) be,ause t(e ,r$ter$'n '+ t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'ns must be s'u-(t +'r $n t(e

/'rld '+ e*er$en,e) t' /($,( t(e 'b&e,t '+ an $dea ,ann't bel'n-! Andt(us t(e ,elebrated <e$bn$t; (as utterly +a$led $n ($s attem*t t'establ$s( u*'n a *r$'r$ -r'unds t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($s subl$me$deal be$n-!$

T(e ,elebrated 'nt'l'-$,al 'r Cartes$an ar-ument +'r t(e e$sten,e'+ a Su*reme 3e$n- $s t(ere+'re $nsu++$,$ent4 and /e may as /ell('*e t' $n,rease 'ur st',% '+ %n'/led-e by t(e a$d '+ mere $deas) ast(e mer,(ant t' au-ment ($s /ealt( by t(e add$t$'n '+ n'u-(ts t' ($s,as( a,,'unt!,

SECTION D! O+ t(e Im*'ss$b$l$ty '+ a C'sm'l'-$,al Pr''+

'+ t(e E$sten,e '+ 'd!

It /as by n' means a natural ,'urse '+ *r',eed$n-) but) 'n t(e,'ntrary) an $n0ent$'n ent$rely due t' t(e subtlety '+ t(e s,(''ls) t'attem*t t' dra/ +r'm a mere $dea a *r''+ '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ an 'b&e,t,'rres*'nd$n- t' $t! Su,( a ,'urse /'uld ne0er (a0e been *ursued) /ere$t n't +'r t(at need '+ reas'n /($,( re.u$res $t t' su**'se t(ee$sten,e '+ a ne,essary be$n- as a bas$s +'r t(e em*$r$,al re-ress)and t(at) as t($s ne,ess$ty must be un,'nd$t$'ned and a *r$'r$) reas'n$s b'und t' d$s,'0er a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( s(all sat$s+y) $+ *'ss$ble)t($s re.u$rement) and enable us t' atta$n t' t(e a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n '+su,( a be$n-! T($s ,'n,e*t$'n /as t('u-(t t' be +'und $n t(e $dea '+an ens real$ss$mum) and t(us t($s $dea /as em*l'yed +'r t(e atta$nment

'+ a better de+$ned %n'/led-e '+ a ne,essary be$n-) '+ t(e e$sten,e'+ /($,( /e /ere ,'n0$n,ed) 'r *ersuaded) 'n 't(er -r'unds! T(usreas'n /as sedu,ed +r'm (er natural ,'ura-e4 and) $nstead '+,'n,lud$n- /$t( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an ens real$ss$mum) an attem*t /asmade t' be-$n /$t( $t) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ $n+err$n- +r'm $t t(at$dea '+ a ne,essary e$sten,e /($,( $t /as $n +a,t ,alled $n t','m*lete! T(us ar'se t(at un+'rtunate 'nt'l'-$,al ar-ument) /($,(ne$t(er sat$s+$es t(e (ealt(y ,'mm'n sense '+ (uman$ty) n'r susta$nst(e s,$ent$+$, eam$nat$'n '+ t(e *($l's'*(er!t

T(e ,'sm'l'-$,al *r''+) /($,( /e are ab'ut t' eam$ne) reta$ns t(e

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,'nne,t$'n bet/een abs'lute ne,ess$ty and t(e ($-(est real$ty4 but)$nstead '+ reas'n$n- +r'm t($s ($-(est real$ty t' a ne,essarye$sten,e) l$%e t(e *re,ed$n- ar-ument) $t ,'n,ludes +r'm t(e -$0en!un,'nd$t$'ned ne,ess$ty '+ s'me be$n- $ts unl$m$ted real$ty! T(e tra,%$t *ursues) /(et(er rat$'nal 'r s'*($st$,al) $s at least natural)and n't 'nly -'es +ar t' *ersuade t(e ,'mm'n understand$n-) buts('/s $tsel+ deser0$n- '+ res*e,t +r'm t(e s*e,ulat$0e $ntelle,t4/($le $t ,'nta$ns) at t(e same t$me) t(e 'utl$nes '+ all t(e ar-uments

em*l'yed $n natural t(e'l'-y5 ar-uments /($,( al/ays (a0e been) andst$ll /$ll be) $n use and aut('r$ty! T(ese) ('/e0er ad'rned) and ($dunder /(ate0er embell$s(ments '+ r(et'r$, and sent$ment) are at b'tt'm$dent$,al /$t( t(e ar-uments /e are at *resent t' d$s,uss! T($s *r''+)termed by <e$bn$t; t(e ar-umentum a ,'nt$n-ent$a mund$) I s(all n'/lay be+'re t(e reader) and sub&e,t t' a str$,t eam$nat$'n!l

It $s +ramed $n t(e +'ll'/$n- manner6 I+ s'met($n- e$sts) anabs'lutely ne,essary be$n- must l$%e/$se e$st! N'/ I) at least)e$st! C'nse.uently) t(ere e$sts an abs'lutely ne,essary be$n-! T(em$n'r ,'nta$ns an e*er$en,e) t(e ma&'r reas'ns +r'm a -enerale*er$en,e t' t(e e$sten,e '+ a ne,essary be$n-! T(us t($sar-ument really be-$ns at e*er$en,e) and $s n't ,'m*letely a

*r$'r$) 'r 'nt'l'-$,al! T(e 'b&e,t '+ all *'ss$ble e*er$en,e be$n-t(e /'rld) $t $s ,alled t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al *r''+! It ,'nta$ns n're+eren,e t' any *e,ul$ar *r'*erty '+ sensu'us 'b&e,ts) by /($,(t($s /'rld '+ sense m$-(t be d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm 't(er *'ss$ble /'rlds4and $n t($s res*e,t $t d$++ers +r'm t(e *(ys$,'5t(e'l'-$,al *r''+)/($,( $s based u*'n t(e ,'ns$derat$'n '+ t(e *e,ul$ar ,'nst$tut$'n'+ 'ur sensu'us /'rld!'

T($s $n+eren,e $s t'' /ell %n'/n t' re.u$re m're deta$ledd$s,uss$'n! It $s based u*'n t(e s*ur$'us trans,endental la/ '+,ausal$ty) t(at e0eryt($n- /($,( $s ,'nt$n-ent (as a ,ause) /($,()$+ $tsel+ ,'nt$n-ent) must als' (a0e a ,ause4 and s' 'n) t$ll t(eser$es '+ sub'rd$nated ,auses must end /$t( an abs'lutely ne,essary

,ause) /$t('ut /($,( $t /'uld n't *'ssess ,'m*leteness!,

T(e *r''+ *r',eeds t(us6 A ne,essary be$n- ,an be determ$ned 'nly $n'ne /ay) t(at $s) $t ,an be determ$ned by 'nly 'ne '+ all *'ss$ble'**'sed *red$,ates4 ,'nse.uently) $t must be ,'m*letely determ$ned$n and by $ts ,'n,e*t$'n! 3ut t(ere $s 'nly a s$n-le ,'n,e*t$'n '+ at($n- *'ss$ble) /($,( ,'m*letely determ$nes t(e t($n- a *r$'r$6 t(at$s) t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e ens real$ss$mum! It +'ll'/s t(at t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e ens real$ss$mum $s t(e 'nly ,'n,e*t$'n by and $n/($,( /e ,an ,'-$tate a ne,essary be$n-! C'nse.uently) a Su*reme 3e$n-ne,essar$ly e$sts!n

In t($s ,'sm'l'-$,al ar-ument are assembled s' many s'*($st$,al

*r'*'s$t$'ns t(at s*e,ulat$0e reas'n seems t' (a0e eerted $n $t all(er d$ale,t$,al s%$ll t' *r'du,e a trans,endental $llus$'n '+ t(e m'stetreme ,(ara,ter! 2e s(all *'st*'ne an $n0est$-at$'n '+ t($s ar-ument+'r t(e *resent) and ,'n+$ne 'ursel0es t' e*'s$n- t(e strata-em by/($,( $t $m*'ses u*'n us an 'ld ar-ument $n a ne/ dress) and a**ealst' t(e a-reement '+ t/' /$tnesses) t(e 'ne /$t( t(e ,redent$als '+*ure reas'n) and t(e 't(er /$t( t('se '+ em*$r$,$sm4 /($le) $n +a,t)$t $s 'nly t(e +'rmer /(' (as ,(an-ed ($s dress and 0'$,e) +'r t(e*ur*'se '+ *ass$n- ($msel+ '++ +'r an add$t$'nal /$tness! T(at $tmay *'ssess a se,ure +'undat$'n) $t bases $ts ,'n,lus$'ns u*'ne*er$en,e) and t(us a**ears t' be ,'m*letely d$st$n,t +r'm t(e

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'nt'l'-$,al ar-ument) /($,( *la,es $ts ,'n+$den,e ent$rely $n *ure a*r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns! 3ut t($s e*er$en,e merely a$ds reas'n $n ma%$n-'ne ste*5 t' t(e e$sten,e '+ a ne,essary be$n-! 2(at t(e *r'*ert$es'+ t($s be$n- are ,ann't be learned +r'm e*er$en,e4 and t(ere+'rereas'n aband'ns $t alt'-et(er) and *ursues $ts $n.u$r$es $n t(e s*(ere'+ *ure ,'n,e*t$'n) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ d$s,'0er$n- /(at t(e *r'*ert$es'+ an abs'lutely ne,essary be$n- 'u-(t t' be) t(at $s) /(at am'n-all *'ss$ble t($n-s ,'nta$n t(e ,'nd$t$'ns =re.u$s$ta> '+ abs'lute

ne,ess$ty! Reas'n bel$e0es t(at $t (as d$s,'0ered t(ese re.u$s$tes$n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an ens real$ss$mum5 and $n $t al'ne) and (en,e,'n,ludes6 T(e ens real$ss$mum $s an abs'lutely ne,essary be$n-! 3ut$t $s e0$dent t(at reas'n (as (ere *resu**'sed t(at t(e ,'n,e*t$'n'+ an ens real$ss$mum $s *er+e,tly ade.uate t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ abe$n- '+ abs'lute ne,ess$ty) t(at $s) t(at /e may $n+er t(ee$sten,e '+ t(e latter +r'm t(at '+ t(e +'rmer5 a *r'*'s$t$'n /($,(+'rmed t(e bas$s '+ t(e 'nt'l'-$,al ar-ument) and /($,( $s n'/em*l'yed $n t(e su**'rt '+ t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al ar-ument) ,'ntrary t't(e /$s( and *r'+ess$'ns '+ $ts $n0ent'rs! F'r t(e e$sten,e '+ anabs'lutely ne,essary be$n- $s -$0en $n ,'n,e*t$'ns al'ne! 3ut $+ Isay6 9T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e ens real$ss$mum $s a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t($s%$nd) and $n +a,t t(e 'nly ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( $s ade.uate t' 'ur $dea '+

a ne,essary be$n-)9 I am 'bl$-ed t' adm$t) t(at t(e latter may be$n+erred +r'm t(e +'rmer! T(us $t $s *r'*erly t(e 'nt'l'-$,al ar-ument/($,( +$-ures $n t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al) and ,'nst$tutes t(e /('lestren-t( '+ t(e latter4 /($le t(e s*ur$'us bas$s '+ e*er$en,e (asbeen '+ n' +urt(er use t(an t' ,'ndu,t us t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+abs'lute ne,ess$ty) be$n- utterly $nsu++$,$ent t' dem'nstrate t(e*resen,e '+ t($s attr$bute $n any determ$nate e$sten,e 'r t($n-!F'r /(en /e *r'*'se t' 'ursel0es an a$m '+ t($s ,(ara,ter) /e mustaband'n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e) and r$se t' t(at '+ *ure,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,( /e eam$ne /$t( t(e *ur*'se '+ d$s,'0er$n-/(et(er any 'ne ,'nta$ns t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ anabs'lutely ne,essary be$n-! 3ut $+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ su,( a be$n-$s t(us dem'nstrated) $ts e$sten,e $s als' *r'0ed4 +'r /e may t(en

assert t(at) '+ all *'ss$ble be$n-s t(ere $s 'ne /($,( *'ssesses t(eattr$bute '+ ne,ess$ty5 $n 't(er /'rds) t($s be$n- *'ssesses anabs'lutely ne,essary e$sten,e!a

All $llus$'ns $n an ar-ument are m're eas$ly dete,ted /(en t(eyare *resented $n t(e +'rmal manner em*l'yed by t(e s,(''ls) /($,( /en'/ *r',eed t' d'!n

I+ t(e *r'*'s$t$'n6 9E0ery abs'lutely ne,essary be$n- $s l$%e/$se anens real$ss$mum)9 $s ,'rre,t =and $t $s t($s /($,( ,'nst$tutes t(ener0us *r'band$ '+ t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al ar-ument>) $t must) l$%e alla++$rmat$0e &ud-ements) be ,a*able '+ ,'n0ers$'n5 t(e ,'n0ers$' *era,,$dens) at least! It +'ll'/s) t(en) t(at s'me ent$a real$ss$ma are

abs'lutely ne,essary be$n-s! 3ut n' ens real$ss$mum $s $n anyres*e,t d$++erent +r'm an't(er) and /(at $s 0al$d '+ s'me $s 0al$d'+ all! In t($s *resent ,ase) t(ere+'re) I may em*l'y s$m*le,'n0ers$'n) and say6 9E0ery ens real$ss$mum $s a ne,essary be$n-!9 3utas t($s *r'*'s$t$'n $s determ$ned a *r$'r$ by t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns,'nta$ned $n $t) t(e mere ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an ens real$ss$mum must*'ssess t(e add$t$'nal attr$bute '+ abs'lute ne,ess$ty! 3ut t($s $sea,tly /(at /as ma$nta$ned $n t(e 'nt'l'-$,al ar-ument) and n'tre,'-n$;ed by t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al) alt('u-( $t +'rmed t(e real -r'und'+ $ts d$s-u$sed and $llus'ry reas'n$n-!'

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T(us t(e se,'nd m'de em*l'yed by s*e,ulat$0e reas'n '+ dem'nstrat$n-t(e e$sten,e '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-) $s n't 'nly) l$%e t(e +$rst)$llus'ry and $nade.uate) but *'ssesses t(e add$t$'nal blem$s( '+ an$-n'rat$' elen,($5 *r'+ess$n- t' ,'ndu,t us by a ne/ r'ad t' t(edes$red -'al) but br$n-$n- us ba,%) a+ter a s('rt ,$r,u$t) t' t(e'ld *at( /($,( /e (ad deserted at $ts ,all!'

I ment$'ned ab'0e t(at t($s ,'sm'l'-$,al ar-ument ,'nta$ns a *er+e,t

nest '+ d$ale,t$,al assum*t$'ns) /($,( trans,endental ,r$t$,$sm d'esn't +$nd $t d$++$,ult t' e*'se and t' d$ss$*ate! I s(all merelyenumerate t(ese) lea0$n- $t t' t(e reader) /(' must by t($s t$me be/ell *ra,t$sed $n su,( matters) t' $n0est$-ate t(e +alla,$esres$d$n- t(ere$n!r

T(e +'ll'/$n- +alla,$es) +'r eam*le) are d$s,'0erable $n t($sm'de '+ *r''+6 1! T(e trans,endental *r$n,$*le6 9E0eryt($n- t(at $s,'nt$n-ent must (a0e a ,ause95 a *r$n,$*le /$t('ut s$-n$+$,an,e)e,e*t $n t(e sensu'us /'rld! F'r t(e *urely $ntelle,tual ,'n,e*t$'n'+ t(e ,'nt$n-ent ,ann't *r'du,e any synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n) l$%et(at '+ ,ausal$ty) /($,( $s $tsel+ /$t('ut s$-n$+$,an,e 'rd$st$n-u$s($n- ,(ara,ter$st$, e,e*t $n t(e *(en'menal /'rld! 3ut $n

t(e *resent ,ase $t $s em*l'yed t' (el* us bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ $tss*(ere! B! 9Fr'm t(e $m*'ss$b$l$ty '+ an $n+$n$te as,end$n- ser$es'+ ,auses $n t(e /'rld '+ sense a +$rst ,ause $s $n+erred94 a,'n,lus$'n /($,( t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e em*l'yment '+ reas'n d' n't&ust$+y e0en $n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e) and st$ll less /(en anattem*t $s made t' *ass t(e l$m$ts '+ t($s s*(ere! ! Reas'n all'/s$tsel+ t' be sat$s+$ed u*'n $nsu++$,$ent -r'unds) /$t( re-ard t' t(e,'m*let$'n '+ t($s ser$es! It rem'0es all ,'nd$t$'ns =/$t('ut /($,()('/e0er) n' ,'n,e*t$'n '+ Ne,ess$ty ,an ta%e *la,e>4 and) as a+tert($s $t $s bey'nd 'ur *'/er t' +'rm any 't(er ,'n,e*t$'ns) $ta,,e*ts t($s as a ,'m*let$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $t /$s(es t' +'rm '+t(e ser$es! ! T(e l'-$,al *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e t'tal '+real$ty =t(e ,r$ter$'n '+ t($s *'ss$b$l$ty be$n- t(e absen,e '+

,'ntrad$,t$'n> $s ,'n+'und! ed /$t( t(e trans,endental) /($,( re.u$resa *r$n,$*le '+ t(e *ra,t$,ab$l$ty '+ su,( a synt(es$s5 a *r$n,$*le/($,( a-a$n re+ers us t' t(e /'rld '+ e*er$en,e! And s' 'n!/

T(e a$m '+ t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al ar-ument $s t' a0'$d t(e ne,ess$ty '+*r'0$n- t(e e$sten,e '+ a ne,essary be$n- *r$'r$ +r'm mere,'n,e*t$'ns5 a *r''+ /($,( must be 'nt'l'-$,al) and '+ /($,( /e +eel'ursel0es .u$te $n,a*able! 2$t( t($s *ur*'se) /e reas'n +r'm an a,tuale$sten,e5 an e*er$en,e $n -eneral) t' an abs'lutely ne,essary,'nd$t$'n '+ t(at e$sten,e! It $s $n t($s ,ase unne,essary t'dem'nstrate $ts *'ss$b$l$ty! F'r a+ter (a0$n- *r'0ed t(at $t e$sts)t(e .uest$'n re-ard$n- $ts *'ss$b$l$ty $s su*er+lu'us! N'/) /(en /e/$s( t' de+$ne m're str$,tly t(e nature '+ t($s ne,essary be$n-) /e d'

n't l''% 'ut +'r s'me be$n- t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ /($,( /'uld enable us t','m*re(end t(e ne,ess$ty '+ $ts be$n-5 +'r $+ /e ,'uld d' t($s) anem*$r$,al *resu**'s$t$'n /'uld be unne,essary4 n') /e try t'd$s,'0er merely t(e ne-at$0e ,'nd$t$'n =,'nd$t$' s$ne .ua n'n>)/$t('ut /($,( a be$n- /'uld n't be abs'lutely ne,essary! N'/ t($s/'uld be *er+e,tly adm$ss$ble $n e0ery s'rt '+ reas'n$n-) +r'm a,'nse.uen,e t' $ts *r$n,$*le4 but $n t(e *resent ,ase $t un+'rtunately(a**ens t(at t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ abs'lute ne,ess$ty ,an be d$s,'0ered$n but a s$n-le be$n-) t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ /($,( must ,'nse.uently,'nta$n all t(at $s re.u$s$te +'r dem'nstrat$n- t(e *resen,e '+abs'lute ne,ess$ty) and t(us ent$tle me t' $n+er t($s abs'lute

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ne,ess$ty a *r$'r$! T(at $s) $t must be *'ss$ble t' reas'n ,'n0ersely)and say6 T(e t($n-) t' /($,( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e ($-(est real$tybel'n-s) $s abs'lutely ne,essary! 3ut $+ I ,ann't reas'n t(us5 and I,ann't) unless I bel$e0e $n t(e su++$,$en,y '+ t(e 'nt'l'-$,alar-ument5 I +$nd $nsurm'untable 'bsta,les $n my ne/ *at() and amreally n' +art(er t(an t(e *'$nt +r'm /($,( I set 'ut! T(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ a Su*reme 3e$n- sat$s+$es all .uest$'ns a *r$'r$re-ard$n- t(e $nternal determ$nat$'ns '+ a t($n-) and $s +'r t($s

reas'n an $deal /$t('ut e.ual 'r *arallel) t(e -eneral ,'n,e*t$'n '+$t $nd$,at$n- $t as at t(e same t$me an ens $nd$0$duum am'n- all*'ss$ble t($n-s! 3ut t(e ,'n,e*t$'n d'es n't sat$s+y t(e .uest$'nre-ard$n- $ts e$sten,e5 /($,( /as t(e *ur*'se '+ all 'ur $n.u$r$es4and) alt('u-( t(e e$sten,e '+ a ne,essary be$n- /ere adm$tted) /es('uld +$nd $t $m*'ss$ble t' ans/er t(e .uest$'n6 2(at '+ all t($n-s$n t(e /'rld must be re-arded as su,(@$

It $s ,erta$nly all'/able t' adm$t t(e e$sten,e '+ anall5su++$,$ent be$n-5 a ,ause '+ all *'ss$ble e++e,ts5 +'r t(e *ur*'se'+ enabl$n- reas'n t' $ntr'du,e un$ty $nt' $ts m'de and -r'unds '+e*lanat$'n /$t( re-ard t' *(en'mena! 3ut t' assert t(at su,( abe$n- ne,essar$ly e$sts) $s n' l'n-er t(e m'dest enun,$at$'n '+ an

adm$ss$ble (y*'t(es$s) but t(e b'ldest de,larat$'n '+ an a*'de$,t$,,erta$nty4 +'r t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(at /($,( $s abs'lutely ne,essarymust $tsel+ *'ssess t(at ,(ara,ter!m

T(e a$m '+ t(e trans,endental $deal +'rmed by t(e m$nd $s e$t(ert' d$s,'0er a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( s(all (arm'n$;e /$t( t(e $dea '+abs'lute ne,ess$ty) 'r a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( s(all ,'nta$n t(at $dea!I+ t(e 'ne $s *'ss$ble) s' $s t(e 't(er4 +'r reas'n re,'-n$;es t(atal'ne as abs'lutely ne,essary /($,( $s ne,essary +r'm $ts,'n,e*t$'n! 3ut b't( attem*ts are e.ually bey'nd 'ur *'/er5 /e +$nd $t$m*'ss$ble t' sat$s+y t(e understand$n- u*'n t($s *'$nt) and as$m*'ss$ble t' $ndu,e $t t' rema$n at rest $n relat$'n t' t($s$n,a*a,$ty!$

Un,'nd$t$'ned ne,ess$ty) /($,() as t(e ult$mate su**'rt and stay'+ all e$st$n- t($n-s) $s an $nd$s*ensable re.u$rement '+ t(e m$nd)$s an abyss 'n t(e 0er-e '+ /($,( (uman reas'n trembles $n d$smay!E0en t(e $dea '+ etern$ty) terr$ble and subl$me as $t $s) asde*$,ted by Haller) d'es n't *r'du,e u*'n t(e mental 0$s$'n su,( a+eel$n- '+ a/e and terr'r4 +'r) alt('u-( $t measures t(e durat$'n '+t($n-s) $t d'es n't su**'rt t(em! 2e ,ann't bear) n'r ,an /e r$d'ursel0es '+ t(e t('u-(t t(at a be$n-) /($,( /e re-ard as t(e -reatest'+ all *'ss$ble e$sten,es) s('uld say t' ($msel+6 I am +r'metern$ty t' etern$ty4 bes$de me t(ere $s n't($n-) e,e*t t(at /($,(e$sts by my /$ll4 /(en,e t(en am I@ Here all s$n%s a/ay +r'm underus4 and t(e -reatest) as t(e smallest) *er+e,t$'n) ('0ers /$t('ut stay

'r +''t$n- $n *resen,e '+ t(e s*e,ulat$0e reas'n) /($,( +$nds $t aseasy t' *art /$t( t(e 'ne as /$t( t(e 't(er!e

"any *(ys$,al *'/ers) /($,( e0$den,e t(e$r e$sten,e by t(e$re++e,ts) are *er+e,tly $ns,rutable $n t(e$r nature4 t(ey elude all 'ur*'/ers '+ 'bser0at$'n! T(e trans,endental 'b&e,t /($,( +'rms t(e bas$s'+ *(en'mena) and) $n ,'nne,t$'n /$t( $t) t(e reas'n /(y 'ursens$b$l$ty *'ssesses t($s rat(er t(an t(at *art$,ular %$nd '+,'nd$t$'ns) are and must e0er rema$n ($dden +r'm 'ur mental 0$s$'n4t(e +a,t $s t(ere) t(e reas'n '+ t(e +a,t /e ,ann't see! 3ut an$deal '+ *ure reas'n ,ann't be termed myster$'us 'r $ns,rutable)

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be,ause t(e 'nly ,redent$al '+ $ts real$ty $s t(e need '+ $t +elt byreas'n) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ -$0$n- ,'m*leteness t' t(e /'rld '+synt(et$,al un$ty! An $deal $s n't e0en -$0en as a ,'-$table 'b&e,t)and t(ere+'re ,ann't be $ns,rutable4 'n t(e ,'ntrary) $t must) as amere $dea) be based 'n t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ reas'n $tsel+) and 'nt($s a,,'unt must be ,a*able '+ e*lanat$'n and s'lut$'n! F'r t(e 0eryessen,e '+ reas'n ,'ns$sts $n $ts ab$l$ty t' -$0e an a,,'unt) '+ all'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns) '*$n$'ns) and assert$'ns5 u*'n 'b&e,t$0e) 'r) /(en

t(ey (a**en t' be $llus'ry and +alla,$'us) u*'n sub&e,t$0e -r'unds!t

#ete,t$'n and E*lanat$'n '+ t(e #$ale,t$,al Illus$'n $n

all Trans,endental Ar-uments +'r t(e E$sten,e '+ a

Ne,essary 3e$n-!

3't( '+ t(e ab'0e ar-uments are trans,endental4 $n 't(er /'rds) t(eyd' n't *r',eed u*'n em*$r$,al *r$n,$*les! F'r) alt('u-( t(e,'sm'l'-$,al ar-ument *r'+essed t' lay a bas$s '+ e*er$en,e +'r $tsed$+$,e '+ reas'n$n-) $t d$d n't -r'und $ts *r',edure u*'n t(e*e,ul$ar ,'nst$tut$'n '+ e*er$en,e) but u*'n *ure *r$n,$*les '+

reas'n5 $n relat$'n t' an e$sten,e -$0en by em*$r$,al,'ns,$'usness4 utterly aband'n$n- $ts -u$dan,e) ('/e0er) +'r t(e*ur*'se '+ su**'rt$n- $ts assert$'ns ent$rely u*'n *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns!N'/ /(at $s t(e ,ause) $n t(ese trans,endental ar-uments) '+ t(ed$ale,t$,al) but natural) $llus$'n) /($,( ,'nne,ts t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ ne,ess$ty and su*reme real$ty) and (y*'stat$;es t(at /($,( ,ann'tbe anyt($n- but an $dea@ 2(at $s t(e ,ause '+ t($s una0'$dable ste* 'nt(e *art '+ reas'n) '+ adm$tt$n- t(at s'me 'ne am'n- all e$st$n-t($n-s must be ne,essary) /($le $t +alls ba,% +r'm t(e assert$'n '+t(e e$sten,e '+ su,( a be$n- as +r'm an abyss@ And ('/ d'es reas'n*r',eed t' e*la$n t($s an'maly t' $tsel+) and +r'm t(e /a0er$n-,'nd$t$'n '+ a t$m$d and relu,tant a**r'bat$'n5 al/ays a-a$n/$t(dra/n5 arr$0e at a ,alm and settled $ns$-(t $nt' $ts ,ause@/

It $s s'met($n- 0ery remar%able t(at) 'n t(e su**'s$t$'n t(ats'met($n- e$sts) I ,ann't a0'$d t(e $n+eren,e t(at s'met($n- e$stsne,essar$ly! U*'n t($s *er+e,tly natural5 but n't 'n t(at a,,'untrel$able5 $n+eren,e d'es t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al ar-ument rest! 3ut) let me+'rm any ,'n,e*t$'n /(ate0er '+ a t($n-) I +$nd t(at I ,ann't ,'-$tatet(e e$sten,e '+ t(e t($n- as abs'lutely ne,essary) and t(at n't($n-*re0ents me5 be t(e t($n- 'r be$n- /(at $t may5 +r'm ,'-$tat$n- $tsn'n5e$sten,e! I may t(us be 'bl$-ed t' adm$t t(at all e$st$n- t($n-s(a0e a ne,essary bas$s) /($le I ,ann't ,'-$tate any s$n-le 'r$nd$0$dual t($n- as ne,essary! In 't(er /'rds) I ,an ne0er ,'m*letet(e re-ress t(r'u-( t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ e$sten,e) /$t('ut adm$tt$n- t(ee$sten,e '+ a ne,essary be$n-4 but) 'n t(e 't(er (and) I ,ann't

ma%e a ,'mmen,ement +r'm t($s be$n-!m

I+ I must ,'-$tate s'met($n- as e$st$n- ne,essar$ly as t(e bas$s '+e$st$n- t($n-s) and yet am n't *erm$tted t' ,'-$tate any $nd$0$dualt($n- as $n $tsel+ ne,essary) t(e $ne0$table $n+eren,e $s t(atne,ess$ty and ,'nt$n-en,y are n't *r'*ert$es '+ t($n-s t(emsel0es5't(er/$se an $nternal ,'ntrad$,t$'n /'uld result4 t(at ,'nse.uentlyne$t(er '+ t(ese *r$n,$*les are 'b&e,t$0e) but merely sub&e,t$0e*r$n,$*les '+ reas'n5 t(e 'ne re.u$r$n- us t' see% +'r a ne,essary-r'und +'r e0eryt($n- t(at e$sts) t(at $s) t' be sat$s+$ed /$t( n''t(er e*lanat$'n t(an t(at /($,( $s ,'m*lete a *r$'r$) t(e 't(er

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+'rb$dd$n- us e0er t' ('*e +'r t(e atta$nment '+ t($s ,'m*leteness)t(at $s) t' re-ard n' member '+ t(e em*$r$,al /'rld asun,'nd$t$'ned! In t($s m'de '+ 0$e/$n- t(em) b't( *r$n,$*les) $n t(e$r*urely (eur$st$, and re-ulat$0e ,(ara,ter) and as ,'n,ern$n- merelyt(e +'rmal $nterest '+ reas'n) are .u$te ,'ns$stent /$t( ea,( 't(er!T(e 'ne says6 9J'u must *($l's'*($;e u*'n nature)9 as $+ t(ere e$steda ne,essary *r$mal bas$s '+ all e$st$n- t($n-s) s'lely +'r t(e*ur*'se '+ $ntr'du,$n- systemat$, un$ty $nt' y'ur %n'/led-e) by

*ursu$n- an $dea '+ t($s ,(ara,ter5 a +'undat$'n /($,( $sarb$trar$ly adm$tted t' be ult$mate4 /($le t(e 't(er /arns y'u t','ns$der n' $nd$0$dual determ$nat$'n) ,'n,ern$n- t(e e$sten,e '+t($n-s) as su,( an ult$mate +'undat$'n) t(at $s) as abs'lutelyne,essary) but t' %ee* t(e /ay al/ays '*en +'r +urt(er *r'-ress $n t(ededu,t$'n) and t' treat e0ery determ$nat$'n as determ$ned by s'me't(er! 3ut $+ all t(at /e *er,e$0e must be re-arded as ,'nd$t$'nallyne,essary) $t $s $m*'ss$ble t(at anyt($n- /($,( $s em*$r$,ally -$0ens('uld be abs'lutely ne,essary!s

It +'ll'/s +r'm t($s t(at y'u must a,,e*t t(e abs'lutely ne,essaryas 'ut '+ and bey'nd t(e /'rld) $nasmu,( as $t $s use+ul 'nly as a*r$n,$*le '+ t(e ($-(est *'ss$ble un$ty $n e*er$en,e) and y'u

,ann't d$s,'0er any su,( ne,essary e$sten,e $n t(e /'uld) t(ese,'nd rule re.u$r$n- y'u t' re-ard all em*$r$,al ,auses '+ un$ty ast(emsel0es dedu,ed!t

T(e *($l's'*(ers '+ ant$.u$ty re-arded all t(e +'rms '+ nature as,'nt$n-ent4 /($le matter /as ,'ns$dered by t(em) $n a,,'rdan,e /$t(t(e &ud-ement '+ t(e ,'mm'n reas'n '+ man%$nd) as *r$mal andne,essary! 3ut $+ t(ey (ad re-arded matter) n't relat$0ely5 as t(esubstratum '+ *(en'mena) but abs'lutely and $n $tsel+5 as an$nde*endent e$sten,e) t($s $dea '+ abs'lute ne,ess$ty /'uld (a0e$mmed$ately d$sa**eared! F'r t(ere $s n't($n- abs'lutely ,'nne,t$n-reas'n /$t( su,( an e$sten,e4 'n t(e ,'ntrary) $t ,an ann$($late $t$n t('u-(t) al/ays and /$t('ut sel+5,'ntrad$,t$'n! 3ut $n t('u-(t

al'ne lay t(e $dea '+ abs'lute ne,ess$ty! A re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le must)t(ere+'re) (a0e been at t(e +'undat$'n '+ t($s '*$n$'n! In +a,t)etens$'n and $m*enetrab$l$ty5 /($,( t'-et(er ,'nst$tute 'ur,'n,e*t$'n '+ matter5 +'rm t(e su*reme em*$r$,al *r$n,$*le '+ t(eun$ty '+ *(en'mena) and t($s *r$n,$*le) $n s' +ar as $t $s em*$r$,allyun,'nd$t$'ned) *'ssesses t(e *r'*erty '+ a re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le!3ut) as e0ery determ$nat$'n '+ matter /($,( ,'nst$tutes /(at $s real$n $t5 and ,'nse.uently $m*enetrab$l$ty5 $s an e++e,t) /($,( must (a0ea ,ause) and $s +'r t($s reas'n al/ays der$0ed) t(e n't$'n '+ matter,ann't (arm'n$;e /$t( t(e $dea '+ a ne,essary be$n-) $n $ts,(ara,ter '+ t(e *r$n,$*le '+ all der$0ed un$ty! F'r e0ery 'ne '+$ts real *r'*ert$es) be$n- der$0ed) must be 'nly ,'nd$t$'nallyne,essary) and ,an t(ere+'re be ann$($lated $n t('u-(t4 and t(us t(e

/('le e$sten,e '+ matter ,an be s' ann$($lated 'r su**ressed! I+ t($s/ere n't t(e ,ase) /e s('uld (a0e +'und $n t(e /'rld '+ *(en'menat(e ($-(est -r'und 'r ,'nd$t$'n '+ un$ty5 /($,( $s $m*'ss$ble)a,,'rd$n- t' t(e se,'nd re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le! It +'ll'/s t(atmatter) and) $n -eneral) all t(at +'rms *art '+ t(e /'rld '+ sense),ann't be a ne,essary *r$mal be$n-) n'r e0en a *r$n,$*le '+em*$r$,al un$ty) but t(at t($s be$n- 'r *r$n,$*le must (a0e $ts*la,e ass$-ned /$t('ut t(e /'rld! And) $n t($s /ay) /e ,an *r',eed$n *er+e,t ,'n+$den,e t' dedu,e t(e *(en'mena '+ t(e /'rld and t(e$re$sten,e +r'm 't(er *(en'mena) &ust as $+ t(ere e$sted n'ne,essary be$n-4 and /e ,an at t(e same t$me) str$0e /$t('ut ,eas$n-

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t'/ards t(e atta$nment '+ ,'m*leteness +'r 'ur dedu,t$'n) &ust as $+su,( a be$n-5 t(e su*reme ,'nd$t$'n '+ all e$sten,es5 /ere*resu**'sed by t(e m$nd!*

T(ese remar%s /$ll (a0e made $t e0$dent t' t(e reader t(at t(e $deal'+ t(e Su*reme 3e$n-) +ar +r'm be$n- an en'un,ement '+ t(e e$sten,e'+ a be$n- $n $tsel+ ne,essary) $s n't($n- m're t(an a re-ulat$0e*r$n,$*le '+ reas'n) re.u$r$n- us t' re-ard all ,'nne,t$'n e$st$n-

bet/een *(en'mena as $+ $t (ad $ts 'r$-$n +r'm an all5su++$,$entne,essary ,ause) and bas$n- u*'n t($s t(e rule '+ a systemat$, andne,essary un$ty $n t(e e*lanat$'n '+ *(en'mena! 2e ,ann't) at t(esame t$me) a0'$d re-ard$n-) by a trans,endental subre*t$') t($s +'rmal*r$n,$*le as ,'nst$tut$0e) and (y*'stat$;$n- t($s un$ty! Pre,$selys$m$lar $s t(e ,ase /$t( 'ur n't$'n '+ s*a,e! S*a,e $s t(e *r$mal,'nd$t$'n '+ all +'rms) /($,( are *r'*erly &ust s' many d$++erentl$m$tat$'ns '+ $t4 and t(us) alt('u-( $t $s merely a *r$n,$*le '+sens$b$l$ty) /e ,ann't (el* re-ard$n- $t as an abs'lutely ne,essaryand sel+5subs$stent t($n-5 as an 'b&e,t -$0en a *r$'r$ $n $tsel+! Int(e same /ay) $t $s .u$te natural t(at) as t(e systemat$, un$ty '+nature ,ann't be establ$s(ed as a *r$n,$*le +'r t(e em*$r$,alem*l'yment '+ reas'n) unless $t $s based u*'n t(e $dea '+ an ens

real$ss$mum) as t(e su*reme ,ause) /e s('uld re-ard t($s $dea as areal 'b&e,t) and t($s 'b&e,t) $n $ts ,(ara,ter '+ su*reme ,'nd$t$'n)as abs'lutely ne,essary) and t(at $n t($s /ay a re-ulat$0e s('uld betrans+'rmed $nt' a ,'nst$tut$0e *r$n,$*le! T($s $nter,(an-e be,'mese0$dent /(en I re-ard t($s su*reme be$n-) /($,() relat$0ely t' t(e/'rld) /as abs'lutely =un,'nd$t$'nally> ne,essary) as a t($n- *erse! In t($s ,ase) I +$nd $t $m*'ss$ble t' re*resent t($s ne,ess$ty$n 'r by any ,'n,e*t$'n) and $t e$sts merely $n my '/n m$nd) as t(e+'rmal ,'nd$t$'n '+ t('u-(t) but n't as a mater$al and (y*'stat$,,'nd$t$'n '+ e$sten,e!,

SECTION DI! O+ t(e Im*'ss$b$l$ty '+ a P(ys$,'5T(e'l'-$,al Pr''+!

I+) t(en) ne$t(er a *ure ,'n,e*t$'n n'r t(e -eneral e*er$en,e '+ ane$st$n- be$n- ,an *r'0$de a su++$,$ent bas$s +'r t(e *r''+ '+ t(ee$sten,e '+ t(e #e$ty) /e ,an ma%e t(e attem*t by t(e 'nly 't(erm'de5 t(at '+ -r'und$n- 'ur ar-ument u*'n a determ$nate e*er$en,e'+ t(e *(en'mena '+ t(e *resent /'rld) t(e$r ,'nst$tut$'n andd$s*'s$t$'n) and d$s,'0er /(et(er /e ,an t(us atta$n t' a s'und,'n0$,t$'n '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-! T($s ar-ument /e s(allterm t(e *(ys$,'5t(e'l'-$,al ar-ument! I+ $t $s s('/n t' be$nsu++$,$ent) s*e,ulat$0e reas'n ,ann't *resent us /$t( anysat$s+a,t'ry *r''+ '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ a be$n- ,'rres*'nd$n- t' 'urtrans,endental $dea!t

It $s e0$dent +r'm t(e remar%s t(at (a0e been made $n t(e

*re,ed$n- se,t$'ns) t(at an ans/er t' t($s .uest$'n /$ll be +ar +r'mbe$n- d$++$,ult 'r un,'n0$n,$n-! F'r ('/ ,an any e*er$en,e beade.uate /$t( an $dea@ T(e 0ery essen,e '+ an $dea ,'ns$sts $n t(e+a,t t(at n' e*er$en,e ,an e0er be d$s,'0ered ,'n-ruent 'r ade.uate/$t( $t! T(e trans,endental $dea '+ a ne,essary and all5su++$,$entbe$n- $s s' $mmeasurably -reat) s' ($-( ab'0e all t(at $s em*$r$,al)/($,( $s al/ays ,'nd$t$'ned) t(at /e ('*e $n 0a$n t' +$nd mater$als $nt(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e su++$,$ently am*le +'r 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n) and $n0a$n see% t(e un,'nd$t$'ned am'n- t($n-s t(at are ,'nd$t$'ned) /($leeam*les) nay) e0en -u$dan,e $s den$ed us by t(e la/s '+ em*$r$,alsynt(es$s!

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s

I+ t(e Su*reme 3e$n- +'rms a l$n% $n t(e ,(a$n '+ em*$r$,al,'nd$t$'ns) $t must be a member '+ t(e em*$r$,al ser$es) and) l$%e t(el'/er members /($,( $t *re,edes) (a0e $ts 'r$-$n $n s'me ($-(er member'+ t(e ser$es! I+) 'n t(e 't(er (and) /e d$sen-a-e $t +r'm t(e,(a$n) and ,'-$tate $t as an $ntell$-$ble be$n-) a*art +r'm t(e ser$es'+ natural ,auses5 ('/ s(all reas'n br$d-e t(e abyss t(at se*aratest(e latter +r'm t(e +'rmer@ All la/s res*e,t$n- t(e re-ress +r'm

e++e,ts t' ,auses) all synt(et$,al add$t$'ns t' 'ur %n'/led-e relates'lely t' *'ss$ble e*er$en,e and t(e 'b&e,ts '+ t(e sensu'us /'rld)and) a*art +r'm t(em) are /$t('ut s$-n$+$,an,e!a

T(e /'rld ar'und us '*ens be+'re 'ur 0$e/ s' ma-n$+$,ent a s*e,ta,le'+ 'rder) 0ar$ety) beauty) and ,'n+'rm$ty t' ends) t(at /(et(er /e*ursue 'ur 'bser0at$'ns $nt' t(e $n+$n$ty '+ s*a,e $n t(e 'ned$re,t$'n) 'r $nt' $ts $ll$m$table d$0$s$'ns $n t(e 't(er) /(et(er/e re-ard t(e /'rld $n $ts -reatest 'r $ts least man$+estat$'ns5e0en a+ter /e (a0e atta$ned t' t(e ($-(est summ$t '+ %n'/led-e /($,('ur /ea% m$nds ,an rea,() /e +$nd t(at lan-ua-e $n t(e *resen,e '+/'nders s' $n,'n,e$0able (as l'st $ts +'r,e) and number $ts *'/er t're,%'n) nay) e0en t('u-(t +a$ls t' ,'n,e$0e ade.uately) and 'ur

,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e /('le d$ss'l0es $nt' an ast'n$s(ment /$t('ut *'/er'+ e*ress$'n5 all t(e m're el'.uent t(at $t $s dumb! E0ery/(erear'und us /e 'bser0e a ,(a$n '+ ,auses and e++e,ts) '+ means and ends)'+ deat( and b$rt(4 and) as n't($n- (as entered '+ $tsel+ $nt' t(e,'nd$t$'n $n /($,( /e +$nd $t) /e are ,'nstantly re+erred t' s'me't(er t($n-) /($,( $tsel+ su--ests t(e same $n.u$ry re-ard$n- $ts,ause) and t(us t(e un$0erse must s$n% $nt' t(e abyss '+n't($n-ness) unless /e adm$t t(at) bes$des t($s $n+$n$te ,(a$n '+,'nt$n-en,$es) t(ere e$sts s'met($n- t(at $s *r$mal andsel+5subs$stent5 s'met($n- /($,() as t(e ,ause '+ t($s *(en'menal/'rld) se,ures $ts ,'nt$nuan,e and *reser0at$'n!/

T($s ($-(est ,ause5 /(at ma-n$tude s(all /e attr$bute t' $t@ O+

t(e ,'ntent '+ t(e /'rld /e are $-n'rant4 st$ll less ,an /e est$mate$ts ma-n$tude by ,'m*ar$s'n /$t( t(e s*(ere '+ t(e *'ss$ble! 3utt($s su*reme ,ause be$n- a ne,ess$ty '+ t(e (uman m$nd) /(at $st(ere t' *re0ent us +r'm attr$but$n- t' $t su,( a de-ree '+ *er+e,t$'nas t' *la,e $t ab'0e t(e s*(ere '+ all t(at $s *'ss$ble@ T($s /e ,aneas$ly d') alt('u-( 'nly by t(e a$d '+ t(e +a$nt 'utl$ne '+ anabstra,t ,'n,e*t$'n) by re*resent$n- t($s be$n- t' 'ursel0es as,'nta$n$n- $n $tsel+) as an $nd$0$dual substan,e) all *'ss$ble*er+e,t$'n5 a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( sat$s+$es t(at re.u$rement '+ reas'n/($,( demands *ars$m'ny $n *r$n,$*les) /($,( $s +ree +r'msel+5,'ntrad$,t$'n) /($,( e0en ,'ntr$butes t' t(e etens$'n '+ t(eem*l'yment '+ reas'n $n e*er$en,e) by means '+ t(e -u$dan,ea++'rded by t($s $dea t' 'rder and system) and /($,( $n n' res*e,t

,'n+l$,ts /$t( any la/ '+ e*er$en,e!,

T($s ar-ument al/ays deser0es t' be ment$'ned /$t( res*e,t! It $st(e 'ldest) t(e ,learest) and t(at m'st $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e,'mm'n reas'n '+ (uman$ty! It an$mates t(e study '+ nature) as $t$tsel+ der$0es $ts e$sten,e and dra/s e0er ne/ stren-t( +r'm t(ats'ur,e! It $ntr'du,es a$ms and ends $nt' a s*(ere $n /($,( 'ur'bser0at$'n ,'uld n't '+ $tsel+ (a0e d$s,'0ered t(em) and etends'ur %n'/led-e '+ nature) by d$re,t$n- 'ur attent$'n t' a un$ty) t(e*r$n,$*le '+ /($,( l$es bey'nd nature! T($s %n'/led-e '+ naturea-a$n rea,ts u*'n t($s $dea5 $ts ,ause4 and t(us 'ur bel$e+ $n a

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d$0$ne aut('r '+ t(e un$0erse r$ses t' t(e *'/er '+ an $rres$st$ble,'n0$,t$'n!,

F'r t(ese reas'ns $t /'uld be utterly ('*eless t' attem*t t' r'bt($s ar-ument '+ t(e aut('r$ty $t (as al/ays en&'yed! T(e m$nd)un,eas$n-ly ele0ated by t(ese ,'ns$derat$'ns) /($,() alt('u-(em*$r$,al) are s' remar%ably *'/er+ul) and ,'nt$nually add$n- t' t(e$r+'r,e) /$ll n't su++er $tsel+ t' be de*ressed by t(e d'ubts

su--ested by subtle s*e,ulat$'n4 $t tears $tsel+ 'ut '+ t($s state'+ un,erta$nty) t(e m'ment $t ,asts a l''% u*'n t(e /'ndr'us +'rms'+ nature and t(e ma&esty '+ t(e un$0erse) and r$ses +r'm (e$-(t t'(e$-(t) +r'm ,'nd$t$'n t' ,'nd$t$'n) t$ll $t (as ele0ated $tsel+ t't(e su*reme and un,'nd$t$'ned aut('r '+ all!t

3ut alt('u-( /e (a0e n't($n- t' 'b&e,t t' t(e reas'nableness andut$l$ty '+ t($s *r',edure) but (a0e rat(er t' ,'mmend and en,'ura-e$t) /e ,ann't a**r'0e '+ t(e ,la$ms /($,( t($s ar-ument ad0an,es t'dem'nstrat$0e ,erta$nty and t' a re,e*t$'n u*'n $ts '/n mer$ts)a*art +r'm +a0'ur 'r su**'rt by 't(er ar-uments! N'r ,an $t $n&ure t(e,ause '+ m'ral$ty t' endea0'ur t' l'/er t(e t'ne '+ t(e arr'-ants'*($st) and t' tea,( ($m t(at m'desty and m'derat$'n /($,( are t(e

*r'*ert$es '+ a bel$e+ t(at br$n-s ,alm and ,'ntent $nt' t(e m$nd)/$t('ut *res,r$b$n- t' $t an un/'rt(y sub&e,t$'n! I ma$nta$n) t(en)t(at t(e *(ys$,'5t(e'l'-$,al ar-ument $s $nsu++$,$ent '+ $tsel+ t'*r'0e t(e e$sten,e '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-) t(at $t must entrust t($s t't(e 'nt'l'-$,al ar-ument5 t' /($,( $t ser0es merely as an$ntr'du,t$'n) and t(at) ,'nse.uently) t($s ar-ument ,'nta$ns t(e'nly *'ss$ble -r'und '+ *r''+ =*'ssessed by s*e,ulat$0e reas'n> +'rt(e e$sten,e '+ t($s be$n-!t

T(e ,($e+ m'menta $n t(e *(ys$,'5t(e'l'-$,al ar-ument are as +'ll'/61! 2e 'bser0e $n t(e /'rld man$+est s$-ns '+ an arran-ement +ull '+*ur*'se) ee,uted /$t( -reat /$sd'm) and ar-ument $n /('le '+ a,'ntent $ndes,r$bably 0ar$'us) and '+ an etent /$t('ut l$m$ts! B!

T($s arran-ement '+ means and ends $s ent$rely +'re$-n t' t(e t($n-se$st$n- $n t(e /'rld5 $t bel'n-s t' t(em merely as a ,'nt$n-entattr$bute4 $n 't(er /'rds) t(e nature '+ d$++erent t($n-s ,'uld n't '+$tsel+) /(ate0er means /ere em*l'yed) (arm'n$'usly tend t'/ards,erta$n *ur*'ses) /ere t(ey n't ,('sen and d$re,ted +'r t(ese *ur*'sesby a rat$'nal and d$s*'s$n- *r$n,$*le) $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( ,erta$n+undamental $deas! ! T(ere e$sts) t(ere+'re) a subl$me and /$se,ause ='r se0eral>) /($,( $s n't merely a bl$nd) all5*'/er+ulnature) *r'du,$n- t(e be$n-s and e0ents /($,( +$ll t(e /'rld $nun,'ns,$'us +e,und$ty) but a +ree and $ntell$-ent ,ause '+ t(e/'rld! ! T(e un$ty '+ t($s ,ause may be $n+erred +r'm t(e un$ty '+t(e re,$*r',al relat$'n e$st$n- bet/een t(e *arts '+ t(e /'rld) as*'rt$'ns '+ an art$st$, ed$+$,e5 an $n+eren,e /($,( all 'ur

'bser0at$'n +a0'urs) and all *r$n,$*les '+ anal'-y su**'rt!'

In t(e ab'0e ar-ument) $t $s $n+erred +r'm t(e anal'-y '+ ,erta$n*r'du,ts '+ nature /$t( t('se '+ (uman art) /(en $t ,'m*els Naturet' bend (ersel+ t' $ts *ur*'ses) as $n t(e ,ase '+ a ('use) a s($*) 'ra /at,() t(at t(e same %$nd '+ ,ausal$ty5 namely) understand$n- and/$ll5 res$des $n nature! It $s als' de,lared t(at t(e $nternal*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($s +reely5a,t$n- nature =/($,( $s t(e s'ur,e '+ allart) and *er(a*s als' '+ (uman reas'n> $s der$0able +r'm an't(er andsu*er(uman art5 a ,'n,lus$'n /($,( /'uld *er(a*s be +'und $n,a*able '+stand$n- t(e test '+ subtle trans,endental ,r$t$,$sm! 3ut t' ne$t(er

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'+ t(ese '*$n$'ns s(all /e at *resent 'b&e,t! 2e s(all 'nly remar%t(at $t must be ,'n+essed t(at) $+ /e are t' d$s,uss t(e sub&e,t '+,ause at all) /e ,ann't *r',eed m're se,urely t(an /$t( t(e -u$dan,e'+ t(e anal'-y subs$st$n- bet/een nature and su,( *r'du,ts '+des$-n5 t(ese be$n- t(e 'nly *r'du,ts /('se ,auses and m'des '+'r-an$;at$'n are ,'m*letely %n'/n t' us! Reas'n /'uld be unable t'sat$s+y (er '/n re.u$rements) $+ s(e *assed +r'm a ,ausal$ty /($,( s(ed'es %n'/) t' 'bs,ure and $ndem'nstrable *r$n,$*les '+ e*lanat$'n

/($,( s(e d'es n't %n'/!/

A,,'rd$n- t' t(e *(ys$,'5t(e'l'-$,al ar-ument) t(e ,'nne,t$'n and(arm'ny e$st$n- $n t(e /'rld e0$den,e t(e ,'nt$n-en,y '+ t(e +'rmmerely) but n't '+ t(e matter) t(at $s) '+ t(e substan,e '+ t(e /'rld!T' establ$s( t(e trut( '+ t(e latter '*$n$'n) $t /'uld be ne,essary t'*r'0e t(at all t($n-s /'uld be $n t(emsel0es $n,a*able '+ t($s (arm'nyand 'rder) unless t(ey /ere) e0en as re-ards t(e$r substan,e) t(e*r'du,t '+ a su*reme /$sd'm! 3ut t($s /'uld re.u$re 0ery d$++erent-r'unds '+ *r''+ +r'm t('se *resented by t(e anal'-y /$t( (uman art!T($s *r''+ ,an at m'st) t(ere+'re) dem'nstrate t(e e$sten,e '+ anar,($te,t '+ t(e /'rld) /('se e++'rts are l$m$ted by t(e,a*ab$l$t$es '+ t(e mater$al /$t( /($,( (e /'r%s) but n't '+ a ,reat'r

'+ t(e /'rld) t' /('m all t($n-s are sub&e,t! T(us t($s ar-ument $sutterly $nsu++$,$ent +'r t(e tas% be+'re us5 a dem'nstrat$'n '+ t(ee$sten,e '+ an all5su++$,$ent be$n-! I+ /e /$s( t' *r'0e t(e,'nt$n-en,y '+ matter) /e must (a0e re,'urse t' a trans,endentalar-ument) /($,( t(e *(ys$,'t(e'l'-$,al /as ,'nstru,ted e*ressly t'a0'$d!a

2e $n+er) +r'm t(e 'rder and des$-n 0$s$ble $n t(e un$0erse) as ad$s*'s$t$'n '+ a t('r'u-(ly ,'nt$n-ent ,(ara,ter) t(e e$sten,e '+ a,ause *r'*'rt$'nate t(eret'! T(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t($s ,ause must ,'nta$n,erta$n determ$nate .ual$t$es) and $t must t(ere+'re be re-arded ast(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a be$n- /($,( *'ssesses all *'/er) /$sd'm) and s''n) $n 'ne /'rd) all *er+e,t$'n5 t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) t(at $s) '+ an

all5su++$,$ent be$n-! F'r t(e *red$,ates '+ 0ery -reat) ast'n$s($n-)'r $mmeasurable *'/er and e,ellen,e) -$0e us n' determ$nate,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e t($n-) n'r d' t(ey $n+'rm us /(at t(e t($n- may be$n $tsel+! T(ey merely $nd$,ate t(e relat$'n e$st$n- bet/een t(ema-n$tude '+ t(e 'b&e,t and t(e 'bser0er) /(' ,'m*ares $t /$t( ($msel+and /$t( ($s '/n *'/er '+ ,'m*re(ens$'n) and are mere e*ress$'ns '+*ra$se and re0eren,e) by /($,( t(e 'b&e,t $s e$t(er ma-n$+$ed) 'rt(e 'bser0$n- sub&e,t de*re,$ated $n relat$'n t' t(e 'b&e,t! 2(ere/e (a0e t' d' /$t( t(e ma-n$tude ='+ t(e *er+e,t$'n> '+ a t($n-) /e,an d$s,'0er n' determ$nate ,'n,e*t$'n) e,e*t t(at /($,(,'m*re(ends all *'ss$ble *er+e,t$'n 'r ,'m*leteness) and $t $s 'nlyt(e t'tal ='mn$tud'> '+ real$ty /($,( $s ,'m*letely determ$ned $nand t(r'u-( $ts ,'n,e*t$'n al'ne!a

N'/ $t ,ann't be e*e,ted t(at any 'ne /$ll be b'ld en'u-( t'de,lare t(at (e (as a *er+e,t $ns$-(t $nt' t(e relat$'n /($,( t(ema-n$tude '+ t(e /'rld (e ,'ntem*lates bears =$n $ts etent as /ell as$n $ts ,'ntent> t' 'mn$*'ten,e) $nt' t(at '+ t(e 'rder and des$-n $nt(e /'rld t' t(e ($-(est /$sd'm) and t(at '+ t(e un$ty '+ t(e /'rld t't(e abs'lute un$ty '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-! P(ys$,'5t(e'l'-y $s t(ere+'re$n,a*able '+ *resent$n- a determ$nate ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a su*reme ,ause '+t(e /'rld) and $s t(ere+'re $nsu++$,$ent as a *r$n,$*le '+ t(e'l'-y5 at(e'l'-y /($,( $s $tsel+ t' be t(e bas$s '+ rel$-$'n!t

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T(e atta$nment '+ abs'lute t'tal$ty $s ,'m*letely $m*'ss$ble 'nt(e *at( '+ em*$r$,$sm! And yet t($s $s t(e *at( *ursued $n t(e*(ys$,'t(e'l'-$,al ar-ument! 2(at means s(all /e em*l'y t' br$d-et(e abyss@t

A+ter ele0at$n- 'ursel0es t' adm$rat$'n '+ t(e ma-n$tude '+ t(e*'/er) /$sd'm) and 't(er attr$butes '+ t(e aut('r '+ t(e /'rld) and+$nd$n- /e ,an ad0an,e n' +urt(er) /e lea0e t(e ar-ument 'n

em*$r$,al -r'unds) and *r',eed t' $n+er t(e ,'nt$n-en,y '+ t(e /'rld+r'm t(e 'rder and ,'n+'rm$ty t' a$ms t(at are 'bser0able $n $t!Fr'm t($s ,'nt$n-en,y /e $n+er) by t(e (el* '+ trans,endental,'n,e*t$'ns al'ne) t(e e$sten,e '+ s'met($n- abs'lutely ne,essary4and) st$ll ad0an,$n-) *r',eed +r'm t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e abs'lutene,ess$ty '+ t(e +$rst ,ause t' t(e ,'m*letely determ$ned 'rdeterm$n$n- ,'n,e*t$'n t(ere'+5 t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an all5embra,$n-real$ty! T(us t(e *(ys$,'5t(e'l'-$,al) +a$l$n- $n $ts underta%$n-)re,urs $n $ts embarrassment t' t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al ar-ument4 and) as t($s$s merely t(e 'nt'l'-$,al ar-ument $n d$s-u$se) $t ee,utes $ts des$-ns'lely by t(e a$d '+ *ure reas'n) alt('u-( $t at +$rst *r'+essed t'(a0e n' ,'nne,t$'n /$t( t($s +a,ulty and t' base $ts ent$re*r',edure u*'n e*er$en,e al'ne!*

T(e *(ys$,'5t(e'l'-$ans (a0e t(ere+'re n' reas'n t' re-ard /$t( su,(,'ntem*t t(e trans,endental m'de '+ ar-ument) and t' l''% d'/n u*'n$t) /$t( t(e ,'n,e$t '+ ,lear5s$-(ted 'bser0ers '+ nature) as t(ebra$n5,'b/eb '+ 'bs,ure s*e,ulat$sts! F'r) $+ t(ey re+le,t u*'n andeam$ne t(e$r '/n ar-uments) t(ey /$ll +$nd t(at) a+ter +'ll'/$n-+'r s'me t$me t(e *at( '+ nature and e*er$en,e) and d$s,'0er$n-t(emsel0es n' nearer t(e$r 'b&e,t) t(ey suddenly lea0e t($s *at( and*ass $nt' t(e re-$'n '+ *ure *'ss$b$l$ty) /(ere t(ey ('*e t' rea,(u*'n t(e /$n-s '+ $deas /(at (ad eluded all t(e$r em*$r$,al$n0est$-at$'ns! a$n$n-) as t(ey t($n%) a +$rm +''t$n- a+ter t($s$mmense lea*) t(ey etend t(e$r determ$nate ,'n,e*t$'n5 $nt' t(e*'ssess$'n '+ /($,( t(ey (a0e ,'me) t(ey %n'/ n't ('/5 '0er t(e

/('le s*(ere '+ ,reat$'n) and e*la$n t(e$r $deal) /($,( $s ent$rely a*r'du,t '+ *ure reas'n) by $llustrat$'ns dra/n +r'm e*er$en,e5 t('u-($n a de-ree m$serably un/'rt(y '+ t(e -randeur '+ t(e 'b&e,t) /($let(ey re+use t' a,%n'/led-e t(at t(ey (a0e arr$0ed at t($s ,'-n$t$'n 'r(y*'t(es$s by a 0ery d$++erent r'ad +r'm t(at '+ e*er$en,e!(

T(us t(e *(ys$,'5t(e'l'-$,al $s based u*'n t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al) andt($s u*'n t(e 'nt'l'-$,al *r''+ '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-4and as bes$des t(ese t(ree t(ere $s n' 't(er *at( '*en t's*e,ulat$0e reas'n) t(e 'nt'l'-$,al *r''+) 'n t(e -r'und '+ *ure,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n) $s t(e 'nly *'ss$ble 'ne) $+ any *r''+ '+ a*r'*'s$t$'n s' +ar trans,end$n- t(e em*$r$,al eer,$se '+ t(eunderstand$n- $s *'ss$ble at all!u

SECTION DII! Cr$t$.ue '+ all T(e'l'-y based u*'n S*e,ulat$0e

Pr$n,$*les '+ Reas'n!

I+ by t(e term t(e'l'-y I understand t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ a *r$malbe$n-) t(at ,'-n$t$'n $s based e$t(er u*'n reas'n al'ne =t(e'l'-$arat$'nal$s> 'r u*'n re0elat$'n =t(e'l'-$a re0elata>! T(e +'rmer,'-$tates $ts 'b&e,t e$t(er by means '+ *ure trans,endental,'n,e*t$'ns) as an ens 'r$-$nar$um) real$ss$mum) ens ent$um) and $stermed trans,endental t(e'l'-y4 'r) by means '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n der$0ed

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+r'm t(e nature '+ 'ur '/n m$nd) as a su*reme $ntell$-en,e) and mustt(en be ent$tled natural t(e'l'-y! T(e *ers'n /(' bel$e0es $n atrans,endental t(e'l'-y al'ne) $s termed a de$st4 (e /('a,%n'/led-es t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a natural t(e'l'-y als') a t(e$st! T(e+'rmer adm$ts t(at /e ,an ,'-n$;e by *ure reas'n al'ne t(e e$sten,e'+ a Su*reme 3e$n-) but at t(e same t$me ma$nta$ns t(at 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n'+ t($s be$n- $s *urely trans,endental) and t(at all /e ,an say '+$t $s t(at $t *'ssesses all real$ty) /$t('ut be$n- able t' de+$ne $t

m're ,l'sely! T(e se,'nd asserts t(at reas'n $s ,a*able '+*resent$n- us) +r'm t(e anal'-y /$t( nature) /$t( a m're de+$n$te,'n,e*t$'n '+ t($s be$n-) and t(at $ts '*erat$'ns) as t(e ,ause '+ allt($n-s) are t(e results '+ $ntell$-en,e and +ree /$ll! T(e +'rmerre-ards t(e Su*reme 3e$n- as t(e ,ause '+ t(e /'rld5 /(et(er by t(ene,ess$ty '+ ($s nature) 'r as a +ree a-ent) $s le+t undeterm$ned4 t(elatter ,'ns$ders t($s be$n- as t(e aut('r '+ t(e /'rld!l

Trans,endental t(e'l'-y a$ms e$t(er at $n+err$n- t(e e$sten,e '+a Su*reme 3e$n- +r'm a -eneral e*er$en,e) /$t('ut any ,l'serre+eren,e t' t(e /'rld t' /($,( t($s e*er$en,e bel'n-s) and $n t($s,ase $t $s ,alled ,'sm't(e'l'-y4 'r $t endea0'urs t' ,'-n$;e t(ee$sten,e '+ su,( a be$n-) t(r'u-( mere ,'n,e*t$'ns) /$t('ut t(e a$d

'+ e*er$en,e) and $s t(en termed 'nt't(e'l'-y!'

Natural t(e'l'-y $n+ers t(e attr$butes and t(e e$sten,e '+ anaut('r '+ t(e /'rld) +r'm t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+) t(e 'rder and un$ty'bser0able $n) t(e /'rld) $n /($,( t/' m'des '+ ,ausal$ty must beadm$tted t' e$st5 t('se '+ nature and +reed'm! T(us $t r$ses +r'mt($s /'rld t' a su*reme $ntell$-en,e) e$t(er as t(e *r$n,$*le '+ allnatural) 'r '+ all m'ral 'rder and *er+e,t$'n! In t(e +'rmer ,ase $t$s termed *(ys$,'5t(e'l'-y) $n t(e latter) et($,al 'r m'ral5t(e'l'-y!$

N't t(e'l'-$,al et($,s4 +'r t($s s,$en,e ,'nta$ns et($,al la/s)/($,( *resu**'se t(e e$sten,e '+ a Su*reme '0ern'r '+ t(e /'rld4/($le m'ral5t(e'l'-y) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) $s t(e e*ress$'n '+ a

,'n0$,t$'n '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-) +'unded u*'n et($,alla/s!l

As /e are /'nt t' understand by t(e term 'd n't merely an eternalnature) t(e '*erat$'ns '+ /($,( are $nsensate and bl$nd) but a Su*reme3e$n-) /(' $s t(e +ree and $ntell$-ent aut('r '+ all t($n-s) and as $t$s t($s latter 0$e/ al'ne t(at ,an be '+ $nterest t' (uman$ty) /em$-(t) $n str$,t r$-'ur) deny t' t(e de$st any bel$e+ $n 'd at all)and re-ard ($m merely as a ma$nta$ner '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ a *r$malbe$n- 'r t($n-5 t(e su*reme ,ause '+ all 't(er t($n-s! 3ut) as n''ne 'u-(t t' be blamed) merely be,ause (e d'es n't +eel ($msel+&ust$+$ed $n ma$nta$n$n- a ,erta$n '*$n$'n) as $+ (e alt'-et(er den$ed$ts trut( and asserted t(e '**'s$te) $t $s m're ,'rre,t5 as $t $s less

(ars(5 t' say) t(e de$st bel$e0es $n a 'd) t(e t(e$st $n a l$0$n- 'd=summa $ntell$-ent$a>! 2e s(all n'/ *r',eed t' $n0est$-ate t(e s'ur,es'+ all t(ese attem*ts '+ reas'n t' establ$s( t(e e$sten,e '+ aSu*reme 3e$n-!S

It may be su++$,$ent $n t($s *la,e t' de+$ne t(e'ret$,al %n'/led-e'r ,'-n$t$'n as %n'/led-e '+ t(at /($,( $s) and *ra,t$,al %n'/led-e as%n'/led-e '+ t(at /($,( 'u-(t t' be! In t($s 0$e/) t(e t(e'ret$,alem*l'yment '+ reas'n $s t(at by /($,( I ,'-n$;e a *r$'r$ =asne,essary> t(at s'met($n- $s) /($le t(e *ra,t$,al $s t(at by /($,( I,'-n$;e a *r$'r$ /(at 'u-(t t' (a**en! N'/) $+ $t $s an $ndub$tably

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,erta$n) t('u-( at t(e same t$me an ent$rely ,'nd$t$'ned trut() t(ats'met($n- $s) 'r 'u-(t t' (a**en) e$t(er a ,erta$n determ$nate,'nd$t$'n '+ t($s trut( $s abs'lutely ne,essary) 'r su,( a ,'nd$t$'nmay be arb$trar$ly *resu**'sed! In t(e +'rmer ,ase t(e ,'nd$t$'n $s*'stulated =*er t(es$n>) $n t(e latter su**'sed =*er (y*'t(es$n>!T(ere are ,erta$n *ra,t$,al la/s5 t('se '+ m'ral$ty5 /($,( areabs'lutely ne,essary! N'/) $+ t(ese la/s ne,essar$ly *resu**'se t(ee$sten,e '+ s'me be$n-) as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+

t(e$r 'bl$-at'ry *'/er) t($s be$n- must be *'stulated) be,ause t(e,'nd$t$'ned) +r'm /($,( /e reas'n t' t($s determ$nate ,'nd$t$'n) $s$tsel+ ,'-n$;ed a *r$'r$ as abs'lutely ne,essary! 2e s(all at s'me+uture t$me s('/ t(at t(e m'ral la/s n't merely *resu**'se t(ee$sten,e '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-) but als') as t(emsel0es abs'lutelyne,essary $n a d$++erent relat$'n) demand 'r *'stulate $t5 alt('u-('nly +r'm a *ra,t$,al *'$nt '+ 0$e/! T(e d$s,uss$'n '+ t($s ar-ument/e *'st*'ne +'r t(e *resent!/

2(en t(e .uest$'n relates merely t' t(at /($,( $s) n't t' t(at /($,('u-(t t' be) t(e ,'nd$t$'ned /($,( $s *resented $n e*er$en,e $sal/ays ,'-$tated as ,'nt$n-ent! F'r t($s reas'n $ts ,'nd$t$'n ,ann'tbe re-arded as abs'lutely ne,essary) but merely as relat$0ely

ne,essary) 'r rat(er as need+ul4 t(e ,'nd$t$'n $s $n $tsel+ and a*r$'r$ a mere arb$trary *resu**'s$t$'n $n a$d '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n) byreas'n) '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ned! I+) t(en) /e are t' *'ssess at(e'ret$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e abs'lute ne,ess$ty '+ a t($n-) /e,ann't atta$n t' t($s ,'-n$t$'n 't(er/$se t(an a *r$'r$ by means '+,'n,e*t$'ns4 /($le $t $s $m*'ss$ble $n t($s /ay t' ,'-n$;e t(ee$sten,e '+ a ,ause /($,( bears any relat$'n t' an e$sten,e -$0en $ne*er$en,e!e

T(e'ret$,al ,'-n$t$'n $s s*e,ulat$0e /(en $t relates t' an 'b&e,t 'r,erta$n ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ an 'b&e,t /($,( $s n't -$0en and ,ann't bed$s,'0ered by means '+ e*er$en,e! It $s '**'sed t' t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+nature) /($,( ,'n,erns 'nly t('se 'b&e,ts 'r *red$,ates /($,( ,an be

*resented $n a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e!*

T(e *r$n,$*le t(at e0eryt($n- /($,( (a**ens =t(e em*$r$,ally,'nt$n-ent> must (a0e a ,ause) $s a *r$n,$*le '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+nature) but n't '+ s*e,ulat$0e ,'-n$t$'n! F'r) $+ /e ,(an-e $t $nt' anabstra,t *r$n,$*le) and de*r$0e $t '+ $ts re+eren,e t' e*er$en,eand t(e em*$r$,al) /e s(all +$nd t(at $t ,ann't /$t( &ust$,e bere-arded any l'n-er as a synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n) and t(at $t $s$m*'ss$ble t' d$s,'0er any m'de '+ trans$t$'n +r'm t(at /($,( e$stst' s'met($n- ent$rely d$++erent5 termed ,ause! Nay) m're) t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ a ,ause l$%e/$se t(at '+ t(e ,'nt$n-ent5 l'ses) $nt($s s*e,ulat$0e m'de '+ em*l'y$n- $t) all s$-n$+$,an,e) +'r $ts'b&e,t$0e real$ty and mean$n- are ,'m*re(ens$ble +r'm e*er$en,e

al'ne!a

2(en +r'm t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e un$0erse and t(e t($n-s $n $t t(ee$sten,e '+ a ,ause '+ t(e un$0erse $s $n+erred) reas'n $s *r',eed$n-n't $n t(e natural) but $n t(e s*e,ulat$0e met('d! F'r t(e *r$n,$*le'+ t(e +'rmer en'un,es) n't t(at t($n-s t(emsel0es 'r substan,es)but 'nly t(at /($,( (a**ens 'r t(e$r states5 as em*$r$,ally,'nt$n-ent) (a0e a ,ause6 t(e assert$'n t(at t(e e$sten,e '+substan,e $tsel+ $s ,'nt$n-ent $s n't &ust$+$ed by e*er$en,e) $t $st(e assert$'n '+ a reas'n em*l'y$n- $ts *r$n,$*les $n a s*e,ulat$0emanner! I+) a-a$n) I $n+er +r'm t(e +'rm '+ t(e un$0erse) +r'm t(e /ay

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$n /($,( all t($n-s are ,'nne,ted and a,t and rea,t u*'n ea,( 't(er)t(e e$sten,e '+ a ,ause ent$rely d$st$n,t +r'm t(e un$0erse5 t($s/'uld a-a$n be a &ud-ement '+ *urely s*e,ulat$0e reas'n4 be,ause t(e'b&e,t $n t($s ,ase5 t(e ,ause5 ,an ne0er be an 'b&e,t '+ *'ss$blee*er$en,e! In b't( t(ese ,ases t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,ausal$ty) /($,( $s0al$d 'nly $n t(e +$eld '+ e*er$en,e5 useless and e0en mean$n-lessbey'nd t($s re-$'n) /'uld be d$0erted +r'm $ts *r'*er dest$nat$'n!b

N'/ I ma$nta$n t(at all attem*ts '+ reas'n t' establ$s( a t(e'l'-yby t(e a$d '+ s*e,ulat$'n al'ne are +ru$tless) t(at t(e *r$n,$*les'+ reas'n as a**l$ed t' nature d' n't ,'ndu,t us t' any t(e'l'-$,altrut(s) and) ,'nse.uently) t(at a rat$'nal t(e'l'-y ,an (a0e n'e$sten,e) unless $t $s +'unded u*'n t(e la/s '+ m'ral$ty! F'r allsynt(et$,al *r$n,$*les '+ t(e understand$n- are 0al$d 'nly as $mmanent$n e*er$en,e4 /($le t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ a Su*reme 3e$n- ne,ess$tatest(e$r be$n- em*l'yed trans,endentally) and '+ t($s t(e understand$n-$s .u$te $n,a*able! I+ t(e em*$r$,al la/ '+ ,ausal$ty $s t' ,'ndu,t ust' a Su*reme 3e$n-) t($s be$n- must bel'n- t' t(e ,(a$n '+ em*$r$,al'b&e,ts5 $n /($,( ,ase $t /'uld be) l$%e all *(en'mena) $tsel+,'nd$t$'ned! I+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ *ass$n- t(e l$m$ts '+ e*er$en,e beadm$tted) by means '+ t(e dynam$,al la/ '+ t(e relat$'n '+ an e++e,t

t' $ts ,ause) /(at %$nd '+ ,'n,e*t$'n s(all /e 'bta$n by t($s*r',edure@ Certa$nly n't t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-) be,ausee*er$en,e ne0er *resents us /$t( t(e -reatest '+ all *'ss$blee++e,ts) and $t $s 'nly an e++e,t '+ t($s ,(ara,ter t(at ,'uld /$tnesst' t(e e$sten,e '+ a ,'rres*'nd$n- ,ause! I+) +'r t(e *ur*'se '++ully sat$s+y$n- t(e re.u$rements '+ Reas'n) /e re,'-n$;e (er r$-(t t'assert t(e e$sten,e '+ a *er+e,t and abs'lutely ne,essary be$n-) t($s,an be adm$tted 'nly +r'm +a0'ur) and ,ann't be re-arded as t(e result'r $rres$st$ble dem'nstrat$'n! T(e *(ys$,'5t(e'l'-$,al *r''+ may add/e$-(t t' 't(ers5 $+ 't(er *r''+s t(ere are5 by ,'nne,t$n- s*e,ulat$'n/$t( e*er$en,e4 but $n $tsel+ $t rat(er *re*ares t(e m$nd +'rt(e'l'-$,al ,'-n$t$'n) and -$0es $t a r$-(t and natural d$re,t$'n)t(an establ$s(es a sure +'undat$'n +'r t(e'l'-y!t

It $s n'/ *er+e,tly e0$dent t(at trans,endental .uest$'ns adm$t 'nly'+ trans,endental ans/ers5 t('se *resented a *r$'r$ by *ure,'n,e*t$'ns /$t('ut t(e least em*$r$,al adm$ture! 3ut t(e .uest$'n $nt(e *resent ,ase $s e0$dently synt(et$,al5 $t a$ms at t(e etens$'n '+'ur ,'-n$t$'n bey'nd t(e b'unds '+ e*er$en,e5 $t re.u$res anassuran,e res*e,t$n- t(e e$sten,e '+ a be$n- ,'rres*'nd$n- /$t( t(e$dea $n 'ur m$nds) t' /($,( n' e*er$en,e ,an e0er be ade.uate! N'/ $t(as been abundantly *r'0ed t(at all a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'n$s *'ss$ble 'nly as t(e e*ress$'n '+ t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ a*'ss$ble e*er$en,e4 and t(at t(e 0al$d$ty '+ all *r$n,$*les de*endsu*'n t(e$r $mmanen,e $n t(e +$eld '+ e*er$en,e) t(at $s) t(e$rrelat$'n t' 'b&e,ts '+ em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n 'r *(en'mena! T(us all

trans,endental *r',edure $n re+eren,e t' s*e,ulat$0e t(e'l'-y $s/$t('ut result!/

I+ any 'ne *re+ers d'ubt$n- t(e ,'n,lus$0eness '+ t(e *r''+s '+'ur analyt$, t' l's$n- t(e *ersuas$'n '+ t(e 0al$d$ty '+ t(ese 'ld andt$me ('n'ured ar-uments) (e at least ,ann't de,l$ne ans/er$n- t(e.uest$'n5 ('/ (e ,an *ass t(e l$m$ts '+ all *'ss$ble e*er$en,e by t(e(el* '+ mere $deas! I+ (e tal%s '+ ne/ ar-uments) 'r '+ $m*r'0ementsu*'n 'ld ar-uments) I re.uest ($m t' s*are me! T(ere $s ,erta$nly n'-reat ,('$,e $n t($s s*(ere '+ d$s,uss$'n) as all s*e,ulat$0ear-uments must at last l''% +'r su**'rt t' t(e 'nt'l'-$,al) and I

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,r'/ns t(e system '+ (uman ,'-n$t$'n) but t(e 'b&e,t$0e real$ty '+/($,( ,an ne$t(er be *r'0ed n'r d$s*r'0ed by *ure reas'n! I+ t($sde+e,t $s e0er su**l$ed by a m'ral t(e'l'-y) t(e *r'blemat$,trans,endental t(e'l'-y /($,( (as *re,eded) /$ll (a0e been at leastser0$,eable as dem'nstrat$n- t(e mental ne,ess$ty e$st$n- +'r t(e,'n,e*t$'n) by t(e ,'m*lete determ$nat$'n '+ $t /($,( $t (as+urn$s(ed) and t(e ,easeless test$n- '+ t(e ,'n,lus$'ns '+ a reas'n'+ten de,e$0ed by sense) and n't al/ays $n (arm'ny /$t( $ts '/n $deas!

T(e attr$butes '+ ne,ess$ty) $n+$n$tude) un$ty) e$sten,e a*art +r'mt(e /'rld =and n't as a /'rld s'ul>) etern$ty =+ree +r'm ,'nd$t$'ns '+t$me>) 'mn$*resen,e =+ree +r'm ,'nd$t$'ns '+ s*a,e>) 'mn$*'ten,e)and 't(ers) are *ure trans,endental *red$,ates4 and t(us t(ea,,urate ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-) /($,( e0ery t(e'l'-y re.u$res)$s +urn$s(ed by trans,endental t(e'l'-y al'ne!APPEN#IA

APPEN#I!

O+ t(e Re-ulat$0e Em*l'yment '+ t(e Ideas '+

Pure Reas'n!

T(e result '+ all t(e d$ale,t$,al attem*ts '+ *ure reas'n n't 'nly,'n+$rms t(e trut( '+ /(at /e (a0e already *r'0ed $n 'urTrans,endental Analyt$,) namely) t(at all $n+eren,es /($,( /'uldlead us bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ e*er$en,e are +alla,$'us and -r'undless)but $t at t(e same t$me tea,(es us t($s $m*'rtant less'n) t(at (umanreas'n (as a natural $n,l$nat$'n t' '0erste* t(ese l$m$ts) and t(attrans,endental $deas are as mu,( t(e natural *r'*erty '+ t(e reas'n as,ate-'r$es are '+ t(e understand$n-! T(ere e$sts t($s d$++eren,e)('/e0er) t(at /($le t(e ,ate-'r$es ne0er m$slead us) 'ut/ard 'b&e,tsbe$n- al/ays $n *er+e,t (arm'ny t(ere/$t() $deas are t(e *arents '+$rres$st$ble $llus$'ns) t(e se0erest and m'st subtle ,r$t$,$sm be$n-re.u$red t' sa0e us +r'm t(e +alla,$es /($,( t(ey $ndu,e!r

2(ate0er $s -r'unded $n t(e nature '+ 'ur *'/ers /$ll be +'und t' be$n (arm'ny /$t( t(e +$nal *ur*'se and *r'*er em*l'yment '+ t(ese*'/ers) /(en 'n,e /e (a0e d$s,'0ered t(e$r true d$re,t$'n and a$m!2e are ent$tled t' su**'se) t(ere+'re) t(at t(ere e$sts a m'de '+em*l'y$n- trans,endental $deas /($,( $s *r'*er and $mmanent4 alt('u-()/(en /e m$sta%e t(e$r mean$n-) and re-ard t(em as ,'n,e*t$'ns '+a,tual t($n-s) t(e$r m'de '+ a**l$,at$'n $s trans,endent and delus$0e!F'r $t $s n't t(e $dea $tsel+) but 'nly t(e em*l'yment '+ t(e $dea$n relat$'n t' *'ss$ble e*er$en,e) t(at $s trans,endent 'r$mmanent! An $dea $s em*l'yed trans,endently) /(en $t $s a**l$ed t' an'b&e,t +alsely bel$e0ed t' be ade.uate /$t( and t' ,'rres*'nd t' $t4$mm$nently) /(en $t $s a**l$ed s'lely t' t(e em*l'yment '+ t(e

understand$n- $n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e! T(us all err'rs '+subre*t$'5 '+ m$sa**l$,at$'n) are t' be as,r$bed t' de+e,ts '+&ud-ement) and n't t' understand$n- 'r reas'n!&

Reas'n ne0er (as an $mmed$ate relat$'n t' an 'b&e,t4 $t relates$mmed$ately t' t(e understand$n- al'ne! It $s 'nly t(r'u-( t(eunderstand$n- t(at $t ,an be em*l'yed $n t(e +$eld '+ e*er$en,e! Itd'es n't +'rm ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ 'b&e,ts) $t merely arran-es t(em and-$0es t' t(em t(at un$ty /($,( t(ey are ,a*able '+ *'ssess$n- /(en t(es*(ere '+ t(e$r a**l$,at$'n (as been etended as /$dely as *'ss$ble!Reas'n a0a$ls $tsel+ '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e understand$n- +'r t(e

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s'le *ur*'se '+ *r'du,$n- t'tal$ty $n t(e d$++erent ser$es! T($st'tal$ty t(e understand$n- d'es n't ,'n,ern $tsel+ /$t(4 $ts 'nly',,u*at$'n $s t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ e*er$en,es) by /($,( ser$es '+,'nd$t$'ns $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( ,'n,e*t$'ns are establ$s(ed! T(e'b&e,t '+ reas'n $s) t(ere+'re) t(e understand$n- and $ts *r'*erdest$nat$'n! As t(e latter br$n-s un$ty $nt' t(e d$0ers$ty '+'b&e,ts by means '+ $ts ,'n,e*t$'ns) s' t(e +'rmer br$n-s un$ty $nt't(e d$0ers$ty '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns by means '+ $deas4 as $t sets t(e +$nal

a$m '+ a ,'lle,t$0e un$ty t' t(e '*erat$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-)/($,( /$t('ut t($s ',,u*$es $tsel+ /$t( a d$str$but$0e un$ty al'ne!/

I a,,'rd$n-ly ma$nta$n t(at trans,endental $deas ,an ne0er beem*l'yed as ,'nst$tut$0e $deas) t(at t(ey ,ann't be ,'n,e*t$'ns '+'b&e,ts) and t(at) /(en t(us ,'ns$dered) t(ey assume a +alla,$'usand d$ale,t$,al ,(ara,ter! 3ut) 'n t(e 't(er (and) t(ey are ,a*able '+an adm$rable and $nd$s*ensably ne,essary a**l$,at$'n t' 'b&e,ts5 asre-ulat$0e $deas) d$re,t$n- t(e understand$n- t' a ,erta$n a$m) t(e-u$d$n- l$nes t'/ards /($,( all $ts la/s +'ll'/) and $n /($,( t(ey allmeet $n 'ne *'$nt! T($s *'$nt5 t('u-( a mere $dea =+',us $ma-$nar$us>)t(at $s) n't a *'$nt +r'm /($,( t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-d' really *r',eed) +'r $t l$es bey'nd t(e s*(ere '+ *'ss$ble

e*er$en,e5 ser0es) n't/$t(stand$n-) t' -$0e t' t(ese ,'n,e*t$'nst(e -reatest *'ss$ble un$ty ,'mb$ned /$t( t(e -reatest *'ss$bleetens$'n! Hen,e ar$ses t(e natural $llus$'n /($,( $ndu,es us t'bel$e0e t(at t(ese l$nes *r',eed +r'm an 'b&e,t /($,( l$es 'ut '+t(e s*(ere '+ em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n) &ust as 'b&e,ts re+le,ted $n am$rr'r a**ear t' be be($nd $t! 3ut t($s $llus$'n5 /($,( /e may($nder +r'm $m*'s$n- u*'n us5 $s ne,essary and una0'$dable) $+ /edes$re t' see) n't 'nly t('se 'b&e,ts /($,( l$e be+'re us) but t('se/($,( are at a -reat d$stan,e be($nd us4 t(at $s t' say) /(en) $nt(e *resent ,ase) /e d$re,t t(e a$ms '+ t(e understand$n-) bey'nde0ery -$0en e*er$en,e) t'/ards an etens$'n as -reat as ,an*'ss$bly be atta$ned!*

I+ /e re0$e/ 'ur ,'-n$t$'ns $n t(e$r ent$re etent) /e s(all +$ndt(at t(e *e,ul$ar bus$ness '+ reas'n $s t' arran-e t(em $nt' a system)t(at $s t' say) t' -$0e t(em ,'nne,t$'n a,,'rd$n- t' a *r$n,$*le! T($sun$ty *resu**'ses an $dea5 t(e $dea '+ t(e +'rm '+ a /('le ='+,'-n$t$'n>) *re,ed$n- t(e determ$nate ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e *arts) and,'nta$n$n- t(e ,'nd$t$'ns /($,( determ$ne a *r$'r$ t' e0ery *art $ts*la,e and relat$'n t' t(e 't(er *arts '+ t(e /('le system! T($s$dea) a,,'rd$n-ly) demands ,'m*lete un$ty $n t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(eunderstand$n-5 n't t(e un$ty '+ a ,'nt$n-ent a--re-ate) but t(at '+a system ,'nne,ted a,,'rd$n- t' ne,essary la/s! It ,ann't bea++$rmed /$t( *r'*r$ety t(at t($s $dea $s a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t4$t $s merely a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e ,'m*lete un$ty '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ 'b&e,ts) $n s' +ar as t($s un$ty $s a0a$lable t' t(e

understand$n- as a rule! Su,( ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n are n't der$0ed+r'm nature4 'n t(e ,'ntrary) /e em*l'y t(em +'r t(e $nterr'-at$'n and$n0est$-at$'n '+ nature) and re-ard 'ur ,'-n$t$'n as de+e,t$0e s' l'n-as $t $s n't ade.uate t' t(em! 2e adm$t t(at su,( a t($n- as *ureeart() *ure /ater) 'r *ure a$r) $s n't t' be d$s,'0ered! And yet /ere.u$re t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns =/($,( (a0e t(e$r 'r$-$n $n t(e reas'n) s'+ar as re-ards t(e$r abs'lute *ur$ty and ,'m*leteness> +'r t(e *ur*'se'+ determ$n$n- t(e s(are /($,( ea,( '+ t(ese natural ,auses (as $ne0ery *(en'men'n! T(us t(e d$++erent %$nds '+ matter are all re+ erredt' eart(s) as mere /e$-(t4 t' salts and $n+lammable b'd$es) as *ure+'r,e4 and +$nally) t' /ater and a$r) as t(e 0e($,ula '+ t(e +'rmer)

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'r t(e ma,($nes em*l'yed by t(em $n t(e$r '*erat$'ns5 +'r t(e*ur*'se '+ e*la$n$n- t(e ,(em$,al a,t$'n and rea,t$'n '+ b'd$es $na,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e $dea '+ a me,(an$sm! F'r) alt('u-( n't a,tually s'e*ressed) t(e $n+luen,e '+ su,( $deas '+ reas'n $s 0ery 'bser0able $nt(e *r',edure '+ natural *($l's'*(ers!t

I+ reas'n $s t(e +a,ulty '+ dedu,$n- t(e *art$,ular +r'm t(e-eneral) and $+ t(e -eneral be ,erta$n $n se and -$0en) $t $s 'nly

ne,essary t(at t(e &ud-ement s('uld subsume t(e *art$,ular under t(e-eneral) t(e *art$,ular be$n- t(us ne,essar$ly determ$ned! I s(allterm t($s t(e dem'nstrat$0e 'r a*'de$,t$, em*l'yment '+ reas'n! I+)('/e0er) t(e -eneral $s adm$tted as *r'blemat$,al 'nly) and $s amere $dea) t(e *art$,ular ,ase $s ,erta$n) but t(e un$0ersal$ty '+ t(erule /($,( a**l$es t' t($s *art$,ular ,ase rema$ns a *r'blem!Se0eral *art$,ular ,ases) t(e ,erta$nty '+ /($,( $s bey'nd d'ubt)are t(en ta%en and eam$ned) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ d$s,'0er$n- /(et(ert(e rule $s a**l$,able t' t(em4 and $+ $t a**ears t(at all t(e*art$,ular ,ases /($,( ,an be ,'lle,ted +'ll'/ +r'm t(e rule) $tsun$0ersal$ty $s $n+erred) and at t(e same t$me) all t(e ,auses /($,((a0e n't) 'r ,ann't be *resented t' 'ur 'bser0at$'n) are ,'n,ludedt' be '+ t(e same ,(ara,ter /$t( t('se /($,( /e (a0e 'bser0ed! T($s

I s(all term t(e (y*'t(et$,al em*l'yment '+ t(e reas'n!I

T(e (y*'t(et$,al eer,$se '+ reas'n by t(e a$d '+ $deas em*l'yedas *r'blemat$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns $s *r'*erly n't ,'nst$tut$0e! T(at $st' say) $+ /e ,'ns$der t(e sub&e,t str$,tly) t(e trut( '+ t(e rule)/($,( (as been em*l'yed as an (y*'t(es$s) d'es n't +'ll'/ +r'm t(e uset(at $s made '+ $t by reas'n! F'r ('/ ,an /e %n'/ all t(e *'ss$ble,ases t(at may ar$se@ s'me '+ /($,( may) ('/e0er) *r'0e e,e*t$'nst' t(e un$0ersal$ty '+ t(e rule! T($s em*l'yment '+ reas'n $s merelyre-ulat$0e) and $ts s'le a$m $s t(e $ntr'du,t$'n '+ un$ty $nt' t(ea--re-ate '+ 'ur *art$,ular ,'-n$t$'ns) and t(ereby t(ea**r'$mat$n- '+ t(e rule t' un$0ersal$ty!a

T(e 'b&e,t '+ t(e (y*'t(et$,al em*l'yment '+ reas'n $s t(ere+'re t(esystemat$, un$ty '+ ,'-n$t$'ns4 and t($s un$ty $s t(e ,r$ter$'n '+ t(etrut( '+ a rule! On t(e 't(er (and) t($s systemat$, un$ty5 as a mere$dea5 $s $n +a,t merely a un$ty *r'&e,ted) n't t' be re-arded as-$0en) but 'nly $n t(e l$-(t '+ a *r'blem5 a *r'blem /($,( ser0es)('/e0er) as a *r$n,$*le +'r t(e 0ar$'us and *art$,ular eer,$se '+ t(eunderstand$n- $n e*er$en,e) d$re,ts $t /$t( re-ard t' t('se ,ases/($,( are n't *resented t' 'ur 'bser0at$'n) and $ntr'du,es (arm'ny and,'ns$sten,y $nt' all $ts '*erat$'ns!,

All t(at /e ,an be ,erta$n '+ +r'm t(e ab'0e ,'ns$derat$'ns $st(at t($s systemat$, un$ty $s a l'-$,al *r$n,$*le) /('se a$m $s t'ass$st t(e understand$n-) /(ere $t ,ann't '+ $tsel+ atta$n t' rules)

by means '+ $deas) t' br$n- all t(ese 0ar$'us rules under 'ne*r$n,$*le) and t(us t' ensure t(e m'st ,'m*lete ,'ns$sten,y and,'nne,t$'n t(at ,an be atta$ned! 3ut t(e assert$'n t(at 'b&e,ts andt(e understand$n- by /($,( t(ey are ,'-n$;ed are s' ,'nst$tuted ast' be determ$ned t' systemat$, un$ty) t(at t($s may be *'stulated a*r$'r$) /$t('ut any re+eren,e t' t(e $nterest '+ reas'n) and t(at /eare &ust$+$ed $n de,lar$n- all *'ss$ble ,'-n$t$'ns5 em*$r$,al and't(ers5 t' *'ssess systemat$, un$ty) and t' be sub&e,t t' -eneral*r$n,$*les +r'm /($,() n't/$t(stand$n- t(e$r 0ar$'us ,(ara,ter) t(eyare all der$0able su,( an assert$'n ,an be +'unded 'nly u*'n atrans,endental *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n) /($,( /'uld render t($s systemat$,

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un$ty n't sub&e,t$0ely and l'-$,ally5 $n $ts ,(ara,ter '+ a met('d)but 'b&e,t$0ely ne,essary!b

2e s(all $llustrate t($s by an eam*le! T(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n- ma%e us a,.ua$nted) am'n- many 't(er %$nds '+ un$ty)/$t( t(at '+ t(e ,ausal$ty '+ a substan,e) /($,( $s termed *'/er!T(e d$++erent *(en'menal man$+estat$'ns '+ t(e same substan,e a**earat +$rst 0$e/ t' be s' 0ery d$ss$m$lar t(at /e are $n,l$ned t'

assume t(e e$sten,e '+ &ust as many d$++erent *'/ers as t(ere ared$++erent e++e,ts5 as) $n t(e ,ase '+ t(e (uman m$nd) /e (a0e +eel$n-),'ns,$'usness) $ma-$nat$'n) mem'ry) /$t) analys$s) *leasure) des$reand s' 'n! N'/ /e are re.u$red by a l'-$,al ma$m t' redu,e t(esed$++eren,es t' as small a number as *'ss$ble) by ,'m*ar$n- t(em andd$s,'0er$n- t(e ($dden $dent$ty /($,( e$sts! 2e must $n.u$re) +'ream*le) /(et(er 'r n't $ma-$nat$'n =,'nne,ted /$t( ,'ns,$'usness>)mem'ry) /$t) and analys$s are n't merely d$++erent +'rms '+understand$n- and reas'n! T(e $dea '+ a +undamental *'/er) t(ee$sten,e '+ /($,( n' e++'rt '+ l'-$, ,an assure us '+) $s t(e *r'blemt' be s'l0ed) +'r t(e systemat$, re*resentat$'n '+ t(e e$st$n-0ar$ety '+ *'/ers! T(e l'-$,al *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n re.u$res us t'*r'du,e as -reat a un$ty as $s *'ss$ble $n t(e system '+ 'ur

,'-n$t$'ns4 and t(e m're t(e *(en'mena '+ t($s and t(e 't(er *'/er are+'und t' be $dent$,al) t(e m're *r'bable d'es $t be,'me) t(at t(ey aren't($n- but d$++erent man$+estat$'ns '+ 'ne and t(e same *'/er)/($,( may be ,alled) relat$0ely s*ea%$n-) a +undamental *'/er! Ands' /$t( 't(er ,ases!s

T(ese relat$0ely +undamental *'/ers must a-a$n be ,'m*ared /$t( ea,('t(er) t' d$s,'0er) $+ *'ss$ble) t(e 'ne rad$,al and abs'lutely+undamental *'/er '+ /($,( t(ey are but t(e man$+estat$'ns! 3ut t($sun$ty $s *urely (y*'t(et$,al! It $s n't ma$nta$ned) t(at t($s un$tyd'es really e$st) but t(at /e must) $n t(e $nterest '+ reas'n) t(at$s) +'r t(e establ$s(ment '+ *r$n,$*les +'r t(e 0ar$'us rules*resented by e*er$en,e) try t' d$s,'0er and $ntr'du,e $t) s' +ar as

$s *ra,t$,able) $nt' t(e s*(ere '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'ns!$

3ut t(e trans,endental em*l'yment '+ t(e understand$n- /'uld lead ust' bel$e0e t(at t($s $dea '+ a +undamental *'/er $s n't *r'blemat$,al)but t(at $t *'ssesses 'b&e,t$0e real$ty) and t(us t(e systemat$, un$ty'+ t(e 0ar$'us *'/ers 'r +'r,es $n a substan,e $s demanded by t(eunderstand$n- and ere,ted $nt' an a*'de$,t$, 'r ne,essary *r$n,$*le!F'r) /$t('ut (a0$n- attem*ted t' d$s,'0er t(e un$ty '+ t(e 0ar$'us*'/ers e$st$n- $n nature) nay) e0en a+ter all 'ur attem*ts (a0e+a$led) /e n't/$t(stand$n- *resu**'se t(at $t d'es e$st) and maybe) s''ner 'r later) d$s,'0ered! And t($s reas'n d'es) n't 'nly) as $nt(e ,ase ab'0e addu,ed) /$t( re-ard t' t(e un$ty '+ substan,e) but/(ere many substan,es) alt('u-( all t' a ,erta$n etent ('m'-ene'us)

are d$s,'0erable) as $n t(e ,ase '+ matter $n -eneral! Here als'd'es reas'n *resu**'se t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e systemat$, un$ty '+0ar$'us *'/ers5 $nasmu,( as *art$,ular la/s '+ nature aresub'rd$nate t' -eneral la/s4 and *ars$m'ny $n *r$n,$*les $s n't merelyan e,'n'm$,al *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n) but an essent$al la/ '+ nature!a

2e ,ann't understand) $n +a,t) ('/ a l'-$,al *r$n,$*le '+ un$ty,an '+ r$-(t e$st) unless /e *resu**'se a trans,endental *r$n,$*le)by /($,( su,( a systemat$, un$t5 as a *r'*erty '+ 'b&e,tst(emsel0es5 $s re-arded as ne,essary a *r$'r$! F'r /$t( /(at r$-(t ,anreas'n) $n $ts l'-$,al eer,$se) re.u$re us t' re-ard t(e 0ar$ety '+

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+'r,es /($,( nature d$s*lays) as $n e++e,t a d$s-u$sed un$ty) and t'dedu,e t(em +r'm 'ne +undamental +'r,e 'r *'/er) /(en s(e $s +ree t'adm$t t(at $t $s &ust as *'ss$ble t(at all +'r,es s('uld bed$++erent $n %$nd) and t(at a systemat$, un$ty $s n't ,'n+'rmable t't(e des$-n '+ nature@ In t($s 0$e/ '+ t(e ,ase) reas'n /'uld be*r',eed$n- $n d$re,t '**'s$t$'n t' (er '/n dest$nat$'n) by sett$n-as an a$m an $dea /($,( ent$rely ,'n+l$,ts /$t( t(e *r',edure andarran-ement '+ nature! Ne$t(er ,an /e assert t(at reas'n (as

*re0$'usly $n+erred t($s un$ty +r'm t(e ,'nt$n-ent nature '+*(en'mena! F'r t(e la/ '+ reas'n /($,( re.u$res us t' see% +'r t($sun$ty $s a ne,essary la/) $nasmu,( as /$t('ut $t /e s('uld n't *'ssessa +a,ulty '+ reas'n) n'r /$t('ut reas'n a ,'ns$stent andsel+5a,,'rdant m'de '+ em*l'y$n- t(e understand$n-) n'r) $n t(eabsen,e '+ t($s) any *r'*er and su++$,$ent ,r$ter$'n '+ em*$r$,altrut(! In relat$'n t' t($s ,r$ter$'n) t(ere+'re) /e must su**'se t(e$dea '+ t(e systemat$, un$ty '+ nature t' *'ssess 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$tyand ne,ess$ty!a

2e +$nd t($s trans,endental *resu**'s$t$'n lur%$n- $n d$++erent+'rms $n t(e *r$n,$*les '+ *($l's'*(ers) alt('u-( t(ey (a0e ne$t(erre,'-n$;ed $t n'r ,'n+essed t' t(emsel0es $ts *resen,e! T(at t(e

d$0ers$t$es '+ $nd$0$dual t($n-s d' n't e,lude $dent$ty '+ s*e,$es)t(at t(e 0ar$'us s*e,$es must be ,'ns$dered as merely d$++erentdeterm$nat$'ns '+ a +e/ -enera) and t(ese a-a$n as d$0$s$'ns '+st$ll ($-(er ra,es) and s' 'n5 t(at) a,,'rd$n-ly) a ,erta$n systemat$,un$ty '+ all *'ss$ble em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns) $n s' +ar as t(ey ,anbe dedu,ed +r'm ($-(er and m're -eneral ,'n,e*t$'ns) must be s'u-(t+'r) $s a s,('last$, ma$m 'r l'-$,al *r$n,$*le) /$t('ut /($,(reas'n ,'uld n't be em*l'yed by us! F'r /e ,an $n+er t(e *art$,ular+r'm t(e -eneral) 'nly $n s' +ar as -eneral *r'*ert$es '+ t($n-s,'nst$tute t(e +'undat$'n u*'n /($,( t(e *art$,ular rest!,

T(at t(e same un$ty e$sts $n nature $s *resu**'sed by*($l's'*(ers $n t(e /ell5%n'/n s,('last$, ma$m) /($,( +'rb$ds us

unne,essar$ly t' au-ment t(e number '+ ent$t$es 'r *r$n,$*les =ent$a*raeter ne,ess$tatem n'n esse mult$*l$,anda>! T($s ma$m assertst(at nature (ersel+ ass$sts $n t(e establ$s(ment '+ t($s un$ty '+reas'n) and t(at t(e seem$n-ly $n+$n$te d$0ers$ty '+ *(en'menas('uld n't deter us +r'm t(e e*e,tat$'n '+ d$s,'0er$n- beneat( t($sd$0ers$ty a un$ty '+ +undamental *r'*ert$es) '+ /($,( t(e a+'resa$d0ar$ety $s but a m're 'r less determ$ned +'rm! T($s un$ty) alt('u-(a mere $dea) t($n%ers (a0e +'und $t ne,essary rat(er t' m'derate t(edes$re t(an t' en,'ura-e $t! It /as ,'ns$dered a -reat ste* /(en,(em$sts /ere able t' redu,e all salts t' t/' ma$n -enera5 a,$ds andal%al$s4 and t(ey re-ard t($s d$++eren,e as $tsel+ a mere 0ar$ety)'r d$++erent man$+estat$'n '+ 'ne and t(e same +undamental mater$al!T(e d$++erent %$nds '+ eart(s =st'nes and e0en metals> ,(em$sts (a0e

endea0'ured t' redu,e t' t(ree) and a+ter/ards t' t/'4 but st$ll)n't ,'ntent /$t( t($s ad0an,e) t(ey ,ann't but t($n% t(at be($nd t(esed$0ers$t$es t(ere lur%s but 'ne -enus5 nay) t(at e0en salts and eart(s(a0e a ,'mm'n *r$n,$*le! It m$-(t be ,'n&e,tured t(at t($s $s merelyan e,'n'm$,al *lan '+ reas'n) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ s*ar$n- $tsel+tr'uble) and an attem*t '+ a *urely (y*'t(et$,al ,(ara,ter) /($,()/(en su,,ess+ul) -$0es an a**earan,e '+ *r'bab$l$ty t' t(e *r$n,$*le'+ e*lanat$'n em*l'yed by t(e reas'n! 3ut a sel+$s( *ur*'se '+ t($s%$nd $s eas$ly t' be d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm t(e $dea) a,,'rd$n- t' /($,(e0ery 'ne *resu**'ses t(at t($s un$ty $s $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e la/s'+ nature) and t(at reas'n d'es n't $n t($s ,ase re.uest) but

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re.u$res) alt('u-( /e are .u$te unable t' determ$ne t(e *r'*erl$m$ts '+ t($s un$ty!l

I+ t(e d$0ers$ty e$st$n- $n *(en'mena5 a d$0ers$ty n't '+ +'rm =+'r$n t($s t(ey may be s$m$lar> but '+ ,'ntent5 /ere s' -reat t(at t(esubtlest (uman reas'n ,'uld ne0er by ,'m*ar$s'n d$s,'0er $n t(em t(eleast s$m$lar$ty =/($,( $s n't $m*'ss$ble>) $n t($s ,ase t(e l'-$,alla/ '+ -enera /'uld be /$t('ut +'undat$'n) t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a

-enus) nay) all -eneral ,'n,e*t$'ns /'uld be $m*'ss$ble) and t(e+a,ulty '+ t(e understand$n-) t(e eer,$se '+ /($,( $s restr$,ted t't(e /'rld '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) ,'uld n't e$st! T(e l'-$,al *r$n,$*le '+-enera) a,,'rd$n-ly) $+ $t $s t' be a**l$ed t' nature =by /($,( I mean'b&e,ts *resented t' 'ur senses>) *resu**'ses a trans,endental*r$n,$*le! In a,,'rdan,e /$t( t($s *r$n,$*le) ('m'-ene$ty $sne,essar$ly *resu**'sed $n t(e 0ar$ety '+ *(en'mena =alt('u-( /e areunable t' determ$ne a *r$'r$ t(e de-ree '+ t($s ('m'-ene$ty>)be,ause /$t('ut $t n' em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns) and ,'nse.uently n'e*er$en,e) /'uld be *'ss$ble!e

T(e l'-$,al *r$n,$*le '+ -enera) /($,( demands $dent$ty $n*(en'mena) $s balan,ed by an't(er *r$n,$*le5 t(at '+ s*e,$es) /($,(

re.u$res 0ar$ety and d$0ers$ty $n t($n-s) n't/$t(stand$n- t(e$ra,,'rdan,e $n t(e same -enus) and d$re,ts t(e understand$n- t'attend t' t(e 'ne n' less t(an t' t(e 't(er! T($s *r$n,$*le ='+ t(e+a,ulty '+ d$st$n,t$'n> a,ts as a ,(e,% u*'n t(e reas'n and reas'ne($b$ts $n t($s res*e,t a d'uble and ,'n+l$,t$n- $nterest5 'n t(e 'ne(and) t(e $nterest $n t(e etent =t(e $nterest '+ -eneral$ty> $nrelat$'n t' -enera4 'n t(e 't(er) t(at '+ t(e ,'ntent =t(e $nterest '+$nd$0$dual$ty> $n relat$'n t' t(e 0ar$ety '+ s*e,$es! In t(e +'rmer,ase) t(e understand$n- ,'-$tates m're under $ts ,'n,e*t$'ns) $n t(elatter $t ,'-$tates m're $n t(em! T($s d$st$n,t$'n man$+ests $tsel+l$%e/$se $n t(e (ab$ts '+ t('u-(t *e,ul$ar t' natural *($l's'*(ers)s'me '+ /('m5 t(e remar%ably s*e,ulat$0e (eads5 may be sa$d t' be('st$le t' (eter'-ene$ty $n *(en'mena) and (a0e t(e$r eyes al/ays

+$ed 'n t(e un$ty '+ -enera) /($le 't(ers5 /$t( a str'n- em*$r$,altenden,y5 a$m un,eas$n-ly at t(e analys$s '+ *(en'mena) and alm'stdestr'y $n us t(e ('*e '+ e0er be$n- able t' est$mate t(e ,(ara,ter '+t(ese a,,'rd$n- t' -eneral *r$n,$*les!t

T(e latter m'de '+ t('u-(t $s e0$dently based u*'n a l'-$,al*r$n,$*le) t(e a$m '+ /($,( $s t(e systemat$, ,'m*leteness '+ all,'-n$t$'ns! T($s *r$n,$*le aut('r$;es me) be-$nn$n- at t(e -enus) t'des,end t' t(e 0ar$'us and d$0erse ,'nta$ned under $t4 and $n t($s /ayetens$'n) as $n t(e +'rmer ,ase un$ty) $s assured t' t(e system!F'r $+ /e merely eam$ne t(e s*(ere '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n /($,($nd$,ates a -enus) /e ,ann't d$s,'0er ('/ +ar $t $s *'ss$ble t'*r',eed $n t(e d$0$s$'n '+ t(at s*(ere4 &ust as $t $s $m*'ss$ble) +r'm

t(e ,'ns$derat$'n '+ t(e s*a,e ',,u*$ed by matter) t' determ$ne ('/+ar /e ,an *r',eed $n t(e d$0$s$'n '+ $t! Hen,e e0ery -enus must,'nta$n d$++erent s*e,$es) and t(ese a-a$n d$++erent subs*e,$es4 andas ea,( '+ t(e latter must $tsel+ ,'nta$n a s*(ere =must be '+ a,erta$n etent) as a ,'n,e*tus ,'mmun$s>) reas'n demands t(at n's*e,$es 'r sub5s*e,$es $s t' be ,'ns$dered as t(e l'/est *'ss$ble! F'ra s*e,$es 'r sub5s*e,$es) be$n- al/ays a ,'n,e*t$'n) /($,( ,'nta$ns'nly /(at $s ,'mm'n t' a number '+ d$++erent t($n-s) d'es n't,'m*letely determ$ne any $nd$0$dual t($n-) 'r relate $mmed$ately t'$t) and must ,'nse.uently ,'nta$n 't(er ,'n,e*t$'ns) t(at $s) 't(ersub5s*e,$es under $t! T($s la/ '+ s*e,$+$,at$'n may be t(us e*ressed6

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ent$um 0ar$etates n'n temere sunt m$nuendae!e

3ut $t $s easy t' see t(at t($s l'-$,al la/ /'uld l$%e/$se be/$t('ut sense 'r a**l$,at$'n) /ere $t n't based u*'n atrans,endental la/ '+ s*e,$+$,at$'n) /($,( ,erta$nly d'es n'tre.u$re t(at t(e d$++eren,es e$st$n- *(en'mena s('uld be $n+$n$te$n number) +'r t(e l'-$,al *r$n,$*le) /($,( merely ma$nta$ns t(e$ndeterm$nateness '+ t(e l'-$,al s*(ere '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n) $n relat$'n

t' $ts *'ss$ble d$0$s$'n) d'es n't aut('r$;e t($s statement4 /($le$t d'es $m*'se u*'n t(e understand$n- t(e duty '+ sear,($n- +'rsubs*e,$es t' e0ery s*e,$es) and m$n'r d$++eren,es $n e0eryd$++eren,e! F'r) /ere t(ere n' l'/er ,'n,e*t$'ns) ne$t(er ,'uldt(ere be any ($-(er! N'/ t(e understand$n- ,'-n$;es 'nly by means '+,'n,e*t$'ns4 ,'nse.uently) ('/ +ar s'e0er $t may *r',eed $nd$0$s$'n) ne0er by mere $ntu$t$'n) but al/ays by l'/er and l'/er,'n,e*t$'ns! T(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ *(en'mena $n t(e$r ,'m*letedeterm$nat$'n =/($,( $s *'ss$ble 'nly by means '+ t(e understand$n->re.u$res an un,eas$n-ly ,'nt$nued s*e,$+$,at$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) anda *r'-ress$'n t' e0er smaller d$++eren,es) '+ /($,( abstra,t$'n badbeen made $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e s*e,$es) and st$ll m're $n t(at'+ t(e -enus!'

T($s la/ '+ s*e,$+$,at$'n ,ann't be dedu,ed +r'm e*er$en,e4 $t,an ne0er *resent us /$t( a *r$n,$*le '+ s' un$0ersal ana**l$,at$'n! Em*$r$,al s*e,$+$,at$'n 0ery s''n st'*s $n $tsd$st$n,t$'n '+ d$0ers$t$es) and re.u$res t(e -u$dan,e '+ t(etrans,endental la/) as a *r$n,$*le '+ t(e reas'n5 a la/ /($,($m*'ses 'n us t(e ne,ess$ty '+ ne0er ,eas$n- $n 'ur sear,( +'rd$++eren,es) e0en alt('u-( t(ese may n't *resent t(emsel0es t' t(esenses! T(at abs'rbent eart(s are '+ d$++erent %$nds ,'uld 'nly bed$s,'0ered by 'bey$n- t(e ant$,$*at'ry la/ '+ reas'n) /($,( $m*'sesu*'n t(e understand$n- t(e tas% '+ d$s,'0er$n- t(e d$++eren,ese$st$n- bet/een t(ese eart(s) and su**'ses t(at nature $s r$,(er $nsubstan,es t(an 'ur senses /'uld $nd$,ate! T(e +a,ulty '+ t(e

understand$n- bel'n-s t' us &ust as mu,( under t(e *resu**'s$t$'n '+d$++eren,es $n t(e 'b&e,ts '+ nature) as under t(e ,'nd$t$'n t(att(ese 'b&e,ts are ('m'-ene'us) be,ause /e ,'uld n't *'ssess,'n,e*t$'ns) n'r ma%e any use '+ 'ur understand$n-) /ere n't t(e*(en'mena $n,luded under t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns $n s'me res*e,tsd$ss$m$lar) as /ell as s$m$lar) $n t(e$r ,(ara,ter!d

Reas'n t(us *re*ares t(e s*(ere '+ t(e understand$n- +'r t(e'*erat$'ns '+ t($s +a,ulty6 1! 3y t(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e ('m'-ene$ty'+ t(e d$0erse $n ($-(er -enera4 B! 3y t(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e 0ar$ety '+t(e ('m'-ene'us $n l'/er s*e,$es4 and) t' ,'m*lete t(e systemat$,un$ty) $t adds) ! A la/ '+ t(e a++$n$ty '+ all ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,(*res,r$bes a ,'nt$nu'us trans$t$'n +r'm 'ne s*e,$es t' e0ery 't(er

by t(e -radual $n,rease '+ d$0ers$ty! 2e may term t(ese t(e *r$n,$*les'+ t(e ('m'-ene$ty) t(e s*e,$+$,at$'n) and t(e ,'nt$nu$ty '+ +'rms!T(e latter results +r'm t(e un$'n '+ t(e t/' +'rmer) $nasmu,( as /ere-ard t(e systemat$, ,'nne,t$'n as ,'m*lete $n t('u-(t) $n t(e as,entt' ($-(er -enera) as /ell as $n t(e des,ent t' l'/er s*e,$es! F'rall d$0ers$t$es must be related t' ea,( 't(er) as t(ey all s*r$n- +r'm'ne ($-(est -enus) des,end$n- t(r'u-( t(e d$++erent -radat$'ns '+ am're and m're etended determ$nat$'n!m

2e may $llustrate t(e systemat$, un$ty *r'du,ed by t(e t(ree l'-$,al*r$n,$*les $n t(e +'ll'/$n- manner! E0ery ,'n,e*t$'n may be re-arded

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as a *'$nt) /($,() as t(e stand*'$nt '+ a s*e,tat'r) (as a ,erta$n('r$;'n) /($,( may be sa$d t' en,l'se a number '+ t($n-s t(at may be0$e/ed) s' t' s*ea%) +r'm t(at ,entre! 2$t($n t($s ('r$;'n t(eremust be an $n+$n$te number '+ 't(er *'$nts) ea,( '+ /($,( (as $ts'/n ('r$;'n) smaller and m're ,$r,ums,r$bed4 $n 't(er /'rds) e0erys*e,$es ,'nta$ns sub5s*e,$es) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e *r$n,$*le '+s*e,$+$,at$'n) and t(e l'-$,al ('r$;'n ,'ns$sts '+ smaller ('r$;'ns=subs*e,$es>) but n't '+ *'$nts =$nd$0$duals>) /($,( *'ssess n'

etent! 3ut d$++erent ('r$;'ns 'r -enera) /($,( $n,lude under t(ems' many ,'n,e*t$'ns) may (a0e 'ne ,'mm'n ('r$;'n) +r'm /($,() as+r'm a m$d5*'$nt) t(ey may be sur0eyed4 and /e may *r',eed t(us)t$ll /e arr$0e at t(e ($-(est -enus) 'r un$0ersal and true ('r$;'n)/($,( $s determ$ned by t(e ($-(est ,'n,e*t$'n) and /($,( ,'nta$nsunder $tsel+ all d$++eren,es and 0ar$et$es) as -enera) s*e,$es) andsubs*e,$es!s

T' t($s ($-(est stand*'$nt I am ,'ndu,ted by t(e la/ '+ ('m'-ene$ty)as t' all l'/er and m're 0ar$'usly5determ$ned ,'n,e*t$'ns by t(e la/'+ s*e,$+$,at$'n! N'/ as $n t($s /ay t(ere e$sts n' 0'$d $n t(e /('leetent '+ all *'ss$ble ,'n,e*t$'ns) and as 'ut '+ t(e s*(ere '+t(ese t(e m$nd ,an d$s,'0er n't($n-) t(ere ar$ses +r'm t(e

*resu**'s$t$'n '+ t(e un$0ersal ('r$;'n ab'0e ment$'ned) and $ts,'m*lete d$0$s$'n) t(e *r$n,$*le6 N'n datur 0a,uum +'rmarum! T($s*r$n,$*le asserts t(at t(ere are n't d$++erent *r$m$t$0e and ($-(est-enera) /($,( stand $s'lated) s' t' s*ea%) +r'm ea,( 't(er) but allt(e 0ar$'us -enera are mere d$0$s$'ns and l$m$tat$'ns '+ 'ne ($-(estand un$0ersal -enus4 and (en,e +'ll'/s $mmed$ately t(e *r$n,$*le6#atur ,'nt$nuum +'rmarum! T($s *r$n,$*le $nd$,ates t(at alld$++eren,es '+ s*e,$es l$m$t ea,( 't(er) and d' n't adm$t '+trans$t$'n +r'm 'ne t' an't(er by a saltus) but 'nly t(r'u-( smallerde-rees '+ t(e d$++eren,e bet/een t(e 'ne s*e,$es and t(e 't(er! In'ne /'rd) t(ere are n' s*e,$es 'r sub5s*e,$es /($,( =$n t(e 0$e/ '+reas'n> are t(e nearest *'ss$ble t' ea,( 't(er4 $ntermed$ate s*e,$es'r sub5s*e,$es be$n- al/ays *'ss$ble) t(e d$++eren,e '+ /($,( +r'm

ea,( '+ t(e +'rmer $s al/ays smaller t(an t(e d$++eren,e e$st$n-bet/een t(ese!b

T(e +$rst la/) t(ere+'re) d$re,ts us t' a0'$d t(e n't$'n t(att(ere e$st d$++erent *r$mal -enera) and en'un,es t(e +a,t '+*er+e,t ('m'-ene$ty4 t(e se,'nd $m*'ses a ,(e,% u*'n t($s tenden,yt' un$ty and *res,r$bes t(e d$st$n,t$'n '+ sub5s*e,$es) be+'re*r',eed$n- t' a**ly 'ur -eneral ,'n,e*t$'ns t' $nd$0$duals! T(et($rd un$tes b't( t(e +'rmer) by en'un,$n- t(e +a,t '+ ('m'-ene$tyas e$st$n- e0en $n t(e m'st 0ar$'us d$0ers$ty) by means '+ t(e-radual trans$t$'n +r'm 'ne s*e,$es t' an't(er! T(us $t $nd$,ates arelat$'ns($* bet/een t(e d$++erent bran,(es 'r s*e,$es) $n s' +ar ast(ey all s*r$n- +r'm t(e same stem!t

3ut t($s l'-$,al la/ '+ t(e ,'nt$nuum s*e,$erum =+'rmarum l'-$,arum>*resu**'ses a trans,endental *r$n,$*le =le ,'nt$nu$ $n natura>)/$t('ut /($,( t(e understand$n- m$-(t be led $nt' err'r) by+'ll'/$n- t(e -u$dan,e '+ t(e +'rmer) and t(us *er(a*s *ursu$n- a *at(,'ntrary t' t(at *res,r$bed by nature! T($s la/ must) ,'nse.uently) bebased u*'n *ure trans,endental) and n't u*'n em*$r$,al),'ns$derat$'ns! F'r) $n t(e latter ,ase) $t /'uld ,'me later t(ant(e system4 /(ereas $t $s really $tsel+ t(e *arent '+ all t(at $ssystemat$, $n 'ur ,'-n$t$'n '+ nature! T(ese *r$n,$*les are n't mere(y*'t(eses em*l'yed +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ e*er$ment$n- u*'n nature4

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alt('u-( /(en any su,( ,'nne,t$'n $s d$s,'0ered) $t +'rms a s'l$d-r'und +'r re-ard$n- t(e (y*'t(et$,al un$ty as 0al$d $n t(e s*(ere'+ nature5 and t(us t(ey are $n t($s res*e,t n't /$t('ut t(e$r use!3ut /e -' +art(er) and ma$nta$n t(at $t $s man$+est t(at t(ese*r$n,$*les '+ *ars$m'ny $n +undamental ,auses) 0ar$ety $n e++e,ts) anda++$n$ty $n *(en'mena) are $n a,,'rdan,e b't( /$t( reas'n andnature) and t(at t(ey are n't mere met('ds 'r *lans de0$sed +'r t(e*ur*'se '+ ass$st$n- us $n 'ur 'bser0at$'n '+ t(e eternal /'rld!*

3ut $t $s *la$n t(at t($s ,'nt$nu$ty '+ +'rms $s a mere $dea) t'/($,( n' ade.uate 'b&e,t ,an be d$s,'0ered $n e*er$en,e! And t($s +'rt/' reas'ns! F$rst) be,ause t(e s*e,$es $n nature are reallyd$0$ded) and (en,e +'rm .uanta d$s,reta4 and) $+ t(e -radual*r'-ress$'n t(r'u-( t(e$r a++$n$ty /ere ,'nt$nu'us) t(e $ntermed$atemembers ly$n- bet/een t/' -$0en s*e,$es must be $n+$n$te $n number)/($,( $s $m*'ss$ble! Se,'ndly) be,ause /e ,ann't ma%e anydeterm$nate em*$r$,al use '+ t($s la/) $nasmu,( as $t d'es n't *resentus /$t( any ,r$ter$'n '+ a++$n$ty /($,( ,'uld a$d us $n determ$n$n-('/ +ar /e 'u-(t t' *ursue t(e -raduat$'n '+ d$++eren,es6 $t merely,'nta$ns a -eneral $nd$,at$'n t(at $t $s 'ur duty t' see% +'r and)$+ *'ss$ble) t' d$s,'0er t(em!$

2(en /e arran-e t(ese *r$n,$*les '+ systemat$, un$ty $n t(e 'rder,'n+'rmable t' t(e$r em*l'yment $n e*er$en,e) t(ey /$ll stand t(us6Dar$ety) A++$n$ty) Un$ty) ea,( '+ t(em) as $deas) be$n- ta%en $n t(e($-(est de-ree '+ t(e$r ,'m*leteness! Reas'n *resu**'ses t(e e$sten,e'+ ,'-n$t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-) /($,( (a0e a d$re,t relat$'n t'e*er$en,e) and a$ms at t(e $deal un$ty '+ t(ese ,'-n$t$'ns5 a un$ty/($,( +ar trans,ends all e*er$en,e 'r em*$r$,al n't$'ns! T(e a++$n$ty'+ t(e d$0erse) n't/$t(stand$n- t(e d$++eren,es e$st$n- bet/een $ts*arts) (as a relat$'n t' t($n-s) but a st$ll ,l'ser 'ne t' t(e mere*r'*ert$es and *'/ers '+ t($n-s! F'r eam*le) $m*er+e,t e*er$en,e mayre*resent t(e 'rb$ts '+ t(e *lanets as ,$r,ular! 3ut /e d$s,'0er0ar$at$'ns +r'm t($s ,'urse) and /e *r',eed t' su**'se t(at t(e

*lanets re0'l0e $n a *at( /($,() $+ n't a ,$r,le) $s '+ a ,(ara,ter0ery s$m$lar t' $t! T(at $s t' say) t(e m'0ements '+ t('se *lanets/($,( d' n't +'rm a ,$r,le /$ll a**r'$mate m're 'r less t' t(e*r'*ert$es '+ a ,$r,le) and *r'bably +'rm an ell$*se! T(e *at(s '+,'mets e($b$t st$ll -reater 0ar$at$'ns) +'r) s' +ar as 'ur'bser0at$'n etends) t(ey d' n't return u*'n t(e$r '/n ,'urse $n a,$r,le 'r ell$*se! 3ut /e *r',eed t' t(e ,'n&e,ture t(at ,'metsdes,r$be a *arab'la) a +$-ure /($,( $s ,l'sely all$ed t' t(eell$*se! In +a,t) a *arab'la $s merely an ell$*se) /$t( $ts l'n-era$s *r'du,ed t' an $nde+$n$te etent! T(us t(ese *r$n,$*les ,'ndu,tus t' a un$ty $n t(e -enera '+ t(e +'rms '+ t(ese 'rb$ts) and)*r',eed$n- +art(er) t' a un$ty as re-ards t(e ,ause '+ t(e m't$'ns'+ t(e (ea0enly b'd$es5 t(at $s) -ra0$tat$'n! 3ut /e -' 'n etend$n-

'ur ,'n.uests '0er nature) and endea0'ur t' e*la$n all seem$n-de0$at$'ns +r'm t(ese rules) and e0en ma%e add$t$'ns t' 'ur system/($,( n' e*er$en,e ,an e0er substant$ate5 +'r eam*le) t(e t(e'ry) $na++$n$ty /$t( t(at '+ ell$*ses) '+ (y*erb'l$, *at(s '+ ,'mets)*ursu$n- /($,() t(ese b'd$es lea0e 'ur s'lar system and) *ass$n-+r'm sun t' sun) un$te t(e m'st d$stant *arts '+ t(e $n+$n$teun$0erse) /($,( $s (eld t'-et(er by t(e same m'0$n- *'/er!u

T(e m'st remar%able ,$r,umstan,e ,'nne,ted /$t( t(ese *r$n,$*les$s t(at t(ey seem t' be trans,endental) and) alt('u-( 'nly,'nta$n$n- $deas +'r t(e -u$dan,e '+ t(e em*$r$,al eer,$se '+ reas'n)

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and alt('u-( t($s em*$r$,al em*l'yment stands t' t(ese $deas $n anasym*t't$, relat$'n al'ne =t' use a mat(emat$,al term>) t(at $s),'nt$nually a**r'$mate) /$t('ut e0er be$n- able t' atta$n t' t(em)t(ey *'ssess) n't/$t(stand$n-) as a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns)'b&e,t$0e t('u-( undeterm$ned 0al$d$ty) and are a0a$lable as rules +'r*'ss$ble e*er$en,e! In t(e elab'rat$'n '+ 'ur e*er$en,e) t(ey mayals' be em*l'yed /$t( -reat ad0anta-e) as (eur$st$, *r$n,$*les! Atrans,endental dedu,t$'n '+ t(em ,ann't be made4 su,( a dedu,t$'n

be$n- al/ays $m*'ss$ble $n t(e ,ase '+ $deas) as (as been alreadys('/n!s

Fr'm t(e ree%) eur($'%'!

2e d$st$n-u$s(ed) $n t(e Trans,endental Analyt$,) t(e dynam$,al*r$n,$*les '+ t(e understand$n-) /($,( are re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*les '+$ntu$t$'n) +r'm t(e mat(emat$,al) /($,( are ,'nst$tut$0e *r$n,$*les '+$ntu$t$'n! T(ese dynam$,al la/s are) ('/e0er) ,'nst$tut$0e $n relat$'nt' e*er$en,e) $nasmu,( as t(ey render t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns /$t('ut /($,(e*er$en,e ,'uld n't e$st *'ss$ble a *r$'r$! 3ut t(e *r$n,$*les '+*ure reas'n ,ann't be ,'nst$tut$0e e0en $n re-ard t' em*$r$,al,'n,e*t$'ns) be,ause n' sensu'us s,(ema ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(em ,an be

d$s,'0ered) and t(ey ,ann't t(ere+'re (a0e an 'b&e,t $n ,'n,ret'! N'/)$+ I -rant t(at t(ey ,ann't be em*l'yed $n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e)as ,'nst$tut$0e *r$n,$*les) ('/ s(all I se,ure +'r t(em em*l'yment and'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty as re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*les) and $n /(at /ay ,ant(ey be s' em*l'yed@t

T(e understand$n- $s t(e 'b&e,t '+ reas'n) as sens$b$l$ty $s t(e'b&e,t '+ t(e understand$n-! T(e *r'du,t$'n '+ systemat$, un$ty $n allt(e em*$r$,al '*erat$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- $s t(e *r'*er ',,u*at$'n'+ reas'n4 &ust as $t $s t(e bus$ness '+ t(e understand$n- t','nne,t t(e 0ar$'us ,'ntent '+ *(en'mena by means '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns)and sub&e,t t(em t' em*$r$,al la/s! 3ut t(e '*erat$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n- are) /$t('ut t(e s,(emata '+ sens$b$l$ty)

undeterm$ned4 and) $n t(e same manner) t(e un$ty '+ reas'n $s*er+e,tly undeterm$ned as re-ards t(e ,'nd$t$'ns under /($,() andt(e etent t' /($,() t(e understand$n- 'u-(t t' ,arry t(e systemat$,,'nne,t$'n '+ $ts ,'n,e*t$'ns! 3ut) alt('u-( $t $s $m*'ss$ble t'd$s,'0er $n $ntu$t$'n a s,(ema +'r t(e ,'m*lete systemat$, un$ty '+all t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-) t(ere must be s'meanal'-'n '+ t($s s,(ema! T($s anal'-'n $s t(e $dea '+ t(e ma$mum '+t(e d$0$s$'n and t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n $n 'ne *r$n,$*le! F'r/e may (a0e a determ$nate n't$'n '+ a ma$mum and an abs'lutely*er+e,t) all t(e restr$,t$0e ,'nd$t$'ns /($,( are ,'nne,ted /$t( an$ndeterm$nate and 0ar$'us ,'ntent (a0$n- been abstra,ted! T(us t(e$dea '+ reas'n $s anal'-'us /$t( a sensu'us s,(ema) /$t( t($sd$++eren,e) t(at t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es t' t(e s,(ema '+

reas'n d'es n't *resent a ,'-n$t$'n '+ any 'b&e,t =as $s t(e ,ase /$t(t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es t' sensu'us s,(emata>) but merely*r'0$des us /$t( a rule 'r *r$n,$*le +'r t(e systemat$, un$ty '+ t(eeer,$se '+ t(e understand$n-! N'/) as e0ery *r$n,$*le /($,( $m*'sesu*'n t(e eer,$se '+ t(e understand$n- a *r$'r$ ,'m*l$an,e /$t( t(erule '+ systemat$, un$ty als' relates) alt('u-( 'nly $n an $nd$re,tmanner) t' an 'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e) t(e *r$n,$*les '+ *ure reas'n /$llals' *'ssess 'b&e,t$0e real$ty and 0al$d$ty $n relat$'n t' e*er$en,e!3ut t(ey /$ll n't a$m at determ$n$n- 'ur %n'/led-e $n re-ard t' anyem*$r$,al 'b&e,t4 t(ey /$ll merely $nd$,ate t(e *r',edure) +'ll'/$n-/($,( t(e em*$r$,al and determ$nate eer,$se '+ t(e understand$n-

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may be $n ,'m*lete (arm'ny and ,'nne,t$'n /$t( $tsel+5 a result/($,( $s *r'du,ed by $ts be$n- br'u-(t $nt' (arm'ny /$t( t(e *r$n,$*le'+ systemat$, un$ty) s' +ar as t(at $s *'ss$ble) and dedu,ed +r'm $t!'

I term all sub&e,t$0e *r$n,$*les) /($,( are n't der$0ed +r'm'bser0at$'n '+ t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ an 'b&e,t) but +r'm t(e $nterest/($,( Reas'n (as $n *r'du,$n- a ,erta$n ,'m*leteness $n (er,'-n$t$'n '+ t(at 'b&e,t) ma$ms '+ reas'n! T(us t(ere are ma$ms '+

s*e,ulat$0e reas'n) /($,( are based s'lely u*'n $ts s*e,ulat$0e$nterest) alt('u-( t(ey a**ear t' be 'b&e,t$0e *r$n,$*les!$

2(en *r$n,$*les /($,( are really re-ulat$0e are re-arded as,'nst$tut$0e) and em*l'yed as 'b&e,t$0e *r$n,$*les) ,'ntrad$,t$'nsmust ar$se4 but $+ t(ey are ,'ns$dered as mere ma$ms) t(ere $s n'r''m +'r ,'ntrad$,t$'ns '+ any %$nd) as t(ey t(en merely $nd$,atet(e d$++erent $nterests '+ reas'n) /($,( ',,as$'n d$++eren,es $n t(em'de '+ t('u-(t! In e++e,t) Reas'n (as 'nly 'ne s$n-le $nterest) andt(e seem$n- ,'ntrad$,t$'n e$st$n- bet/een (er ma$ms merely $nd$,atesa d$++eren,e $n) and a re,$*r',al l$m$tat$'n '+) t(e met('ds by/($,( t($s $nterest $s sat$s+$ed!/

T($s reas'ner (as at (eart t(e $nterest '+ d$0ers$ty5 $na,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e *r$n,$*le '+ s*e,$+$,at$'n4 an't(er) t(e$nterest '+ un$ty5 $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e *r$n,$*le '+ a--re-at$'n!Ea,( bel$e0es t(at ($s &ud-ement rests u*'n a t('r'u-( $ns$-(t $nt't(e sub&e,t (e $s eam$n$n-) and yet $t (as been $n+luen,ed s'lelyby a -reater 'r less de-ree '+ ad(eren,e t' s'me 'ne '+ t(e t/'*r$n,$*les) ne$t(er '+ /($,( are 'b&e,t$0e) but 'r$-$nate s'lely+r'm t(e $nterest '+ reas'n) and 'n t($s a,,'unt t' be termed ma$msrat(er t(an *r$n,$*les! 2(en I 'bser0e $ntell$-ent men d$s*ut$n- ab'utt(e d$st$n,t$0e ,(ara,ter$st$,s '+ men) an$mals) 'r *lants) and e0en'+ m$nerals) t('se 'n t(e 'ne s$de assum$n- t(e e$sten,e '+ ,erta$nnat$'nal ,(ara,ter$st$,s) ,erta$n /ell5de+$ned and (ered$taryd$st$n,t$'ns '+ +am$ly) ra,e) and s' 'n) /($le t(e 't(er s$de ma$nta$n

t(at nature (as end'/ed all ra,es '+ men /$t( t(e same +a,ult$es andd$s*'s$t$'ns) and t(at all d$++eren,es are but t(e result '+eternal and a,,$dental ,$r,umstan,es5 I (a0e 'nly t' ,'ns$der +'r am'ment t(e real nature '+ t(e sub&e,t '+ d$s,uss$'n) t' arr$0e att(e ,'n,lus$'n t(at $t $s a sub&e,t +ar t'' dee* +'r us t' &ud-e '+)and t(at t(ere $s l$ttle *r'bab$l$ty '+ e$t(er *arty be$n- able t's*ea% +r'm a *er+e,t $ns$-(t $nt' and understand$n- '+ t(e nature '+t(e sub&e,t $tsel+! 3't( (a0e) $n real$ty) been stru--l$n- +'r t(et/'+'ld $nterest '+ reas'n4 t(e 'ne ma$nta$n$n- t(e 'ne $nterest)t(e 't(er t(e 't(er! 3ut t($s d$++eren,e bet/een t(e ma$ms '+d$0ers$ty and un$ty may eas$ly be re,'n,$led and ad&usted4 alt('u-()s' l'n- as t(ey are re-arded as 'b&e,t$0e *r$n,$*les) t(ey must',,as$'n n't 'nly ,'ntrad$,t$'ns and *'lem$,) but *la,e ($nderan,es $n

t(e /ay '+ t(e ad0an,ement '+ trut() unt$l s'me means $s d$s,'0ered '+re,'n,$l$n- t(ese ,'n+l$,t$n- $nterests) and br$n-$n- reas'n $nt'un$'n and (arm'ny /$t( $tsel+!u

T(e same $s t(e ,ase /$t( t(e s'5,alled la/ d$s,'0ered by<e$bn$t;) and su**'rted /$t( remar%able ab$l$ty by 3'nnet5 t(e la/'+ t(e ,'nt$nu'us -radat$'n '+ ,reated be$n-s) /($,( $s n't($n- m'ret(an an $n+eren,e +r'm t(e *r$n,$*le '+ a++$n$ty4 +'r 'bser0at$'nand study '+ t(e 'rder '+ nature ,'uld ne0er *resent $t t' t(e m$nd asan 'b&e,t$0e trut(! T(e ste*s '+ t($s ladder) as t(ey a**ear $ne*er$en,e) are t'' +ar a*art +r'm ea,( 't(er) and t(e s'5,alled *etty

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d$++eren,es bet/een d$++erent %$nds '+ an$mals are $n nature,'mm'nly s' /$de se*arat$'ns t(at n' ,'n+$den,e ,an be *la,ed $nsu,( 0$e/s =*art$,ularly /(en /e re+le,t 'n t(e -reat 0ar$ety '+t($n-s) and t(e ease /$t( /($,( /e ,an d$s,'0er resemblan,es>) andn' +a$t( $n t(e la/s /($,( are sa$d t' e*ress t(e a$ms and *ur*'ses'+ nature! On t(e 't(er (and) t(e met('d '+ $n0est$-at$n- t(e 'rder '+nature $n t(e l$-(t '+ t($s *r$n,$*le) and t(e ma$m /($,( re.u$res ust' re-ard t($s 'rder5 $t be$n- st$ll undeterm$ned ('/ +ar $t

etends5 as really e$st$n- $n nature) $s bey'nd d'ubt a le-$t$mateand e,ellent *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n5 a *r$n,$*le /($,( etends +art(ert(an any e*er$en,e 'r 'bser0at$'n '+ 'urs and /($,() /$t('ut -$0$n-us any *'s$t$0e %n'/led-e '+ anyt($n- $n t(e re-$'n '+ e*er$en,e)-u$des us t' t(e -'al '+ systemat$, un$ty!-

O+ t(e Ult$mate End '+ t(e Natural #$ale,t$, '+ Human Reas'n!

T(e $deas '+ *ure reas'n ,ann't be) '+ t(emsel0es and $n t(e$r '/nnature) d$ale,t$,al4 $t $s +r'm t(e$r m$sem*l'yment al'ne t(at+alla,$es and $llus$'ns ar$se! F'r t(ey 'r$-$nate $n t(e nature '+reas'n $tsel+) and $t $s $m*'ss$ble t(at t($s su*reme tr$bunal +'r allt(e r$-(ts and ,la$ms '+ s*e,ulat$'n s('uld be $tsel+ undeser0$n- '+

,'n+$den,e and *r'm't$0e '+ err'r! It $s t' be e*e,ted) t(ere+'re)t(at t(ese $deas (a0e a -enu$ne and le-$t$mate a$m! It $s true) t(em'b '+ s'*($sts ra$se a-a$nst reas'n t(e ,ry '+ $n,'ns$sten,y and,'ntrad$,t$'n) and a++e,t t' des*$se t(e -'0ernment '+ t(at +a,ulty)be,ause t(ey ,ann't understand $ts ,'nst$tut$'n) /($le $t $s t' $tsbene+$,$al $n+luen,es al'ne t(at t(ey '/e t(e *'s$t$'n and t(e$ntell$-en,e /($,( enable t(em t' ,r$t$,$;e and t' blame $ts*r',edure!*

2e ,ann't em*l'y an a *r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'n /$t( ,erta$nty) unt$l /e(a0e made a trans,endental dedu,t$'n t(ere+'re! T(e $deas '+ *urereas'n d' n't adm$t '+ t(e same %$nd '+ dedu,t$'n as t(e ,ate-'r$es!3ut $+ t(ey are t' *'ssess t(e least 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty) and t'

re*resent anyt($n- but mere ,reat$'ns '+ t('u-(t =ent$a rat$'n$srat$',$nant$s>) a dedu,t$'n '+ t(em must be *'ss$ble! T($s dedu,t$'n/$ll ,'m*lete t(e ,r$t$,al tas% $m*'sed u*'n *ure reas'n4 and $t $s t't($s *art O+ 'ur lab'urs t(at /e n'/ *r',eed!t

T(ere $s a -reat d$++eren,e bet/een a t($n-?s be$n- *resented t' t(em$nd as an 'b&e,t $n an abs'lute sense) 'r merely as an $deal'b&e,t! In t(e +'rmer ,ase I em*l'y my ,'n,e*t$'ns t' determ$ne t(e'b&e,t4 $n t(e latter ,ase n't($n- $s *resent t' t(e m$nd but a meres,(ema) /($,( d'es n't relate d$re,tly t' an 'b&e,t) n't e0en $n a(y*'t(et$,al sense) but /($,( $s use+ul 'nly +'r t(e *ur*'se '+re*resent$n- 't(er 'b&e,ts t' t(e m$nd) $n a med$ate and $nd$re,tmanner) by means '+ t(e$r relat$'n t' t(e $dea $n t(e $ntelle,t!

T(us I say t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a su*reme $ntell$-en,e $s a mere $dea4t(at $s t' say) $ts 'b&e,t$0e real$ty d'es n't ,'ns$st $n t(e +a,tt(at $t (as an $mmed$ate relat$'n t' an 'b&e,t =+'r $n t($s sense /e(a0e n' means '+ establ$s($n- $ts 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty>) $t $s merelya s,(ema ,'nstru,ted a,,'rd$n- t' t(e ne,essary ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(eun$ty '+ reas'n5 t(e s,(ema '+ a t($n- $n -eneral) /($,( $s use+ult'/ards t(e *r'du,t$'n '+ t(e ($-(est de-ree '+ systemat$, un$ty $nt(e em*$r$,al eer,$se '+ reas'n) $n /($,( /e dedu,e t($s 'r t(at'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e +r'm t(e $ma-$nary 'b&e,t '+ t($s $dea) as t(e-r'und 'r ,ause '+ t(e sa$d 'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e! In t($s /ay) t(e$dea $s *r'*erly a (eur$st$,) and n't an 'stens$0e) ,'n,e*t$'n4 $t

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


d'es n't -$0e us any $n+'rmat$'n res*e,t$n- t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ an'b&e,t) $t merely $nd$,ates ('/) under t(e -u$dan,e '+ t(e $dea) /e'u-(t t' $n0est$-ate t(e ,'nst$tut$'n and t(e relat$'ns '+ 'b&e,ts$n t(e /'rld '+ e*er$en,e! N'/) $+ $t ,an be s('/n t(at t(e t(ree%$nds '+ trans,endental $deas =*sy,('l'-$,al) ,'sm'l'-$,al) andt(e'l'-$,al>) alt('u-( n't relat$n- d$re,tly t' any 'b&e,t n'rdeterm$n$n- $t) d' ne0ert(eless) 'n t(e su**'s$t$'n '+ t(e e$sten,e'+ an $deal 'b&e,t) *r'du,e systemat$, un$ty $n t(e la/s '+ t(e

em*$r$,al em*l'yment '+ t(e reas'n) and etend 'ur em*$r$,al,'-n$t$'n) /$t('ut e0er be$n- $n,'ns$stent 'r $n '**'s$t$'n /$t( $t5$t must be a ne,essary ma$m '+ reas'n t' re-ulate $ts *r',edurea,,'rd$n- t' t(ese $deas! And t($s +'rms t(e trans,endentaldedu,t$'n '+ all s*e,ulat$0e $deas) n't as ,'nst$tut$0e *r$n,$*les'+ t(e etens$'n '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ 'ur e*er$en,e)but as re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e systemat$, un$ty '+ em*$r$,al,'-n$t$'n) /($,( $s by t(e a$d '+ t(ese $deas arran-ed and emended/$t($n $ts '/n *r'*er l$m$ts) t' an etent unatta$nable by t(e'*erat$'n '+ t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e understand$n- al'ne!'

I s(all ma%e t($s *la$ner! u$ded by t(e *r$n,$*les $n0'l0ed $nt(ese $deas) /e must) $n t(e +$rst *la,e) s' ,'nne,t all t(e

*(en'mena) a,t$'ns) and +eel$n-s '+ t(e m$nd) as $+ $t /ere a s$m*lesubstan,e) /($,() end'/ed /$t( *ers'nal $dent$ty) *'ssesses a*ermanent e$sten,e =$n t($s l$+e at least>) /($le $ts states) am'n-/($,( t('se '+ t(e b'dy are t' be $n,luded as eternal ,'nd$t$'ns) are$n ,'nt$nual ,(an-e! Se,'ndly) $n ,'sm'l'-y) /e must $n0est$-ate t(e,'nd$t$'ns '+ all natural *(en'mena) $nternal as /ell as eternal)as $+ t(ey bel'n-ed t' a ,(a$n $n+$n$te and /$t('ut any *r$me 'rsu*reme member) /($le /e d' n't) 'n t($s a,,'unt) deny t(e e$sten,e'+ $ntell$-$ble -r'unds '+ t(ese *(en'mena) alt('u-( /e ne0er em*l'yt(em t' e*la$n *(en'mena) +'r t(e s$m*le reas'n t(at t(ey are n't'b&e,ts '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n! T($rdly) $n t(e s*(ere '+ t(e'l'-y) /emust re-ard t(e /('le system '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e as +'rm$n- anabs'lute) but de*endent and sensu'usly5,'nd$t$'ned un$ty) and at t(e

same t$me as based u*'n a s'le) su*reme) and all5su++$,$ent -r'unde$st$n- a*art +r'm t(e /'rld $tsel+5 a -r'und /($,( $s asel+5subs$stent) *r$me0al and ,reat$0e reas'n) $n relat$'n t' /($,( /es' em*l'y 'ur reas'n $n t(e +$eld '+ e*er$en,e) as $+ all 'b&e,tsdre/ t(e$r 'r$-$n +r'm t(at ar,(ety*e '+ all reas'n! In 't(er /'rds)/e 'u-(t n't t' dedu,e t(e $nternal *(en'mena '+ t(e m$nd +r'm as$m*le t($n%$n- substan,e) but dedu,e t(em +r'm ea,( 't(er under t(e-u$dan,e '+ t(e re-ulat$0e $dea '+ a s$m*le be$n-4 /e 'u-(t n't t'dedu,e t(e *(en'mena) 'rder) and un$ty '+ t(e un$0erse +r'm asu*reme $ntell$-en,e) but merely dra/ +r'm t($s $dea '+ a su*remely/$se ,ause t(e rules /($,( must -u$de reas'n $n $ts ,'nne,t$'n '+,auses and e++e,ts!,

N'/ t(ere $s n't($n- t' ($nder us +r'm adm$tt$n- t(ese $deas t'*'ssess an 'b&e,t$0e and (y*erb'l$, e$sten,e) e,e*t t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al$deas) /($,( lead reas'n $nt' an ant$n'my6 t(e *sy,('l'-$,al andt(e'l'-$,al $deas are n't ant$n'm$al! T(ey ,'nta$n n' ,'ntrad$,t$'n4and ('/) t(en) ,an any 'ne d$s*ute t(e$r 'b&e,t$0e real$ty) s$n,e (e/(' den$es $t %n'/s as l$ttle ab'ut t(e$r *'ss$b$l$ty as /e /('a++$rm@ And yet) /(en /e /$s( t' adm$t t(e e$sten,e '+ a t($n-) $t $sn't su++$,$ent t' ,'n0$n,e 'ursel0es t(at t(ere $s n' *'s$t$0e'bsta,le $n t(e /ay4 +'r $t ,ann't be all'/able t' re-ard mere,reat$'ns '+ t('u-(t) /($,( trans,end) t('u-( t(ey d' n't,'ntrad$,t) all 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns) as real and determ$nate 'b&e,ts)

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s'lely u*'n t(e aut('r$ty '+ a s*e,ulat$0e reas'n str$0$n- t','m*ass $ts '/n a$ms! T(ey ,ann't) t(ere+'re) be adm$tted t' be real$n t(emsel0es4 t(ey ,an 'nly *'ssess a ,'m*arat$0e real$ty5 t(at '+a s,(ema '+ t(e re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e systemat$, un$ty '+ all,'-n$t$'n! T(ey are t' be re-arded n't as a,tual t($n-s) but as $ns'me measure anal'-'us t' t(em! 2e abstra,t +r'm t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(e$dea all t(e ,'nd$t$'ns /($,( l$m$t t(e eer,$se '+ 'ur understand$n-)but /($,() 'n t(e 't(er (and) are t(e s'le ,'nd$t$'ns '+ 'ur

*'ssess$n- a determ$nate ,'n,e*t$'n '+ any -$0en t($n-! And t(us /e,'-$tate a s'met($n-) '+ t(e real nature '+ /($,( /e (a0e n't t(eleast ,'n,e*t$'n) but /($,( /e re*resent t' 'ursel0es as stand$n- $n arelat$'n t' t(e /('le system '+ *(en'mena) anal'-'us t' t(at $n/($,( *(en'mena stand t' ea,( 't(er!/

3y adm$tt$n- t(ese $deal be$n-s) /e d' n't really etend 'ur,'-n$t$'ns bey'nd t(e 'b&e,ts '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e4 /e etend merelyt(e em*$r$,al un$ty '+ 'ur e*er$en,e) by t(e a$d '+ systemat$, un$ty)t(e s,(ema '+ /($,( $s +urn$s(ed by t(e $dea) /($,( $s t(ere+'re0al$d5 n't as a ,'nst$tut$0e) but as a re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le! F'ralt('u-( /e *'s$t a t($n- ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(e $dea5 a s'met($n-) ana,tual e$sten,e5 /e d' n't 'n t(at a,,'unt a$m at t(e etens$'n '+

'ur ,'-n$t$'n by means '+ trans,endent ,'n,e*t$'ns! T($s e$sten,e$s *urely $deal) and n't 'b&e,t$0e4 $t $s t(e mere e*ress$'n '+ t(esystemat$, un$ty /($,( $s t' be t(e -u$de '+ reas'n $n t(e +$eld '+e*er$en,e! T(ere are n' attem*ts made at de,$d$n- /(at t(e -r'und'+ t($s un$ty may be) 'r /(at t(e real nature '+ t($s $ma-$nary be$n-!'

T(us t(e trans,endental and 'nly determ$nate ,'n,e*t$'n '+ 'd)/($,( $s *resented t' us by s*e,ulat$0e reas'n) $s $n t(e str$,testsense de$st$,! In 't(er /'rds) reas'n d'es n't assure us '+ t(e'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n4 $t merely -$0es us t(e $dea '+s'met($n-) 'n /($,( t(e su*reme and ne,essary un$ty '+ alle*er$en,e $s based! T($s s'met($n- /e ,ann't) +'ll'/$n- t(e anal'-y'+ a real substan,e) ,'-$tate 't(er/$se t(an as t(e ,ause '+ all

t($n-s '*erat$n- $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( rat$'nal la/s) $+ /e re-ard $tas an $nd$0$dual 'b&e,t4 alt('u-( /e s('uld rest ,'ntented /$t( t(e$dea al'ne as a re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n) and ma%e n' attem*t at,'m*let$n- t(e sum '+ t(e ,'nd$t$'ns $m*'sed by t('u-(t! T($sattem*t $s) $ndeed) $n,'ns$stent /$t( t(e -rand a$m '+ ,'m*letesystemat$, un$ty $n t(e s*(ere '+ ,'-n$t$'n5 a un$ty t' /($,( n'b'unds are set by reas'n!b

Hen,e $t (a**ens t(at) adm$tt$n- a d$0$ne be$n-) I ,an (a0e n','n,e*t$'n '+ t(e $nternal *'ss$b$l$ty '+ $ts *er+e,t$'n) 'r '+ t(ene,ess$ty '+ $ts e$sten,e! T(e 'nly ad0anta-e '+ t($s adm$ss$'n $st(at $t enables me t' ans/er all 't(er .uest$'ns relat$n- t' t(e,'nt$n-ent) and t' -$0e reas'n t(e m'st ,'m*lete sat$s+a,t$'n as

re-ards t(e un$ty /($,( $t a$ms at atta$n$n- $n t(e /'rld '+e*er$en,e! 3ut I ,ann't sat$s+y reas'n /$t( re-ard t' t($s (y*'t(es$s$tsel+4 and t($s *r'0es t(at $t $s n't $ts $ntell$-en,e and $ns$-(t$nt' t(e sub&e,t) but $ts s*e,ulat$0e $nterest al'ne /($,( $ndu,es$t t' *r',eed +r'm a *'$nt ly$n- +ar bey'nd t(e s*(ere '+ 'ur,'-n$t$'n) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ be$n- able t' ,'ns$der all 'b&e,ts as*arts '+ a systemat$, /('le!*

Here a d$st$n,t$'n *resents $tsel+) $n re-ard t' t(e /ay $n /($,( /emay ,'-$tate a *resu**'s$t$'n5 a d$st$n,t$'n /($,( $s s'me/(at subtle)but '+ -reat $m*'rtan,e $n trans,endental *($l's'*(y! I may (a0e

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su++$,$ent -r'unds t' adm$t s'met($n-) 'r t(e e$sten,e '+s'met($n-) $n a relat$0e *'$nt '+ 0$e/ =su**'s$t$' relat$0a>)/$t('ut be$n- &ust$+$ed $n adm$tt$n- $t $n an abs'lute sense=su**'s$t$' abs'luta>! T($s d$st$n,t$'n $s und'ubtedly re.u$s$te) $nt(e ,ase '+ a re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le) t(e ne,ess$ty '+ /($,( /ere,'-n$;e) t('u-( /e are $-n'rant '+ t(e s'ur,e and ,ause '+ t(atne,ess$ty) and /($,( /e assume t' be based u*'n s'me ult$mate-r'und) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ be$n- able t' ,'-$tate t(e un$0ersal$ty

'+ t(e *r$n,$*le $n a m're determ$nate /ay! F'r eam*le) I ,'-$tatet(e e$sten,e '+ a be$n- ,'rres*'nd$n- t' a *ure trans,endental$dea! 3ut I ,ann't adm$t t(at t($s be$n- e$sts abs'lutely and $n$tsel+) be,ause all '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns by /($,( I ,an ,'-$tate an'b&e,t $n a determ$nate manner +all s('rt '+ assur$n- me '+ $tse$sten,e4 nay) t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty '+ my,'n,e*t$'ns are e,luded by t(e $dea5 by t(e 0ery +a,t '+ $ts be$n- an$dea! T(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ real$ty) substan,e) ,ausal$ty) nay) e0en t(at'+ ne,ess$ty $n e$sten,e) (a0e n' s$-n$+$,an,e 'ut '+ t(e s*(ere '+em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n) and ,ann't) bey'nd t(at s*(ere) determ$ne any'b&e,t! T(ey may) a,,'rd$n-ly) be em*l'yed t' e*la$n t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s $n t(e /'rld '+ sense) but t(ey are utterly$nade.uate t' e*la$n t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e un$0erse $tsel+

,'ns$dered as a /('le4 be,ause $n t($s ,ase t(e -r'und '+e*lanat$'n must l$e 'ut '+ and bey'nd t(e /'rld) and ,ann't)t(ere+'re) be an 'b&e,t '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e! N'/) I may adm$t t(ee$sten,e '+ an $n,'m*re(ens$ble be$n- '+ t($s nature5 t(e 'b&e,t '+ amere $dea) relat$0ely t' t(e /'rld '+ sense4 alt('u-( I (a0e n' -r'undt' adm$t $ts e$sten,e abs'lutely and $n $tsel+! F'r $+ an $dea=t(at '+ a systemat$, and ,'m*lete un$ty) '+ /($,( I s(all *resentlys*ea% m're *art$,ularly> l$es at t(e +'undat$'n '+ t(e m'st etendedem*$r$,al em*l'yment '+ reas'n) and $+ t($s $dea ,ann't beade.uately re*resented $n ,'n,ret') alt('u-( $t $s $nd$s*ensablyne,essary +'r t(e a**r'$mat$'n '+ em*$r$,al un$ty t' t(e ($-(est*'ss$ble de-ree5 I am n't 'nly aut('r$;ed) but ,'m*elled) t' real$;et($s $dea) t(at $s) t' *'s$t a real 'b&e,t ,'rres*'nd$n- t(eret'!

3ut I ,ann't *r'+ess t' %n'/ t($s 'b&e,t4 $t $s t' me merely as'met($n-) t' /($,() as t(e -r'und '+ systemat$, un$ty $n ,'-n$t$'n) Iattr$bute su,( *r'*ert$es as are anal'-'us t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns em*l'yedby t(e understand$n- $n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e! F'll'/$n- t(eanal'-y '+ t(e n't$'ns '+ real$ty) substan,e) ,ausal$ty) andne,ess$ty) I ,'-$tate a be$n-) /($,( *'ssesses all t(ese attr$butes $nt(e ($-(est de-ree4 and) as t($s $dea $s t(e '++s*r$n- '+ my reas'nal'ne) I ,'-$tate t($s be$n- as sel+5subs$stent reas'n) and as t(e,ause '+ t(e un$0erse '*erat$n- by means '+ $deas '+ t(e -reatest*'ss$ble (arm'ny and un$ty! T(us I abstra,t all ,'nd$t$'ns t(at/'uld l$m$t my $dea) s'lely +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ render$n- systemat$,un$ty *'ss$ble $n t(e /'rld '+ em*$r$,al d$0ers$ty) and t(usse,ur$n- t(e /$dest *'ss$ble etens$'n +'r t(e eer,$se '+ reas'n $n

t(at s*(ere! T($s I am enabled t' d') by re-ard$n- all ,'nne,t$'ns andrelat$'ns $n t(e /'rld '+ sense) as $+ t(ey /ere t(e d$s*'s$t$'ns '+ asu*reme reas'n) '+ /($,( 'ur reas'n $s but a +a$nt $ma-e! I t(en*r',eed t' ,'-$tate t($s Su*reme 3e$n- by ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( (a0e)*r'*erly) n' mean$n- 'r a**l$,at$'n) e,e*t $n t(e /'rld '+ sense! 3utas I am aut('r$;ed t' em*l'y t(e trans,endental (y*'t(es$s '+ su,( abe$n- $n a relat$0e res*e,t al'ne) t(at $s) as t(e substratum '+ t(e-reatest *'ss$ble un$ty $n e*er$en,e5 I may attr$bute t' a be$n-/($,( I re-ard as d$st$n,t +r'm t(e /'rld) su,( *r'*ert$es as bel'n-s'lely t' t(e s*(ere '+ sense and e*er$en,e! F'r I d' n't des$re) andam n't &ust$+$ed $n des$r$n-) t' ,'-n$;e t($s 'b&e,t '+ my $dea) as $t

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e$sts $n $tsel+4 +'r I *'ssess n' ,'n,e*t$'ns su++$,$ent +'r 'r tas%)t('se '+ real$ty) substan,e) ,ausal$ty) nay) e0en t(at '+ ne,ess$ty $ne$sten,e) l's$n- all s$-n$+$,an,e) and be,'m$n- merely t(e s$-ns '+,'n,e*t$'ns) /$t('ut ,'ntent and /$t('ut a**l$,ab$l$ty) /(en I attem*tt' ,arry t(em bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ t(e /'rld '+ sense! I ,'-$tatemerely t(e relat$'n '+ a *er+e,tly un%n'/n be$n- t' t(e -reatest*'ss$ble systemat$, un$ty '+ e*er$en,e) s'lely +'r t(e *ur*'se '+em*l'y$n- $t as t(e s,(ema '+ t(e re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le /($,( d$re,ts

reas'n $n $ts em*$r$,al eer,$se!r

It $s e0$dent) at t(e +$rst 0$e/) t(at /e ,ann't *resu**'se t(ereal$ty '+ t($s trans,endental 'b&e,t) by means '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns'+ real$ty) substan,e) ,ausal$ty) and s' 'n) be,ause t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns,ann't be a**l$ed t' anyt($n- t(at $s d$st$n,t +r'm t(e /'rld '+sense! T(us t(e su**'s$t$'n '+ a Su*reme 3e$n- 'r ,ause $s *urelyrelat$0e4 $t $s ,'-$tated 'nly $n be(al+ '+ t(e systemat$, un$ty '+e*er$en,e4 su,( a be$n- $s but a s'met($n-) '+ /('se e$sten,e $n$tsel+ /e (a0e n't t(e least ,'n,e*t$'n! T(us) t'') $t be,'messu++$,$ently man$+est /(y /e re.u$red t(e $dea '+ a ne,essary be$n- $nrelat$'n t' 'b&e,ts -$0en by sense) alt('u-( /e ,an ne0er (a0e t(eleast ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t($s be$n-) 'r '+ $ts abs'lute ne,ess$ty!l

And n'/ /e ,an ,learly *er,e$0e t(e result '+ 'ur trans,endentald$ale,t$,) and t(e *r'*er a$m '+ t(e $deas '+ *ure reas'n5 /($,(be,'me d$ale,t$,al s'lely +r'm m$sunderstand$n- and $n,'ns$derateness!Pure reas'n $s) $n +a,t) ',,u*$ed /$t( $tsel+) and n't /$t( any'b&e,t! Ob&e,ts are n't *resented t' $t t' be embra,ed $n t(e un$ty '+an em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'n4 $t $s 'nly t(e ,'-n$t$'ns '+ t(eunderstand$n- t(at are *resented t' $t) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ re,e$0$n-t(e un$ty '+ a rat$'nal ,'n,e*t$'n) t(at $s) '+ be$n- ,'nne,teda,,'rd$n- t' a *r$n,$*le! T(e un$ty '+ reas'n $s t(e un$ty '+system4 and t($s systemat$, un$ty $s n't an 'b&e,t$0e *r$n,$*le)etend$n- $ts d'm$n$'n '0er 'b&e,ts) but a sub&e,t$0e ma$m) etend$n-$ts aut('r$ty '0er t(e em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts! T(e

systemat$, ,'nne,t$'n /($,( reas'n -$0es t' t(e em*$r$,al em*l'yment'+ t(e understand$n- n't 'nly ad0an,es t(e etens$'n '+ t(atem*l'yment) but ensures $ts ,'rre,tness) and t(us t(e *r$n,$*le '+ asystemat$, un$ty '+ t($s nature $s als' 'b&e,t$0e) alt('u-( 'nly $n an$nde+$n$te res*e,t =*r$n,$*$um 0a-um>! It $s n't) ('/e0er) a,'nst$tut$0e *r$n,$*le) determ$n$n- an 'b&e,t t' /($,( $t d$re,tlyrelates4 $t $s merely a re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le 'r ma$m) ad0an,$n- andstren-t(en$n- t(e em*$r$,al eer,$se '+ reas'n) by t(e '*en$n- u* '+ne/ *at(s '+ /($,( t(e understand$n- $s $-n'rant) /($le $t ne0er,'n+l$,ts /$t( t(e la/s '+ $ts eer,$se $n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e!,

3ut reas'n ,ann't ,'-$tate t($s systemat$, un$ty) /$t('ut at t(esame t$me ,'-$tat$n- an 'b&e,t '+ t(e $dea5 an 'b&e,t t(at ,ann't be

*resented $n any e*er$en,e) /($,( ,'nta$ns n' ,'n,rete eam*le '+ a,'m*lete systemat$, un$ty! T($s be$n- =ens rat$'n$s rat$',$natae> $st(ere+'re a mere $dea and $s n't assumed t' be a t($n- /($,( $s realabs'lutely and $n $tsel+! On t(e ,'ntrary) $t +'rms merely t(e*r'blemat$,al +'undat$'n '+ t(e ,'nne,t$'n /($,( t(e m$nd $ntr'du,esam'n- t(e *(en'mena '+ t(e sensu'us /'rld! 2e l''% u*'n t($s,'nne,t$'n) $n t(e l$-(t '+ t(e ab'0e5ment$'ned $dea) as $+ $t dre/$ts 'r$-$n +r'm t(e su**'sed be$n- /($,( ,'rres*'nds t' t(e $dea!And yet all /e a$m at $s t(e *'ssess$'n '+ t($s $dea as a se,ure+'undat$'n +'r t(e systemat$, un$ty '+ e*er$en,e5 a un$ty$nd$s*ensable t' reas'n) ad0anta-e'us t' t(e understand$n-) and

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*r'm't$0e '+ t(e $nterests '+ em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n!*

2e m$sta%e t(e true mean$n- '+ t($s $dea /(en /e re-ard $t as anen'un,ement) 'r e0en as a (y*'t(et$,al de,larat$'n '+ t(e e$sten,e '+a real t($n-) /($,( /e are t' re-ard as t(e 'r$-$n 'r -r'und '+ asystemat$, ,'nst$tut$'n '+ t(e un$0erse! On t(e ,'ntrary) $t $s le+t,'m*letely undeterm$ned /(at t(e nature 'r *r'*ert$es '+ t($ss'5,alled -r'und may be! T(e $dea $s merely t' be ad'*ted as a *'$nt

'+ 0$e/) +r'm /($,( t($s un$ty) s' essent$al t' reas'n and s'bene+$,$al t' t(e understand$n-) may be re-arded as rad$at$n-! In'ne /'rd) t($s trans,endental t($n- $s merely t(e s,(ema '+ are-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le) by means '+ /($,( Reas'n) s' +ar as $n (er l$es)etends t(e d'm$n$'n '+ systemat$, un$ty '0er t(e /('le s*(ere '+e*er$en,e!e

T(e +$rst 'b&e,t '+ an $dea '+ t($s %$nd $s t(e e-') ,'ns$deredmerely as a t($n%$n- nature 'r s'ul! I+ I /$s( t' $n0est$-ate t(e*r'*ert$es '+ a t($n%$n- be$n-) I must $nterr'-ate e*er$en,e! 3ut I+$nd t(at I ,an a**ly n'ne '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es t' t($s 'b&e,t) t(es,(ema '+ t(ese ,ate-'r$es) /($,( $s t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e$ra**l$,at$'n) be$n- -$0en 'nly $n sensu'us $ntu$t$'n! 3ut I ,ann't t(us

atta$n t' t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ a systemat$, un$ty '+ all t(e *(en'mena'+ t(e $nternal sense! Instead) t(ere+'re) '+ an em*$r$,al,'n,e*t$'n '+ /(at t(e s'ul really $s) reas'n ta%es t(e ,'n,e*t$'n'+ t(e em*$r$,al un$ty '+ all t('u-(t) and) by ,'-$tat$n- t($s un$tyas un,'nd$t$'ned and *r$m$t$0e) ,'nstru,ts t(e rat$'nal ,'n,e*t$'n'r $dea '+ a s$m*le substan,e /($,( $s $n $tsel+ un,(an-eable)*'ssess$n- *ers'nal $dent$ty) and $n ,'nne,t$'n /$t( 't(er real t($n-seternal t' $t4 $n 'ne /'rd) $t ,'nstru,ts t(e $dea '+ a s$m*lesel+5subs$stent $ntell$-en,e! 3ut t(e real a$m '+ reas'n $n t($s*r',edure $s t(e atta$nment '+ *r$n,$*les '+ systemat$, un$ty +'rt(e e*lanat$'n '+ t(e *(en'mena '+ t(e s'ul! T(at $s) reas'ndes$res t' be able t' re*resent all t(e determ$nat$'ns '+ t(e $nternalsense as e$st$n- $n 'ne sub&e,t) all *'/ers as dedu,ed +r'm 'ne

+undamental *'/er) all ,(an-es as mere 0ar$et$es $n t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ abe$n- /($,( $s *ermanent and al/ays t(e same) and all *(en'mena $ns*a,e as ent$rely d$++erent $n t(e$r nature +r'm t(e *r',edure '+t('u-(t! Essent$al s$m*l$,$ty =/$t( t(e 't(er attr$butes *red$,ated '+t(e e-'> $s re-arded as t(e mere s,(ema '+ t($s re-ulat$0e*r$n,$*le4 $t $s n't assumed t(at $t $s t(e a,tual -r'und '+ t(e*r'*ert$es '+ t(e s'ul! F'r t(ese *r'*ert$es may rest u*'n .u$ted$++erent -r'unds) '+ /($,( /e are ,'m*letely $-n'rant4 &ust as t(eab'0e *red$,ates ,'uld n't -$0e us any %n'/led-e '+ t(e s'ul as $t$s $n $tsel+) e0en $+ /e re-arded t(em as 0al$d $n res*e,t '+ $t)$nasmu,( as t(ey ,'nst$tute a mere $dea) /($,( ,ann't be re*resented$n ,'n,ret'! N't($n- but -''d ,an result +r'm a *sy,('l'-$,al $dea'+ t($s %$nd) $+ /e 'nly ta%e *r'*er ,are n't t' ,'ns$der $t as m're

t(an an $dea4 t(at $s) $+ /e re-ard $t as 0al$d merely $n relat$'nt' t(e em*l'yment '+ reas'n) $n t(e s*(ere '+ t(e *(en'mena '+ t(es'ul! Under t(e -u$dan,e '+ t($s $dea) 'r *r$n,$*le) n' em*$r$,al la/s'+ ,'r*'real *(en'mena are ,alled $n t' e*la$n t(at /($,( $s a*(en'men'n '+ t(e $nternal sense al'ne4 n' /$ndy (y*'t(eses '+ t(e-enerat$'n) ann$($lat$'n) and *al$n-enes$s '+ s'uls are adm$tted! T(ust(e ,'ns$derat$'n '+ t($s 'b&e,t '+ t(e $nternal sense $s %e*t *ure)and unm$ed /$t( (eter'-ene'us elements4 /($le t(e $n0est$-at$'n '+reas'n a$ms at redu,$n- all t(e -r'unds '+ e*lanat$'n em*l'yed $nt($s s*(ere '+ %n'/led-e t' a s$n-le *r$n,$*le! All t($s $s beste++e,ted) nay) ,ann't be e++e,ted 't(er/$se t(an by means '+ su,( a

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s,(ema) /($,( re.u$res us t' re-ard t($s $deal t($n- as an a,tuale$sten,e! T(e *sy,('l'-$,al $dea $s) t(ere+'re) mean$n-less and$na**l$,able) e,e*t as t(e s,(ema '+ a re-ulat$0e ,'n,e*t$'n! F'r) $+I as% /(et(er t(e s'ul $s n't really '+ a s*$r$tual nature5 $t $s a.uest$'n /($,( (as n' mean$n-! Fr'm su,( a ,'n,e*t$'n (as beenabstra,ted) n't merely all ,'r*'real nature) but all nature) t(at$s) all t(e *red$,ates '+ a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e4 and ,'nse.uently) allt(e ,'nd$t$'ns /($,( enable us t' ,'-$tate an 'b&e,t t' t($s

,'n,e*t$'n (a0e d$sa**eared! 3ut) $+ t(ese ,'nd$t$'ns are absent) $t$s e0$dent t(at t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $s mean$n-less!$

T(e se,'nd re-ulat$0e $dea '+ s*e,ulat$0e reas'n $s t(e ,'n,e*t$'n'+ t(e un$0erse! F'r nature $s *r'*erly t(e 'nly 'b&e,t *resented t'us) $n re-ard t' /($,( reas'n re.u$res re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*les! Nature$s t/'+'ld5 t($n%$n- and ,'r*'real nature! T' ,'-$tate t(e latter $nre-ard t' $ts $nternal *'ss$b$l$ty) t(at $s) t' determ$ne t(ea**l$,at$'n '+ t(e ,ate-'r$es t' $t) n' $dea $s re.u$red5 n're*resentat$'n /($,( trans,ends e*er$en,e! In t($s s*(ere) t(ere+'re)an $dea $s $m*'ss$ble) sensu'us $ntu$t$'n be$n- 'ur 'nly -u$de4 /($le)$n t(e s*(ere '+ *sy,('l'-y) /e re.u$re t(e +undamental $dea =I>)/($,( ,'nta$ns a *r$'r$ a ,erta$n +'rm '+ t('u-(t namely) t(e un$ty '+

t(e e-'! Pure reas'n (as) t(ere+'re) n't($n- le+t but nature $n-eneral) and t(e ,'m*leteness '+ ,'nd$t$'ns $n nature $n a,,'rdan,e/$t( s'me *r$n,$*le! T(e abs'lute t'tal$ty '+ t(e ser$es '+ t(ese,'nd$t$'ns $s an $dea) /($,( ,an ne0er be +ully real$;ed $n t(eem*$r$,al eer,$se '+ reas'n) /($le $t $s ser0$,eable as a rule +'rt(e *r',edure '+ reas'n $n relat$'n t' t(at t'tal$ty! It re.u$resus) $n t(e e*lanat$'n '+ -$0en *(en'mena =$n t(e re-ress 'r as,ent $nt(e ser$es>) t' *r',eed as $+ t(e ser$es /ere $n+$n$te $n $tsel+) t(at$s) /ere *r'l'n-ed $n $nde+$n$tum)4 /($le 'n t(e 't(er (and) /(erereas'n $s re-arded as $tsel+ t(e determ$n$n- ,ause =$n t(e re-$'n '++reed'm>) /e are re.u$red t' *r',eed as $+ /e (ad n't be+'re us an'b&e,t '+ sense) but '+ t(e *ure understand$n-! In t($s latter ,ase)t(e ,'nd$t$'ns d' n't e$st $n t(e ser$es '+ *(en'mena) but may be

*la,ed .u$te 'ut '+ and bey'nd $t) and t(e ser$es '+ ,'nd$t$'ns may bere-arded as $+ $t (ad an abs'lute be-$nn$n- +r'm an $ntell$-$ble,ause! All t($s *r'0es t(at t(e ,'sm'l'-$,al $deas are n't($n- butre-ulat$0e *r$n,$*les) and n't ,'nst$tut$0e4 and t(at t(e$r a$m $s n'tt' real$;e an a,tual t'tal$ty $n su,( ser$es! T(e +ull d$s,uss$'n '+t($s sub&e,t /$ll be +'und $n $ts *r'*er *la,e $n t(e ,(a*ter 'n t(eant$n'my '+ *ure reas'n!a

T(e t($rd $dea '+ *ure reas'n) ,'nta$n$n- t(e (y*'t(es$s '+ abe$n- /($,( $s 0al$d merely as a relat$0e (y*'t(es$s) $s t(at '+ t(e'ne and all5su++$,$ent ,ause '+ all ,'sm'l'-$,al ser$es) $n 't(er/'rds) t(e $dea '+ 'd! 2e (a0e n't t(e sl$-(test -r'und abs'lutely t'adm$t t(e e$sten,e '+ an 'b&e,t ,'rres*'nd$n- t' t($s $dea4 +'r

/(at ,an em*'/er 'r aut('r$;e us t' a++$rm t(e e$sten,e '+ a be$n- '+t(e ($-(est *er+e,t$'n5 a be$n- /('se e$sten,e $s abs'lutelyne,essary5 merely be,ause /e *'ssess t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ su,( a be$n-@T(e ans/er $s6 It $s t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e /'rld /($,( renders t($s(y*'t(es$s ne,essary! 3ut t($s ans/er ma%es $t *er+e,tly e0$dentt(at t(e $dea '+ t($s be$n-) l$%e all 't(er s*e,ulat$0e $deas) $sessent$ally n't($n- m're t(an a demand u*'n reas'n t(at $t s(allre-ulate t(e ,'nne,t$'n /($,( $t and $ts sub'rd$nate +a,ult$es$ntr'du,e $nt' t(e *(en'mena '+ t(e /'rld by *r$n,$*les '+systemat$, un$ty and) ,'nse.uently) t(at $t s(all re-ard all *(en'menaas 'r$-$nat$n- +r'm 'ne all5embra,$n- be$n-) as t(e su*reme and

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all5su++$,$ent ,ause! Fr'm t($s $t $s *la$n t(at t(e 'nly a$m '+reas'n $n t($s *r',edure $s t(e establ$s(ment '+ $ts '/n +'rmal rule+'r t(e etens$'n '+ $ts d'm$n$'n $n t(e /'rld '+ e*er$en,e4 t(at$t d'es n't a$m at an etens$'n '+ $ts ,'-n$t$'n bey'nd t(e l$m$ts'+ e*er$en,e4 and t(at) ,'nse.uently) t($s $dea d'es n't ,'nta$nany ,'nst$tut$0e *r$n,$*le!a

T(e ($-(est +'rmal un$ty) /($,( $s based u*'n $deas al'ne) $s t(e

un$ty '+ all t($n-s5 a un$ty $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( an a$m 'r *ur*'se4 andt(e s*e,ulat$0e $nterest '+ reas'n renders $t ne,essary t' re-ardall 'rder $n t(e /'rld as $+ $t 'r$-$nated +r'm t(e $ntent$'n anddes$-n '+ a su*reme reas'n! T($s *r$n,$*le un+'lds t' t(e 0$e/ '+reas'n $n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e ne/ and enlar-ed *r's*e,ts) and$n0$tes $t t' ,'nne,t t(e *(en'mena '+ t(e /'rld a,,'rd$n- t'tele'l'-$,al la/s) and $n t($s /ay t' atta$n t' t(e ($-(est *'ss$blede-ree '+ systemat$, un$ty! T(e (y*'t(es$s '+ a su*reme$ntell$-en,e) as t(e s'le ,ause '+ t(e un$0erse5 an $ntell$-en,e /($,((as +'r us n' m're t(an an $deal e$sten,e5 $s a,,'rd$n-ly al/ays '+t(e -reatest ser0$,e t' reas'n! T(us) $+ /e *resu**'se) $n relat$'n t't(e +$-ure '+ t(e eart( =/($,( $s r'und) but s'me/(at +lattened at t(e*'les>) 'r t(at '+ m'unta$ns 'r seas) /$se des$-ns 'n t(e *art '+

an aut('r '+ t(e un$0erse) /e ,ann't +a$l t' ma%e) by t(e l$-(t '+t($s su**'s$t$'n) a -reat number '+ $nterest$n- d$s,'0er$es! I+ /e%ee* t' t($s (y*'t(es$s) as a *r$n,$*le /($,( $s *urely re-ulat$0e)e0en err'r ,ann't be 0ery detr$mental! F'r) $n t($s ,ase) err'r ,an(a0e n' m're ser$'us ,'nse.uen,es t(an t(at) /(ere /e e*e,ted t'd$s,'0er a tele'l'-$,al ,'nne,t$'n =neus +$nal$s>) 'nly ame,(an$,al 'r *(ys$,al ,'nne,t$'n a**ears! In su,( a ,ase) /e merely+a$l t' +$nd t(e add$t$'nal +'rm '+ un$ty /e e*e,ted) but /e d' n'tl'se t(e rat$'nal un$ty /($,( t(e m$nd re.u$res $n $ts *r',edure $ne*er$en,e! 3ut e0en a m$s,arr$a-e '+ t($s s'rt ,ann't a++e,t t(ela/ $n $ts -eneral and tele'l'-$,al relat$'ns! F'r alt('u-( /e may,'n0$,t an anat'm$st '+ an err'r) /(en (e ,'nne,ts t(e l$mb '+ s'mean$mal /$t( a ,erta$n *ur*'se) $t $s .u$te $m*'ss$ble t' *r'0e $n a

s$n-le ,ase t(at any arran-ement '+ nature) be $t /(at $t may) $sent$rely /$t('ut a$m 'r des$-n! And t(us med$,al *(ys$'l'-y) by t(ea$d '+ a *r$n,$*le *resented t' $t by *ure reas'n) etends $ts 0eryl$m$ted em*$r$,al %n'/led-e '+ t(e *ur*'ses '+ t(e d$++erent *arts'+ an 'r-an$;ed b'dy s' +ar t(at $t may be asserted /$t( t(e utm'st,'n+$den,e) and /$t( t(e a**r'bat$'n '+ all re+le,t$n- men) t(at e0ery'r-an 'r b'd$ly *art '+ an an$mal (as $ts use and ans/ers a ,erta$ndes$-n! N'/) t($s $s a su**'s$t$'n /($,() $+ re-arded as '+ a,'nst$tut$0e ,(ara,ter) -'es mu,( +art(er t(an any e*er$en,e 'r'bser0at$'n '+ 'urs ,an &ust$+y! Hen,e $t $s e0$dent t(at $t $sn't($n- m're t(an a re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le '+ reas'n) /($,( a$ms att(e ($-(est de-ree '+ systemat$, un$ty) by t(e a$d '+ t(e $dea '+ a,ausal$ty a,,'rd$n- t' des$-n $n a su*reme ,ause5 a ,ause /($,( $t

re-ards as t(e ($-(est $ntell$-en,e!r

T(e ad0anta-es /($,( a ,$r,ular +'rm) $n t(e ,ase '+ t(e eart() (as'0er e0ery 't(er) are /ell %n'/n! 3ut +e/ are a/are t(at t(e sl$-(t+latten$n- at t(e *'les) /($,( -$0es $t t(e +$-ure '+ a s*(er'$d) $st(e 'nly ,ause /($,( *re0ents t(e ele0at$'ns '+ ,'nt$nents 'r e0en'+ m'unta$ns) *er(a*s t(r'/n u* by s'me $nternal ,'n0uls$'n) +r'm,'nt$nually alter$n- t(e *'s$t$'n '+ t(e a$s '+ t(e eart(5 and t(att' s'me ,'ns$derable de-ree $n a s('rt t$me! T(e -reat *r'tuberan,e '+t(e eart( under t(e E.uat'r ser0es t' '0erbalan,e t(e $m*etus '+ all't(er masses '+ eart() and t(us t' *reser0e t(e a$s '+ t(e eart()

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nature $s eem*t) but 'nly ,'-n$;ed by us /$t( m're 'r lessd$++$,ulty4 and /e *'ssess a re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e systemat$,un$ty '+ a tele'l'-$,al ,'nne,t$'n) /($,( /e d' n't attem*t t'ant$,$*ate 'r *redeterm$ne! All t(at /e d') and 'u-(t t' d') $s t'+'ll'/ 'ut t(e *(ys$,'5me,(an$,al ,'nne,t$'n $n nature a,,'rd$n- t'-eneral la/s) /$t( t(e ('*e '+ d$s,'0er$n-) s''ner 'r later) t(etele'l'-$,al ,'nne,t$'n als'! T(us) and t(us 'nly) ,an t(e *r$n,$*le'+ +$nal un$ty a$d $n t(e etens$'n '+ t(e em*l'yment '+ reas'n $n t(e

s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e) /$t('ut be$n- $n any ,ase detr$mental t' $ts$nterests!$

T($s /as t(e term a**l$ed by t(e 'ld d$ale,t$,$ans t' a s'*($st$,alar-ument) /($,( ran t(us6 I+ $t $s y'ur +ate t' d$e '+ t($s d$sease)y'u /$ll d$e) /(et(er y'u em*l'y a *(ys$,$an 'r n't! C$,er' sayst(at t($s m'de '+ reas'n$n- (as re,e$0ed t($s a**ellat$'n) be,ause) $++'ll'/ed) $t *uts an end t' t(e em*l'yment '+ reas'n $n t(e a++a$rs '+l$+e! F'r a s$m$lar reas'n) I (a0e a**l$ed t($s des$-nat$'n t' t(es'*($st$,al ar-ument '+ *ure reas'n!s

T(e se,'nd err'r /($,( ar$ses +r'm t(e m$s,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e*r$n,$*le '+ systemat$, un$ty $s t(at '+ *er0erted reas'n =*er0ersa

rat$') uster'n r'ter'n rat$'n$s>! T(e $dea '+ systemat$, un$ty $sa0a$lable as a re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le $n t(e ,'nne,t$'n '+ *(en'menaa,,'rd$n- t' -eneral natural la/s4 and) ('/ +ar s'e0er /e (a0e t'tra0el u*'n t(e *at( '+ e*er$en,e t' d$s,'0er s'me +a,t 'r e0ent)t($s $dea re.u$res us t' bel$e0e t(at /e (a0e a**r'a,(ed all t(em're nearly t' t(e ,'m*let$'n '+ $ts use $n t(e s*(ere '+ nature)alt('u-( t(at ,'m*let$'n ,an ne0er be atta$ned! 3ut t($s err'rre0erses t(e *r',edure '+ reas'n! 2e be-$n by (y*'stat$;$n- t(e*r$n,$*le '+ systemat$, un$ty) and by -$0$n- an ant(r'*'m'r*($,determ$nat$'n t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a Su*reme Intell$-en,e) and t(en*r',eed +'r,$bly t' $m*'se a$ms u*'n nature! T(us n't 'nly d'estele'l'-y) /($,( 'u-(t t' a$d $n t(e ,'m*let$'n '+ un$ty $n a,,'rdan,e/$t( -eneral la/s) '*erate t' t(e destru,t$'n '+ $ts $n+luen,e) but $t

($nders reas'n +r'm atta$n$n- $ts *r'*er a$m) t(at $s) t(e *r''+) u*'nnatural -r'unds) '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ a su*reme $ntell$-ent ,ause! F'r)$+ /e ,ann't *resu**'se su*reme +$nal$ty $n nature a *r$'r$) t(at$s) as essent$ally bel'n-$n- t' nature) ('/ ,an /e be d$re,ted t'endea0'ur t' d$s,'0er t($s un$ty and) r$s$n- -radually t(r'u-( $tsd$++erent de-rees) t' a**r'a,( t(e su*reme *er+e,t$'n '+ an aut('r'+ all5 a *er+e,t$'n /($,( $s abs'lutely ne,essary) and t(ere+'re,'-n$;able a *r$'r$@ T(e re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le d$re,ts us t' *resu**'sesystemat$, un$ty abs'lutely and) ,'nse.uently) as +'ll'/$n- +r'm t(eessent$al nature '+ t($n-s5 but 'nly as a un$ty '+ nature) n'tmerely ,'-n$;ed em*$r$,ally) but *resu**'sed a *r$'r$) alt('u-( 'nly$n an $ndeterm$nate manner! 3ut $+ I $ns$st 'n bas$n- nature u*'nt(e +'undat$'n '+ a su*reme 'rda$n$n- 3e$n-) t(e un$ty '+ nature $s $n

e++e,t l'st! F'r) $n t($s ,ase) $t $s .u$te +'re$-n and unessent$al t't(e nature '+ t($n-s) and ,ann't be ,'-n$;ed +r'm t(e -eneral la/s'+ nature! And t(us ar$ses a 0$,$'us ,$r,ular ar-ument) /(at 'u-(tt' (a0e been *r'0ed (a0$n- been *resu**'sed!t

T' ta%e t(e re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le '+ systemat$, un$ty $n nature +'r a,'nst$tut$0e *r$n,$*le) and t' (y*'stat$;e and ma%e a ,ause 'ut '+t(at /($,( $s *r'*erly t(e $deal -r'und '+ t(e ,'ns$stent and(arm'n$'us eer,$se '+ reas'n) $n0'l0es reas'n $n $netr$,ableembarrassments! T(e $n0est$-at$'n '+ nature *ursues $ts '/n *at( undert(e -u$dan,e '+ t(e ,(a$n '+ natural ,auses) $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e

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-eneral la/s '+ nature) and e0er +'ll'/s t(e l$-(t '+ t(e $dea '+ anaut('r '+ t(e un$0erse5 n't +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ dedu,$n- t(e+$nal$ty) /($,( $t ,'nstantly *ursues) +r'm t($s Su*reme 3e$n-) but t'atta$n t' t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ ($s e$sten,e +r'm t(e +$nal$ty /($,( $tsee%s $n t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e *(en'mena '+ nature) and) $+ *'ss$ble)$n t(at '+ all t($n-s t' ,'-n$;e t($s be$n-) ,'nse.uently) asabs'lutely ne,essary! 2(et(er t($s latter *ur*'se su,,eed 'r n't)t(e $dea $s and must al/ays be a true 'ne) and $ts em*l'yment) /(en

merely re-ulat$0e) must al/ays be a,,'m*an$ed by trut(+ul andbene+$,$al results!b

C'm*lete un$ty) $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( a$ms) ,'nst$tutes abs'lute*er+e,t$'n! 3ut $+ /e d' n't +$nd t($s un$ty $n t(e nature '+ t(et($n-s /($,( -' t' ,'nst$tute t(e /'rld '+ e*er$en,e) t(at $s) '+'b&e,t$0e ,'-n$t$'n) ,'nse.uently $n t(e un$0ersal and ne,essaryla/s '+ nature) ('/ ,an /e $n+er +r'm t($s un$ty t(e $dea '+ t(esu*reme and abs'lutely ne,essary *er+e,t$'n '+ a *r$mal be$n-) /($,($s t(e 'r$-$n '+ all ,ausal$ty@ T(e -reatest systemat$, un$ty) and,'nse.uently tele'l'-$,al un$ty) ,'nst$tutes t(e 0ery +'undat$'n '+t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e m'st etended em*l'yment '+ (uman reas'n! T(e$dea '+ un$ty $s t(ere+'re essent$ally and $nd$ss'lubly ,'nne,ted /$t(

t(e nature '+ 'ur reas'n! T($s $dea $s a le-$slat$0e 'ne4 and (en,e $t$s 0ery natural t(at /e s('uld assume t(e e$sten,e '+ a le-$slat$0ereas'n ,'rres*'nd$n- t' $t) +r'm /($,( t(e systemat$, un$ty '+ nature5t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(e '*erat$'ns '+ reas'n5 must be der$0ed!t

In t(e ,'urse '+ 'ur d$s,uss$'n '+ t(e ant$n'm$es) /e stated t(at $t$s al/ays *'ss$ble t' ans/er all t(e .uest$'ns /($,( *ure reas'n mayra$se4 and t(at t(e *lea '+ t(e l$m$ted nature '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n) /($,($s una0'$dable and *r'*er $n many .uest$'ns re-ard$n- natural*(en'mena) ,ann't $n t($s ,ase be adm$tted) be,ause t(e .uest$'nsra$sed d' n't relate t' t(e nature '+ t($n-s) but are ne,essar$ly'r$-$nated by t(e nature '+ reas'n $tsel+) and relate t' $ts '/n$nternal ,'nst$tut$'n! 2e ,an n'/ establ$s( t($s assert$'n) /($,( at

+$rst s$-(t a**eared s' ras() $n relat$'n t' t(e t/' .uest$'ns $n/($,( reas'n ta%es t(e -reatest $nterest) and t(us ,'m*lete 'urd$s,uss$'n '+ t(e d$ale,t$, '+ *ure reas'n!d

I+) t(en) t(e .uest$'n $s as%ed) $n relat$'n t' trans,endentalt(e'l'-y) +$rst) /(et(er t(ere $s anyt($n- d$st$n,t +r'm t(e /'rld)/($,( ,'nta$ns t(e -r'und '+ ,'sm$,al 'rder and ,'nne,t$'n a,,'rd$n-t' -eneral la/s@ T(e ans/er $s6 Certa$nly! F'r t(e /'rld $s a sum '+*(en'mena4 t(ere must) t(ere+'re) be s'me trans,endental bas$s '+t(ese *(en'mena) t(at $s) a bas$s ,'-$table by t(e *ureunderstand$n- al'ne! I+) se,'ndly) t(e .uest$'n $s as%ed /(et(ert($s be$n- $s substan,e) /(et(er $t $s '+ t(e -reatest real$ty)/(et(er $t $s ne,essary) and s' +'rt(@ I ans/er t(at t($s .uest$'n

$s utterly /$t('ut mean$n-! F'r all t(e ,ate-'r$es /($,( a$d me $n+'rm$n- a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t ,ann't be em*l'yed e,e*t $n t(e/'rld '+ sense) and are /$t('ut mean$n- /(en n't a**l$ed t' 'b&e,ts '+a,tual 'r *'ss$ble e*er$en,e! Out '+ t($s s*(ere) t(ey are n't*r'*erly ,'n,e*t$'ns) but t(e mere mar%s 'r $nd$,es '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns)/($,( /e may adm$t) alt('u-( t(ey ,ann't) /$t('ut t(e (el* '+e*er$en,e) (el* us t' understand any sub&e,t 'r t($n-! I+) t($rdly)t(e .uest$'n $s /(et(er /e may n't ,'-$tate t($s be$n-) /($,( $sd$st$n,t +r'm t(e /'rld) $n anal'-y /$t( t(e 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e@T(e ans/er $s6 Und'ubtedly) but 'nly as an $deal) and n't as a real'b&e,t! T(at $s) /e must ,'-$tate $t 'nly as an un%n'/n substratum

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'+ t(e systemat$, un$ty) 'rder) and +$nal$ty '+ t(e /'rld5 a un$ty/($,( reas'n must em*l'y as t(e re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le '+ $ts$n0est$-at$'n '+ nature! Nay) m're) /e may adm$t $nt' t(e $dea ,erta$nant(r'*'m'r*($, elements) /($,( are *r'm't$0e '+ t(e $nterests '+ t($sre-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le! F'r $t $s n' m're t(an an $dea) /($,( d'es n'trelate d$re,tly t' a be$n- d$st$n,t +r'm t(e /'rld) but t' t(ere-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e systemat$, un$ty '+ t(e /'rld) by means)('/e0er) '+ a s,(ema '+ t($s un$ty5 t(e s,(ema '+ a Su*reme

Intell$-en,e) /(' $s t(e /$sely5des$-n$n- aut('r '+ t(e un$0erse! 2(att($s bas$s '+ ,'sm$,al un$ty may be $n $tsel+) /e %n'/ n't5 /e,ann't d$s,'0er +r'm t(e $dea4 /e merely %n'/ ('/ /e 'u-(t t' em*l'yt(e $dea '+ t($s un$ty) $n relat$'n t' t(e systemat$, '*erat$'n '+reas'n $n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e!r

A+ter /(at (as been sa$d '+ t(e *sy,('l'-$,al $dea '+ t(e e-' and$ts *r'*er em*l'yment as a re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e '*erat$'ns '+reas'n) I need n't enter $nt' deta$ls re-ard$n- t(e trans,endental$llus$'n by /($,( t(e systemat$, un$ty '+ all t(e 0ar$'us *(en'mena '+t(e $nternal sense $s (y*'stat$;ed! T(e *r',edure $s $n t($s ,ase 0erys$m$lar t' t(at /($,( (as been d$s,ussed $n 'ur remar%s 'n t(et(e'l'-$,al $deal!t

3ut) $t /$ll be as%ed a-a$n) ,an /e 'n t(ese -r'unds) adm$t t(ee$sten,e '+ a /$se and 'mn$*'tent aut('r '+ t(e /'rld@ 2$t('ut d'ubt4and n't 'nly s') but /e must assume t(e e$sten,e '+ su,( a be$n-! 3utd' /e t(us etend t(e l$m$ts '+ 'ur %n'/led-e bey'nd t(e +$eld '+*'ss$ble e*er$en,e@ 3y n' means! F'r /e (a0e merely *resu**'sed as'met($n-) '+ /($,( /e (a0e n' ,'n,e*t$'n) /($,( /e d' n't %n'/ as$t $s $n $tsel+4 but) $n relat$'n t' t(e systemat$, d$s*'s$t$'n '+ t(eun$0erse) /($,( /e must *resu**'se $n all 'ur 'bser0at$'n '+ nature)/e (a0e ,'-$tated t($s un%n'/n be$n- $n anal'-y /$t( an $ntell$-ente$sten,e =an em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'n>) t(at $s t' say) /e (a0e end'/ed$t /$t( t('se attr$butes) /($,() &ud-$n- +r'm t(e nature '+ 'ur '/nreas'n) may ,'nta$n t(e -r'und '+ su,( a systemat$, un$ty! T($s $dea

$s t(ere+'re 0al$d 'nly relat$0ely t' t(e em*l'yment $n e*er$en,e'+ 'ur reas'n! 3ut $+ /e attr$bute t' $t abs'lute and 'b&e,t$0e0al$d$ty) /e '0erl''% t(e +a,t t(at $t $s merely an $deal be$n- t(at/e ,'-$tate4 and) by sett$n- 'ut +r'm a bas$s /($,( $s n'tdeterm$nable by ,'ns$derat$'ns dra/n +r'm e*er$en,e) /e *la,e'ursel0es $n a *'s$t$'n /($,( $n,a*a,$tates us +r'm a**ly$n- t($s*r$n,$*le t' t(e em*$r$,al em*l'yment '+ reas'n!*

3ut) $t /$ll be as%ed +urt(er) ,an I ma%e any use '+ t($s ,'n,e*t$'nand (y*'t(es$s $n my $n0est$-at$'ns $nt' t(e /'rld and nature@ Jes)+'r t($s 0ery *ur*'se /as t(e $dea establ$s(ed by reas'n as a+undamental bas$s! 3ut may I re-ard ,erta$n arran-ements) /($,( seemedt' (a0e been made $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( s'me +$ed a$m) as t(e

arran-ements '+ des$-n) and l''% u*'n t(em as *r',eed$n- +r'm t(ed$0$ne /$ll) /$t( t(e $nter0ent$'n) ('/e0er) '+ ,erta$n 't(er*art$,ular arran-ements d$s*'sed t' t(at end@ Jes) y'u may d' s'4but at t(e same t$me y'u must re-ard $t as $nd$++erent) /(et(er $t$s asserted t(at d$0$ne /$sd'm (as d$s*'sed all t($n-s $n ,'n+'rm$ty/$t( ($s ($-(est a$ms) 'r t(at t(e $dea '+ su*reme /$sd'm $s are-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le $n t(e $n0est$-at$'n '+ nature) and at t(e samet$me a *r$n,$*le '+ t(e systemat$, un$ty '+ nature a,,'rd$n- t'-eneral la/s) e0en $n t('se ,ases /(ere /e are unable t' d$s,'0er t(atun$ty! In 't(er /'rds) $t must be *er+e,tly $nd$++erent t' y'u /(et(ery'u say) /(en y'u (a0e d$s,'0ered t($s un$ty6 'd (as /$sely /$lled $t

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s'4 'r6 Nature (as /$sely arran-ed t($s! F'r $t /as n't($n- but t(esystemat$, un$ty) /($,( reas'n re.u$res as a bas$s +'r t(e$n0est$-at$'n '+ nature) t(at &ust$+$ed y'u $n a,,e*t$n- t(e $dea '+ asu*reme $ntell$-en,e as a s,(ema +'r a re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le4 and)t(e +art(er y'u ad0an,e $n t(e d$s,'0ery '+ des$-n and +$nal$ty) t(em're ,erta$n t(e 0al$d$ty '+ y'ur $dea! 3ut) as t(e /('le a$m '+t($s re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*le /as t(e d$s,'0ery '+ a ne,essary andsystemat$, un$ty $n nature) /e (a0e) $n s' +ar as /e atta$n t($s) t'

attr$bute 'ur su,,ess t' t(e $dea '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-4 /($le) at t(esame t$me) /e ,ann't) /$t('ut $n0'l0$n- 'ursel0es $n ,'ntrad$,t$'ns)'0erl''% t(e -eneral la/s '+ nature) as $t /as $n re+eren,e t' t(emal'ne t(at t($s $dea /as em*l'yed! 2e ,ann't) I say) '0erl''% t(e-eneral la/s '+ nature) and re-ard t($s ,'n+'rm$ty t' a$ms'bser0able $n nature as ,'nt$n-ent 'r (y*er*(ys$,al $n $ts 'r$-$n4$nasmu,( as t(ere $s n' -r'und /($,( ,an &ust$+y us $n t(e adm$ss$'n'+ a be$n- /$t( su,( *r'*ert$es d$st$n,t +r'm and ab'0e nature! Allt(at /e are aut('r$;ed t' assert $s t(at t($s $dea may be em*l'yedas a *r$n,$*le) and t(at t(e *r'*ert$es '+ t(e be$n- /($,( $sassumed t' ,'rres*'nd t' $t may be re-arded as systemat$,ally,'nne,ted $n anal'-y /$t( t(e ,ausal determ$nat$'n '+ *(en'mena!,

F'r t(e same reas'ns /e are &ust$+$ed $n $ntr'du,$n- $nt' t(e $dea'+ t(e su*reme ,ause 't(er ant(r'*'m'r*($, elements =+'r /$t('ut t(ese/e ,'uld n't *red$,ate anyt($n- '+ $t>4 /e may re-ard $t asall'/able t' ,'-$tate t($s ,ause as a be$n- /$t( understand$n-) t(e+eel$n-s '+ *leasure and d$s*leasure) and +a,ult$es '+ des$re and /$ll,'rres*'nd$n- t' t(ese! At t(e same t$me) /e may attr$bute t' t($sbe$n- $n+$n$te *er+e,t$'n5 a *er+e,t$'n /($,( ne,essar$ly trans,endst(at /($,( 'ur %n'/led-e '+ t(e 'rder and des$-n $n t(e /'rldaut('r$;e us t' *red$,ate '+ $t! F'r t(e re-ulat$0e la/ '+systemat$, un$ty re.u$res us t' study nature 'n t(e su**'s$t$'n t(atsystemat$, and +$nal un$ty $n $n+$n$tum $s e0ery/(ere d$s,'0erable)e0en $n t(e ($-(est d$0ers$ty! F'r) alt('u-( /e may d$s,'0er l$ttle '+t($s ,'sm$,al *er+e,t$'n) $t bel'n-s t' t(e le-$slat$0e *rer'-at$0e '+

reas'n t' re.u$re us al/ays t' see% +'r and t' e*e,t $t4 /($le $tmust al/ays be bene+$,$al t' $nst$tute all $n.u$r$es $nt' nature $na,,'rdan,e /$t( t($s *r$n,$*le! 3ut $t $s e0$dent t(at) by t($s $dea'+ a su*reme aut('r '+ all) /($,( I *la,e as t(e +'undat$'n '+ all$n.u$r$es $nt' nature) I d' n't mean t' assert t(e e$sten,e '+ su,( abe$n-) 'r t(at I (a0e any %n'/led-e '+ $ts e$sten,e4 and),'nse.uently) I d' n't really dedu,e anyt($n- +r'm t(e e$sten,e '+t($s be$n-) but merely +r'm $ts $dea) t(at $s t' say) +r'm t(enature '+ t($n-s $n t($s /'rld) $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( t($s $dea! A,erta$n d$m ,'ns,$'usness '+ t(e true use '+ t($s $dea seems t' (a0ed$,tated t' t(e *($l's'*(ers '+ all t$mes t(e m'derate lan-ua-e usedby t(em re-ard$n- t(e ,ause '+ t(e /'rld! 2e +$nd t(em em*l'y$n- t(ee*ress$'ns /$sd'm and ,are '+ nature) and d$0$ne /$sd'm) as

syn'nym'us5 nay) $n *urely s*e,ulat$0e d$s,uss$'ns) *re+err$n- t(e+'rmer) be,ause $t d'es n't ,arry t(e a**earan,e '+ -reater*retens$'ns t(an su,( as /e are ent$tled t' ma%e) and at t(e same t$med$re,ts reas'n t' $ts *r'*er +$eld '+ a,t$'n5 nature and (er*(en'mena!*

T(us) *ure reas'n) /($,( at +$rst seemed t' *r'm$se us n't($n-less t(an t(e etens$'n '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+e*er$en,e) $s +'und) /(en t('r'u-(ly eam$ned) t' ,'nta$n n't($n- butre-ulat$0e *r$n,$*les) t(e 0$rtue and +un,t$'n '+ /($,( $s t'$ntr'du,e $nt' 'ur ,'-n$t$'n a ($-(er de-ree '+ un$ty t(an t(e

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understand$n- ,'uld '+ $tsel+! T(ese *r$n,$*les) by *la,$n- t(e -'al'+ all 'ur stru--les at s' -reat a d$stan,e) real$;e +'r us t(e m'stt('r'u-( ,'nne,t$'n bet/een t(e d$++erent *arts '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n)and t(e ($-(est de-ree '+ systemat$, un$ty! 3ut) 'n t(e 't(er (and) $+m$sunderst''d and em*l'yed as ,'nst$tut$0e *r$n,$*les '+trans,endent ,'-n$t$'n) t(ey be,'me t(e *arents '+ $llus$'ns and,'ntrad$,t$'ns) /($le *retend$n- t' $ntr'du,e us t' ne/ re-$'ns '+%n'/led-e!%

T(us all (uman ,'-n$t$'n be-$ns /$t( $ntu$t$'ns) *r',eeds +r'mt(en,e t' ,'n,e*t$'ns) and ends /$t( $deas! Alt('u-( $t *'ssesses)$n relat$'n t' all t(ree elements) a *r$'r$ s'ur,es '+ ,'-n$t$'n)/($,( seemed t' trans,end t(e l$m$ts '+ all e*er$en,e) at('r'u-(-'$n- ,r$t$,$sm dem'nstrates t(at s*e,ulat$0e reas'n ,anne0er) by t(e a$d '+ t(ese elements) *ass t(e b'unds '+ *'ss$blee*er$en,e) and t(at t(e *r'*er dest$nat$'n '+ t($s ($-(est +a,ulty '+,'-n$t$'n $s t' em*l'y all met('ds) and all t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(esemet('ds) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ *enetrat$n- $nt' t(e $nnerm'st se,rets'+ nature) by t(e a$d '+ t(e *r$n,$*les '+ un$ty =am'n- all %$nds '+/($,( tele'l'-$,al un$ty $s t(e ($-(est>) /($le $t 'u-(t n't t'attem*t t' s'ar ab'0e t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e) bey'nd /($,( t(ere

l$es n'u-(t +'r us but t(e 0'$d $nane! T(e ,r$t$,al eam$nat$'n) $n'ur Trans,endental Analyt$,) '+ all t(e *r'*'s$t$'ns /($,( *r'+essedt' etend ,'-n$t$'n bey'nd t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e) ,'m*letelydem'nstrated t(at t(ey ,an 'nly ,'ndu,t us t' a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e!I+ /e /ere n't d$strust+ul e0en '+ t(e ,learest abstra,t t(e'rems)$+ /e /ere n't allured by s*e,$'us and $n0$t$n- *r's*e,ts t' es,a*e+r'm t(e ,'nstra$n$n- *'/er '+ t(e$r e0$den,e) /e m$-(t s*are'ursel0es t(e lab'r$'us eam$nat$'n '+ all t(e d$ale,t$,al ar-uments/($,( a trans,endent reas'n addu,es $n su**'rt '+ $ts *retens$'ns4 +'r/e s('uld %n'/ /$t( t(e m'st ,'m*lete ,erta$nty t(at) ('/e0er ('nestsu,( *r'+ess$'ns m$-(t be) t(ey are null and 0alueless) be,ause t(eyrelate t' a %$nd '+ %n'/led-e t' /($,( n' man ,an by any *'ss$b$l$tyatta$n! 3ut) as t(ere $s n' end t' d$s,uss$'n) $+ /e ,ann't d$s,'0er

t(e true ,ause '+ t(e $llus$'ns by /($,( e0en t(e /$sest are de,e$0ed)and as t(e analys$s '+ all 'ur trans,endent ,'-n$t$'n $nt' $tselements $s '+ $tsel+ '+ n' sl$-(t 0alue as a *sy,('l'-$,al study)/($le $t $s a duty $n,umbent 'n e0ery *($l's'*(er5 $t /as +'undne,essary t' $n0est$-ate t(e d$ale,t$,al *r',edure '+ reas'n $n $ts*r$mary s'ur,es! And as t(e $n+eren,es '+ /($,( t($s d$ale,t$, $st(e *arent are n't 'nly de,e$t+ul) but naturally *'ssess a *r'+'und$nterest +'r (uman$ty) $t /as ad0$sable at t(e same t$me) t' -$0e a+ull a,,'unt '+ t(e m'menta '+ t($s d$ale,t$,al *r',edure) and t'de*'s$t $t $n t(e ar,($0es '+ (uman reas'n) as a /arn$n- t' all +uturemeta*(ys$,$ans t' a0'$d t(ese ,auses '+ s*e,ulat$0e err'r!"ETHO#"

II!

TRANSCEN#ENTA< #OCTRINE OF "ETHO#!

I+ /e re-ard t(e sum '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ *ure s*e,ulat$0e reas'nas an ed$+$,e) t(e $dea '+ /($,() at least) e$sts $n t(e (umanm$nd) $t may be sa$d t(at /e (a0e $n t(e Trans,endental #',tr$ne '+Elements eam$ned t(e mater$als and determ$ned t' /(at ed$+$,e t(esebel'n-) and /(at $ts (e$-(t and stab$l$ty! 2e (a0e +'und) $ndeed)t(at) alt('u-( /e (ad *ur*'sed t' bu$ld +'r 'ursel0es a t'/er /($,(s('uld rea,( t' Hea0en) t(e su**ly '+ mater$als su++$,ed merely +'r

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a (ab$tat$'n) /($,( /as s*a,$'us en'u-( +'r all terrestr$al*ur*'ses) and ($-( en'u-( t' enable us t' sur0ey t(e le0el *la$n '+e*er$en,e) but t(at t(e b'ld underta%$n- des$-ned ne,essar$ly+a$led +'r /ant '+ mater$als5 n't t' ment$'n t(e ,'n+us$'n '+ t'n-ues)/($,( -a0e r$se t' endless d$s*utes am'n- t(e lab'urers 'n t(e *lan '+t(e ed$+$,e) and at last s,attered t(em '0er all t(e /'rld) ea,( t'ere,t a se*arate bu$ld$n- +'r ($msel+) a,,'rd$n- t' ($s '/n *lansand ($s '/n $n,l$nat$'ns! Our *resent tas% relates n't t' t(e

mater$als) but t' t(e *lan '+ an ed$+$,e4 and) as /e (a0e (adsu++$,$ent /arn$n- n't t' 0enture bl$ndly u*'n a des$-n /($,( may be+'und t' trans,end 'ur natural *'/ers) /($le) at t(e same t$me) /e,ann't -$0e u* t(e $ntent$'n '+ ere,t$n- a se,ure ab'de +'r t(em$nd) /e must *r'*'rt$'n 'ur des$-n t' t(e mater$al /($,( $s *resentedt' us) and /($,( $s) at t(e same t$me) su++$,$ent +'r all 'ur /ants!t

I understand) t(en) by t(e trans,endental d',tr$ne '+ met('d) t(edeterm$nat$'n '+ t(e +'rmal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ a ,'m*lete system '+ *urereas'n! 2e s(all a,,'rd$n-ly (a0e t' treat '+ t(e d$s,$*l$ne) t(e,an'n) t(e ar,($te,t'n$,) and) +$nally) t(e ($st'ry '+ *ure reas'n!T($s *art '+ 'ur Cr$t$.ue /$ll a,,'m*l$s() +r'm t(e trans,endental*'$nt '+ 0$e/) /(at (as been usually attem*ted) but m$serably

ee,uted) under t(e name '+ *ra,t$,al l'-$,! It (as been badlyee,uted) I say) be,ause -eneral l'-$,) n't be$n- l$m$ted t' any*art$,ular %$nd '+ ,'-n$t$'n =n't e0en t' t(e *ure ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(eunderstand$n-> n'r t' any *art$,ular 'b&e,ts) $t ,ann't) /$t('utb'rr'/$n- +r'm 't(er s,$en,es) d' m're t(an *resent merely t(et$tles 'r s$-ns '+ *'ss$ble met('ds and t(e te,(n$,al e*ress$'ns)/($,( are em*l'yed $n t(e systemat$, *arts '+ all s,$en,es4 and t(ust(e *u*$l $s made a,.ua$nted /$t( names) t(e mean$n- and a**l$,at$'n'+ /($,( (e $s t' learn 'nly at s'me +uture t$me!'

CHAPTER I! T(e #$s,$*l$ne '+ Pure Reas'n!

Ne-at$0e &ud-ements5 t('se /($,( are s' n't merely as re-ards

t(e$r l'-$,al +'rm) but $n res*e,t '+ t(e$r ,'ntent5 are n't,'mm'nly (eld $n es*e,$al res*e,t! T(ey are) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) re-ardedas &eal'us enem$es '+ 'ur $nsat$able des$re +'r %n'/led-e4 and $talm'st re.u$res an a*'l'-y t' $ndu,e us t' t'lerate) mu,( less t'*r$;e and t' res*e,t t(em!*

All *r'*'s$t$'ns) $ndeed) may be l'-$,ally e*ressed $n a ne-at$0e+'rm4 but) $n relat$'n t' t(e ,'ntent '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n) t(e *e,ul$ar*r'0$n,e '+ ne-at$0e &ud-ements $s s'lely t' *re0ent err'r! F'r t($sreas'n) t'') ne-at$0e *r'*'s$t$'ns) /($,( are +ramed +'r t(e *ur*'se'+ ,'rre,t$n- +alse ,'-n$t$'ns /(ere err'r $s abs'lutely $m*'ss$ble)are und'ubtedly true) but $nane and senseless4 t(at $s) t(ey are $nreal$ty *ur*'seless and) +'r t($s reas'n) '+ten 0ery r$d$,ul'us!

Su,( $s t(e *r'*'s$t$'n '+ t(e s,(''lman t(at Aleander ,'uld n't (a0esubdued any ,'untr$es /$t('ut an army!s

3ut /(ere t(e l$m$ts '+ 'ur *'ss$ble ,'-n$t$'n are 0ery mu,(,'ntra,ted) t(e attra,t$'n t' ne/ +$elds '+ %n'/led-e -reat) t(e$llus$'ns t' /($,( t(e m$nd $s sub&e,t '+ t(e m'st de,e*t$0e,(ara,ter) and t(e e0$l ,'nse.uen,es '+ err'r '+ n' $n,'ns$derablema-n$tude5 t(e ne-at$0e element $n %n'/led-e) /($,( $s use+ul 'nlyt' -uard us a-a$nst err'r) $s '+ +ar m're $m*'rtan,e t(an mu,( '+ t(at*'s$t$0e $nstru,t$'n /($,( ma%es add$t$'ns t' t(e sum '+ 'ur%n'/led-e! T(e restra$nt /($,( $s em*l'yed t' re*ress) and +$nally

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t' et$r*ate t(e ,'nstant $n,l$nat$'n t' de*art +r'm ,erta$n rules) $stermed d$s,$*l$ne! It $s d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm ,ulture) /($,( a$ms at t(e+'rmat$'n '+ a ,erta$n de-ree '+ s%$ll) /$t('ut attem*t$n- t're*ress 'r t' destr'y any 't(er mental *'/er) already e$st$n-! In t(e,ult$0at$'n '+ a talent) /($,( (as -$0en e0$den,e '+ an $m*ulset'/ards sel+5de0el'*ment) d$s,$*l$ne ta%es a ne-at$0e) ,ulture andd',tr$ne a *'s$t$0e) *art!d

I am /ell a/are t(at) $n t(e lan-ua-e '+ t(e s,(''ls) t(e termd$s,$*l$ne $s usually em*l'yed as syn'nym'us /$t( $nstru,t$'n! 3utt(ere are s' many ,ases $n /($,( $t $s ne,essary t' d$st$n-u$s( t(en't$'n '+ t(e +'rmer) as a ,'urse '+ ,'rre,t$0e tra$n$n-) +r'm t(at '+t(e latter) as t(e ,'mmun$,at$'n '+ %n'/led-e) and t(e nature '+t($n-s $tsel+ demands t(e a**r'*r$at$'n '+ t(e m'st su$tablee*ress$'ns +'r t($s d$st$n,t$'n) t(at $t $s my des$re t(at t(e +'rmerterms s('uld ne0er be em*l'yed $n any 't(er t(an a ne-at$0es$-n$+$,at$'n!s

T(at natural d$s*'s$t$'ns and talents =su,( as $ma-$nat$'n and /$t()/($,( as% a +ree and unl$m$ted de0el'*ment) re.u$re $n many res*e,tst(e ,'rre,t$0e $n+luen,e '+ d$s,$*l$ne) e0ery 'ne /$ll read$ly

-rant! 3ut $t may /ell a**ear stran-e t(at reas'n) /('se *r'*er duty$t $s t' *res,r$be rules '+ d$s,$*l$ne t' all t(e 't(er *'/ers '+t(e m$nd) s('uld $tsel+ re.u$re t($s ,'rre,t$0e! It (as) $n +a,t)($t(ert' es,a*ed t($s (um$l$at$'n) 'nly be,ause) $n *resen,e '+ $tsma-n$+$,ent *retens$'ns and ($-( *'s$t$'n) n' 'ne ,'uld read$lysus*e,t $t t' be ,a*able '+ subst$tut$n- +an,$es +'r ,'n,e*t$'ns)and /'rds +'r t($n-s!a

Reas'n) /(en em*l'yed $n t(e +$eld '+ e*er$en,e) d'es n't stand$n need '+ ,r$t$,$sm) be,ause $ts *r$n,$*les are sub&e,ted t' t(e,'nt$nual test '+ em*$r$,al 'bser0at$'ns! N'r $s ,r$t$,$sm re.u$s$te$n t(e s*(ere '+ mat(emat$,s) /(ere t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n mustal/ays be *resented $n ,'n,ret' $n *ure $ntu$t$'n) and baseless 'r

arb$trary assert$'ns are d$s,'0ered /$t('ut d$++$,ulty! 3ut /(erereas'n $s n't (eld $n a *la$n tra,% by t(e $n+luen,e '+ em*$r$,al 'r'+ *ure $ntu$t$'n) t(at $s) /(en $t $s em*l'yed $n t(etrans,endental s*(ere '+ *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns) $t stands $n -reat need'+ d$s,$*l$ne) t' restra$n $ts *r'*ens$ty t' '0erste* t(e l$m$ts '+*'ss$ble e*er$en,e and t' %ee* $t +r'm /ander$n- $nt' err'r! In +a,t)t(e ut$l$ty '+ t(e *($l's'*(y '+ *ure reas'n $s ent$rely '+ t($sne-at$0e ,(ara,ter! Part$,ular err'rs may be ,'rre,ted by *art$,ularan$mad0ers$'ns) and t(e ,auses '+ t(ese err'rs may be erad$,ated by,r$t$,$sm! 3ut /(ere /e +$nd) as $n t(e ,ase '+ *ure reas'n) a,'m*lete system '+ $llus$'ns and +alla,$es) ,l'sely ,'nne,ted /$t(ea,( 't(er and de*end$n- u*'n -rand -eneral *r$n,$*les) t(ere seems t'be re.u$red a *e,ul$ar and ne-at$0e ,'de '+ mental le-$slat$'n) /($,()

under t(e den'm$nat$'n '+ a d$s,$*l$ne) and +'unded u*'n t(e nature '+reas'n and t(e 'b&e,ts '+ $ts eer,$se) s(all ,'nst$tute a system '+t('r'u-( eam$nat$'n and test$n-) /($,( n' +alla,y /$ll be able t'/$t(stand 'r es,a*e +r'm) under /(ate0er d$s-u$se 'r ,'n,ealment $tmay lur%!m

3ut t(e reader must remar% t(at) $n t($s t(e se,'nd d$0$s$'n '+'ur trans,endental Cr$t$.ue t(e d$s,$*l$ne '+ *ure reas'n $s n'td$re,ted t' t(e ,'ntent) but t' t(e met('d '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ *urereas'n! T(e +'rmer tas% (as been ,'m*leted $n t(e d',tr$ne '+elements! 3ut t(ere $s s' mu,( s$m$lar$ty $n t(e m'de '+ em*l'y$n- t(e

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+a,ulty '+ reas'n) /(ate0er be t(e 'b&e,t t' /($,( $t $s a**l$ed)/($le) at t(e same t$me) $ts em*l'yment $n t(e trans,endental s*(ere$s s' essent$ally d$++erent $n %$nd +r'm e0ery 't(er) t(at) /$t('utt(e /arn$n- ne-at$0e $n+luen,e '+ a d$s,$*l$ne s*e,$ally d$re,ted t't(at end) t(e err'rs are una0'$dable /($,( s*r$n- +r'm t(euns%$ll+ul em*l'yment '+ t(e met('ds /($,( are 'r$-$nated by reas'nbut /($,( are 'ut '+ *la,e $n t($s s*(ere!b

SECTION I! T(e #$s,$*l$ne '+ Pure Reas'n $n t(e S*(ere

'+ #'-mat$sm!

T(e s,$en,e '+ mat(emat$,s *resents t(e m'st br$ll$ant eam*le '+t(e etens$'n '+ t(e s*(ere '+ *ure reas'n /$t('ut t(e a$d '+e*er$en,e! Eam*les are al/ays ,'nta-$'us4 and t(ey eert an es*e,$al$n+luen,e 'n t(e same +a,ulty) /($,( naturally +latters $tsel+ t(at $t/$ll (a0e t(e same -''d +'rtune $n 't(er ,ase as +ell t' $ts l't $n'ne +'rtunate $nstan,e! Hen,e *ure reas'n ('*es t' be able t' etend$ts em*$re $n t(e trans,endental s*(ere /$t( e.ual su,,ess andse,ur$ty) es*e,$ally /(en $t a**l$es t(e same met('d /($,( /asattended /$t( su,( br$ll$ant results $n t(e s,$en,e '+ mat(emat$,s! It

$s) t(ere+'re) '+ t(e ($-(est $m*'rtan,e +'r us t' %n'/ /(et(er t(emet('d '+ arr$0$n- at dem'nstrat$0e ,erta$nty) /($,( $s termedmat(emat$,al) be $dent$,al /$t( t(at by /($,( /e endea0'ur t' atta$nt(e same de-ree '+ ,erta$nty $n *($l's'*(y) and /($,( $s termed $nt(at s,$en,e d'-mat$,al!t

P($l's'*($,al ,'-n$t$'n $s t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ reas'n by means '+,'n,e*t$'ns4 mat(emat$,al ,'-n$t$'n $s ,'-n$t$'n by means '+ t(e,'nstru,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns! T(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n $s t(e*resentat$'n a *r$'r$ '+ t(e $ntu$t$'n /($,( ,'rres*'nds t' t(e,'n,e*t$'n! F'r t($s *ur*'se a n'n5em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n $s re.u$s$te)/($,() as an $ntu$t$'n) $s an $nd$0$dual 'b&e,t4 /($le) as t(e,'nstru,t$'n '+ a ,'n,e*t$'n =a -eneral re*resentat$'n>) $t must be

seen t' be un$0ersally 0al$d +'r all t(e *'ss$ble $ntu$t$'ns /($,(ran% under t(at ,'n,e*t$'n! T(us I ,'nstru,t a tr$an-le) by t(e*resentat$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t /($,( ,'rres*'nds t' t($s ,'n,e*t$'n)e$t(er by mere $ma-$nat$'n) $n *ure $ntu$t$'n) 'r u*'n *a*er) $nem*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n) $n b't( ,ases ,'m*letely a *r$'r$) /$t('utb'rr'/$n- t(e ty*e '+ t(at +$-ure +r'm any e*er$en,e! T(e$nd$0$dual +$-ure dra/n u*'n *a*er $s em*$r$,al4 but $t ser0es)n't/$t(stand$n-) t' $nd$,ate t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) e0en $n $ts un$0ersal$ty)be,ause $n t($s em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n /e %ee* 'ur eye merely 'n t(ea,t '+ t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) and *ay n' attent$'n t' t(e0ar$'us m'des '+ determ$n$n- $t) +'r eam*le) $ts s$;e) t(e len-t('+ $ts s$des) t(e s$;e '+ $ts an-les) t(ese n't $n t(e least a++e,t$n-t(e essent$al ,(ara,ter '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n!t

P($l's'*($,al ,'-n$t$'n) a,,'rd$n-ly) re-ards t(e *art$,ular 'nly $nt(e -eneral4 mat(emat$,al t(e -eneral $n t(e *art$,ular) nay) $n t(e$nd$0$dual! T($s $s d'ne) ('/e0er) ent$rely a *r$'r$ and by means '+*ure reas'n) s' t(at) as t($s $nd$0$dual +$-ure $s determ$ned under,erta$n un$0ersal ,'nd$t$'ns '+ ,'nstru,t$'n) t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'n) t' /($,( t($s $nd$0$dual +$-ure ,'rres*'nds as $ts s,(ema)must be ,'-$tated as un$0ersally determ$ned!m

T(e essent$al d$++eren,e '+ t(ese t/' m'des '+ ,'-n$t$'n ,'ns$sts)t(ere+'re) $n t($s +'rmal .ual$ty4 $t d'es n't re-ard t(e d$++eren,e

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'+ t(e matter 'r 'b&e,ts '+ b't(! T('se t($n%ers /(' a$m atd$st$n-u$s($n- *($l's'*(y +r'm mat(emat$,s by assert$n- t(at t(e+'rmer (as t' d' /$t( .ual$ty merely) and t(e latter /$t( .uant$ty)(a0e m$sta%en t(e e++e,t +'r t(e ,ause! T(e reas'n /(y mat(emat$,al,'-n$t$'n ,an relate 'nly t' .uant$ty $s t' be +'und $n $ts +'rmal'ne! F'r $t $s t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ .uant$t$es 'nly t(at $s ,a*able'+ be$n- ,'nstru,ted) t(at $s) *resented a *r$'r$ $n $ntu$t$'n4/($le .ual$t$es ,ann't be -$0en $n any 't(er t(an an em*$r$,al

$ntu$t$'n! Hen,e t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ .ual$t$es by reas'n $s *'ss$ble 'nlyt(r'u-( ,'n,e*t$'ns! N' 'ne ,an +$nd an $ntu$t$'n /($,( s(all,'rres*'nd t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ real$ty) e,e*t $n e*er$en,e4 $t,ann't be *resented t' t(e m$nd a *r$'r$ and ante,edently t' t(eem*$r$,al ,'ns,$'usness '+ a real$ty! 2e ,an +'rm an $ntu$t$'n) bymeans '+ t(e mere ,'n,e*t$'n '+ $t) '+ a ,'ne) /$t('ut t(e a$d '+e*er$en,e4 but t(e ,'l'ur '+ t(e ,'ne /e ,ann't %n'/ e,e*t +r'me*er$en,e! I ,ann't *resent an $ntu$t$'n '+ a ,ause) e,e*t $n aneam*le /($,( e*er$en,e '++ers t' me! 3es$des) *($l's'*(y) as /ell asmat(emat$,s) treats '+ .uant$t$es4 as) +'r eam*le) '+ t'tal$ty)$n+$n$ty) and s' 'n! "at(emat$,s) t'') treats '+ t(e d$++eren,e '+l$nes and sur+a,es5 as s*a,es '+ d$++erent .ual$ty) '+ t(e,'nt$nu$ty '+ etens$'n5 as a .ual$ty t(ere'+! 3ut) alt('u-( $n su,(

,ases t(ey (a0e a ,'mm'n 'b&e,t) t(e m'de $n /($,( reas'n ,'ns$derst(at 'b&e,t $s 0ery d$++erent $n *($l's'*(y +r'm /(at $t $s $nmat(emat$,s! T(e +'rmer ,'n+$nes $tsel+ t' t(e -eneral ,'n,e*t$'ns4t(e latter ,an d' n't($n- /$t( a mere ,'n,e*t$'n) $t (astens t'$ntu$t$'n! In t($s $ntu$t$'n $t re-ards t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $n ,'n,ret')n't em*$r$,ally) but $n an a *r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n) /($,( $t (as,'nstru,ted4 and $n /($,() all t(e results /($,( +'ll'/ +r'm t(e-eneral ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n are $n all,ases 0al$d +'r t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(e ,'nstru,ted ,'n,e*t$'n!,

Su**'se t(at t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a tr$an-le $s -$0en t' a*($l's'*(er and t(at (e $s re.u$red t' d$s,'0er) by t(e*($l's'*($,al met('d) /(at relat$'n t(e sum '+ $ts an-les bears t' a

r$-(t an-le! He (as n't($n- be+'re ($m but t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a+$-ure en,l'sed /$t($n t(ree r$-(t l$nes) and) ,'nse.uently) /$t(t(e same number '+ an-les! He may analyse t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a r$-(tl$ne) '+ an an-le) 'r '+ t(e number t(ree as l'n- as (e *leases) but(e /$ll n't d$s,'0er any *r'*ert$es n't ,'nta$ned $n t(ese,'n,e*t$'ns! 3ut) $+ t($s .uest$'n $s *r'*'sed t' a -e'metr$,$an) (eat 'n,e be-$ns by ,'nstru,t$n- a tr$an-le! He %n'/s t(at t/' r$-(tan-les are e.ual t' t(e sum '+ all t(e ,'nt$-u'us an-les /($,( *r',eed+r'm 'ne *'$nt $n a stra$-(t l$ne4 and (e -'es 'n t' *r'du,e 'nes$de '+ ($s tr$an-le) t(us +'rm$n- t/' ad&a,ent an-les /($,( aret'-et(er e.ual t' t/' r$-(t an-les! He t(en d$0$des t(e eter$'r '+t(ese an-les) by dra/$n- a l$ne *arallel /$t( t(e '**'s$te s$de '+ t(etr$an-le) and $mmed$ately *er,e$0es t(at be (as t(us -'t an eter$'r

ad&a,ent an-le /($,( $s e.ual t' t(e $nter$'r! Pr',eed$n- $n t($s /ay)t(r'u-( a ,(a$n '+ $n+eren,es) and al/ays 'n t(e -r'und '+$ntu$t$'n) (e arr$0es at a ,lear and un$0ersally 0al$d s'lut$'n '+ t(e.uest$'n!.

3ut mat(emat$,s d'es n't ,'n+$ne $tsel+ t' t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+.uant$t$es =.uanta>) as $n t(e ,ase '+ -e'metry4 $t ',,u*$es $tsel+/$t( *ure .uant$ty als' =.uant$tas>) as $n t(e ,ase '+ al-ebra)/(ere ,'m*lete abstra,t$'n $s made '+ t(e *r'*ert$es '+ t(e 'b&e,t$nd$,ated by t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ .uant$ty! In al-ebra) a ,erta$nmet('d '+ n'tat$'n by s$-ns $s ad'*ted) and t(ese $nd$,ate t(e

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d$++erent *'ss$ble ,'nstru,t$'ns '+ .uant$t$es) t(e etra,t$'n '+r''ts) and s' 'n! A+ter (a0$n- t(us den'ted t(e -eneral ,'n,e*t$'n'+ .uant$t$es) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e$r d$++erent relat$'ns) t(e d$++erent'*erat$'ns by /($,( .uant$ty 'r number $s $n,reased 'r d$m$n$s(edare *resented $n $ntu$t$'n $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( -eneral rules! T(us)/(en 'ne .uant$ty $s t' be d$0$ded by an't(er) t(e s$-ns /($,(den'te b't( are *la,ed $n t(e +'rm *e,ul$ar t' t(e '*erat$'n '+d$0$s$'n4 and t(us al-ebra) by means '+ a symb'l$,al ,'nstru,t$'n '+

.uant$ty) &ust as -e'metry) /$t( $ts 'stens$0e 'r -e'metr$,al,'nstru,t$'n =a ,'nstru,t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,ts t(emsel0es>) arr$0es atresults /($,( d$s,urs$0e ,'-n$t$'n ,ann't ('*e t' rea,( by t(e a$d'+ mere ,'n,e*t$'ns!'

N'/) /(at $s t(e ,ause '+ t($s d$++eren,e $n t(e +'rtune '+ t(e*($l's'*(er and t(e mat(emat$,$an) t(e +'rmer '+ /('m +'ll'/s t(e *at('+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($le t(e latter *ursues t(at '+ $ntu$t$'ns) /($,((e re*resents) a *r$'r$) $n ,'rres*'nden,e /$t( ($s ,'n,e*t$'ns@ T(e,ause $s e0$dent +r'm /(at (as been already dem'nstrated $n t(e$ntr'du,t$'n t' t($s Cr$t$.ue! 2e d' n't) $n t(e *resent ,ase) /ant t'd$s,'0er analyt$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns) /($,( may be *r'du,ed merely byanalys$n- 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns5 +'r $n t($s t(e *($l's'*(er /'uld (a0e

t(e ad0anta-e '0er ($s r$0al4 /e a$m at t(e d$s,'0ery '+ synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'ns5 su,( synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns) m're'0er) as ,an be,'-n$;ed a *r$'r$! I must n't ,'n+$ne mysel+ t' t(at /($,( Ia,tually ,'-$tate $n my ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a tr$an-le) +'r t($s $sn't($n- m're t(an t(e mere de+$n$t$'n4 I must try t' -' bey'nd t(at)and t' arr$0e at *r'*ert$es /($,( are n't ,'nta$ned $n) alt('u-(t(ey bel'n- t') t(e ,'n,e*t$'n! N'/) t($s $s $m*'ss$ble) unless Ideterm$ne t(e 'b&e,t *resent t' my m$nd a,,'rd$n- t' t(e ,'nd$t$'ns)e$t(er '+ em*$r$,al) 'r '+ *ure) $ntu$t$'n! In t(e +'rmer ,ase) Is('uld (a0e an em*$r$,al *r'*'s$t$'n =arr$0ed at by a,tual measurement'+ t(e an-les '+ t(e tr$an-le>) /($,( /'uld *'ssess ne$t(erun$0ersal$ty n'r ne,ess$ty4 but t(at /'uld be '+ n' 0alue! In t(elatter) I *r',eed by -e'metr$,al ,'nstru,t$'n) by means '+ /($,( I

,'lle,t) $n a *ure $ntu$t$'n) &ust as I /'uld $n an em*$r$,al$ntu$t$'n) all t(e 0ar$'us *r'*ert$es /($,( bel'n- t' t(e s,(ema '+a tr$an-le $n -eneral) and ,'nse.uently t' $ts ,'n,e*t$'n) and t(us,'nstru,t synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns /($,( *'ssess t(e attr$bute '+un$0ersal$ty!u

It /'uld be 0a$n t' *($l's'*($;e u*'n t(e tr$an-le) t(at $s) t're+le,t 'n $t d$s,urs$0ely4 I s('uld -et n' +urt(er t(an t(ede+$n$t$'n /$t( /($,( I (ad been 'bl$-ed t' set 'ut! T(ere are,erta$nly trans,endental synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns /($,( are +ramedby means '+ *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns) and /($,( +'rm t(e *e,ul$ard$st$n,t$'n '+ *($l's'*(y4 but t(ese d' n't relate t' any *art$,ulart($n-) but t' a t($n- $n -eneral) and en'un,e t(e ,'nd$t$'ns under

/($,( t(e *er,e*t$'n '+ $t may be,'me a *art '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e!3ut t(e s,$en,e '+ mat(emat$,s (as n't($n- t' d' /$t( su,(.uest$'ns) n'r /$t( t(e .uest$'n '+ e$sten,e $n any +as($'n4 $t $s,'n,erned merely /$t( t(e *r'*ert$es '+ 'b&e,ts $n t(emsel0es) 'nly $ns' +ar as t(ese are ,'nne,ted /$t( t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,ts!s

In t(e ab'0e eam*le) /e merely attem*ted t' s('/ t(e -reatd$++eren,e /($,( e$sts bet/een t(e d$s,urs$0e em*l'yment '+ reas'n $nt(e s*(ere '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) and $ts $ntu$t$0e eer,$se by means '+t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns! T(e .uest$'n naturally ar$ses6 2(at$s t(e ,ause /($,( ne,ess$tates t($s t/'+'ld eer,$se '+ reas'n) and

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('/ are /e t' d$s,'0er /(et(er $t $s t(e *($l's'*($,al 'r t(emat(emat$,al met('d /($,( reas'n $s *ursu$n- $n an ar-ument@m

All 'ur %n'/led-e relates) +$nally) t' *'ss$ble $ntu$t$'ns) +'r $t$s t(ese al'ne t(at *resent 'b&e,ts t' t(e m$nd! An a *r$'r$ 'rn'n5em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'n ,'nta$ns e$t(er a *ure $ntu$t$'n5 and $n t($s,ase $t ,an be ,'nstru,ted4 'r $t ,'nta$ns n't($n- but t(e synt(es$s'+ *'ss$ble $ntu$t$'ns) /($,( are n't -$0en a *r$'r$! In t($s latter

,ase) $t may (el* us t' +'rm synt(et$,al a *r$'r$ &ud-ements) but 'nly$n t(e d$s,urs$0e met('d) by ,'n,e*t$'ns) n't $n t(e $ntu$t$0e) bymeans '+ t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns!m

T(e 'nly a *r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n $s t(at '+ t(e *ure +'rm '+ *(en'mena5s*a,e and t$me! A ,'n,e*t$'n '+ s*a,e and t$me as .uanta may be*resented a *r$'r$ $n $ntu$t$'n) t(at $s) ,'nstru,ted) e$t(er al'ne/$t( t(e$r .ual$ty =+$-ure>) 'r as *ure .uant$ty =t(e mere synt(es$s'+ t(e ('m'-ene'us>) by means '+ number! 3ut t(e matter '+*(en'mena) by /($,( t($n-s are -$0en $n s*a,e and t$me) ,an be*resented 'nly $n *er,e*t$'n) a *'ster$'r$! T(e 'nly ,'n,e*t$'n/($,( re*resents a *r$'r$ t($s em*$r$,al ,'ntent '+ *(en'mena $s t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- $n -eneral4 and t(e a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al

,'-n$t$'n '+ t($s ,'n,e*t$'n ,an -$0e us n't($n- m're t(an t(e rule+'r t(e synt(es$s '+ t(at /($,( may be ,'nta$ned $n t(e,'rres*'nd$n- a *'ster$'r$ *er,e*t$'n4 $t $s utterly $nade.uate t'*resent an a *r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n '+ t(e real 'b&e,t) /($,( mustne,essar$ly be em*$r$,al!n

Synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns) /($,( relate t' t($n-s $n -eneral) an a*r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n '+ /($,( $s $m*'ss$ble) are trans,endental! F'rt($s reas'n trans,endental *r'*'s$t$'ns ,ann't be +ramed by means '+t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns4 t(ey are a *r$'r$) and based ent$rely'n ,'n,e*t$'ns t(emsel0es! T(ey ,'nta$n merely t(e rule) by /($,( /eare t' see% $n t(e /'rld '+ *er,e*t$'n 'r e*er$en,e t(e synt(et$,alun$ty '+ t(at /($,( ,ann't be $ntu$ted a *r$'r$! 3ut t(ey are

$n,'m*etent t' *resent any '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( a**ear $n t(em$n an a *r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n4 t(ese ,an be -$0en 'nly a *'ster$'r$) $ne*er$en,e) /($,() ('/e0er) $s $tsel+ *'ss$ble 'nly t(r'u-( t(esesynt(et$,al *r$n,$*les!s

I+ /e are t' +'rm a synt(et$,al &ud-ement re-ard$n- a ,'n,e*t$'n) /emust -' bey'nd $t) t' t(e $ntu$t$'n $n /($,( $t $s -$0en! I+ /e %ee*t' /(at $s ,'nta$ned $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) t(e &ud-ement $s merelyanalyt$,al5 $t $s merely an e*lanat$'n '+ /(at /e (a0e ,'-$tated $nt(e ,'n,e*t$'n! 3ut I ,an *ass +r'm t(e ,'n,e*t$'n t' t(e *ure 'rem*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n /($,( ,'rres*'nds t' $t! I ,an *r',eed t'eam$ne my ,'n,e*t$'n $n ,'n,ret') and t' ,'-n$;e) e$t(er a *r$'r$'r a *'ster$') /(at I +$nd $n t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n! T(e

+'rmer5 a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n5 $s rat$'nal5mat(emat$,al ,'-n$t$'n bymeans '+ t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n4 t(e latter5 a*'ster$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n5 $s *urely em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n) /($,( d'es n't*'ssess t(e attr$butes '+ ne,ess$ty and un$0ersal$ty! T(us I mayanalyse t(e ,'n,e*t$'n I (a0e '+ -'ld4 but I -a$n n' ne/ $n+'rmat$'n+r'm t($s analys$s) I merely enumerate t(e d$++erent *r'*ert$es/($,( I (ad ,'nne,ted /$t( t(e n't$'n $nd$,ated by t(e /'rd! "y%n'/led-e (as -a$ned $n l'-$,al ,learness and arran-ement) but n'add$t$'n (as been made t' $t! 3ut $+ I ta%e t(e matter /($,( $s$nd$,ated by t($s name) and subm$t $t t' t(e eam$nat$'n '+ my senses)I am enabled t' +'rm se0eral synt(et$,al5 alt('u-( st$ll em*$r$,al5

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*r'*'s$t$'ns! T(e mat(emat$,al ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a tr$an-le I s('uld,'nstru,t) t(at $s) *resent a *r$'r$ $n $ntu$t$'n) and $n t($s /ayatta$n t' rat$'nal5synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'n! 3ut /(en t(etrans,endental ,'n,e*t$'n '+ real$ty) 'r substan,e) 'r *'/er $s*resented t' my m$nd) I +$nd t(at $t d'es n't relate t' 'r $nd$,atee$t(er an em*$r$,al 'r *ure $ntu$t$'n) but t(at $t $nd$,ates merelyt(e synt(es$s '+ em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'ns) /($,( ,ann't '+ ,'urse be -$0ena *r$'r$! T(e synt(es$s $n su,( a ,'n,e*t$'n ,ann't *r',eed a

*r$'r$5 /$t('ut t(e a$d '+ e*er$en,e5 t' t(e $ntu$t$'n /($,(,'rres*'nds t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n4 and) +'r t($s reas'n) n'ne '+ t(ese,'n,e*t$'ns ,an *r'du,e a determ$nat$0e synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n)t(ey ,an ne0er *resent m're t(an a *r$n,$*le '+ t(e synt(es$s '+*'ss$ble em*$r$,al $ntu$t$'ns! A trans,endental *r'*'s$t$'n $s)t(ere+'re) a synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+ reas'n by means '+ *ure,'n,e*t$'ns and t(e d$s,urs$0e met('d) and $t renders *'ss$ble allsynt(et$,al un$ty $n em*$r$,al ,'-n$t$'n) t('u-( $t ,ann't *resentus /$t( any $ntu$t$'n a *r$'r$!u

In t(e ,ase '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ ,ause) I d' really -' bey'nd t(eem*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an e0ent5 but n't t' t(e $ntu$t$'n /($,(*resents t($s ,'n,e*t$'n $n ,'n,ret') but 'nly t' t(e t$me5,'nd$t$'ns)

/($,( may be +'und $n e*er$en,e t' ,'rres*'nd t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n! "y*r',edure $s) t(ere+'re) str$,tly a,,'rd$n- t' ,'n,e*t$'ns4 I ,ann't$n a ,ase '+ t($s %$nd em*l'y t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) be,auset(e ,'n,e*t$'n $s merely a rule +'r t(e synt(es$s '+ *er,e*t$'ns)/($,( are n't *ure $ntu$t$'ns) and /($,() t(ere+'re) ,ann't be -$0en a*r$'r$!*

T(ere $s t(us a t/'+'ld eer,$se '+ reas'n! 3't( m'des (a0e t(e*r'*ert$es '+ un$0ersal$ty and an a *r$'r$ 'r$-$n $n ,'mm'n) butare) $n t(e$r *r',edure) '+ /$dely d$++erent ,(ara,ter! T(e reas'n'+ t($s $s t(at $n t(e /'rld '+ *(en'mena) $n /($,( al'ne 'b&e,tsare *resented t' 'ur m$nds) t(ere are t/' ma$n elements5 t(e +'rm '+$ntu$t$'n =s*a,e and t$me>) /($,( ,an be ,'-n$;ed and determ$ned

,'m*letely a *r$'r$) and t(e matter 'r ,'ntent5 t(at /($,( $s*resented $n s*a,e and t$me) and /($,() ,'nse.uently) ,'nta$ns as'met($n-5 an e$sten,e ,'rres*'nd$n- t' 'ur *'/ers '+ sensat$'n! Asre-ards t(e latter) /($,( ,an ne0er be -$0en $n a determ$nate m'dee,e*t by e*er$en,e) t(ere are n' a *r$'r$ n't$'ns /($,( relate t'$t) e,e*t t(e undeterm$ned ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e synt(es$s '+ *'ss$blesensat$'ns) $n s' +ar as t(ese bel'n- =$n a *'ss$ble e*er$en,e> t't(e un$ty '+ ,'ns,$'usness! As re-ards t(e +'rmer) /e ,an determ$ne'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns a *r$'r$ $n $ntu$t$'n) $nasmu,( as /e are 'ursel0est(e ,reat'rs '+ t(e 'b&e,ts '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns $n s*a,e and t$me5t(ese 'b&e,ts be$n- re-arded s$m*ly as .uanta! In t(e 'ne ,ase) reas'n*r',eeds a,,'rd$n- t' ,'n,e*t$'ns and ,an d' n't($n- m're t(an sub&e,t*(en'mena t' t(ese5 /($,( ,an 'nly be determ$ned em*$r$,ally) t(at $s)

a *'ster$'r$5 $n ,'n+'rm$ty) ('/e0er) /$t( t('se ,'n,e*t$'ns as t(erules '+ all em*$r$,al synt(es$s! In t(e 't(er ,ase) reas'n *r',eedsby t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns4 and) as t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns relatet' an a *r$'r$ $ntu$t$'n) t(ey may be -$0en and determ$ned $n *ure$ntu$t$'n a *r$'r$) and /$t('ut t(e a$d '+ em*$r$,al data! T(eeam$nat$'n and ,'ns$derat$'n '+ e0eryt($n- t(at e$sts $n s*a,e 'rt$me5 /(et(er $t $s a .uantum 'r n't) $n ('/ +ar t(e *art$,ulars'met($n- =/($,( +$lls s*a,e 'r t$me> $s a *r$mary substratum) 'r amere determ$nat$'n '+ s'me 't(er e$sten,e) /(et(er $t relates t'anyt($n- else5 e$t(er as ,ause 'r e++e,t) /(et(er $ts e$sten,e $s$s'lated 'r $n re,$*r',al ,'nne,t$'n /$t( and de*enden,e u*'n

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't(ers) t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($s e$sten,e) $ts real$ty and ne,ess$ty'r '**'s$tes5 all t(ese +'rm *art '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ reas'n 'n t(e-r'und '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) and t($s ,'-n$t$'n $s termed *($l's'*($,al! 3utt' determ$ne a *r$'r$ an $ntu$t$'n $n s*a,e =$ts +$-ure>) t' d$0$det$me $nt' *er$'ds) 'r merely t' ,'-n$;e t(e .uant$ty '+ an $ntu$t$'n$n s*a,e and t$me) and t' determ$ne $t by number5 all t($s $s an'*erat$'n '+ reas'n by means '+ t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) and$s ,alled mat(emat$,al!$

T(e su,,ess /($,( attends t(e e++'rts '+ reas'n $n t(e s*(ere '+mat(emat$,s naturally +'sters t(e e*e,tat$'n t(at t(e same -''d+'rtune /$ll be $ts l't) $+ $t a**l$es t(e mat(emat$,al met('d $n't(er re-$'ns '+ mental endea0'ur bes$des t(at '+ .uant$t$es! Itssu,,ess $s t(us -reat) be,ause $t ,an su**'rt all $ts ,'n,e*t$'ns by a*r$'r$ $ntu$t$'ns and) $n t($s /ay) ma%e $tsel+ a master) as $t/ere) '0er nature4 /($le *ure *($l's'*(y) /$t( $ts a *r$'r$ d$s,urs$0e,'n,e*t$'ns) bun-les ab'ut $n t(e /'rld '+ nature) and ,ann't a,,red$t'r s('/ any a *r$'r$ e0$den,e '+ t(e real$ty '+ t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns!"asters $n t(e s,$en,e '+ mat(emat$,s are ,'n+$dent '+ t(e su,,ess'+ t($s met('d4 $ndeed) $t $s a ,'mm'n *ersuas$'n t(at $t $s ,a*able'+ be$n- a**l$ed t' any sub&e,t '+ (uman t('u-(t! T(ey (a0e (ardly

e0er re+le,ted 'r *($l's'*($;ed 'n t(e$r +a0'ur$te s,$en,e5 a tas%'+ -reat d$++$,ulty4 and t(e s*e,$+$, d$++eren,e bet/een t(e t/' m'des'+ em*l'y$n- t(e +a,ulty '+ reas'n (as ne0er entered t(e$r t('u-(ts!Rules ,urrent $n t(e +$eld '+ ,'mm'n e*er$en,e) and /($,( ,'mm'nsense stam*s e0ery/(ere /$t( $ts a**r'0al) are re-arded by t(em asa$'mat$,! Fr'm /(at s'ur,e t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ s*a,e and t$me) /$t(/($,( =as t(e 'nly *r$m$t$0e .uanta> t(ey (a0e t' deal) enter t(e$rm$nds) $s a .uest$'n /($,( t(ey d' n't tr'uble t(emsel0es t' ans/er4and t(ey t($n% $t &ust as unne,essary t' eam$ne $nt' t(e 'r$-$n '+t(e *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n- and t(e etent '+ t(e$r0al$d$ty! All t(ey (a0e t' d' /$t( t(em $s t' em*l'y t(em! In all t($st(ey are *er+e,tly r$-(t) $+ t(ey d' n't '0erste* t(e l$m$ts '+ t(es*(ere '+ nature! 3ut t(ey *ass) un,'ns,$'usly) +r'm t(e /'rld '+

sense t' t(e $nse,ure -r'und '+ *ure trans,endental ,'n,e*t$'ns=$nstab$l$s tellus) $nnab$l$s unda>) /(ere t(ey ,an ne$t(er standn'r s/$m) and /(ere t(e tra,%s '+ t(e$r +''tste*s are 'bl$terated byt$me4 /($le t(e mar,( '+ mat(emat$,s $s *ursued 'n a br'ad andma-n$+$,ent ($-(/ay) /($,( t(e latest *'ster$ty s(all +re.uent /$t('ut+ear '+ dan-er 'r $m*ed$ment!+

As /e (a0e ta%en u*'n us t(e tas% '+ determ$n$n-) ,learly and,erta$nly) t(e l$m$ts '+ *ure reas'n $n t(e s*(ere '+trans,endental$sm) and as t(e e++'rts '+ reas'n $n t($s d$re,t$'nare *ers$sted $n) e0en a+ter t(e *la$nest and m'st e*ress$0e/arn$n-s) ('*e st$ll be,%'n$n- us *ast t(e l$m$ts '+ e*er$en,e $nt't(e s*lend'urs '+ t(e $ntelle,tual /'rld5 $t be,'mes ne,essary t'

,ut a/ay t(e last an,('r '+ t($s +alla,$'us and +antast$, ('*e! 2es(all) a,,'rd$n-ly) s('/ t(at t(e mat(emat$,al met('d $s unattended $nt(e s*(ere '+ *($l's'*(y by t(e least ad0anta-e5 e,e*t) *er(a*s) t(at$t m're *la$nly e($b$ts $ts '/n $nade.ua,y5 t(at -e'metry and*($l's'*(y are t/' .u$te d$++erent t($n-s) alt('u-( t(ey -' band $n(and $n (and $n t(e +$eld '+ natural s,$en,e) and) ,'nse.uently)t(at t(e *r',edure '+ t(e 'ne ,an ne0er be $m$tated by t(e 't(er!t

T(e e0$den,e '+ mat(emat$,s rests u*'n de+$n$t$'ns) a$'ms) anddem'nstrat$'ns! I s(all be sat$s+$ed /$t( s('/$n- t(at n'ne '+ t(ese+'rms ,an be em*l'yed 'r $m$tated $n *($l's'*(y $n t(e sense $n

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/($,( t(ey are underst''d by mat(emat$,$ans4 and t(at t(e-e'metr$,$an) $+ (e em*l'ys ($s met('d $n *($l's'*(y) /$ll su,,eed'nly $n bu$ld$n- ,ard5,astles) /($le t(e em*l'yment '+ t(e*($l's'*($,al met('d $n mat(emat$,s ,an result $n n't($n- but mere0erb$a-e! T(e essent$al bus$ness '+ *($l's'*(y) $ndeed) $s t' mar% 'utt(e l$m$ts '+ t(e s,$en,e4 and e0en t(e mat(emat$,$an) unless ($stalent $s naturally ,$r,ums,r$bed and l$m$ted t' t($s *art$,ularde*artment '+ %n'/led-e) ,ann't turn a dea+ ear t' t(e /arn$n-s '+

*($l's'*(y) 'r set ($msel+ ab'0e $ts d$re,t$'n!*

I! O+ #e+$n$t$'ns! A de+$n$t$'n $s) as t(e term $tsel+ $nd$,ates)t(e re*resentat$'n) u*'n *r$mary -r'unds) '+ t(e ,'m*lete ,'n,e*t$'n'+ a t($n- /$t($n $ts '/n l$m$ts! A,,'rd$n-ly) an em*$r$,al,'n,e*t$'n ,ann't be de+$ned) $t ,an 'nly be e*la$ned! F'r) ast(ere are $n su,( a ,'n,e*t$'n 'nly a ,erta$n number '+ mar%s 'rs$-ns) /($,( den'te a ,erta$n ,lass '+ sensu'us 'b&e,ts) /e ,anne0er be sure t(at /e d' n't ,'-$tate under t(e /'rd /($,( $nd$,atest(e same 'b&e,t) at 'ne t$me a -reater) at an't(er a smaller number '+s$-ns! T(us) 'ne *ers'n may ,'-$tate $n ($s ,'n,e*t$'n '+ -'ld) $nadd$t$'n t' $ts *r'*ert$es '+ /e$-(t) ,'l'ur) malleab$l$ty) t(at '+res$st$n- rust) /($le an't(er *ers'n may be $-n'rant '+ t($s

.ual$ty! 2e em*l'y ,erta$n s$-ns 'nly s' l'n- as /e re.u$re t(em +'rt(e sa%e '+ d$st$n,t$'n4 ne/ 'bser0at$'ns abstra,t s'me and add ne/'nes) s' t(at an em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'n ne0er rema$ns /$t($n *ermanentl$m$ts! It $s) $n +a,t) useless t' de+$ne a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t($s %$nd!I+) +'r eam*le) /e are s*ea%$n- '+ /ater and $ts *r'*ert$es) /e d'n't st'* at /(at /e a,tually t($n% by t(e /'rd /ater) but *r',eed t''bser0at$'n and e*er$ment4 and t(e /'rd) /$t( t(e +e/ s$-nsatta,(ed t' $t) $s m're *r'*erly a des$-nat$'n t(an a ,'n,e*t$'n '+t(e t($n-! A de+$n$t$'n $n t($s ,ase /'uld e0$dently be n't($n- m'ret(an a determ$nat$'n '+ t(e /'rd! In t(e se,'nd *la,e) n' a *r$'r$,'n,e*t$'n) su,( as t('se '+ substan,e) ,ause) r$-(t) +$tness) ands' 'n) ,an be de+$ned! F'r I ,an ne0er be sure) t(at t(e ,learre*resentat$'n '+ a -$0en ,'n,e*t$'n =/($,( $s -$0en $n a ,'n+used

state> (as been +ully de0el'*ed) unt$l I %n'/ t(at t(ere*resentat$'n $s ade.uate /$t( $ts 'b&e,t! 3ut) $nasmu,( as t(e,'n,e*t$'n) as $t $s *resented t' t(e m$nd) may ,'nta$n a number '+'bs,ure re*resentat$'ns) /($,( /e d' n't 'bser0e $n 'ur analys$s)alt('u-( /e em*l'y t(em $n 'ur a**l$,at$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) I ,anne0er be sure t(at my analys$s $s ,'m*lete) /($le eam*les may ma%et($s *r'bable) alt('u-( t(ey ,an ne0er dem'nstrate t(e +a,t! $nstead'+ t(e /'rd de+$n$t$'n) I s('uld rat(er em*l'y t(e term e*'s$t$'n5a m're m'dest e*ress$'n) /($,( t(e ,r$t$, may a,,e*t /$t('utsurrender$n- ($s d'ubts as t' t(e ,'m*leteness '+ t(e analys$s '+any su,( ,'n,e*t$'n! As) t(ere+'re) ne$t(er em*$r$,al n'r a *r$'r$,'n,e*t$'ns are ,a*able '+ de+$n$t$'n) /e (a0e t' see /(et(er t(e 'nly't(er %$nd '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns5 arb$trary ,'n,e*t$'ns5 ,an be sub&e,ted

t' t($s mental '*erat$'n! Su,( a ,'n,e*t$'n ,an al/ays be de+$ned4 +'rI must %n'/ t('r'u-(ly /(at I /$s(ed t' ,'-$tate $n $t) as $t /as I/(' ,reated $t) and $t /as n't -$0en t' my m$nd e$t(er by t(e nature'+ my understand$n- 'r by e*er$en,e! At t(e same t$me) I ,ann't sayt(at) by su,( a de+$n$t$'n) I (a0e de+$ned a real 'b&e,t! I+ t(e,'n,e*t$'n $s based u*'n em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns) $+) +'r eam*le) I (a0ea ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a ,l',% +'r a s($*) t($s arb$trary ,'n,e*t$'n d'es n'tassure me '+ t(e e$sten,e 'r e0en '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e 'b&e,t!"y de+$n$t$'n '+ su,( a ,'n,e*t$'n /'uld /$t( m're *r'*r$ety be termeda de,larat$'n '+ a *r'&e,t t(an a de+$n$t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t! T(ereare n' 't(er ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( ,an bear de+$n$t$'n) e,e*t t('se /($,(

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,'nta$n an arb$trary synt(es$s) /($,( ,an be ,'nstru,ted a *r$'r$!C'nse.uently) t(e s,$en,e '+ mat(emat$,s al'ne *'ssessesde+$n$t$'ns! F'r t(e 'b&e,t (ere t('u-(t $s *resented a *r$'r$ $n$ntu$t$'n4 and t(us $t ,an ne0er ,'nta$n m're 'r less t(an t(e,'n,e*t$'n) be,ause t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t (as been -$0en by t(ede+$n$t$'n5 and *r$mar$ly) t(at $s) /$t('ut der$0$n- t(e de+$n$t$'n+r'm any 't(er s'ur,e! P($l's'*($,al de+$n$t$'ns are) t(ere+'re)merely e*'s$t$'ns '+ -$0en ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($le mat(emat$,al

de+$n$t$'ns are ,'nstru,t$'ns '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns 'r$-$nally +'rmed byt(e m$nd $tsel+4 t(e +'rmer are *r'du,ed by analys$s) t(e ,'m*leteness'+ /($,( $s ne0er dem'nstrat$0ely ,erta$n) t(e latter by asynt(es$s! In a mat(emat$,al de+$n$t$'n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n $s +'rmed) $n a*($l's'*($,al de+$n$t$'n $t $s 'nly e*la$ned! Fr'm t($s $t +'ll'/s6*

T(e de+$n$t$'n must des,r$be t(e ,'n,e*t$'n ,'m*letely t(at $s)'m$t n'ne '+ t(e mar%s 'r s$-ns '+ /($,( $t ,'m*'sed4 /$t($n $ts '/nl$m$ts) t(at $s) $t must be *re,$se) and enumerate n' m're s$-nst(an bel'n- t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n4 and 'n *r$mary -r'unds) t(at $s t' say)t(e l$m$tat$'ns '+ t(e b'unds '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n must n't be dedu,ed+r'm 't(er ,'n,e*t$'ns) as $n t($s ,ase a *r''+ /'uld be ne,essary)and t(e s'5,alled de+$n$t$'n /'uld be $n,a*able '+ ta%$n- $ts *la,e at

t(e bead '+ all t(e &ud-ements /e (a0e t' +'rm re-ard$n- an 'b&e,t!t

=a> T(at /e must n't $m$tate) $n *($l's'*(y) t(e mat(emat$,alusa-e '+ ,'mmen,$n- /$t( de+$n$t$'ns5 e,e*t by /ay '+ (y*'t(es$s 're*er$ment! F'r) as all s'5,alled *($l's'*($,al de+$n$t$'ns are merelyanalyses '+ -$0en ,'n,e*t$'ns) t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns) alt('u-( 'nly $n a,'n+used +'rm) must *re,ede t(e analys$s4 and t(e $n,'m*letee*'s$t$'n must *re,ede t(e ,'m*lete) s' t(at /e may be able t' dra/,erta$n $n+eren,es +r'm t(e ,(ara,ter$st$,s /($,( an $n,'m*leteanalys$s (as enabled us t' d$s,'0er) be+'re /e atta$n t' t(e,'m*lete e*'s$t$'n 'r de+$n$t$'n '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n! In 'ne /'rd) a+ull and ,lear de+$n$t$'n 'u-(t) $n *($l's'*(y) rat(er t' +'rm t(e,'n,lus$'n t(an t(e ,'mmen,ement '+ 'ur lab'urs! In mat(emat$,s) 'n

t(e ,'ntrary) /e ,ann't (a0e a ,'n,e*t$'n *r$'r t' t(e de+$n$t$'n4$t $s t(e de+$n$t$'n /($,( -$0es us t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) and $t must +'rt($s reas'n +'rm t(e ,'mmen,ement '+ e0ery ,(a$n '+ mat(emat$,alreas'n$n-!r

P($l's'*(y ab'unds $n +aulty de+$n$t$'ns) es*e,$ally su,( as,'nta$n s'me '+ t(e elements re.u$s$te t' +'rm a ,'m*letede+$n$t$'n! I+ a ,'n,e*t$'n ,'uld n't be em*l'yed $n reas'n$n-be+'re $t (ad been de+$ned) $t /'uld +are $ll /$t( all *($l's'*($,alt('u-(t! 3ut) as $n,'m*letely de+$ned ,'n,e*t$'ns may al/ays beem*l'yed /$t('ut detr$ment t' trut() s' +ar as 'ur analys$s '+ t(eelements ,'nta$ned $n t(em *r',eeds) $m*er+e,t de+$n$t$'ns) t(at $s)*r'*'s$t$'ns /($,( are *r'*erly n't de+$n$t$'ns) but merely

a**r'$mat$'ns t(eret') may be used /$t( -reat ad0anta-e! Inmat(emat$,s) de+$n$t$'n bel'n-s ad esse) $n *($l's'*(y ad mel$us esse!It $s a d$++$,ult tas% t' ,'nstru,t a *r'*er de+$n$t$'n! ur$sts arest$ll /$t('ut a ,'m*lete de+$n$t$'n '+ t(e $dea '+ r$-(t!s

=b> "at(emat$,al de+$n$t$'ns ,ann't be err'ne'us! F'r t(e ,'n,e*t$'n$s -$0en 'nly $n and t(r'u-( t(e de+$n$t$'n) and t(us $t ,'nta$ns 'nly/(at (as been ,'-$tated $n t(e de+$n$t$'n! 3ut alt('u-( a de+$n$t$'n,ann't be $n,'rre,t) as re-ards $ts ,'ntent) an err'r may s'met$mes)alt('u-( seld'm) ,ree* $nt' t(e +'rm! T($s err'r ,'ns$sts $n a /ant '+*re,$s$'n! T(us t(e ,'mm'n de+$n$t$'n '+ a ,$r,le5 t(at $t $s a ,ur0ed

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l$ne) e0ery *'$nt $n /($,( $s e.ually d$stant +r'm an't(er *'$nt,alled t(e ,entre5 $s +aulty) +r'm t(e +a,t t(at t(e determ$nat$'n$nd$,ated by t(e /'rd ,ur0ed $s su*er+lu'us! F'r t(ere 'u-(t t' be a*art$,ular t(e'rem) /($,( may be eas$ly *r'0ed +r'm t(e de+$n$t$'n) t't(e e++e,t t(at e0ery l$ne) /($,( (as all $ts *'$nts at e.uald$stan,es +r'm an't(er *'$nt) must be a ,ur0ed l$ne5 t(at $s) t(at n'te0en t(e smallest *art '+ $t ,an be stra$-(t! Analyt$,alde+$n$t$'ns) 'n t(e 't(er (and) may be err'ne'us $n many res*e,ts)

e$t(er by t(e $ntr'du,t$'n '+ s$-ns /($,( d' n't a,tually e$st $n t(e,'n,e*t$'n) 'r by /ant$n- $n t(at ,'m*leteness /($,( +'rms t(eessent$al '+ a de+$n$t$'n! In t(e latter ,ase) t(e de+$n$t$'n $sne,essar$ly de+e,t$0e) be,ause /e ,an ne0er be +ully ,erta$n '+ t(e,'m*leteness '+ 'ur analys$s! F'r t(ese reas'ns) t(e met('d '+de+$n$t$'n em*l'yed $n mat(emat$,s ,ann't be $m$tated $n *($l's'*(y!d

B! O+ A$'ms! T(ese) $n s' +ar as t(ey are $mmed$ately ,erta$n)are a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al *r$n,$*les! N'/) 'ne ,'n,e*t$'n ,ann't be,'nne,ted synt(et$,ally and yet $mmed$ately /$t( an't(er4 be,ause)$+ /e /$s( t' *r',eed 'ut '+ and bey'nd a ,'n,e*t$'n) a t($rdmed$at$n- ,'-n$t$'n $s ne,essary! And) as *($l's'*(y $s a ,'-n$t$'n '+reas'n by t(e a$d '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns al'ne) t(ere $s t' be +'und $n $t

n' *r$n,$*le /($,( deser0es t' be ,alled an a$'m! "at(emat$,s) 'n t(e't(er (and) may *'ssess a$'ms) be,ause $t ,an al/ays ,'nne,t t(e*red$,ates '+ an 'b&e,t a *r$'r$) and /$t('ut any med$at$n- term) bymeans '+ t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns $n $ntu$t$'n! Su,( $s t(e,ase /$t( t(e *r'*'s$t$'n6 T(ree *'$nts ,an al/ays l$e $n a *lane!On t(e 't(er (and) n' synt(et$,al *r$n,$*le /($,( $s based u*'n,'n,e*t$'ns) ,an e0er be $mmed$ately ,erta$n =+'r eam*le) t(e*r'*'s$t$'n6 E0eryt($n- t(at (a**ens (as a ,ause>) be,ause I re.u$re amed$at$n- term t' ,'nne,t t(e t/' ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ e0ent and ,ause5namely) t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t$me5determ$nat$'n $n an e*er$en,e) and I,ann't ,'-n$;e any su,( *r$n,$*le $mmed$ately and +r'm ,'n,e*t$'nsal'ne! #$s,urs$0e *r$n,$*les are) a,,'rd$n-ly) 0ery d$++erent +r'm$ntu$t$0e *r$n,$*les 'r a$'ms! T(e +'rmer al/ays re.u$re dedu,t$'n)

/($,( $n t(e ,ase '+ t(e latter may be alt'-et(er d$s*ensed /$t(!A$'ms are) +'r t($s reas'n) al/ays sel+5e0$dent) /($le*($l's'*($,al *r$n,$*les) /(ate0er may be t(e de-ree '+ ,erta$nty t(ey*'ssess) ,ann't lay any ,la$m t' su,( a d$st$n,t$'n! N' synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'n '+ *ure trans,endental reas'n ,an be s' e0$dent) as $s'+ten ras(ly en'u-( de,lared) as t(e statement) t/$,e t/' are +'ur! It$s true t(at $n t(e Analyt$, I $ntr'du,ed $nt' t(e l$st '+*r$n,$*les '+ t(e *ure understand$n-) ,erta$n a$'ms '+ $ntu$t$'n4 butt(e *r$n,$*le t(ere d$s,ussed /as n't $tsel+ an a$'m) but ser0edmerely t' *resent t(e *r$n,$*le '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a$'ms $n-eneral) /($le $t /as really n't($n- m're t(an a *r$n,$*le basedu*'n ,'n,e*t$'ns! F'r $t $s 'ne *art '+ t(e duty '+ trans,endental*($l's'*(y t' establ$s( t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ mat(emat$,s $tsel+!

P($l's'*(y *'ssesses) t(en) n' a$'ms) and (as n' r$-(t t' $m*'se$ts a *r$'r$ *r$n,$*les u*'n t('u-(t) unt$l $t (as establ$s(ed t(e$raut('r$ty and 0al$d$ty by a t('r'u-(-'$n- dedu,t$'n!a

! O+ #em'nstrat$'ns! Only an a*'de$,t$, *r''+) based u*'n$ntu$t$'n) ,an be termed a dem'nstrat$'n! E*er$en,e tea,(es us /(at$s) but $t ,ann't ,'n0$n,e us t(at $t m$-(t n't (a0e been 't(er/$se!Hen,e a *r''+ u*'n em*$r$,al -r'unds ,ann't be a*'de$,t$,! A *r$'r$,'n,e*t$'ns) $n d$s,urs$0e ,'-n$t$'n) ,an ne0er *r'du,e $ntu$t$0e,erta$nty 'r e0$den,e) ('/e0er ,erta$n t(e &ud-ement t(ey *resentmay be! "at(emat$,s al'ne) t(ere+'re) ,'nta$ns dem'nstrat$'ns) be,ause

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$t d'es n't dedu,e $ts ,'-n$t$'n +r'm ,'n,e*t$'ns) but +r'm t(e,'nstru,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) t(at $s) +r'm $ntu$t$'n) /($,( ,an be-$0en a *r$'r$ $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( ,'n,e*t$'ns! T(e met('d '+al-ebra) $n e.uat$'ns) +r'm /($,( t(e ,'rre,t ans/er $s dedu,ed byredu,t$'n) $s a %$nd '+ ,'nstru,t$'n5 n't -e'metr$,al) but by symb'ls5$n /($,( all ,'n,e*t$'ns) es*e,$ally t('se '+ t(e relat$'ns '+.uant$t$es) are re*resented $n $ntu$t$'n by s$-ns4 and t(us t(e,'n,lus$'ns $n t(at s,$en,e are se,ured +r'm err'rs by t(e +a,t t(at

e0ery *r''+ $s subm$tted t' ',ular e0$den,e! P($l's'*($,al ,'-n$t$'nd'es n't *'ssess t($s ad0anta-e) $t be$n- re.u$red t' ,'ns$der t(e-eneral al/ays $n abstra,t' =by means '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns>) /($lemat(emat$,s ,an al/ays ,'ns$der $t $n ,'n,ret' =$n an $nd$0$dual$ntu$t$'n>) and at t(e same t$me by means '+ a *r$'r$re*resentat$'n) /(ereby all err'rs are rendered man$+est t' t(esenses! T(e +'rmer5 d$s,urs$0e *r''+s5 'u-(t t' be termed a,r'amat$,*r''+s) rat(er t(an dem'nstrat$'ns) as 'nly /'rds are em*l'yed $nt(em) /($le dem'nstrat$'ns *r'*er) as t(e term $tsel+ $nd$,ates)al/ays re.u$re a re+eren,e t' t(e $ntu$t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t!a

It +'ll'/s +r'm all t(ese ,'ns$derat$'ns t(at $t $s n't ,'ns'nant/$t( t(e nature '+ *($l's'*(y) es*e,$ally $n t(e s*(ere '+ *ure

reas'n) t' em*l'y t(e d'-mat$,al met('d) and t' ad'rn $tsel+ /$t(t(e t$tles and $ns$-n$a '+ mat(emat$,al s,$en,e! It d'es n't bel'n- t't(at 'rder) and ,an 'nly ('*e +'r a +raternal un$'n /$t( t(at s,$en,e!Its attem*ts at mat(emat$,al e0$den,e are 0a$n *retens$'ns) /($,(,an 'nly %ee* $t ba,% +r'm $ts true a$m) /($,( $s t' dete,t t(e$llus'ry *r',edure '+ reas'n /(en trans-ress$n- $ts *r'*er l$m$ts) andby +ully e*la$n$n- and analys$n- 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns) t' ,'ndu,t us+r'm t(e d$m re-$'ns '+ s*e,ulat$'n t' t(e ,lear re-$'n '+ m'destsel+5%n'/led-e! Reas'n must n't) t(ere+'re) $n $ts trans,endentalendea0'urs) l''% +'r/ard /$t( su,( ,'n+$den,e) as $+ t(e *at( $t $s*ursu$n- led stra$-(t t' $ts a$m) n'r re,%'n /$t( su,( se,ur$ty u*'n$ts *rem$sses) as t' ,'ns$der $t unne,essary t' ta%e a ste* ba,%) 'rt' %ee* a str$,t /at,( +'r err'rs) /($,() '0erl''%ed $n t(e

*r$n,$*les) may be dete,ted $n t(e ar-uments t(emsel0es5 $n /($,( ,ase$t may be re.u$s$te e$t(er t' determ$ne t(ese *r$n,$*les /$t(-reater str$,tness) 'r t' ,(an-e t(em ent$rely!-

I d$0$de all a*'de$,t$, *r'*'s$t$'ns) /(et(er dem'nstrable 'r$mmed$ately ,erta$n) $nt' d'-mata and mat(emata! A d$re,tsynt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'n) based 'n ,'n,e*t$'ns) $s a d'-ma4 a*r'*'s$t$'n '+ t(e same %$nd) based 'n t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+,'n,e*t$'ns) $s a mat(ema! Analyt$,al &ud-ements d' n't tea,( us anym're ab'ut an 'b&e,t t(an /(at /as ,'nta$ned $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n /e(ad '+ $t4 be,ause t(ey d' n't etend 'ur ,'-n$t$'n bey'nd 'ur,'n,e*t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t) t(ey merely elu,$date t(e ,'n,e*t$'n! T(ey,ann't t(ere+'re be /$t( *r'*r$ety termed d'-mas! O+ t(e t/' %$nds

'+ a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns ab'0e ment$'ned) 'nly t('se /($,(are em*l'yed $n *($l's'*(y ,an) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e -eneral m'de '+s*ee,() bear t($s name4 t('se '+ ar$t(met$, 'r -e'metry /'uld n't ber$-(tly s' den'm$nated! T(us t(e ,ust'mary m'de '+ s*ea%$n- ,'n+$rmst(e e*lanat$'n -$0en ab'0e) and t(e ,'n,lus$'n arr$0ed at) t(at'nly t('se &ud-ements /($,( are based u*'n ,'n,e*t$'ns) n't 'n t(e,'nstru,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) ,an be termed d'-mat$,al!,

T(us) *ure reas'n) $n t(e s*(ere '+ s*e,ulat$'n) d'es n't ,'nta$na s$n-le d$re,t synt(et$,al &ud-ement based u*'n ,'n,e*t$'ns! 3y means'+ $deas) $t $s) as /e (a0e s('/n) $n,a*able '+ *r'du,$n-

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synt(et$,al &ud-ements) /($,( are 'b&e,t$0ely 0al$d4 by means '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-) $t establ$s(es ,erta$n $ndub$table*r$n,$*les) n't) ('/e0er) d$re,tly 'n t(e bas$s '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) but'nly $nd$re,tly by means '+ t(e relat$'n '+ t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns t's'met($n- '+ a *urely ,'nt$n-ent nature) namely) *'ss$blee*er$en,e! 2(en e*er$en,e $s *resu**'sed) t(ese *r$n,$*les area*'de$,t$,ally ,erta$n) but $n t(emsel0es) and d$re,tly) t(ey ,ann'te0en be ,'-n$;ed a *r$'r$! T(us t(e -$0en ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ ,ause and

e0ent /$ll n't be su++$,$ent +'r t(e dem'nstrat$'n '+ t(e *r'*'s$t$'n6E0ery e0ent (as a ,ause! F'r t($s reas'n) $t $s n't a d'-ma4alt('u-( +r'm an't(er *'$nt '+ 0$e/) t(at '+ e*er$en,e) $t $s ,a*able'+ be$n- *r'0ed t' dem'nstrat$'n! T(e *r'*er term +'r su,( a*r'*'s$t$'n $s *r$n,$*le) and n't t(e'rem =alt('u-( $t d'es re.u$re t'be *r'0ed>) be,ause $t *'ssesses t(e remar%able *e,ul$ar$ty '+ be$n-t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ $ts '/n -r'und '+ *r''+) t(at$s) e*er$en,e) and '+ +'rm$n- a ne,essary *resu**'s$t$'n $n allem*$r$,al 'bser0at$'n!e

I+ t(en) $n t(e s*e,ulat$0e s*(ere '+ *ure reas'n) n' d'-mata are t'be +'und4 all d'-mat$,al met('ds) /(et(er b'rr'/ed +r'm mat(emat$,s)'r $n0ented by *($l's'*($,al t($n%ers) are al$%e $na**r'*r$ate and

$ne++$,$ent! T(ey 'nly ser0e t' ,'n,eal err'rs and +alla,$es) and t'de,e$0e *($l's'*(y) /('se duty $t $s t' see t(at reas'n *ursues a sa+eand stra$-(t *at(! A *($l's'*($,al met('d may) ('/e0er) besystemat$,al! F'r 'ur reas'n $s) sub&e,t$0ely ,'ns$dered) $tsel+ asystem) and) $n t(e s*(ere '+ mere ,'n,e*t$'ns) a system '+$n0est$-at$'n a,,'rd$n- t' *r$n,$*les '+ un$ty) t(e mater$al be$n-su**l$ed by e*er$en,e al'ne! 3ut t($s $s n't t(e *r'*er *la,e +'rd$s,uss$n- t(e *e,ul$ar met('d '+ trans,endental *($l's'*(y) as 'ur*resent tas% $s s$m*ly t' eam$ne /(et(er 'ur +a,ult$es are ,a*able '+ere,t$n- an ed$+$,e 'n t(e bas$s '+ *ure reas'n) and ('/ +ar t(eymay *r',eed /$t( t(e mater$als at t(e$r ,'mmand!m

SECTION II! T(e #$s,$*l$ne '+ Pure Reas'n $n P'lem$,s!

Reas'n must be sub&e,t) $n all $ts '*erat$'ns) t' ,r$t$,$sm) /($,(must al/ays be *erm$tted t' eer,$se $ts +un,t$'ns /$t('utrestra$nt4 't(er/$se $ts $nterests are $m*er$lled and $ts $n+luen,e'bn'$'us t' sus*$,$'n! T(ere $s n't($n-) ('/e0er use+ul) ('/e0ersa,red $t may be) t(at ,an ,la$m eem*t$'n +r'm t(e sear,($n-eam$nat$'n '+ t($s su*reme tr$bunal) /($,( (as n' res*e,t '+ *ers'ns!T(e 0ery e$sten,e '+ reas'n de*ends u*'n t($s +reed'm4 +'r t(e0'$,e '+ reas'n $s n't t(at '+ a d$,tat'r$al and des*'t$, *'/er) $t $srat(er l$%e t(e 0'te '+ t(e ,$t$;ens '+ a +ree state) e0ery member'+ /($,( must (a0e t(e *r$0$le-e '+ -$0$n- +ree e*ress$'n t' ($sd'ubts) and *'ssess e0en t(e r$-(t '+ 0et'!d

3ut /($le reas'n ,an ne0er de,l$ne t' subm$t $tsel+ t' t(etr$bunal '+ ,r$t$,$sm) $t (as n't al/ays ,ause t' dread t(e&ud-ement '+ t($s ,'urt! Pure reas'n) ('/e0er) /(en en-a-ed $n t(es*(ere '+ d'-mat$sm) $s n't s' t('r'u-(ly ,'ns,$'us '+ a str$,t'bser0an,e '+ $ts ($-(est la/s) as t' a**ear be+'re a ($-(er&ud$,$al reas'n /$t( *er+e,t ,'n+$den,e! On t(e ,'ntrary) $t mustren'un,e $ts ma-n$+$,ent d'-mat$,al *retens$'ns $n *($l's'*(y!r

Dery d$++erent $s t(e ,ase /(en $t (as t' de+end $tsel+) n'tbe+'re a &ud-e) but a-a$nst an e.ual! I+ d'-mat$,al assert$'ns aread0an,ed 'n t(e ne-at$0e s$de) $n '**'s$t$'n t' t('se made by reas'n

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'n t(e *'s$t$0e s$de) $ts &ust$+$,at$'n %at aut(r('*'n $s ,'m*lete)alt('u-( t(e *r''+ '+ $ts *r'*'s$t$'ns $s %at alet(e$anunsat$s+a,t'ry!u

3y t(e *'lem$, '+ *ure reas'n I mean t(e de+en,e '+ $ts *r'*'s$t$'nsmade by reas'n) $n '**'s$t$'n t' t(e d'-mat$,al ,'unter5*r'*'s$t$'nsad0an,ed by 't(er *art$es! T(e .uest$'n (ere $s n't /(et(er $ts '/nstatements may n't als' be +alse4 $t merely re-ards t(e +a,t t(at

reas'n *r'0es t(at t(e '**'s$te ,ann't be establ$s(ed /$t(dem'nstrat$0e ,erta$nty) n'r e0en asserted /$t( a ($-(er de-ree '+*r'bab$l$ty! Reas'n d'es n't ('ld (er *'ssess$'ns u*'n su++eran,e4+'r) alt('u-( s(e ,ann't s('/ a *er+e,tly sat$s+a,t'ry t$tle t't(em) n' 'ne ,an *r'0e t(at s(e $s n't t(e r$-(t+ul *'ssess'r!t

It $s a melan,('ly re+le,t$'n t(at reas'n) $n $ts ($-(esteer,$se) +alls $nt' an ant$t(et$,4 and t(at t(e su*reme tr$bunal+'r t(e settlement '+ d$++eren,es s('uld n't be at un$'n /$t($tsel+! It $s true t(at /e (ad t' d$s,uss t(e .uest$'n '+ ana**arent ant$t(et$,) but /e +'und t(at $t /as based u*'n am$s,'n,e*t$'n! In ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e ,'mm'n *re&ud$,e) *(en'mena /erere-arded as t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) and t(us an abs'lute ,'m*leteness $n

t(e$r synt(es$s /as re.u$red $n t(e 'ne m'de 'r $n t(e 't(er =$t /ass('/n t' be $m*'ss$ble $n b't(>4 a demand ent$rely 'ut '+ *la,e $nre-ard t' *(en'mena! T(ere /as) t(en) n' real sel+5,'ntrad$,t$'n '+reas'n $n t(e *r'*'s$t$'ns6 T(e ser$es '+ *(en'mena -$0en $nt(emsel0es (as an abs'lutely +$rst be-$nn$n-4 and6 T($s ser$es $sabs'lutely and $n $tsel+ /$t('ut be-$nn$n-! T(e t/' *r'*'s$t$'ns are*er+e,tly ,'ns$stent /$t( ea,( 't(er) be,ause *(en'mena as *(en'menaare $n t(emsel0es n't($n-) and ,'nse.uently t(e (y*'t(es$s t(at t(eyare t($n-s $n t(emsel0es must lead t' sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry $n+eren,es!a

3ut t(ere are ,ases $n /($,( a s$m$lar m$sunderstand$n- ,ann't be*r'0$ded a-a$nst) and t(e d$s*ute must rema$n unsettled! Ta%e) +'ream*le) t(e t(e$st$, *r'*'s$t$'n6 T(ere $s a Su*reme 3e$n-4 and 'n

t(e 't(er (and) t(e at(e$st$, ,'unter5statement6 T(ere e$sts n'Su*reme 3e$n-4 'r) $n *sy,('l'-y6 E0eryt($n- t(at t($n%s *'ssesses t(eattr$bute '+ abs'lute and *ermanent un$ty) /($,( $s utterlyd$++erent +r'm t(e trans$t'ry un$ty '+ mater$al *(en'mena4 and t(e,'unter5*r'*'s$t$'n6 T(e s'ul $s n't an $mmater$al un$ty) and $tsnature $s trans$t'ry) l$%e t(at '+ *(en'mena! T(e 'b&e,ts '+ t(ese.uest$'ns ,'nta$n n' (eter'-ene'us 'r ,'ntrad$,t'ry elements) +'r t(eyrelate t' t($n-s $n t(emsel0es) and n't t' *(en'mena! T(ere /'uldar$se) $ndeed) a real ,'ntrad$,t$'n) $+ reas'n ,ame +'r/ard /$t( astatement 'n t(e ne-at$0e s$de '+ t(ese .uest$'ns al'ne! As re-ardst(e ,r$t$,$sm t' /($,( t(e -r'unds '+ *r''+ 'n t(e a++$rmat$0e s$demust be sub&e,ted) $t may be +reely adm$tted) /$t('ut ne,ess$tat$n-t(e surrender '+ t(e a++$rmat$0e *r'*'s$t$'ns) /($,( (a0e) at least)

t(e $nterest '+ reas'n $n t(e$r +a0'ur5 an ad0anta-e /($,( t(e'**'s$te *arty ,ann't lay ,la$m t'!'

I ,ann't a-ree /$t( t(e '*$n$'n '+ se0eral adm$rable t($n%ers5Sul;er am'n- t(e rest5 t(at) $n s*$te '+ t(e /ea%ness '+ t(e ar-uments($t(ert' $n use) /e may ('*e) 'ne day) t' see su++$,$entdem'nstrat$'ns '+ t(e t/' ,ard$nal *r'*'s$t$'ns '+ *ure reas'n5 t(ee$sten,e '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-) and t(e $mm'rtal$ty '+ t(e s'ul! I am,erta$n) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) t(at t($s /$ll ne0er be t(e ,ase! F'r 'n/(at -r'und ,an reas'n base su,( synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns) /($,( d'n't relate t' t(e 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e and t(e$r $nternal

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*'ss$b$l$ty@ 3ut $t $s als' dem'nstrat$0ely ,erta$n t(at n' 'ne /$lle0er be able t' ma$nta$n t(e ,'ntrary /$t( t(e least s('/ '+*r'bab$l$ty! F'r) as (e ,an attem*t su,( a *r''+ s'lely u*'n t(e bas$s'+ *ure reas'n) (e $s b'und t' *r'0e t(at a Su*reme 3e$n-) and at($n%$n- sub&e,t $n t(e ,(ara,ter '+ a *ure $ntell$-en,e) are$m*'ss$ble! 3ut /(ere /$ll (e +$nd t(e %n'/led-e /($,( ,an enable($m t' en'un,e synt(et$,al &ud-ements $n re-ard t' t($n-s /($,(trans,end t(e re-$'n '+ e*er$en,e@ 2e may) t(ere+'re) rest assured

t(at t(e '**'s$te ne0er /$ll be dem'nstrated! 2e need n't) t(en)(a0e re,'urse t' s,('last$, ar-uments4 /e may al/ays adm$t t(e trut('+ t('se *r'*'s$t$'ns /($,( are ,'ns$stent /$t( t(e s*e,ulat$0e$nterests '+ reas'n $n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e) and +'rm) m're'0er)t(e 'nly means '+ un$t$n- t(e s*e,ulat$0e /$t( t(e *ra,t$,al $nterest!Our '**'nent) /(' must n't be ,'ns$dered (ere as a ,r$t$, s'lely) /e,an be ready t' meet /$t( a n'n l$.uet /($,( ,ann't +a$l t' d$s,'n,ert($m4 /($le /e ,ann't deny ($s r$-(t t' a s$m$lar ret'rt) as /e (a0e 'n'ur s$de t(e ad0anta-e '+ t(e su**'rt '+ t(e sub&e,t$0e ma$m '+reas'n) and ,an t(ere+'re l''% u*'n all ($s s'*($st$,al ar-uments /$t(,alm $nd$++eren,e!,

Fr'm t($s *'$nt '+ 0$e/) t(ere $s *r'*erly n' ant$t(et$, '+ *ure

reas'n! F'r t(e 'nly arena +'r su,( a stru--le /'uld be u*'n t(e +$eld'+ *ure t(e'l'-y and *sy,('l'-y4 but 'n t($s -r'und t(ere ,an a**earn' ,'mbatant /('m /e need t' +ear! R$d$,ule and b'ast$n- ,an be ($s'nly /ea*'ns4 and t(ese may be lau-(ed at) as mere ,($ld?s *lay!T($s ,'ns$derat$'n rest'res t' Reas'n (er ,'ura-e4 +'r /(at s'ur,e'+ ,'n+$den,e ,'uld be +'und) $+ s(e) /('se 0',at$'n $t $s t'destr'y err'r) /ere at 0ar$an,e /$t( (ersel+ and /$t('ut anyreas'nable ('*e '+ e0er rea,($n- a state '+ *ermanent re*'se@r

E0eryt($n- $n nature $s -''d +'r s'me *ur*'se! E0en *'$s'ns areser0$,eable4 t(ey destr'y t(e e0$l e++e,ts '+ 't(er *'$s'ns-enerated $n 'ur system) and must al/ays +$nd a *la,e $n e0ery,'m*lete *(arma,'*'e$a! T(e 'b&e,t$'ns ra$sed a-a$nst t(e +alla,$es

and s'*($str$es '+ s*e,ulat$0e reas'n) are 'b&e,t$'ns -$0en by t(enature '+ t($s reas'n $tsel+) and must t(ere+'re (a0e a dest$nat$'nand *ur*'se /($,( ,an 'nly be +'r t(e -''d '+ (uman$ty! F'r /(at*ur*'se (as Pr'0$den,e ra$sed many 'b&e,ts) $n /($,( /e (a0e t(edee*est $nterest) s' +ar ab'0e us) t(at /e 0a$nly try t' ,'-n$;et(em /$t( ,erta$nty) and 'ur *'/ers '+ mental 0$s$'n are rat(ere,$ted t(an sat$s+$ed by t(e -l$m*ses /e may ,(an,e t' se$;e@ It $s0ery d'ubt+ul /(et(er $t $s +'r 'ur bene+$t t' ad0an,e b'lda++$rmat$'ns re-ard$n- sub&e,ts $n0'l0ed $n su,( 'bs,ur$ty4 *er(a*s $t/'uld e0en be detr$mental t' 'ur best $nterests! 3ut $t $s und'ubtedlyal/ays bene+$,$al t' lea0e t(e $n0est$-at$n-) as /ell as t(e,r$t$,al reas'n) $n *er+e,t +reed'm) and *erm$t $t t' ta%e ,(ar-e '+$ts '/n $nterests) /($,( are ad0an,ed as mu,( by $ts l$m$tat$'n) as by

$ts etens$'n '+ $ts 0$e/s) and /($,( al/ays su++er by t(e$nter+eren,e '+ +'re$-n *'/ers +'r,$n- $t) a-a$nst $ts naturaltenden,$es) t' bend t' ,erta$n *re,'n,e$0ed des$-ns!t

All'/ y'ur '**'nent t' say /(at (e t($n%s reas'nable) and ,'mbat ($m'nly /$t( t(e /ea*'ns '+ reas'n! Ha0e n' an$ety +'r t(e *ra,t$,al$nterests '+ (uman$ty5 t(ese are ne0er $m*er$lled $n a *urelys*e,ulat$0e d$s*ute! Su,( a d$s*ute ser0es merely t' d$s,l'se t(eant$n'my '+ reas'n) /($,() as $t (as $ts s'ur,e $n t(e nature '+reas'n) 'u-(t t' be t('r'u-(ly $n0est$-ated! Reas'n $s bene+$ted byt(e eam$nat$'n '+ a sub&e,t 'n b't( s$des) and $ts &ud-ements are

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,'rre,ted by be$n- l$m$ted! It $s n't t(e matter t(at may -$0e',,as$'n t' d$s*ute) but t(e manner! F'r $t $s *er+e,tly *erm$ss$blet' em*l'y) $n t(e *resen,e '+ reas'n) t(e lan-ua-e '+ a +$rmlyr''ted +a$t() e0en a+ter /e (a0e been 'bl$-ed t' ren'un,e all*retens$'ns t' %n'/led-e!*

I+ /e /ere t' as% t(e d$s*ass$'nate #a0$d Hume5 a *($l's'*(erend'/ed) $n a de-ree t(at +e/ are) /$t( a /ell5balan,ed &ud-ement6

2(at m't$0e $ndu,ed y'u t' s*end s' mu,( lab'ur and t('u-(t $nunderm$n$n- t(e ,'ns'l$n- and bene+$,$al *ersuas$'n t(at reas'n $s,a*able '+ assur$n- us '+ t(e e$sten,e) and *resent$n- us /$t( adeterm$nate ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-@5 ($s ans/er /'uld be6N't($n- but t(e des$re '+ tea,($n- reas'n t' %n'/ $ts '/n *'/ersbetter) and) at t(e same t$me) a d$sl$%e '+ t(e *r',edure by /($,(t(at +a,ulty /as ,'m*elled t' su**'rt +'re-'ne ,'n,lus$'ns) and*re0ented +r'm ,'n+ess$n- t(e $nternal /ea%nesses /($,( $t ,ann'tbut +eel /(en $t enters u*'n a r$-$d sel+5eam$nat$'n! I+) 'n t(e't(er (and) /e /ere t' as% Pr$estley5 a *($l's'*(er /(' (ad n' taste+'r trans,endental s*e,ulat$'n) but /as ent$rely de0'ted t' t(e*r$n,$*les '+ em*$r$,$sm5 /(at ($s m't$0es /ere +'r '0erturn$n-t('se t/' ma$n *$llars '+ rel$-$'n5 t(e d',tr$nes '+ t(e +reed'm '+

t(e /$ll and t(e $mm'rtal$ty '+ t(e s'ul =$n ($s 0$e/ t(e ('*e '+ a+uture l$+e $s but t(e e*e,tat$'n '+ t(e m$ra,le '+ resurre,t$'n>5t($s *($l's'*(er) ($msel+ a ;eal'us and *$'us tea,(er '+ rel$-$'n),'uld -$0e n' 't(er ans/er t(an t($s6 I a,ted $n t(e $nterest '+reas'n) /($,( al/ays su++ers) /(en ,erta$n 'b&e,ts are e*la$ned and&ud-ed by a re+eren,e t' 't(er su**'sed la/s t(an t('se '+ mater$alnature5 t(e 'nly la/s /($,( /e %n'/ $n a determ$nate manner! It/'uld be un+a$r t' de,ry t(e latter *($l's'*(er) /(' endea0'ured t'(arm'n$;e ($s *arad'$,al '*$n$'ns /$t( t(e $nterests '+ rel$-$'n) andt' under0alue an ('nest and re+le,t$n- man) be,ause (e +$nds ($msel+at a l'ss t(e m'ment (e (as le+t t(e +$eld '+ natural s,$en,e! T(esame -ra,e must be a,,'rded t' Hume) a man n't less /ell5d$s*'sed) and.u$te as blameless $n ($s m'ral ,(ara,ter) and /(' *us(ed ($s abstra,t

s*e,ulat$'ns t' an etreme len-t() be,ause) as (e r$-(tly bel$e0ed)t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(em l$es ent$rely bey'nd t(e b'unds '+ natural s,$en,e)and /$t($n t(e s*(ere '+ *ure $deas!a

2(at $s t' be d'ne t' *r'0$de a-a$nst t(e dan-er /($,( seems $nt(e *resent ,ase t' mena,e t(e best $nterests '+ (uman$ty@ T(e,'urse t' be *ursued $n re+eren,e t' t($s sub&e,t $s a *er+e,tly *la$nand natural 'ne! <et ea,( t($n%er *ursue ($s '/n *at(4 $+ (e s('/stalent) $+ be -$0es e0$den,e '+ *r'+'und t('u-(t) $n 'ne /'rd) $+ (es('/s t(at (e *'ssesses t(e *'/er '+ reas'n$n-5 reas'n $s al/ays t(e-a$ner! I+ y'u (a0e re,'urse t' 't(er means) $+ y'u attem*t t','er,e reas'n) $+ y'u ra$se t(e ,ry '+ treas'n t' (uman$ty) $+ y'ue,$te t(e +eel$n-s '+ t(e ,r'/d) /($,( ,an ne$t(er understand n'r

sym*at($;e /$t( su,( subtle s*e,ulat$'ns5 y'u /$ll 'nly ma%ey'ursel0es r$d$,ul'us! F'r t(e .uest$'n d'es n't ,'n,ern t(e ad0anta-e'r d$sad0anta-e /($,( /e are e*e,ted t' rea* +r'm su,( $n.u$r$es4 t(e.uest$'n $s merely ('/ +ar reas'n ,an ad0an,e $n t(e +$eld '+s*e,ulat$'n) a*art +r'm all %$nds '+ $nterest) and /(et(er /e mayde*end u*'n t(e eert$'ns '+ s*e,ulat$0e reas'n) 'r must ren'un,eall rel$an,e 'n $t! Instead '+ &'$n$n- t(e ,'mbatants) $t $s y'ur *artt' be a tran.u$l s*e,tat'r '+ t(e stru--le5 a lab'r$'us stru--le +'rt(e *art$es en-a-ed) but attended) $n $ts *r'-ress as /ell as $n $tsresult) /$t( t(e m'st ad0anta-e'us ,'nse.uen,es +'r t(e $nterests '+t('u-(t and %n'/led-e! It $s absurd t' e*e,t t' be enl$-(tened by

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Reas'n) and at t(e same t$me t' *res,r$be t' (er /(at s$de '+ t(e.uest$'n s(e must ad'*t! "'re'0er) reas'n $s su++$,$ently (eld $n,(e,% by $ts '/n *'/er) t(e l$m$ts $m*'sed 'n $t by $ts '/n nature aresu++$,$ent4 $t $s unne,essary +'r y'u t' *la,e '0er $t add$t$'nal-uards) as $+ $ts *'/er /ere dan-er'us t' t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ t(e$ntelle,tual state! In t(e d$ale,t$, '+ reas'n t(ere $s n' 0$,t'ry-a$ned /($,( need $n t(e least d$sturb y'ur tran.u$l$ty!-

T(e str$+e '+ d$ale,t$, $s a ne,ess$ty '+ reas'n) and /e ,ann'tbut /$s( t(at $t (ad been ,'ndu,ted l'n- ere t($s /$t( t(at *er+e,t+reed'm /($,( 'u-(t t' be $ts essent$al ,'nd$t$'n! In t($s ,ase) /es('uld (a0e (ad at an earl$er *er$'d a matured and *r'+'und ,r$t$,$sm)/($,( must (a0e *ut an end t' all d$ale,t$,al d$s*utes) by e*'s$n-t(e $llus$'ns and *re&ud$,es $n /($,( t(ey 'r$-$nated!t

T(ere $s $n (uman nature an un/'rt(y *r'*ens$ty5 a *r'*ens$ty /($,()l$%e e0eryt($n- t(at s*r$n-s +r'm nature) must $n $ts +$nal *ur*'se be,'ndu,$0e t' t(e -''d '+ (uman$ty5 t' ,'n,eal 'ur real sent$ments) andt' -$0e e*ress$'n 'nly t' ,erta$n re,e$0ed '*$n$'ns) /($,( arere-arded as at 'n,e sa+e and *r'm't$0e '+ t(e ,'mm'n -''d! It $s true)t($s tenden,y) n't 'nly t' ,'n,eal 'ur real sent$ments) but t' *r'+ess

t('se /($,( may -a$n us +a0'ur $n t(e eyes '+ s',$ety) (as n't 'nly,$0$l$;ed) but) $n a ,erta$n measure) m'ral$;ed us4 as n' 'ne ,anbrea% t(r'u-( t(e 'ut/ard ,'0er$n- '+ res*e,tab$l$ty) ('n'ur) andm'ral$ty) and t(us t(e seem$n-ly5-''d eam*les /($,( /e /($,( /e seear'und us +'rm an e,ellent s,(''l +'r m'ral $m*r'0ement) s' l'n- as'ur bel$e+ $n t(e$r -enu$neness rema$ns uns(a%en! 3ut t($s d$s*'s$t$'nt' re*resent 'ursel0es as better t(an /e are) and t' utter '*$n$'ns/($,( are n't 'ur '/n) ,an be n't($n- m're t(an a %$nd '+ *r'0$s$'naryarran-ement '+ nature t' lead us +r'm t(e rudeness '+ an un,$0$l$;edstate) and t' tea,( us ('/ t' assume at least t(e a**earan,e andmanner '+ t(e -''d /e see! 3ut /(en true *r$n,$*les (a0e beende0el'*ed) and (a0e 'bta$ned a sure +'undat$'n $n 'ur (ab$t '+t('u-(t) t($s ,'n0ent$'nal$sm must be atta,%ed /$t( earnest 0$-'ur)

't(er/$se $t ,'rru*ts t(e (eart) and ,(e,%s t(e -r'/t( '+ -''dd$s*'s$t$'ns /$t( t(e m$s,($e0'us /eed '+ a$r a**earan,es!d

I am s'rry t' remar% t(e same tenden,y t' m$sre*resentat$'n and(y*',r$sy $n t(e s*(ere '+ s*e,ulat$0e d$s,uss$'n) /(ere t(ere $s lesstem*tat$'n t' restra$n t(e +ree e*ress$'n '+ t('u-(t! F'r /(at ,an bem're *re&ud$,$al t' t(e $nterests '+ $ntell$-en,e t(an t' +als$+y'ur real sent$ments) t' ,'n,eal t(e d'ubts /($,( /e +eel $n re-ardt' 'ur statements) 'r t' ma$nta$n t(e 0al$d$ty '+ -r'unds '+ *r''+/($,( /e /ell %n'/ t' be $nsu++$,$ent@ S' l'n- as mere *ers'nal 0an$ty$s t(e s'ur,e '+ t(ese un/'rt(y art$+$,es5 and t($s $s -enerally t(e,ase $n s*e,ulat$0e d$s,uss$'ns) /($,( are m'stly dest$tute '+*ra,t$,al $nterest) and are $n,a*able '+ ,'m*lete dem'nstrat$'n5 t(e

0an$ty '+ t(e '**'s$te *arty ea--erates as mu,( 'n t(e 't(er s$de4and t(us t(e result $s t(e same) alt('u-( $t $s n't br'u-(t ab'ut s's''n as $+ t(e d$s*ute (ad been ,'ndu,ted $n a s$n,ere and u*r$-(ts*$r$t! 3ut /(ere t(e mass enterta$ns t(e n't$'n t(at t(e a$m '+,erta$n subtle s*e,ulat'rs $s n't($n- less t(an t' s(a%e t(e 0ery+'undat$'ns '+ *ubl$, /el+are and m'ral$ty5 $t seems n't 'nly *rudent)but e0en *ra$se /'rt(y) t' ma$nta$n t(e -''d ,ause by $llus'ryar-uments) rat(er t(an t' -$0e t' 'ur su**'sed '**'nents t(e ad0anta-e'+ l'/er$n- 'ur de,larat$'ns t' t(e m'derate t'ne '+ a merely*ra,t$,al ,'n0$,t$'n) and '+ ,'m*ell$n- us t' ,'n+ess 'ur $nab$l$ty t'atta$n t' a*'de$,t$, ,erta$nty $n s*e,ulat$0e sub&e,ts! 3ut /e 'u-(t

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t' re+le,t t(at t(ere $s n't($n-) $n t(e /'rld m're +atal t' t(ema$ntenan,e '+ a -''d ,ause t(an de,e$t) m$sre*resentat$'n) and+alse(''d! T(at t(e str$,test la/s '+ ('nesty s('uld be 'bser0ed $nt(e d$s,uss$'n '+ a *urely s*e,ulat$0e sub&e,t $s t(e leastre.u$rement t(at ,an be made! I+ /e ,'uld re,%'n /$t( se,ur$ty e0enu*'n s' l$ttle) t(e ,'n+l$,t '+ s*e,ulat$0e reas'n re-ard$n- t(e$m*'rtant .uest$'ns '+ 'd) $mm'rtal$ty) and +reed'm) /'uld (a0ebeen e$t(er de,$ded l'n- a-') 'r /'uld 0ery s''n be br'u-(t t' a

,'n,lus$'n! 3ut) $n -eneral) t(e u*r$-(tness '+ t(e de+en,e stands$n an $n0erse rat$' t' t(e -''dness '+ t(e ,ause4 and *er(a*s m're('nesty and +a$rness are s('/n by t('se /(' deny t(an by t('se /('u*('ld t(ese d',tr$nes!u

I s(all *ersuade mysel+) t(en) t(at I (a0e readers /(' d' n't /$s(t' see a r$-(te'us ,ause de+ended by un+a$r ar-uments! Su,( /$ll n'/re,'-n$;e t(e +a,t t(at) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t($s Cr$t$.ue)$+ /e ,'ns$der n't /(at $s) but /(at 'u-(t t' be t(e ,ase) t(ere ,anbe really n' *'lem$, '+ *ure reas'n! F'r ('/ ,an t/' *ers'ns d$s*uteab'ut a t($n-) t(e real$ty '+ /($,( ne$t(er ,an *resent $n a,tual 're0en $n *'ss$ble e*er$en,e@ Ea,( ad'*ts t(e *lan '+ med$tat$n- 'n ($s$dea +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ dra/$n- +r'm t(e $dea) $+ (e ,an) /(at $s m're

t(an t(e $dea) t(at $s) t(e real$ty '+ t(e 'b&e,t /($,( $t$nd$,ates! H'/ s(all t(ey settle t(e d$s*ute) s$n,e ne$t(er $s able t'ma%e ($s assert$'ns d$re,tly ,'m*re(ens$ble and ,erta$n) but mustrestr$,t ($msel+ t' atta,%$n- and ,'n+ut$n- t('se '+ ($s '**'nent@ Allstatements en'un,ed by *ure reas'n trans,end t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+*'ss$ble e*er$en,e) bey'nd t(e s*(ere '+ /($,( /e ,an d$s,'0er n',r$ter$'n '+ trut() /($le t(ey are at t(e same t$me +ramed $na,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e la/s '+ t(e understand$n-) /($,( are a**l$,able'nly t' e*er$en,e4 and t(us $t $s t(e +ate '+ all su,( s*e,ulat$0ed$s,uss$'ns t(at /($le t(e 'ne *arty atta,%s t(e /ea%er s$de '+ ($s'**'nent) (e $n+all$bly lays '*en ($s '/n /ea%nesses!'

T(e ,r$t$.ue '+ *ure reas'n may be re-arded as t(e ($-(est

tr$bunal +'r all s*e,ulat$0e d$s*utes4 +'r $t $s n't $n0'l0ed $n t(esed$s*utes) /($,( (a0e an $mmed$ate relat$'n t' ,erta$n 'b&e,ts andn't t' t(e la/s '+ t(e m$nd) but $s $nst$tuted +'r t(e *ur*'se '+determ$n$n- t(e r$-(ts and l$m$ts '+ reas'n!d

2$t('ut t(e ,'ntr'l '+ ,r$t$,$sm) reas'n $s) as $t /ere) $n astate '+ nature) and ,an 'nly establ$s( $ts ,la$ms and assert$'ns by/ar! Cr$t$,$sm) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) de,$d$n- all .uest$'ns a,,'rd$n- t't(e +undamental la/s '+ $ts '/n $nst$tut$'n) se,ures t' us t(e *ea,e'+ la/ and 'rder) and enables us t' d$s,uss all d$++eren,es $n t(em're tran.u$l manner '+ a le-al *r',ess! In t(e +'rmer ,ase)d$s*utes are ended by 0$,t'ry) /($,( b't( s$des may ,la$m and /($,( $s+'ll'/ed by a ('ll'/ arm$st$,e4 $n t(e latter) by a senten,e) /($,()

as $t str$%es at t(e r''t '+ all s*e,ulat$0e d$++eren,es) ensures t'all ,'n,erned a last$n- *ea,e! T(e endless d$s*utes '+ a d'-mat$;$n-reas'n ,'m*el us t' l''% +'r s'me m'de '+ arr$0$n- at a settledde,$s$'n by a ,r$t$,al $n0est$-at$'n '+ reas'n $tsel+4 &ust asH'bbes ma$nta$ns t(at t(e state '+ nature $s a state '+ $n&ust$,eand 0$'len,e) and t(at /e must lea0e $t and subm$t 'ursel0es t' t(e,'nstra$nt '+ la/) /($,( $ndeed l$m$ts $nd$0$dual +reed'm) but 'nlyt(at $t may ,'ns$st /$t( t(e +reed'm '+ 't(ers and /$t( t(e ,'mm'n-''d '+ all!-

T($s +reed'm /$ll) am'n- 't(er t($n-s) *erm$t '+ 'ur '*enly

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stat$n- t(e d$++$,ult$es and d'ubts /($,( /e are 'ursel0es unable t's'l0e) /$t('ut be$n- de,r$ed 'n t(at a,,'unt as turbulent anddan-er'us ,$t$;ens! T($s *r$0$le-e +'rms *art '+ t(e nat$0e r$-(ts'+ (uman reas'n) /($,( re,'-n$;es n' 't(er &ud-e t(an t(e un$0ersalreas'n '+ (uman$ty4 and as t($s reas'n $s t(e s'ur,e '+ all *r'-ressand $m*r'0ement) su,( a *r$0$le-e $s t' be (eld sa,red and $n0$'lable!It $s un/$se) m're'0er) t' den'un,e as dan-er'us any b'ld assert$'nsa-a$nst) 'r ras( atta,%s u*'n) an '*$n$'n /($,( $s (eld by t(e lar-est

and m'st m'ral ,lass '+ t(e ,'mmun$ty4 +'r t(at /'uld be -$0$n- t(eman $m*'rtan,e /($,( t(ey d' n't deser0e! 2(en I (ear t(at t(e+reed'm '+ t(e /$ll) t(e ('*e '+ a +uture l$+e) and t(e e$sten,e '+'d (a0e been '0ert(r'/n by t(e ar-uments '+ s'me able /r$ter) I+eel a str'n- des$re t' read ($s b''%4 +'r I e*e,t t(at (e /$ll addt' my %n'/led-e and $m*art -reater ,learness and d$st$n,tness t' my0$e/s by t(e ar-umentat$0e *'/er s('/n $n ($s /r$t$n-s! 3ut I am*er+e,tly ,erta$n) e0en be+'re I (a0e '*ened t(e b''%) t(at (e (as n'tsu,,eeded $n a s$n-le *'$nt) n't be,ause I bel$e0e I am $n*'ssess$'n '+ $rre+utable dem'nstrat$'ns '+ t(ese $m*'rtant*r'*'s$t$'ns) but be,ause t($s trans,endental ,r$t$.ue) /($,( (asd$s,l'sed t' me t(e *'/er and t(e l$m$ts '+ *ure reas'n) (as +ully,'n0$n,ed me t(at) as $t $s $nsu++$,$ent t' establ$s( t(e a++$rmat$0e)

$t $s as *'/erless) and e0en m're s') t' assure us '+ t(e trut( '+ t(ene-at$0e ans/er t' t(ese .uest$'ns! Fr'm /(at s'ur,e d'es t($s+ree5t($n%er der$0e ($s %n'/led-e t(at t(ere $s) +'r eam*le) n'Su*reme 3e$n-@ T($s *r'*'s$t$'n l$es 'ut '+ t(e +$eld '+ *'ss$blee*er$en,e) and) t(ere+'re) bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ (uman ,'-n$t$'n!3ut I /'uld n't read at) all t(e ans/er /($,( t(e d'-mat$,alma$nta$ner '+ t(e -''d ,ause ma%es t' ($s '**'nent) be,ause I %n'//ell be+'re(and) t(at (e /$ll merely atta,% t(e +alla,$'us -r'unds'+ ($s ad0ersary) /$t('ut be$n- able t' establ$s( ($s '/nassert$'ns! 3es$des) a ne/ $llus'ry ar-ument) $n t(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+/($,( talent and a,uteness are s('/n) $s su--est$0e '+ ne/ $deas andne/ tra$ns '+ reas'n$n-) and $n t($s res*e,t t(e 'ld and e0erydays'*($str$es are .u$te useless! A-a$n) t(e d'-mat$,al '**'nent '+

rel$-$'n -$0es em*l'yment t' ,r$t$,$sm) and enables us t' test and,'rre,t $ts *r$n,$*les) /($le t(ere $s n' ',,as$'n +'r an$ety $nre-ard t' t(e $n+luen,e and results '+ ($s reas'n$n-!r

3ut) $t /$ll be sa$d) must /e n't /arn t(e y'ut( entrusted t'a,adem$,al ,are a-a$nst su,( /r$t$n-s) must /e n't *reser0e t(em+r'm t(e %n'/led-e '+ t(ese dan-er'us assert$'ns) unt$l t(e$r&ud-ement $s r$*ened) 'r rat(er unt$l t(e d',tr$nes /($,( /e /$s( t'$n,ul,ate are s' +$rmly r''ted $n t(e$r m$nds as t' /$t(stand allattem*ts at $nst$ll$n- t(e ,'ntrary d'-mas) +r'm /(ate0er .uarter t(eymay ,'me@m

I+ /e are t' ,'n+$ne 'ursel0es t' t(e d'-mat$,al *r',edure $n t(e

s*(ere '+ *ure reas'n) and +$nd 'ursel0es unable t' settle su,(d$s*utes 't(er/$se t(an by be,'m$n- a *arty $n t(em) and sett$n-,'unter5assert$'ns a-a$nst t(e statements ad0an,ed by 'ur '**'nents)t(ere $s ,erta$nly n' *lan m're ad0$sable +'r t(e m'ment) but) att(e same t$me) n'ne m're absurd and $ne++$,$ent +'r t(e +uture) t(ant($s reta$n$n- '+ t(e y'ut(+ul m$nd under -uard$ans($* +'r a t$me) andt(us *reser0$n- $t5 +'r s' l'n- at least5 +r'm sedu,t$'n $nt' err'r!3ut /(en) at a later *er$'d) e$t(er ,ur$'s$ty) 'r t(e *re0alent+as($'n '+ t('u-(t *la,es su,( /r$t$n-s $n t(e$r (ands) /$ll t(es'5,alled ,'n0$,t$'ns '+ t(e$r y'ut( stand +$rm@ T(e y'un- t($n%er)/(' (as $n ($s arm'ury n'ne but d'-mat$,al /ea*'ns /$t( /($,( t'

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res$st t(e atta,%s '+ ($s '**'nent) and /(' ,ann't dete,t t(e latentd$ale,t$, /($,( l$es $n ($s '/n '*$n$'ns as /ell as $n t('se '+ t(e'**'s$te *arty) sees t(e ad0an,e '+ $llus'ry ar-uments and -r'unds'+ *r''+ /($,( (a0e t(e ad0anta-e '+ n'0elty) a-a$nst as $llus'ry-r'unds '+ *r''+ dest$tute '+ t($s ad0anta-e) and /($,() *er(a*s)e,$te t(e sus*$,$'n t(at t(e natural ,redul$ty '+ ($s y'ut( (asbeen abused by ($s $nstru,t'rs! He t($n%s (e ,an +$nd n' bettermeans '+ s('/$n- t(at (e (as 'ut -r'/n t(e d$s,$*l$ne '+ ($s

m$n'r$ty t(an by des*$s$n- t('se /ell5meant /arn$n-s) and) %n'/$n-n' system '+ t('u-(t but t(at '+ d'-mat$sm) (e dr$n%s dee* drau-(ts '+t(e *'$s'n t(at $s t' sa* t(e *r$n,$*les $n /($,( ($s early years /eretra$ned!t

Ea,tly t(e '**'s$te '+ t(e system (ere re,'mmended 'u-(t t' be*ursued $n a,adem$,al $nstru,t$'n! T($s ,an 'nly be e++e,ted) ('/e0er)by a t('r'u-( tra$n$n- $n t(e ,r$t$,al $n0est$-at$'n '+ *ure reas'n!F'r) $n 'rder t' br$n- t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t($s ,r$t$.ue $nt' eer,$seas s''n as *'ss$ble) and t' dem'nstrate t(e$r *er+e,t e0en $n t(e*resen,e '+ t(e ($-(est de-ree '+ d$ale,t$,al $llus$'n) t(e student'u-(t t' eam$ne t(e assert$'ns made 'n b't( s$des '+ s*e,ulat$0e.uest$'ns ste* by ste*) and t' test t(em by t(ese *r$n,$*les! It

,ann't be a d$++$,ult tas% +'r ($m t' s('/ t(e +alla,$es $n(erent $nt(ese *r'*'s$t$'ns) and t(us (e be-$ns early t' +eel ($s '/n *'/er'+ se,ur$n- ($msel+ a-a$nst t(e $n+luen,e '+ su,( s'*($st$,alar-uments) /($,( must +$nally l'se) +'r ($m) all t(e$r $llus'ry *'/er!And) alt('u-( t(e same bl'/s /($,( '0erturn t(e ed$+$,e '+ ($s'**'nent are as +atal t' ($s '/n s*e,ulat$0e stru,tures) $+ su,( (e(as /$s(ed t' rear4 (e need n't +eel any s'rr'/ $n re-ard t' t($sseem$n- m$s+'rtune) as (e (as n'/ be+'re ($m a +a$r *r's*e,t $nt't(e *ra,t$,al re-$'n $n /($,( (e may reas'nably ('*e t' +$nd a m'rese,ure +'undat$'n +'r a rat$'nal system!s

T(ere $s) a,,'rd$n-ly) n' *r'*er *'lem$, $n t(e s*(ere '+ *urereas'n! 3't( *art$es beat t(e a$r and +$-(t /$t( t(e$r '/n s(ad'/s) as

t(ey *ass bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ nature) and ,an +$nd n' tan-$ble*'$nt '+ atta,%5 n' +$rm +''t$n- +'r t(e$r d'-mat$,al ,'n+l$,t!F$-(t as 0$-'r'usly as t(ey may) t(e s(ad'/s /($,( t(ey (e/ d'/n)$mmed$ately start u* a-a$n) l$%e t(e (er'es $n 2al(alla) and rene/ t(ebl''dless and un,eas$n- ,'ntest!b

3ut ne$t(er ,an /e adm$t t(at t(ere $s any *r'*er s,e*t$,alem*l'yment '+ *ure reas'n) su,( as m$-(t be based u*'n t(e *r$n,$*le'+ neutral$ty $n all s*e,ulat$0e d$s*utes! T' e,$te reas'n a-a$nst$tsel+) t' *la,e /ea*'ns $n t(e (ands '+ t(e *arty 'n t(e 'ne s$deas /ell as $n t('se '+ t(e 't(er) and t' rema$n an und$sturbed andsar,ast$, s*e,tat'r '+ t(e +$er,e stru--le t(at ensues) seems) +r'mt(e d'-mat$,al *'$nt '+ 0$e/) t' be a *art +$tt$n- 'nly a male0'lent

d$s*'s$t$'n! 3ut) /(en t(e s'*($st e0$den,es an $n0$n,$ble 'bst$na,yand bl$ndness) and a *r$de /($,( n' ,r$t$,$sm ,an m'derate) t(ere $sn' 't(er *ra,t$,able ,'urse t(an t' '**'se t' t($s *r$de and 'bst$na,ys$m$lar +eel$n-s and *retens$'ns 'n t(e 't(er s$de) e.ually /ell 'r$ll +'unded) s' t(at reas'n) sta--ered by t(e re+le,t$'ns t(us+'r,ed u*'n $t) +$nds $t ne,essary t' m'derate $ts ,'n+$den,e $nsu,( *retens$'ns and t' l$sten t' t(e ad0$,e '+ ,r$t$,$sm! 3ut /e,ann't st'* at t(ese d'ubts) mu,( less re-ard t(e ,'n0$,t$'n '+ 'ur$-n'ran,e) n't 'nly as a ,ure +'r t(e ,'n,e$t natural t' d'-mat$sm)but as t(e settlement '+ t(e d$s*utes $n /($,( reas'n $s $n0'l0ed /$t($tsel+! On t(e ,'ntrary) s,e*t$,$sm $s merely a means '+ a/a%en$n-

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reas'n +r'm $ts d'-mat$, dreams and e,$t$n- $t t' a m're ,are+ul$n0est$-at$'n $nt' $ts '/n *'/ers and *retens$'ns! 3ut) ass,e*t$,$sm a**ears t' be t(e s('rtest r'ad t' a *ermanent *ea,e $n t(ed'ma$n '+ *($l's'*(y) and as $t $s t(e tra,% *ursued by t(e many /('a$m at -$0$n- a *($l's'*($,al ,'l'ur$n- t' t(e$r ,'ntem*tu'usd$sl$%e '+ all $n.u$r$es '+ t($s %$nd) I t($n% $t ne,essary t' *resentt' my readers t($s m'de '+ t('u-(t $n $ts true l$-(t!t

S,e*t$,$sm n't a Permanent State +'r Human Reas'n!

T(e ,'ns,$'usness '+ $-n'ran,e5 unless t($s $-n'ran,e $sre,'-n$;ed t' be abs'lutely ne,essary 'u-(t) $nstead '+ +'rm$n- t(e,'n,lus$'n '+ my $n.u$r$es) t' be t(e str'n-est m't$0e t' t(e*ursu$t '+ t(em! All $-n'ran,e $s e$t(er $-n'ran,e '+ t($n-s 'r '+ t(el$m$ts '+ %n'/led-e! I+ my $-n'ran,e $s a,,$dental and n'tne,essary) $t must $n,$te me) $n t(e +$rst ,ase) t' a d'-mat$,al$n.u$ry re-ard$n- t(e 'b&e,ts '+ /($,( I am $-n'rant4 $n t(e se,'nd)t' a ,r$t$,al $n0est$-at$'n $nt' t(e b'unds '+ all *'ss$ble %n'/led-e!3ut t(at my $-n'ran,e $s abs'lutely ne,essary and una0'$dable) andt(at $t ,'nse.uently abs'l0es +r'm t(e duty '+ all +urt(er$n0est$-at$'n) $s a +a,t /($,( ,ann't be made 'ut u*'n em*$r$,al

-r'unds5 +r'm 'bser0at$'n5 but u*'n ,r$t$,al -r'unds al'ne) t(at $s)by a t('r'u-(-'$n- $n0est$-at$'n $nt' t(e *r$mary s'ur,es '+,'-n$t$'n! It +'ll'/s t(at t(e determ$nat$'n '+ t(e b'unds '+ reas'n,an be made 'nly 'n a *r$'r$ -r'unds4 /($le t(e em*$r$,al l$m$tat$'n'+ reas'n) /($,( $s merely an $ndeterm$nate ,'-n$t$'n '+ an$-n'ran,e t(at ,an ne0er be ,'m*letely rem'0ed) ,an ta%e *la,e 'nlya *'ster$'r$! In 't(er /'rds) 'ur em*$r$,al %n'/led-e $s l$m$ted byt(at /($,( yet rema$ns +'r us t' %n'/! T(e +'rmer ,'-n$t$'n '+ 'ur$-n'ran,e) /($,( $s *'ss$ble 'nly 'n a rat$'nal bas$s) $s a s,$en,e4t(e latter $s merely a *er,e*t$'n) and /e ,ann't say ('/ +ar t(e$n+eren,es dra/n +r'm $t may etend! I+ I re-ard t(e eart() as $treally a**ears t' my senses) as a +lat sur+a,e) I am $-n'rant ('/+ar t($s sur+a,e etends! 3ut e*er$en,e tea,(es me t(at) ('/ +ar

s'e0er I -') I al/ays see be+'re me a s*a,e $n /($,( I ,an *r',eed+art(er4 and t(us I %n'/ t(e l$m$ts5 merely 0$sual5 '+ my a,tual%n'/led-e '+ t(e eart() alt('u-( I am $-n'rant '+ t(e l$m$ts '+ t(eeart( $tsel+! 3ut $+ I (a0e -'t s' +ar as t' %n'/ t(at t(e eart( $sa s*(ere) and t(at $ts sur+a,e $s s*(er$,al) I ,an ,'-n$;e a *r$'r$and determ$ne u*'n *r$n,$*les) +r'm my %n'/led-e '+ a small *art '+t($s sur+a,e5 say t' t(e etent '+ a de-ree5 t(e d$ameter and,$r,um+eren,e '+ t(e eart(4 and alt('u-( I am $-n'rant '+ t(e'b&e,ts /($,( t($s sur+a,e ,'nta$ns) I (a0e a *er+e,t %n'/led-e '+ $tsl$m$ts and etent!l

T(e sum '+ all t(e *'ss$ble 'b&e,ts '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n seems t' ust' be a le0el sur+a,e) /$t( an a**arent ('r$;'n5 t(at /($,( +'rms

t(e l$m$t '+ $ts etent) and /($,( (as been termed by us t(e $dea '+un,'nd$t$'ned t'tal$ty! T' rea,( t($s l$m$t by em*$r$,al means $s$m*'ss$ble) and all attem*ts t' determ$ne $t a *r$'r$ a,,'rd$n- t' a*r$n,$*le) are al$%e $n 0a$n! 3ut all t(e .uest$'ns ra$sed by *urereas'n relate t' t(at /($,( l$es bey'nd t($s ('r$;'n) 'r) at least) $n$ts b'undary l$ne!$

T(e ,elebrated #a0$d Hume /as 'ne '+ t('se -e'-ra*(ers '+ (umanreas'n /(' bel$e0e t(at t(ey (a0e -$0en a su++$,$ent ans/er t' allsu,( .uest$'ns by de,lar$n- t(em t' l$e bey'nd t(e ('r$;'n '+ 'ur%n'/led-e5 a ('r$;'n /($,() ('/e0er) Hume /as unable t' determ$ne! H$s

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attent$'n es*e,$ally /as d$re,ted t' t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,ausal$ty4 and(e remar%ed /$t( *er+e,t &ust$,e t(at t(e trut( '+ t($s *r$n,$*le) ande0en t(e 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a ,ause) /as n't,'mm'nly based u*'n ,lear $ns$-(t) t(at $s) u*'n a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n!Hen,e (e ,'n,luded t(at t($s la/ d'es n't der$0e $ts aut('r$ty +r'm$ts un$0ersal$ty and ne,ess$ty) but merely +r'm $ts -enerala**l$,ab$l$ty $n t(e ,'urse '+ e*er$en,e) and a %$nd '+ sub&e,t$0ene,ess$ty t(en,e ar$s$n-) /($,( (e termed (ab$t! Fr'm t(e $nab$l$ty '+

reas'n t' establ$s( t($s *r$n,$*le as a ne,essary la/ +'r t(ea,.u$s$t$'n '+ all e*er$en,e) (e $n+erred t(e null$ty '+ all t(eattem*ts '+ reas'n t' *ass t(e re-$'n '+ t(e em*$r$,al!a

T($s *r',edure '+ sub&e,t$n- t(e +a,ta '+ reas'n t' eam$nat$'n)and) $+ ne,essary) t' d$sa**r'0al) may be termed t(e ,ensura '+reas'n! T($s ,ensura must $ne0$tably lead us t' d'ubts re-ard$n- alltrans,endent em*l'yment '+ *r$n,$*les! 3ut t($s $s 'nly t(e se,'ndste* $n 'ur $n.u$ry! T(e +$rst ste* $n re-ard t' t(e sub&e,ts '+*ure reas'n) and /($,( mar%s t(e $n+an,y '+ t(at +a,ulty) $s t(at '+d'-mat$sm! T(e se,'nd) /($,( /e (a0e &ust ment$'ned) $s t(at '+s,e*t$,$sm) and $t -$0es e0$den,e t(at 'ur &ud-ement (as been $m*r'0edby e*er$en,e! 3ut a t($rd ste* $s ne,essary5 $nd$,at$0e '+ t(e

matur$ty and man(''d '+ t(e &ud-ement) /($,( n'/ lays a +$rm+'undat$'n u*'n un$0ersal and ne,essary *r$n,$*les! T($s $s t(e *er$'d'+ ,r$t$,$sm) $n /($,( /e d' n't eam$ne t(e +a,ta '+ reas'n) butreas'n $tsel+) $n t(e /('le etent '+ $ts *'/ers) and $n re-ard t' $ts,a*ab$l$ty '+ a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n4 and t(us /e determ$ne n't merely t(eem*$r$,al and e0er5s($+t$n- b'unds '+ 'ur %n'/led-e) but $ts ne,essaryand eternal l$m$ts! 2e dem'nstrate +r'm $ndub$table *r$n,$*les) n'tmerely 'ur $-n'ran,e $n res*e,t t' t($s 'r t(at sub&e,t) but $n re-ardt' all *'ss$ble .uest$'ns '+ a ,erta$n ,lass! T(us s,e*t$,$sm $s arest$n- *la,e +'r reas'n) $n /($,( $t may re+le,t 'n $ts d'-mat$,al/ander$n-s and -a$n s'me %n'/led-e '+ t(e re-$'n $n /($,( $t (a**enst' be) t(at $t may *ursue $ts /ay /$t( -reater ,erta$nty4 but $t,ann't be $ts *ermanent d/ell$n-5*la,e! It must ta%e u* $ts ab'de 'nly

$n t(e re-$'n '+ ,'m*lete ,ert$tude) /(et(er t($s relates t' t(e,'-n$t$'n '+ 'b&e,ts t(emsel0es) 'r t' t(e l$m$ts /($,( b'und all'ur ,'-n$t$'n!'

Reas'n $s n't t' be ,'ns$dered as an $nde+$n$tely etended *lane) '+t(e b'unds '+ /($,( /e (a0e 'nly a -eneral %n'/led-e4 $t 'u-(trat(er t' be ,'m*ared t' a s*(ere) t(e rad$us '+ /($,( may be +'und+r'm t(e ,ur0ature '+ $ts sur+a,e5 t(at $s) t(e nature '+ a *r$'r$synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns5 and) ,'nse.uently) $ts ,$r,um+eren,e andetent! 3ey'nd t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e t(ere are n' 'b&e,ts /($,($t ,an ,'-n$;e4 nay) e0en .uest$'ns re-ard$n- su,( su**'s$t$t$'us'b&e,ts relate 'nly t' t(e sub&e,t$0e *r$n,$*les '+ a ,'m*letedeterm$nat$'n '+ t(e relat$'ns /($,( e$st bet/een t(e

understand$n-5,'n,e*t$'ns /($,( l$e /$t($n t($s s*(ere!u

2e are a,tually $n *'ssess$'n '+ a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'ns) as$s *r'0ed by t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t(e understand$n-)/($,( ant$,$*ate e*er$en,e! I+ any 'ne ,ann't ,'m*re(end t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(ese *r$n,$*les) (e may (a0e s'me reas'n t' d'ubt/(et(er t(ey are really a *r$'r$4 but (e ,ann't 'n t($s a,,'untde,lare t(em t' be $m*'ss$ble) and a++$rm t(e null$ty '+ t(e ste*s/($,( reas'n may (a0e ta%en under t(e$r -u$dan,e! He ,an 'nly say6I+ /e *er,e$0ed t(e$r 'r$-$n and t(e$r aut(ent$,$ty) /e s('uld be ablet' determ$ne t(e etent and l$m$ts '+ reas'n4 but) t$ll /e ,an d'

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t($s) all *r'*'s$t$'ns re-ard$n- t(e latter are mere rand'massert$'ns! In t($s 0$e/) t(e d'ubt res*e,t$n- all d'-mat$,al*($l's'*(y) /($,( *r',eeds /$t('ut t(e -u$dan,e '+ ,r$t$,$sm) $s/ell -r'unded4 but /e ,ann't t(ere+'re deny t' reas'n t(e ab$l$ty t','nstru,t a s'und *($l's'*(y) /(en t(e /ay (as been *re*ared by at('r'u-( ,r$t$,al $n0est$-at$'n! All t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns *r'du,ed) and allt(e .uest$'ns ra$sed) by *ure reas'n) d' n't l$e $n t(e s*(ere '+e*er$en,e) but $n t(at '+ reas'n $tsel+) and (en,e t(ey must be

s'l0ed) and s('/n t' be e$t(er 0al$d 'r $nadm$ss$ble) by t(at +a,ulty!2e (a0e n' r$-(t t' de,l$ne t(e s'lut$'n '+ su,( *r'blems) 'n t(e-r'und t(at t(e s'lut$'n ,an be d$s,'0ered 'nly +r'm t(e nature '+t($n-s) and under *reten,e '+ t(e l$m$tat$'n '+ (uman +a,ult$es) +'rreas'n $s t(e s'le ,reat'r '+ all t(ese $deas) and $s t(ere+'reb'und e$t(er t' establ$s( t(e$r 0al$d$ty 'r t' e*'se t(e$r $llus'rynature!n

T(e *'lem$, '+ s,e*t$,$sm $s *r'*erly d$re,ted a-a$nst t(ed'-mat$st) /(' ere,ts a system '+ *($l's'*(y /$t('ut (a0$n- eam$nedt(e +undamental 'b&e,t$0e *r$n,$*les 'n /($,( $t $s based) +'r t(e*ur*'se '+ e0$den,$n- t(e +ut$l$ty '+ ($s des$-ns) and t(us br$n-$n-($m t' a %n'/led-e '+ ($s '/n *'/ers! 3ut) $n $tsel+) s,e*t$,$sm

d'es n't -$0e us any ,erta$n $n+'rmat$'n $n re-ard t' t(e b'unds '+'ur %n'/led-e! All unsu,,ess+ul d'-mat$,al attem*ts '+ reas'n are+a,$a) /($,( $t $s al/ays use+ul t' subm$t t' t(e ,ensure '+ t(es,e*t$,! 3ut t($s ,ann't (el* us t' any de,$s$'n re-ard$n- t(ee*e,tat$'ns /($,( reas'n ,(er$s(es '+ better su,,ess $n +utureendea0'urs4 t(e $n0est$-at$'ns '+ s,e*t$,$sm ,ann't) t(ere+'re) settlet(e d$s*ute re-ard$n- t(e r$-(ts and *'/ers '+ (uman reas'n!t

Hume $s *er(a*s t(e ablest and m'st $n-en$'us '+ all s,e*t$,al*($l's'*(ers) and ($s /r$t$n-s (a0e) und'ubtedly) eerted t(e m'st*'/er+ul $n+luen,e $n a/a%en$n- reas'n t' a t('r'u-( $n0est$-at$'n$nt' $ts '/n *'/ers! It /$ll) t(ere+'re) /ell re*ay 'ur lab'urs t','ns$der +'r a l$ttle t(e ,'urse '+ reas'n$n- /($,( (e +'ll'/ed and

t(e err'rs $nt' /($,( (e strayed) alt('u-( sett$n- 'ut 'n t(e *at('+ trut( and ,ert$tude!'

Hume /as *r'bably a/are) alt('u-( (e ne0er ,learly de0el'*ed t(en't$'n) t(at /e *r',eed $n &ud-ements '+ a ,erta$n ,lass bey'nd 'ur,'n,e*t$'n $+ t(e 'b&e,t! I (a0e termed t($s %$nd '+ &ud-ementsynt(et$,al! As re-ard t(e manner $n /($,( I *ass bey'nd my ,'n,e*t$'nby t(e a$d '+ e*er$en,e) n' d'ubts ,an be enterta$ned! E*er$en,e$s $tsel+ a synt(es$s '+ *er,e*t$'ns4 and $t em*l'ys *er,e*t$'ns t'$n,rement t(e ,'n,e*t$'n) /($,( I 'bta$n by means '+ an't(er*er,e*t$'n! 3ut /e +eel *ersuaded t(at /e are able t' *r',eed bey'nd a,'n,e*t$'n) and t' etend 'ur ,'-n$t$'n a *r$'r$! 2e attem*t t($s $nt/' /ays5 e$t(er) t(r'u-( t(e *ure understand$n-) $n relat$'n t'

t(at /($,( may be,'me an 'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e) 'r) t(r'u-( *urereas'n) $n relat$'n t' su,( *r'*ert$es '+ t($n-s) 'r '+ t(ee$sten,e '+ t($n-s) as ,an ne0er be *resented $n any e*er$en,e! T($ss,e*t$,al *($l's'*(er d$d n't d$st$n-u$s( t(ese t/' %$nds '+&ud-ements) as (e 'u-(t t' (a0e d'ne) but re-arded t($s au-mentat$'n'+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) and) $+ /e may s' e*ress 'ursel0es) t(e s*'ntane'us-enerat$'n '+ understand$n- and reas'n) $nde*endently '+ t(e$m*re-nat$'n '+ e*er$en,e) as alt'-et(er $m*'ss$ble! T(e s'5,alleda *r$'r$ *r$n,$*les '+ t(ese +a,ult$es (e ,'nse.uently (eld t' be$n0al$d and $ma-$nary) and re-arded t(em as n't($n- but sub&e,t$0e(ab$ts '+ t('u-(t 'r$-$nat$n- $n e*er$en,e) and t(ere+'re *urely

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em*$r$,al and ,'nt$n-ent rules) t' /($,( /e attr$bute a s*ur$'usne,ess$ty and un$0ersal$ty! In su**'rt '+ t($s stran-e assert$'n) (ere+erred us t' t(e -enerally a,%n'/led-ed *r$n,$*le '+ t(e relat$'nbet/een ,ause and e++e,t! N' +a,ulty '+ t(e m$nd ,an ,'ndu,t us +r'mt(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- t' t(e e$sten,e '+ s'met($n- else4 and(en,e (e bel$e0ed (e ,'uld $n+er t(at) /$t('ut e*er$en,e) /e*'ssess n' s'ur,e +r'm /($,( /e ,an au-ment a ,'n,e*t$'n) and n'-r'und su++$,$ent t' &ust$+y us $n +ram$n- a &ud-ement t(at $s t'

etend 'ur ,'-n$t$'n a *r$'r$! T(at t(e l$-(t '+ t(e sun) /($,( s($nesu*'n a *$e,e '+ /a) at t(e same t$me melts $t) /($le $t (ardens ,lay)n' *'/er '+ t(e understand$n- ,'uld $n+er +r'm t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns /($,(/e *re0$'usly *'ssessed '+ t(ese substan,es4 mu,( less $s t(ere anya *r$'r$ la/ t(at ,'uld ,'ndu,t us t' su,( a ,'n,lus$'n) /($,(e*er$en,e al'ne ,an ,ert$+y! On t(e 't(er (and) /e (a0e seen $n 'urd$s,uss$'n '+ trans,endental l'-$,) t(at) alt('u-( /e ,an ne0er*r',eed $mmed$ately bey'nd t(e ,'ntent '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( $s-$0en us) /e ,an al/ays ,'-n$;e ,'m*letely a *r$'r$5 $n relat$'n)('/e0er) t' a t($rd term) namely) *'ss$ble e*er$en,e5 t(e la/ '+$ts ,'nne,t$'n /$t( 't(er t($n-s! F'r eam*le) $+ I 'bser0e t(at a*$e,e '+ /a melts) I ,an ,'-n$;e a *r$'r$ t(at t(ere must (a0e beens'met($n- =t(e sun?s (eat> *re,ed$n-) /($,( t($s la/4 alt('u-()

/$t('ut t(e a$d '+ e*er$en,e) I ,'uld n't ,'-n$;e a *r$'r$ and $n adeterm$nate manner e$t(er t(e ,ause +r'm t(e e++e,t) 'r t(e e++e,t+r'm t(e ,ause! Hume /as) t(ere+'re) /r'n- $n $n+err$n-) +r'm t(e,'nt$n-en,y '+ t(e determ$nat$'n a,,'rd$n- t' la/) t(e ,'nt$n-en,y'+ t(e la/ $tsel+4 and t(e *ass$n- bey'nd t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n- t'*'ss$ble e*er$en,e =/($,( $s an a *r$'r$ *r',eed$n-) ,'nst$tut$n- t(e'b&e,t$0e real$ty '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'n>) (e ,'n+'unded /$t( 'ur synt(es$s'+ 'b&e,ts $n a,tual e*er$en,e) /($,( $s al/ays) '+ ,'urse)em*$r$,al! T(us) t'') (e re-arded t(e *r$n,$*le '+ a++$n$ty) /($,( (as$ts seat $n t(e understand$n- and $nd$,ates a ne,essary ,'nne,t$'n) asa mere rule '+ ass',$at$'n) ly$n- $n t(e $m$tat$0e +a,ulty '+$ma-$nat$'n) /($,( ,an *resent 'nly ,'nt$n-ent) and n't 'b&e,t$0e,'nne,t$'ns!,

T(e s,e*t$,al err'rs '+ t($s remar%ably a,ute t($n%er ar'se*r$n,$*ally +r'm a de+e,t) /($,( /as ,'mm'n t' ($m /$t( t(ed'-mat$sts) namely) t(at (e (ad ne0er made a systemat$, re0$e/ '+all t(e d$++erent %$nds '+ a *r$'r$ synt(es$s *er+'rmed by t(eunderstand$n-! Had (e d'ne s') (e /'uld (a0e +'und) t' ta%e 'neeam*le am'n- many) t(at t(e *r$n,$*le '+ *ermanen,e /as '+ t($s,(ara,ter) and t(at $t) as /ell as t(e *r$n,$*le '+ ,ausal$ty)ant$,$*ates e*er$en,e! In t($s /ay (e m$-(t (a0e been able t'des,r$be t(e determ$nate l$m$ts '+ t(e a *r$'r$ '*erat$'ns '+understand$n- and reas'n! 3ut (e merely de,lared t(e understand$n-t' be l$m$ted) $nstead '+ s('/$n- /(at $ts l$m$ts /ere4 (e ,reated a-eneral m$strust $n t(e *'/er '+ 'ur +a,ult$es) /$t('ut -$0$n- us

any determ$nate %n'/led-e '+ t(e b'unds '+ 'ur ne,essary anduna0'$dable $-n'ran,e4 (e eam$ned and ,'ndemned s'me '+ t(e*r$n,$*les '+ t(e understand$n-) /$t('ut $n0est$-at$n- all $ts*'/ers /$t( t(e ,'m*leteness ne,essary t' ,r$t$,$sm! He den$es) /$t(trut() ,erta$n *'/ers t' t(e understand$n-) but (e -'es +urt(er) andde,lares $t t' be utterly $nade.uate t' t(e a *r$'r$ etens$'n '+%n'/led-e) alt('u-( (e (as n't +ully eam$ned all t(e *'/ers /($,(res$de $n t(e +a,ulty4 and t(us t(e +ate /($,( al/ays '0erta%ess,e*t$,$sm meets ($m t''! T(at $s t' say) ($s '/n de,larat$'ns ared'ubted) +'r ($s 'b&e,t$'ns /ere based u*'n +a,ta) /($,( are,'nt$n-ent) and n't u*'n *r$n,$*les) /($,( ,an al'ne dem'nstrate t(e

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ne,essary $n0al$d$ty '+ all d'-mat$,al assert$'ns!n

As Hume ma%es n' d$st$n,t$'n bet/een t(e /ell5-r'unded ,la$ms '+ t(eunderstand$n- and t(e d$ale,t$,al *retens$'ns '+ reas'n) a-a$nst/($,() ('/e0er) ($s atta,%s are ma$nly d$re,ted) reas'n d'es n't+eel $tsel+ s(ut 'ut +r'm all attem*ts at t(e etens$'n '+ a *r$'r$,'-n$t$'n) and (en,e $t re+uses) $n s*$te '+ a +e/ ,(e,%s $n t($s 'rt(at .uarter) t' rel$n.u$s( su,( e++'rts! F'r 'ne naturally arms

'nesel+ t' res$st an atta,%) and be,'mes m're 'bst$nate $n t(e res'l0et' establ$s( t(e ,la$ms (e (as ad0an,ed! 3ut a ,'m*lete re0$e/ '+t(e *'/ers '+ reas'n) and t(e ,'n0$,t$'n t(en,e ar$s$n- t(at /e are $n*'ssess$'n '+ a l$m$ted +$eld '+ a,t$'n) /($le /e must adm$t t(e0an$ty '+ ($-(er ,la$ms) *uts an end t' all d'ubt and d$s*ute) and$ndu,es reas'n t' rest sat$s+$ed /$t( t(e und$sturbed *'ssess$'n '+$ts l$m$ted d'ma$n!$

T' t(e un,r$t$,al d'-mat$st) /(' (as n't sur0eyed t(e s*(ere '+($s understand$n-) n'r determ$ned) $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( *r$n,$*les)t(e l$m$ts '+ *'ss$ble ,'-n$t$'n) /(') ,'nse.uently) $s $-n'rant '+($s '/n *'/ers) and bel$e0es (e /$ll d$s,'0er t(em by t(e attem*ts(e ma%es $n t(e +$eld '+ ,'-n$t$'n) t(ese atta,%s '+ s,e*t$,$sm are

n't 'nly dan-er'us) but destru,t$0e! F'r $+ t(ere $s 'ne *r'*'s$t$'n$n ($s ,(a$n '+ reas'n$n- /($,( be (e ,ann't *r'0e) 'r t(e +alla,y$n /($,( be ,ann't e0'l0e $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( a *r$n,$*le) sus*$,$'n+alls 'n all ($s statements) ('/e0er *laus$ble t(ey may a**ear!+

And t(us s,e*t$,$sm) t(e bane '+ d'-mat$,al *($l's'*(y) ,'ndu,tsus t' a s'und $n0est$-at$'n $nt' t(e understand$n- and t(e reas'n!2(en /e are t(us +ar ad0an,ed) /e need +ear n' +urt(eratta,%s4 +'r t(e l$m$ts '+ 'ur d'ma$n are ,learly mar%ed 'ut) and /e,an ma%e n' ,la$ms n'r be,'me $n0'l0ed $n any d$s*utes re-ard$n- t(ere-$'n t(at l$es bey'nd t(ese l$m$ts! T(us t(e s,e*t$,al *r',edure$n *($l's'*(y d'es n't *resent any s'lut$'n '+ t(e *r'blems '+ reas'n)but $t +'rms an e,ellent eer,$se +'r $ts *'/ers) a/a%en$n- $ts

,$r,ums*e,t$'n) and $nd$,at$n- t(e means /(ereby $t may m'st +ullyestabl$s( $ts ,la$ms t' $ts le-$t$mate *'ssess$'ns!e

SECTION III! T(e #$s,$*l$ne '+ Pure Reas'n $n Hy*'t(es$s!

T($s ,r$t$.ue '+ reas'n (as n'/ tau-(t us t(at all $ts e++'rts t'etend t(e b'unds '+ %n'/led-e) by means '+ *ure s*e,ulat$'n) areutterly +ru$tless! S' mu,( t(e /$der +$eld) $t may a**ear) l$es '*ent' (y*'t(es$s4 as) /(ere /e ,ann't %n'/ /$t( ,erta$nty) /e are atl$berty t' ma%e -uesses and t' +'rm su**'s$t$'ns!l

Ima-$nat$'n may be all'/ed) under t(e str$,t sur0e$llan,e '+ reas'n)t' $n0ent su**'s$t$'ns4 but) t(ese must be based 'n s'met($n- t(at

$s *er+e,tly ,erta$n5 and t(at $s t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e 'b&e,t! I+ /eare /ell assured u*'n t($s *'$nt) $t $s all'/able t' (a0e re,'urset' su**'s$t$'n $n re-ard t' t(e real$ty '+ t(e 'b&e,t4 but t($ssu**'s$t$'n must) unless $t $s utterly -r'undless) be ,'nne,ted) as$ts -r'und '+ e*lanat$'n) /$t( t(at /($,( $s really -$0en andabs'lutely ,erta$n! Su,( a su**'s$t$'n $s termed a (y*'t(es$s!a

It $s bey'nd 'ur *'/er t' +'rm t(e least ,'n,e*t$'n a *r$'r$ '+t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ dynam$,al ,'nne,t$'n $n *(en'mena4 and t(e ,ate-'ry'+ t(e *ure understand$n- /$ll n't enable us t' e! ,'-$tate anysu,( ,'nne,t$'n) but merely (el*s us t' understand $t) /(en /e meet

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/$t( $t $n e*er$en,e! F'r t($s reas'n /e ,ann't) $n a,,'rdan,e /$t(t(e ,ate-'r$es) $ma-$ne 'r $n0ent any 'b&e,t 'r any *r'*erty '+ an'b&e,t n't -$0en) 'r t(at may n't be -$0en $n e*er$en,e) and em*l'y$t $n a (y*'t(es$s4 't(er/$se) /e s('uld be bas$n- 'ur ,(a$n '+reas'n$n- u*'n mere ,($mer$,al +an,$es) and n't u*'n ,'n,e*t$'ns '+t($n-s! T(us) /e (a0e n' r$-(t t' assume t(e e$sten,e '+ ne/*'/ers) n't e$st$n- $n nature5 +'r eam*le) an understand$n- /$t( an'n5sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) a +'r,e '+ attra,t$'n /$t('ut ,'nta,t) 'r s'me

ne/ %$nd '+ substan,es ',,u*y$n- s*a,e) and yet /$t('ut t(e *r'*erty'+ $m*enetrab$l$ty5 and) ,'nse.uently) /e ,ann't assume t(at t(ere$s any 't(er %$nd '+ ,'mmun$ty am'n- substan,es t(an t(at 'bser0able$n e*er$en,e) any %$nd '+ *resen,e t(an t(at $n s*a,e) 'r any %$nd '+durat$'n t(an t(at $n t$me! In 'ne /'rd) t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ *'ss$blee*er$en,e are +'r reas'n t(e 'nly ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+t($n-s4 reas'n ,ann't 0enture t' +'rm) $nde*endently '+ t(ese,'nd$t$'ns) any ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t($n-s) be,ause su,( ,'n,e*t$'ns)alt('u-( n't sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry) are /$t('ut 'b&e,t and /$t('uta**l$,at$'n!a

T(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n are) as /e (a0e already s('/n) mere $deas)and d' n't relate t' any 'b&e,t $n any %$nd '+ e*er$en,e! At t(e same

t$me) t(ey d' n't $nd$,ate $ma-$nary 'r *'ss$ble 'b&e,ts! T(ey are*urely *r'blemat$,al $n t(e$r nature and) as a$ds t' t(e (eur$st$,eer,$se '+ t(e +a,ult$es) +'rm t(e bas$s '+ t(e re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*les+'r t(e systemat$, em*l'yment '+ t(e understand$n- $n t(e +$eld '+e*er$en,e! I+ /e lea0e t($s -r'und '+ e*er$en,e) t(ey be,'me mere+$,t$'ns '+ t('u-(t) t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ /($,( $s .u$te $ndem'nstrable4and t(ey ,ann't) ,'nse.uently) be em*l'yed as (y*'t(eses $n t(ee*lanat$'n '+ real *(en'mena! It $s .u$te adm$ss$ble t' ,'-$tatet(e s'ul as s$m*le) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ enabl$n- 'ursel0es t' em*l'yt(e $dea '+ a *er+e,t and ne,essary un$ty '+ all t(e +a,ult$es '+t(e m$nd as t(e *r$n,$*le '+ all 'ur $n.u$r$es $nt' $ts $nternal*(en'mena) alt('u-( /e ,ann't ,'-n$;e t($s un$ty $n ,'n,ret'! 3ut t'assume t(at t(e s'ul $s a s$m*le substan,e =a trans,endental

,'n,e*t$'n> /'uld be en'un,$n- a *r'*'s$t$'n /($,( $s n't 'nly$ndem'nstrable5 as many *(ys$,al (y*'t(eses are5 but a *r'*'s$t$'n/($,( $s *urely arb$trary) and $n t(e ($-(est de-ree ras(! T(es$m*le $s ne0er *resented $n e*er$en,e4 and) $+ by substan,e $s(ere meant t(e *ermanent 'b&e,t '+ sensu'us $ntu$t$'n) t(e *'ss$b$l$ty'+ a s$m*le *(en'men'n $s *er+e,tly $n,'n,e$0able! Reas'n a++'rds n'-''d -r'unds +'r adm$tt$n- t(e e$sten,e '+ $ntell$-$ble be$n-s) 'r '+$ntell$-$ble *r'*ert$es '+ sensu'us t($n-s) alt('u-(5 as /e (a0e n','n,e*t$'n e$t(er '+ t(e$r *'ss$b$l$ty 'r '+ t(e$r $m*'ss$b$l$ty5 $t/$ll al/ays be 'ut '+ 'ur *'/er t' a++$rm d'-mat$,ally t(at t(ey d'n't e$st! In t(e e*lanat$'n '+ -$0en *(en'mena) n' 't(er t($n-sand n' 't(er -r'unds '+ e*lanat$'n ,an be em*l'yed t(an t('se /($,(stand $n ,'nne,t$'n /$t( t(e -$0en *(en'mena a,,'rd$n- t' t(e %n'/n

la/s '+ e*er$en,e! A trans,endental (y*'t(es$s) $n /($,( a mere$dea '+ reas'n $s em*l'yed t' e*la$n t(e *(en'mena '+ nature) /'uldn't -$0e us any better $ns$-(t $nt' a *(en'men'n) as /e s('uld betry$n- t' e*la$n /(at /e d' n't su++$,$ently understand +r'm %n'/nem*$r$,al *r$n,$*les) by /(at /e d' n't understand at all! T(e*r$n,$*les '+ su,( a (y*'t(es$s m$-(t ,'ndu,e t' t(e sat$s+a,t$'n '+reas'n) but $t /'uld n't ass$st t(e understand$n- $n $ts a**l$,at$'nt' 'b&e,ts! Order and ,'n+'rm$ty t' a$ms $n t(e s*(ere '+ naturemust be t(emsel0es e*la$ned u*'n natural -r'unds and a,,'rd$n- t'natural la/s4 and t(e /$ldest (y*'t(eses) $+ t(ey are 'nly *(ys$,al)are (ere m're adm$ss$ble t(an a (y*er*(ys$,al (y*'t(es$s) su,( as t(at

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'+ a d$0$ne aut('r! F'r su,( a (y*'t(es$s /'uld $ntr'du,e t(e*r$n,$*le '+ $-na0a rat$') /($,( re.u$res us t' -$0e u* t(e sear,( +'r,auses t(at m$-(t be d$s,'0ered $n t(e ,'urse '+ e*er$en,e and t'rest sat$s+$ed /$t( a mere $dea! As re-ards t(e abs'lute t'tal$ty '+t(e -r'unds '+ e*lanat$'n $n t(e ser$es '+ t(ese ,auses) t($s ,anbe n' ($ndran,e t' t(e understand$n- $n t(e ,ase '+ *(en'mena4be,ause) as t(ey are t' us n't($n- m're t(an *(en'mena) /e (a0e n'r$-(t t' l''% +'r anyt($n- l$%e ,'m*leteness $n t(e synt(es$s '+ t(e

ser$es '+ t(e$r ,'nd$t$'ns!s

Trans,endental (y*'t(eses are t(ere+'re $nadm$ss$ble4 and /e,ann't use t(e l$berty '+ em*l'y$n-) $n t(e absen,e '+ *(ys$,al)(y*er*(ys$,al -r'unds '+ e*lanat$'n! And t($s +'r t/' reas'ns4 +$rst)be,ause su,( (y*'t(es$s d' n't ad0an,e reas'n) but rat(er st'* $t $n$ts *r'-ress4 se,'ndly) be,ause t($s l$,en,e /'uld render +ru$tlessall $ts eert$'ns $n $ts '/n *r'*er s*(ere) /($,( $s t(at '+e*er$en,e! F'r) /(en t(e e*lanat$'n '+ natural *(en'mena (a**enst' be d$++$,ult) /e (a0e ,'nstantly at (and a trans,endental -r'und '+e*lanat$'n) /($,( l$+ts us ab'0e t(e ne,ess$ty '+ $n0est$-at$n-nature4 and 'ur $n.u$r$es are br'u-(t t' a ,l'se) n't be,ause /e(a0e 'bta$ned all t(e re.u$s$te %n'/led-e) but be,ause /e abut u*'n

a *r$n,$*le /($,( $s $n,'m*re(ens$ble and /($,() $ndeed) $s s' +arba,% $n t(e tra,% '+ t('u-(t as t' ,'nta$n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(eabs'lutely *r$mal be$n-!a

T(e net re.u$s$te +'r t(e adm$ss$b$l$ty '+ a (y*'t(es$s $s $tssu++$,$en,y! T(at $s) $t must determ$ne a *r$'r$ t(e ,'nse.uen,es/($,( are -$0en $n e*er$en,e and /($,( are su**'sed t' +'ll'/ +r'mt(e (y*'t(es$s $tsel+! I+ /e re.u$re t' em*l'y au$l$ary (y*'t(eses)t(e sus*$,$'n naturally ar$ses t(at t(ey are mere +$,t$'ns4 be,auset(e ne,ess$ty +'r ea,( '+ t(em re.u$res t(e same &ust$+$,at$'n as $nt(e ,ase '+ t(e 'r$-$nal (y*'t(es$s) and t(us t(e$r test$m'ny $s$n0al$d! I+ /e su**'se t(e e$sten,e '+ an $n+$n$tely *er+e,t ,ause)/e *'ssess su++$,$ent -r'unds +'r t(e e*lanat$'n '+ t(e ,'n+'rm$ty t'

a$ms) t(e 'rder and t(e -reatness /($,( /e 'bser0e $n t(e un$0erse4but /e +$nd 'ursel0es 'bl$-ed) /(en /e 'bser0e t(e e0$l $n t(e /'rldand t(e e,e*t$'ns t' t(ese la/s) t' em*l'y ne/ (y*'t(es$s $nsu**'rt '+ t(e 'r$-$nal 'ne! 2e em*l'y t(e $dea '+ t(e s$m*le nature'+ t(e (uman s'ul as t(e +'undat$'n '+ all t(e t(e'r$es /e may +'rm '+$ts *(en'mena4 but /(en /e meet /$t( d$++$,ult$es $n 'ur /ay) /(en/e 'bser0e $n t(e s'ul *(en'mena s$m$lar t' t(e ,(an-es /($,( ta%e*la,e $n matter) /e re.u$re t' ,all $n ne/ au$l$ary (y*'t(eses! T(esemay) $ndeed) n't be +alse) but /e d' n't %n'/ t(em t' be true) be,auset(e 'nly /$tness t' t(e$r ,ert$tude $s t(e (y*'t(es$s /($,( t(eyt(emsel0es (a0e been ,alled $n t' e*la$n!t

2e are n't d$s,uss$n- t(e ab'0e5ment$'ned assert$'ns re-ard$n- t(e

$mmater$al un$ty '+ t(e s'ul and t(e e$sten,e '+ a Su*reme 3e$n- asd'-mata) /($,( ,erta$n *($l's'*(ers *r'+ess t' dem'nstrate a *r$'r$)but *urely as (y*'t(eses! In t(e +'rmer ,ase) t(e d'-mat$st mustta%e ,are t(at ($s ar-uments *'ssess t(e a*'de$,t$, ,erta$nty '+ adem'nstrat$'n! F'r t(e assert$'n t(at t(e real$ty '+ su,( $deas $s*r'bable $s as absurd as a *r''+ '+ t(e *r'bab$l$ty '+ a *r'*'s$t$'n$n -e'metry! Pure abstra,t reas'n) a*art +r'm all e*er$en,e) ,ane$t(er ,'-n$;e n't($n- at all4 and (en,e t(e &ud-ements $t en'un,esare ne0er mere '*$n$'ns) t(ey are e$t(er a*'de$,t$, ,erta$nt$es) 'rde,larat$'ns t(at n't($n- ,an be %n'/n 'n t(e sub&e,t! O*$n$'ns and*r'bable &ud-ements 'n t(e nature '+ t($n-s ,an 'nly be em*l'yed t'

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e*la$n -$0en *(en'mena) 'r t(ey may relate t' t(e e++e,t) $na,,'rdan,e /$t( em*$r$,al la/s) '+ an a,tually e$st$n- ,ause! In't(er /'rds) /e must restr$,t t(e s*(ere '+ '*$n$'n t' t(e /'rld '+e*er$en,e and nature! 3ey'nd t($s re-$'n '*$n$'n $s mere $n0ent$'n4unless /e are -r'*$n- ab'ut +'r t(e trut( 'n a *at( n't yet +ully%n'/n) and (a0e s'me ('*es '+ stumbl$n- u*'n $t by ,(an,e!%

3ut) alt('u-( (y*'t(eses are $nadm$ss$ble $n ans/ers t' t(e

.uest$'ns '+ *ure s*e,ulat$0e reas'n) t(ey may be em*l'yed $n t(ede+en,e '+ t(ese ans/ers! T(at $s t' say) (y*'t(eses are adm$ss$ble $n*'lem$,) but n't $n t(e s*(ere '+ d'-mat$sm! 3y t(e de+en,e '+statements '+ t($s ,(ara,ter) I d' n't mean an attem*t atd$s,'0er$n- ne/ -r'unds +'r t(e$r su**'rt) but merely t(e re+utat$'n'+ t(e ar-uments '+ '**'nents! All a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns*'ssess t(e *e,ul$ar$ty t(at) alt('u-( t(e *($l's'*(er /(' ma$nta$nst(e real$ty '+ t(e $deas ,'nta$ned $n t(e *r'*'s$t$'n $s n't $n*'ssess$'n '+ su++$,$ent %n'/led-e t' establ$s( t(e ,erta$nty '+ ($sstatements) ($s '**'nent $s as l$ttle able t' *r'0e t(e trut( '+ t(e'**'s$te! T($s e.ual$ty '+ +'rtune d'es n't all'/ t(e 'ne *arty t'be su*er$'r t' t(e 't(er $n t(e s*(ere '+ s*e,ulat$0e ,'-n$t$'n4 and$t $s t($s s*(ere) a,,'rd$n-ly) t(at $s t(e *r'*er arena '+ t(ese

endless s*e,ulat$0e ,'n+l$,ts! 3ut /e s(all a+ter/ards s('/ t(at) $nrelat$'n t' $ts *ra,t$,al eer,$se) Reas'n (as t(e r$-(t '+adm$tt$n- /(at) $n t(e +$eld '+ *ure s*e,ulat$'n) s(e /'uld n't be&ust$+$ed $n su**'s$n-) e,e*t u*'n *er+e,tly su++$,$ent -r'unds4be,ause all su,( su**'s$t$'ns destr'y t(e ne,essary ,'m*leteness '+s*e,ulat$'n5 a ,'nd$t$'n /($,( t(e *ra,t$,al reas'n) ('/e0er) d'es n't,'ns$der t' be re.u$s$te! In t($s s*(ere) t(ere+'re) Reas'n $sm$stress '+ a *'ssess$'n) (er t$tle t' /($,( s(e d'es n't re.u$re t'*r'0e5 /($,() $n +a,t) s(e ,'uld n't d'! T(e burden '+ *r''+a,,'rd$n-ly rests u*'n t(e '**'nent! 3ut as (e (as &ust as l$ttle%n'/led-e re-ard$n- t(e sub&e,t d$s,ussed) and $s as l$ttle able t'*r'0e t(e n'n5e$sten,e '+ t(e 'b&e,t '+ an $dea) as t(e *($l's'*(er'n t(e 't(er s$de $s t' dem'nstrate $ts real$ty) $t $s e0$dent t(at

t(ere $s an ad0anta-e 'n t(e s$de '+ t(e *($l's'*(er /(' ma$nta$ns ($s*r'*'s$t$'n as a *ra,t$,ally ne,essary su**'s$t$'n =mel$'r est,'nd$t$' *'ss$dent$s>! F'r (e $s at l$berty t' em*l'y) $nsel+5de+en,e) t(e same /ea*'ns as ($s '**'nent ma%es use '+ $natta,%$n- ($m4 t(at $s) (e (as a r$-(t t' use (y*'t(eses n't +'r t(e*ur*'se '+ su**'rt$n- t(e ar-uments $n +a0'ur '+ ($s '/n *r'*'s$t$'ns)but t' s('/ t(at ($s '**'nent %n'/s n' m're t(an ($msel+ re-ard$n- t(esub&e,t under ?d$s,uss$'n and ,ann't b'ast '+ any s*e,ulat$0ead0anta-e!a

Hy*'t(eses are) t(ere+'re) adm$ss$ble $n t(e s*(ere '+ *ure reas'n'nly as /ea*'ns +'r sel+5de+en,e) and n't as su**'rts t' d'-mat$,alassert$'ns! 3ut t(e '**'s$n- *arty /e must al/ays see% +'r $n

'ursel0es! F'r s*e,ulat$0e reas'n $s) $n t(e s*(ere '+trans,endental$sm) d$ale,t$,al $n $ts '/n nature! T(e d$++$,ult$es and'b&e,t$'ns /e (a0e t' +ear l$e $n 'ursel0es! T(ey are l$%e 'ld butne0er su*erannuated ,la$ms4 and /e must see% t(em 'ut) and settle t(em'n,e and +'r e0er) $+ /e are t' e*e,t a *ermanent *ea,e! Eternaltran.u$l$ty $s ('ll'/ and unreal! T(e r''t '+ t(ese ,'ntrad$,t$'ns)/($,( l$es $n t(e nature '+ (uman reas'n) must be destr'yed4 andt($s ,an 'nly be d'ne by -$0$n- $t) $n t(e +$rst $nstan,e) +reed'mt' -r'/) nay) by n'ur$s($n- $t) t(at $t may send 'ut s(''ts) andt(us betray $ts '/n e$sten,e! It $s 'ur duty) t(ere+'re) t' try t'd$s,'0er ne/ 'b&e,t$'ns) t' *ut /ea*'ns $n t(e bands '+ 'ur

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'**'nent) and t' -rant ($m t(e m'st +a0'urable *'s$t$'n $n t(e arenat(at (e ,an /$s(! 2e (a0e n't($n- t' +ear +r'm t(ese ,'n,ess$'ns4 'nt(e ,'ntrary) /e may rat(er ('*e t(at /e s(all t(us ma%e 'ursel0esmaster '+ a *'ssess$'n /($,( n' 'ne /$ll e0er 0enture t' d$s*ute!m

T(e t($n%er re.u$res) t' be +ully e.u$**ed) t(e (y*'t(eses '+ *urereas'n) /($,() alt('u-( but leaden /ea*'ns =+'r t(ey (a0e n't beensteeled $n t(e arm'ury '+ e*er$en,e>) are as use+ul as any t(at ,an

be em*l'yed by ($s '**'nents! I+) a,,'rd$n-ly) /e (a0e assumed) +r'm an'n5s*e,ulat$0e *'$nt '+ 0$e/) t(e $mmater$al nature '+ t(e s'ul)and are met by t(e 'b&e,t$'n t(at e*er$en,e seems t' *r'0e t(at t(e-r'/t( and de,ay '+ 'ur mental +a,ult$es are mere m'd$+$,at$'ns '+ t(esensu'us 'r-an$sm5 /e ,an /ea%en t(e +'r,e '+ t($s 'b&e,t$'n by t(eassum*t$'n t(at t(e b'dy $s n't($n- but t(e +undamental *(en'men'n) t'/($,() as a ne,essary ,'nd$t$'n) all sens$b$l$ty) and ,'nse.uently allt('u-(t) relates $n t(e *resent state '+ 'ur e$sten,e4 and t(at t(ese*arat$'n '+ s'ul and b'dy +'rms t(e ,'n,lus$'n '+ t(e sensu'useer,$se '+ 'ur *'/er '+ ,'-n$t$'n and t(e be-$nn$n- '+ t(e$ntelle,tual! T(e b'dy /'uld) $n t($s 0$e/ '+ t(e .uest$'n) bere-arded) n't as t(e ,ause '+ t('u-(t) but merely as $ts restr$,t$0e,'nd$t$'n) as *r'm't$0e '+ t(e sensu'us and an$mal) but as a ($ndran,e

t' t(e *ure and s*$r$tual l$+e4 and t(e de*enden,e '+ t(e an$mall$+e 'n t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ t(e b'dy) /'uld n't *r'0e t(at t(e /('lel$+e '+ man /as als' de*endent 'n t(e state '+ t(e 'r-an$sm! 2em$-(t -' st$ll +art(er) and d$s,'0er ne/ 'b&e,t$'ns) 'r ,arry 'ut t't(e$r etreme ,'nse.uen,es t('se /($,( (a0e already been addu,ed!t

enerat$'n) $n t(e (uman ra,e as /ell as am'n- t(e $rrat$'nalan$mals) de*ends 'n s' many a,,$dents5 '+ ',,as$'n) '+ *r'*ersustenan,e) '+ t(e la/s ena,ted by t(e -'0ernment '+ a ,'untry '+ 0$,ee0en) t(at $t $s d$++$,ult t' bel$e0e $n t(e eternal e$sten,e '+ abe$n- /('se l$+e (as be-un under ,$r,umstan,es s' mean and tr$0$al)and s' ent$rely de*endent u*'n 'ur '/n ,'ntr'l! As re-ards t(e,'nt$nuan,e '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ t(e /('le ra,e) /e need (a0e n'

d$++$,ult$es) +'r a,,$dent $n s$n-le ,ases $s sub&e,t t' -eneral la/s4but) $n t(e ,ase '+ ea,( $nd$0$dual) $t /'uld seem as $+ /e ,'uld(ardly e*e,t s' /'nder+ul an e++e,t +r'm ,auses s' $ns$-n$+$,ant!3ut) $n ans/er t' t(ese 'b&e,t$'ns) /e may addu,e t(e trans,endental(y*'t(es$s t(at all l$+e $s *r'*erly $ntell$-$ble) and n't sub&e,tt' ,(an-es '+ t$me) and t(at $t ne$t(er be-an $n b$rt() n'r /$ll end$n deat(! 2e may assume t(at t($s l$+e $s n't($n- m're t(an a sensu'usre*resentat$'n '+ *ure s*$r$tual l$+e4 t(at t(e /('le /'rld '+ sense$s but an $ma-e) ('0er$n- be+'re t(e +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n /($,( /eeer,$se $n t($s s*(ere) and /$t( n' m're 'b&e,t$0e real$ty t(an adream4 and t(at $+ /e ,'uld $ntu$te 'ursel0es and 't(er t($n-s as t(eyreally are) /e s('uld see 'ursel0es $n a /'rld '+ s*$r$tual natures)'ur ,'nne,t$'n /$t( /($,( d$d n't be-$n at 'ur b$rt( and /$ll n't

,ease /$t( t(e destru,t$'n '+ t(e b'dy! And s' 'n!,

2e ,ann't be sa$d t' %n'/ /(at (as been ab'0e asserted) n'r d' /eser$'usly ma$nta$n t(e trut( '+ t(ese assert$'ns4 and t(e n't$'nst(ere$n $nd$,ated are n't e0en $deas '+ reas'n) t(ey are *urely+$,t$t$'us ,'n,e*t$'ns! 3ut t($s (y*'t(et$,al *r',edure $s $n*er+e,t ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e la/s '+ reas'n! Our '**'nent m$sta%est(e absen,e '+ em*$r$,al ,'nd$t$'ns +'r a *r''+ '+ t(e ,'m*lete$m*'ss$b$l$ty '+ all t(at /e (a0e asserted4 and /e (a0e t' s('/ ($mt(at be (as n't e(austed t(e /('le s*(ere '+ *'ss$b$l$ty and t(at(e ,an as l$ttle ,'m*ass t(at s*(ere by t(e la/s '+ e*er$en,e and

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


nature) as /e ,an lay a se,ure +'undat$'n +'r t(e '*erat$'ns '+ reas'nbey'nd t(e re-$'n '+ e*er$en,e! Su,( (y*'t(et$,al de+en,es a-a$nstt(e *retens$'ns '+ an '**'nent must n't be re-arded as de,larat$'ns '+'*$n$'n! T(e *($l's'*(er aband'ns t(em) s' s''n as t(e '**'s$te*arty ren'un,es $ts d'-mat$,al ,'n,e$t! T' ma$nta$n a s$m*lyne-at$0e *'s$t$'n $n relat$'n t' *r'*'s$t$'ns /($,( rest 'n an$nse,ure +'undat$'n) /ell be+$ts t(e m'derat$'n '+ a true *($l's'*(er4but t' u*('ld t(e 'b&e,t$'ns ur-ed a-a$nst an '**'nent as *r''+s '+

t(e '**'s$te statement $s a *r',eed$n- &ust as un/arrantable andarr'-ant as $t $s t' atta,% t(e *'s$t$'n '+ a *($l's'*(er /(' ad0an,esa++$rmat$0e *r'*'s$t$'ns re-ard$n- su,( a sub&e,t!a

It $s e0$dent) t(ere+'re) t(at (y*'t(eses) $n t(e s*e,ulat$0es*(ere) are 0al$d) n't as $nde*endent *r'*'s$t$'ns) but 'nlyrelat$0ely t' '**'s$te trans,endent assum*t$'ns! F'r) t' ma%e t(e*r$n,$*les '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+t($n-s $n -eneral $s &ust as trans,endent a *r',edure as t' ma$nta$nt(e 'b&e,t$0e real$ty '+ $deas /($,( ,an be a**l$ed t' n' 'b&e,tse,e*t su,( as l$e /$t('ut t(e l$m$ts '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e! T(e&ud-ements en'un,ed by *ure reas'n must be ne,essary) 'r t(ey must n'tbe en'un,ed at all! Reas'n ,ann't tr'uble (ersel+ /$t( '*$n$'ns! 3ut

t(e (y*'t(eses /e (a0e been d$s,uss$n- are merely *r'blemat$,al&ud-ements) /($,( ,an ne$t(er be ,'n+uted n'r *r'0ed4 /($le)t(ere+'re) t(ey are n't *ers'nal '*$n$'ns) t(ey are $nd$s*ensable asans/ers t' 'b&e,t$'ns /($,( are l$able t' be ra$sed! 3ut /e mustta%e ,are t' ,'n+$ne t(em t' t($s +un,t$'n) and -uard a-a$nst anyassum*t$'n 'n t(e$r *art '+ abs'lute 0al$d$ty) a *r',eed$n- /($,(/'uld $n0'l0e reas'n $n $netr$,able d$++$,ult$es and ,'ntrad$,t$'ns!/

SECTION ID! T(e #$s,$*l$ne '+ Pure Reas'n $n Relat$'n

t' Pr''+s!

It $s a *e,ul$ar$ty) /($,( d$st$n-u$s(es t(e *r''+s '+

trans,endental synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns +r'm t('se '+ all 't(er a*r$'r$ synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'ns) t(at reas'n) $n t(e ,ase '+ t(e +'rmer)d'es n't a**ly $ts ,'n,e*t$'ns d$re,tly t' an 'b&e,t) but $s +$rst'bl$-ed t' *r'0e) a *r$'r$) t(e 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty '+ t(ese,'n,e*t$'ns and t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e$r synt(eses! T($s $s n't merelya *rudent$al rule) $t $s essent$al t' t(e 0ery *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t(e*r''+ '+ a trans,endental *r'*'s$t$'n! I+ I am re.u$red t' *ass) a*r$'r$) bey'nd t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an 'b&e,t) I +$nd t(at $t $sutterly $m*'ss$ble /$t('ut t(e -u$dan,e '+ s'met($n- /($,( $s n't,'nta$ned $n t(e ,'n,e*t$'n! In mat(emat$,s) $t $s a *r$'r$$ntu$t$'n t(at -u$des my synt(es$s4 and) $n t($s ,ase) all 'ur,'n,lus$'ns may be dra/n $mmed$ately +r'm *ure $ntu$t$'n! Intrans,endental ,'-n$t$'n) s' l'n- as /e are deal$n- 'nly /$t(

,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-) /e are -u$ded by *'ss$blee*er$en,e! T(at $s t' say) a *r''+ $n t(e s*(ere '+ trans,endental,'-n$t$'n d'es n't s('/ t(at t(e -$0en ,'n,e*t$'n =t(at '+ an e0ent)+'r eam*le> leads d$re,tly t' an't(er ,'n,e*t$'n =t(at '+ a ,ause>5+'r t($s /'uld be a saltus /($,( n't($n- ,an &ust$+y4 but $t s('/st(at e*er$en,e $tsel+) and ,'nse.uently t(e 'b&e,t '+ e*er$en,e)$s $m*'ss$ble /$t('ut t(e ,'nne,t$'n $nd$,ated by t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns!It +'ll'/s t(at su,( a *r''+ must dem'nstrate t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+arr$0$n-) synt(et$,ally and a *r$'r$) at a ,erta$n %n'/led-e '+t($n-s) /($,( /as n't ,'nta$ned $n 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(ese t($n-s!Unless /e *ay *art$,ular attent$'n t' t($s re.u$rement) 'ur *r''+s)

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


$nstead '+ *ursu$n- t(e stra$-(t *at( $nd$,ated by reas'n) +'ll'/t(e t'rtu'us r'ad '+ mere sub&e,t$0e ass',$at$'n! T(e $llus'ry,'n0$,t$'n) /($,( rests u*'n sub&e,t$0e ,auses '+ ass',$at$'n) and/($,( $s ,'ns$dered as result$n- +r'm t(e *er,e*t$'n '+ a real and'b&e,t$0e natural a++$n$ty) $s al/ays '*en t' d'ubt and sus*$,$'n! F'rt($s reas'n) all t(e attem*ts /($,( (a0e been made t' *r'0e t(e*r$n,$*le '+ su++$,$ent reas'n) (a0e) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e un$0ersaladm$ss$'n '+ *($l's'*(ers) been .u$te unsu,,ess+ul4 and) be+'re t(e

a**earan,e '+ trans,endental ,r$t$,$sm) $t /as ,'ns$dered better) ast($s *r$n,$*le ,'uld n't be aband'ned) t' a**eal b'ldly t' t(e,'mm'n sense '+ man%$nd =a *r',eed$n- /($,( al/ays *r'0es t(at t(e*r'blem) /($,( reas'n 'u-(t t' s'l0e) $s 'ne $n /($,( *($l's'*(ers+$nd -reat d$++$,ult$es>) rat(er t(an attem*t t' d$s,'0er ne/d'-mat$,al *r''+s!d

3ut) $+ t(e *r'*'s$t$'n t' be *r'0ed $s a *r'*'s$t$'n '+ *urereas'n) and $+ I a$m at *ass$n- bey'nd my em*$r$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns by t(ea$d '+ mere $deas) $t $s ne,essary t(at t(e *r''+ s('uld +$rst s('/t(at su,( a ste* $n synt(es$s $s *'ss$ble =/($,( $t $s n't>) be+'re $t*r',eeds t' *r'0e t(e trut( '+ t(e *r'*'s$t$'n $tsel+! T(e s'5,alled*r''+ '+ t(e s$m*le nature '+ t(e s'ul +r'm t(e un$ty '+ a**er,e*t$'n)

$s a 0ery *laus$ble 'ne! 3ut $t ,'nta$ns n' ans/er t' t(e 'b&e,t$'n)t(at) as t(e n't$'n '+ abs'lute s$m*l$,$ty $s n't a ,'n,e*t$'n /($,($s d$re,tly a**l$,able t' a *er,e*t$'n) but $s an $dea /($,( must be$n+erred5 $+ at all5 +r'm 'bser0at$'n) $t $s by n' means e0$dent ('/t(e mere +a,t '+ ,'ns,$'usness) /($,( $s ,'nta$ned $n all t('u-(t)alt('u-( $n s' +ar a s$m*le re*resentat$'n) ,an ,'ndu,t me t' t(e,'ns,$'usness and ,'-n$t$'n '+ a t($n- /($,( $s *urely a t($n%$n-substan,e! 2(en I re*resent t' my m$nd t(e *'/er '+ my b'dy as $nm't$'n) my b'dy $n t($s t('u-(t $s s' +ar abs'lute un$ty) and myre*resentat$'n '+ $t $s a s$m*le 'ne4 and (en,e I ,an $nd$,ate t($sre*resentat$'n by t(e m't$'n '+ a *'$nt) be,ause I (a0e madeabstra,t$'n '+ t(e s$;e 'r 0'lume '+ t(e b'dy! 3ut I ,ann't (en,e$n+er t(at) -$0en merely t(e m'0$n- *'/er '+ a b'dy) t(e b'dy may be

,'-$tated as s$m*le substan,e) merely be,ause t(e re*resentat$'n $n mym$nd ta%es n' a,,'unt '+ $ts ,'ntent $n s*a,e) and $s ,'nse.uentlys$m*le! T(e s$m*le) $n abstra,t$'n) $s 0ery d$++erent +r'm t(e'b&e,t$0ely s$m*le4 and (en,e t(e E-') /($,( $s s$m*le $n t(e +$rstsense) may) $n t(e se,'nd sense) as $nd$,at$n- t(e s'ul $tsel+) be a0ery ,'m*le ,'n,e*t$'n) /$t( a 0ery 0ar$'us ,'ntent! T(us $t $se0$dent t(at $n all su,( ar-uments t(ere lur%s a *aral'-$sm! 2e-uess =+'r /$t('ut s'me su,( surm$se 'ur sus*$,$'n /'uld n't bee,$ted $n re+eren,e t' a *r''+ '+ t($s ,(ara,ter> at t(e *resen,e'+ t(e *aral'-$sm) by %ee*$n- e0er be+'re us a ,r$ter$'n '+ t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ t('se synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns /($,( a$m at *r'0$n-m're t(an e*er$en,e ,an tea,( us! T($s ,r$ter$'n $s 'bta$ned +r'm t(e'bser0at$'n t(at su,( *r''+s d' n't lead us d$re,tly +r'm t(e

sub&e,t '+ t(e *r'*'s$t$'n t' be *r'0ed t' t(e re.u$red *red$,ate) but+$nd $t ne,essary t' *resu**'se t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ etend$n- 'ur,'-n$t$'n a *r$'r$ by means '+ $deas! 2e must) a,,'rd$n-ly) al/ays uset(e -reatest ,aut$'n4 /e re.u$re) be+'re attem*t$n- any *r''+) t','ns$der ('/ $t $s *'ss$ble t' etend t(e s*(ere '+ ,'-n$t$'n by t(e'*erat$'ns '+ *ure reas'n) and +r'm /(at s'ur,e /e are t' der$0e%n'/led-e) /($,( $s n't 'bta$ned +r'm t(e analys$s '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) n'rrelates) by ant$,$*at$'n) t' *'ss$ble e*er$en,e! 2e s(all t(uss*are 'ursel0es mu,( se0ere and +ru$tless lab'ur) by n't e*e,t$n-+r'm reas'n /(at $s bey'nd $ts *'/er) 'r rat(er by sub&e,t$n- $t t'd$s,$*l$ne) and tea,($n- $t t' m'derate $ts 0e(ement des$res +'r t(e

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


etens$'n '+ t(e s*(ere '+ ,'-n$t$'n!e

T(e +$rst rule +'r 'ur -u$dan,e $s) t(ere+'re) n't t' attem*t atrans,endental *r''+) be+'re /e (a0e ,'ns$dered +r'm /(at s'ur,e /eare t' der$0e t(e *r$n,$*les u*'n /($,( t(e *r''+ $s t' be based)and /(at r$-(t /e (a0e t' e*e,t t(at 'ur ,'n,lus$'ns +r'm t(ese*r$n,$*les /$ll be 0era,$'us! I+ t(ey are *r$n,$*les '+ t(eunderstand$n-) $t $s 0a$n t' e*e,t t(at /e s('uld atta$n by t(e$r

means t' $deas '+ *ure reas'n4 +'r t(ese *r$n,$*les are 0al$d 'nly$n re-ard t' 'b&e,ts '+ *'ss$ble e*er$en,e! I+ t(ey are *r$n,$*les '+*ure reas'n) 'ur lab'ur $s al$%e $n 0a$n! F'r t(e *r$n,$*les '+reas'n) $+ em*l'yed as 'b&e,t$0e) are /$t('ut e,e*t$'n d$ale,t$,aland *'ssess n' 0al$d$ty 'r trut() e,e*t as re-ulat$0e *r$n,$*les '+t(e systemat$, em*l'yment '+ reas'n $n e*er$en,e! 3ut /(en su,(delus$0e *r''+ are *resented t' us) $t $s 'ur duty t' meet t(em /$t(t(e n'n l$.uet '+ a matured &ud-ement4 and) alt('u-( /e are unablet' e*'se t(e *art$,ular s'*($sm u*'n /($,( t(e *r''+ $s based) /e(a0e a r$-(t t' demand a dedu,t$'n '+ t(e *r$n,$*les em*l'yed $n $t4and) $+ t(ese *r$n,$*les (a0e t(e$r 'r$-$n $n *ure reas'n al'ne)su,( a dedu,t$'n $s abs'lutely $m*'ss$ble! And t(us $t $sunne,essary t(at /e s('uld tr'uble 'ursel0es /$t( t(e e*'sure and

,'n+utat$'n '+ e0ery s'*($st$,al $llus$'n4 /e may) at 'n,e) br$n-all d$ale,t$,) /($,( $s $ne(aust$ble $n t(e *r'du,t$'n '++alla,$es) be+'re t(e bar '+ ,r$t$,al reas'n) /($,( tests t(e*r$n,$*les u*'n /($,( all d$ale,t$,al *r',edure $s based! T(e se,'nd*e,ul$ar$ty '+ trans,endental *r''+ $s t(at a trans,endental*r'*'s$t$'n ,ann't rest u*'n m're t(an a s$n-le *r''+! I+ I am dra/$n-,'n,lus$'ns) n't +r'm ,'n,e*t$'ns) but +r'm $ntu$t$'n ,'rres*'nd$n- t'a ,'n,e*t$'n) be $t *ure $ntu$t$'n) as $n mat(emat$,s) 'r em*$r$,al)as $n natural s,$en,e) t(e $ntu$t$'n /($,( +'rms t(e bas$s '+ my$n+eren,es *resents me /$t( mater$als +'r many synt(et$,al*r'*'s$t$'ns) /($,( I ,an ,'nne,t $n 0ar$'us m'des) /($le) as $t $sall'/able t' *r',eed +r'm d$++erent *'$nts $n t(e $ntent$'n) I ,anarr$0e by d$++erent *at(s at t(e same *r'*'s$t$'n!a

3ut e0ery trans,endental *r'*'s$t$'n sets 'ut +r'm a ,'n,e*t$'n) and*'s$ts t(e synt(et$,al ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ an 'b&e,ta,,'rd$n- t' t($s ,'n,e*t$'n! T(ere must) t(ere+'re) be but 'ne -r'und'+ *r''+) be,ause $t $s t(e ,'n,e*t$'n al'ne /($,( determ$nes t(e'b&e,t4 and t(us t(e *r''+ ,ann't ,'nta$n anyt($n- m're t(an t(edeterm$nat$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t a,,'rd$n- t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n! In 'urTrans,endental Analyt$,) +'r eam*le) /e $n+erred t(e *r$n,$*le6 E0erye0ent (as a ,ause) +r'm t(e 'nly ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,t$0e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an e0ent! T($s $s t(at an e0ent,ann't be determ$ned $n t$me) and ,'nse.uently ,ann't +'rm a *art '+e*er$en,e) unless $t stands under t($s dynam$,al la/! T($s $s t(e'nly *'ss$ble -r'und '+ *r''+4 +'r 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an e0ent

*'ssesses 'b&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty) t(at $s) $s a true ,'n,e*t$'n) 'nlybe,ause t(e la/ '+ ,ausal$ty determ$nes an 'b&e,t t' /($,( $t ,anre+er! Ot(er ar-uments $n su**'rt '+ t($s *r$n,$*le (a0e beenattem*ted5 su,( as t(at +r'm t(e ,'nt$n-ent nature '+ a *(en'men'n4but /(en t($s ar-ument $s ,'ns$dered) /e ,an d$s,'0er n' ,r$ter$'n'+ ,'nt$n-en,y) e,e*t t(e +a,t '+ an e0ent5 '+ s'met($n- (a**en$n-)t(at $s t' say) t(e e$sten,e /($,( $s *re,eded by t(e n'n5e$sten,e'+ an 'b&e,t) and t(us /e +all ba,% 'n t(e 0ery t($n- t' be *r'0ed! I+t(e *r'*'s$t$'n6 9E0ery t($n%$n- be$n- $s s$m*le)9 $s t' be *r'0ed) /e%ee* t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e e-') /($,( $s s$m*le) and t' /($,( allt('u-(t (as a relat$'n! T(e same $s t(e ,ase /$t( t(e trans,endental

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


*r''+ '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ a #e$ty) /($,( $s based s'lely u*'n t(e(arm'ny and re,$*r',al +$tness '+ t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ an ensreal$ss$mum and a ne,essary be$n-) and ,ann't be attem*ted $n any't(er manner!'

T($s ,aut$'n ser0es t' s$m*l$+y 0ery mu,( t(e ,r$t$,$sm '+ all*r'*'s$t$'ns '+ reas'n! 2(en reas'n em*l'ys ,'n,e*t$'ns al'ne) 'nly'ne *r''+ '+ $ts t(es$s $s *'ss$ble) $+ any! 2(en) t(ere+'re) t(e

d'-mat$st ad0an,es /$t( ten ar-uments $n +a0'ur '+ a *r'*'s$t$'n) /emay be sure t(at n't 'ne '+ t(em $s ,'n,lus$0e! F'r $+ (e *'ssessed'ne /($,( *r'0ed t(e *r'*'s$t$'n (e br$n-s +'r/ard t' dem'nstrat$'n5as must al/ays be t(e ,ase /$t( t(e *r'*'s$t$'ns '+ *ure reas'n5/(at need $s t(ere +'r any m're@ H$s $ntent$'n ,an 'nly be s$m$lart' t(at '+ t(e ad0',ate /(' (ad d$++erent ar-uments +'r d$++erent&ud-es4 t($s a0a$l$n- ($msel+ '+ t(e /ea%ness '+ t('se /(' eam$ne ($sar-uments) /(') /$t('ut -'$n- $nt' any *r'+'und $n0est$-at$'n) ad'*tt(e 0$e/ '+ t(e ,ase /($,( seems m'st *r'bable at +$rst s$-(t andde,$de a,,'rd$n- t' $t!d

T(e t($rd rule +'r t(e -u$dan,e '+ *ure reas'n $n t(e ,'ndu,t '+ a*r''+ $s t(at all trans,endental *r''+s must ne0er be a*a-'-$, 'r

$nd$re,t) but al/ays 'stens$0e 'r d$re,t! T(e d$re,t 'r 'stens$0e*r''+ n't 'nly establ$s(es t(e trut( '+ t(e *r'*'s$t$'n t' be*r'0ed) but e*'ses t(e -r'unds '+ $ts trut(4 t(e a*a-'-$,) 'n t(e't(er (and) may assure us '+ t(e trut( '+ t(e *r'*'s$t$'n) but $t,ann't enable us t' ,'m*re(end t(e -r'unds '+ $ts *'ss$b$l$ty! T(elatter $s) a,,'rd$n-ly) rat(er an au$l$ary t' an ar-ument) t(an astr$,tly *($l's'*($,al and rat$'nal m'de '+ *r',edure! In 'ne res*e,t)('/e0er) t(ey (a0e an ad0anta-e '0er d$re,t *r''+s) +r'm t(e +a,t t(att(e m'de '+ ar-u$n- by ,'ntrad$,t$'n) /($,( t(ey em*l'y) renders 'urunderstand$n- '+ t(e .uest$'n m're ,lear) and a**r'$mates t(e *r''+t' t(e ,erta$nty '+ an $ntu$t$'nal dem'nstrat$'n!t

T(e true reas'n /(y $nd$re,t *r''+s are em*l'yed $n d$++erent

s,$en,es $s t($s! 2(en t(e -r'unds u*'n /($,( /e see% t' base a,'-n$t$'n are t'' 0ar$'us 'r t'' *r'+'und) /e try /(et(er 'r n't /emay n't d$s,'0er t(e trut( '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'n +r'm $ts ,'nse.uen,es! T(em'dus *'nens '+ reas'n$n- +r'm t(e trut( '+ $ts $n+eren,es t' t(etrut( '+ a *r'*'s$t$'n /'uld be adm$ss$ble $+ all t(e $n+eren,est(at ,an be dra/n +r'm $t are %n'/n t' be true4 +'r $n t($s ,ase t(ere,an be 'nly 'ne *'ss$ble -r'und +'r t(ese $n+eren,es) and t(at $st(e true 'ne! 3ut t($s $s a .u$te $m*ra,t$,able *r',edure) as $tsur*asses all 'ur *'/ers t' d$s,'0er all t(e *'ss$ble $n+eren,est(at ,an be dra/n +r'm a *r'*'s$t$'n! 3ut t($s m'de '+ reas'n$n- $sem*l'yed) under +a0'ur) /(en /e /$s( t' *r'0e t(e trut( '+ an(y*'t(es$s4 $n /($,( ,ase /e adm$t t(e trut( '+ t(e ,'n,lus$'n5/($,( $s su**'rted by anal'-y5 t(at) $+ all t(e $n+eren,es /e (a0e

dra/n and eam$ned a-ree /$t( t(e *r'*'s$t$'n assumed) all 't(er*'ss$ble $n+eren,es /$ll als' a-ree /$t( $t! 3ut) $n t($s /ay) an(y*'t(es$s ,an ne0er be establ$s(ed as a dem'nstrated trut(! T(e m'dust'llens '+ reas'n$n- +r'm %n'/n $n+eren,es t' t(e un%n'/n *r'*'s$t$'n)$s n't 'nly a r$-'r'us) but a 0ery easy m'de '+ *r''+! F'r) $+ $t,an be s('/n t(at but 'ne $n+eren,e +r'm a *r'*'s$t$'n $s +alse)t(en t(e *r'*'s$t$'n must $tsel+ be +alse! Instead) t(en) '+eam$n$n-) $n an 'stens$0e ar-ument) t(e /('le ser$es '+ t(e -r'unds'n /($,( t(e trut( '+ a *r'*'s$t$'n rests) /e need 'nly ta%e t(e'**'s$te '+ t($s *r'*'s$t$'n) and $+ 'ne $n+eren,e +r'm $t be +alse)t(en must t(e '**'s$te be $tsel+ +alse4 and) ,'nse.uently) t(e

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*r'*'s$t$'n /($,( /e /$s(ed t' *r'0e must be true!*

T(e a*a-'-$, met('d '+ *r''+ $s adm$ss$ble 'nly $n t('se s,$en,es/(ere $t $s $m*'ss$ble t' m$sta%e a sub&e,t$0e re*resentat$'n +'r an'b&e,t$0e ,'-n$t$'n! 2(ere t($s $s *'ss$ble) $t $s *la$n t(at t(e'**'s$te '+ a -$0en *r'*'s$t$'n may ,'ntrad$,t merely t(e sub&e,t$0e,'nd$t$'ns '+ t('u-(t) and n't t(e 'b&e,t$0e ,'-n$t$'n4 'r $t may(a**en t(at b't( *r'*'s$t$'ns ,'ntrad$,t ea,( 't(er 'nly under a

sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'n) /($,( $s $n,'rre,tly ,'ns$dered t' be 'b&e,t$0e)and) as t(e ,'nd$t$'n $s $tsel+ +alse) b't( *r'*'s$t$'ns may be +alse)and $t /$ll) ,'nse.uently) be $m*'ss$ble t' ,'n,lude t(e trut( '+t(e 'ne +r'm t(e +alseness '+ t(e 't(er!t

In mat(emat$,s su,( subre*t$'ns are $m*'ss$ble4 and $t $s $n t($ss,$en,e) a,,'rd$n-ly) t(at t(e $nd$re,t m'de '+ *r''+ (as $ts true*la,e! In t(e s,$en,e '+ nature) /(ere all assert$'n $s based u*'nem*$r$,al $ntu$t$'n) su,( subre*t$'ns may be -uarded a-a$nst by t(ere*eated ,'m*ar$s'n '+ 'bser0at$'ns4 but t($s m'de '+ *r''+ $s '+l$ttle 0alue $n t($s s*(ere '+ %n'/led-e! 3ut t(e trans,endentale++'rts '+ *ure reas'n are all made $n t(e s*(ere '+ t(e sub&e,t$0e)/($,( $s t(e real med$um '+ all d$ale,t$,al $llus$'n4 and t(us

reas'n endea0'urs) $n $ts *rem$sses) t' $m*'se u*'n us sub&e,t$0ere*resentat$'ns +'r 'b&e,t$0e ,'-n$t$'ns! In t(e trans,endental s*(ere'+ *ure reas'n) t(en) and $n t(e ,ase '+ synt(et$,al *r'*'s$t$'ns)$t $s $nadm$ss$ble t' su**'rt a statement by d$s*r'0$n- t(e,'unter5statement! F'r 'nly t/' ,ases are *'ss$ble4 e$t(er) t(e,'unter5statement $s n't($n- but t(e en'un,ement '+ t(e$n,'ns$sten,y '+ t(e '**'s$te '*$n$'n /$t( t(e sub&e,t$0e ,'nd$t$'ns'+ reas'n) /($,( d'es n't a++e,t t(e real ,ase =+'r eam*le) /e ,ann't,'m*re(end t(e un,'nd$t$'ned ne,ess$ty '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ a be$n-)and (en,e e0ery s*e,ulat$0e *r''+ '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ su,( a be$n-must be '**'sed 'n sub&e,t$0e -r'unds) /($le t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($sbe$n- $n $tsel+ ,ann't /$t( &ust$,e be den$ed>4 'r) b't( *r'*'s$t$'ns)be$n- d$ale,t$,al $n t(e$r nature) are based u*'n an $m*'ss$ble

,'n,e*t$'n! In t($s latter ,ase t(e rule a**l$es6 n'n ent$s nulla sunt*red$,ata4 t(at $s t' say) /(at /e a++$rm and /(at /e deny) res*e,t$n-su,( an 'b&e,t) are e.ually untrue) and t(e a*a-'-$, m'de '+arr$0$n- at t(e trut( $s $n t($s ,ase $m*'ss$ble! I+) +'r eam*le)/e *resu**'se t(at t(e /'rld '+ sense $s -$0en $n $tsel+ $n $tst'tal$ty) $t $s +alse) e$t(er t(at $t $s $n+$n$te) 'r t(at $t $s+$n$te and l$m$ted $n s*a,e! 3't( are +alse) be,ause t(e (y*'t(es$s $s+alse! F'r t(e n't$'n '+ *(en'mena =as mere re*resentat$'ns> /($,( are-$0en $n t(emsel0es =as 'b&e,ts> $s sel+5,'ntrad$,t'ry4 and t(e$n+$n$tude '+ t($s $ma-$nary /('le /'uld) $ndeed) be un,'nd$t$'ned)but /'uld be $n,'ns$stent =as e0eryt($n- $n t(e *(en'menal /'rld $s,'nd$t$'ned> /$t( t(e un,'nd$t$'ned determ$nat$'n and +$n$tude '+.uant$t$es /($,( $s *resu**'sed $n 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n!.

T(e a*a-'-$, m'de '+ *r''+ $s t(e true s'ur,e '+ t('se $llus$'ns/($,( (a0e al/ays (ad s' str'n- an attra,t$'n +'r t(e adm$rers '+d'-mat$,al *($l's'*(y! It may be ,'m*ared t' a ,(am*$'n /('ma$nta$ns t(e ('n'ur and ,la$ms '+ t(e *arty (e (as ad'*ted by'++er$n- battle t' all /(' d'ubt t(e 0al$d$ty '+ t(ese ,la$ms andt(e *ur$ty '+ t(at ('n'ur4 /($le n't($n- ,an be *r'0ed $n t($s /ay)e,e*t t(e res*e,t$0e stren-t( '+ t(e ,'mbatants) and t(e ad0anta-e)$n t($s res*e,t) $s al/ays 'n t(e s$de '+ t(e atta,%$n- *arty!S*e,tat'rs) 'bser0$n- t(at ea,( *arty $s alternately ,'n.uer'r and,'n.uered) are led t' re-ard t(e sub&e,t '+ d$s*ute as bey'nd t(e

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*'/er '+ man t' de,$de u*'n! 3ut su,( an '*$n$'n ,ann't be&ust$+$ed4 and $t $s su++$,$ent t' a**ly t' t(ese reas'ners t(eremar%6r

N'n de+ens'r$bus $st$s

Tem*us e-et!

Ea,( must try t' establ$s( ($s assert$'ns by a trans,endentaldedu,t$'n '+ t(e -r'unds '+ *r''+ em*l'yed $n ($s ar-ument) and t(usenable us t' see $n /(at /ay t(e ,la$ms '+ reas'n may be su**'rted! I+an '**'nent bases ($s assert$'ns u*'n sub&e,t$0e -r'unds) (e may bere+uted /$t( ease4 n't) ('/e0er t' t(e ad0anta-e '+ t(e d'-mat$st) /('l$%e/$se de*ends u*'n sub&e,t$0e s'ur,es '+ ,'-n$t$'n and $s $n l$%emanner dr$0en $nt' a ,'rner by ($s '**'nent! 3ut) $+ *art$es em*l'yt(e d$re,t met('d '+ *r',edure) t(ey /$ll s''n d$s,'0er t(ed$++$,ulty) nay) t(e $m*'ss$b$l$ty '+ *r'0$n- t(e$r assert$'ns) and/$ll be +'r,ed t' a**eal t' *res,r$*t$'n and *re,eden,e4 'r t(ey /$ll)by t(e (el* '+ ,r$t$,$sm) d$s,'0er /$t( ease t(e d'-mat$,al$llus$'ns by /($,( t(ey (ad been m',%ed) and ,'m*el reas'n t' ren'un,e$ts ea--erated *retens$'ns t' s*e,ulat$0e $ns$-(t and t' ,'n+$ne

$tsel+ /$t($n t(e l$m$ts '+ $ts *r'*er s*(ere5 t(at '+ *ra,t$,al*r$n,$*les!*

CHAPTER II! T(e Can'n '+ Pure Reas'n!

It $s a (um$l$at$n- ,'ns$derat$'n +'r (uman reas'n t(at $t $s$n,'m*etent t' d$s,'0er trut( by means '+ *ure s*e,ulat$'n) but) 'nt(e ,'ntrary) stands $n need '+ d$s,$*l$ne t' ,(e,% $ts de0$at$'ns+r'm t(e stra$-(t *at( and t' e*'se t(e $llus$'ns /($,( $t'r$-$nates! 3ut) 'n t(e 't(er (and) t($s ,'ns$derat$'n 'u-(t t'ele0ate and t' -$0e $t ,'n+$den,e) +'r t($s d$s,$*l$ne $s eer,$sed by$tsel+ al'ne) and $t $s sub&e,t t' t(e ,ensure '+ n' 't(er *'/er!T(e b'unds) m're'0er) /($,( $t $s +'r,ed t' set t' $ts s*e,ulat$0e

eer,$se) +'rm l$%e/$se a ,(e,% u*'n t(e +alla,$'us *retens$'ns '+'**'nents4 and t(us /(at rema$ns '+ $ts *'ssess$'ns) a+ter t(eseea--erated ,la$ms (a0e been d$sall'/ed) $s se,ure +r'm atta,% 'rusur*at$'n! T(e -reatest) and *er(a*s t(e 'nly) use '+ all*($l's'*(y '+ *ure reas'n $s) a,,'rd$n-ly) '+ a *urely ne-at$0e,(ara,ter! It $s n't an 'r-an'n +'r t(e etens$'n) but a d$s,$*l$ne+'r t(e determ$nat$'n) '+ t(e l$m$ts '+ $ts eer,$se4 and /$t('utlay$n- ,la$m t' t(e d$s,'0ery '+ ne/ trut() $t (as t(e m'dest mer$t '+-uard$n- a-a$nst err'r!-

At t(e same t$me) t(ere must be s'me s'ur,e '+ *'s$t$0e ,'-n$t$'ns/($,( bel'n- t' t(e d'ma$n '+ *ure reas'n and /($,( be,'me t(e,auses '+ err'r 'nly +r'm 'ur m$sta%$n- t(e$r true ,(ara,ter) /($le

t(ey +'rm t(e -'al t'/ards /($,( reas'n ,'nt$nually str$0es! H'/else ,an /e a,,'unt +'r t(e $net$n-u$s(able des$re $n t(e (umanm$nd t' +$nd a +$rm +''t$n- $n s'me re-$'n bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ t(e/'rld '+ e*er$en,e@ It ('*es t' atta$n t' t(e *'ssess$'n '+ a%n'/led-e $n /($,( $t (as t(e dee*est $nterest! It enters u*'n t(e*at( '+ *ure s*e,ulat$'n4 but $n 0a$n! 2e (a0e s'me reas'n) ('/e0er)t' e*e,t t(at) $n t(e 'nly 't(er /ay t(at l$es '*en t' $t5 t(e *at('+ *ra,t$,al reas'n5 $t may meet /$t( better su,,ess!'

I understand by a ,an'n a l$st '+ t(e a *r$'r$ *r$n,$*les '+ t(e*r'*er em*l'yment '+ ,erta$n +a,ult$es '+ ,'-n$t$'n! T(us -eneral

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l'-$,) $n $ts analyt$,al de*artment) $s a +'rmal ,an'n +'r t(e+a,ult$es '+ understand$n- and reas'n! In t(e same /ay) Trans,endentalAnalyt$, /as seen t' be a ,an'n '+ t(e *ure understand$n-4 +'r $tal'ne $s ,'m*etent t' en'un,e true a *r$'r$ synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'ns!3ut) /(en n' *r'*er em*l'yment '+ a +a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n $s*'ss$ble) n' ,an'n ,an e$st! 3ut t(e synt(et$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+ *ures*e,ulat$0e reas'n $s) as (as been s('/n) ,'m*letely $m*'ss$ble! T(ere,ann't) t(ere+'re) e$st any ,an'n +'r t(e s*e,ulat$0e eer,$se '+

t($s +a,ulty5 +'r $ts s*e,ulat$0e eer,$se $s ent$rely d$ale,t$,al4and) ,'nse.uently) trans,endental l'-$,) $n t($s res*e,t) $s merelya d$s,$*l$ne) and n't a ,an'n! I+) t(en) t(ere $s any *r'*er m'de '+em*l'y$n- t(e +a,ulty '+ *ure reas'n5 $n /($,( ,ase t(ere must be a,an'n +'r t($s +a,ulty5 t($s ,an'n /$ll relate) n't t' t(es*e,ulat$0e) but t' t(e *ra,t$,al use '+ reas'n! T($s ,an'n /e n'/*r',eed t' $n0est$-ate!*

SECTION I! O+ t(e Ult$mate End '+ t(e Pure Use '+ Reas'n!

T(ere e$sts $n t(e +a,ulty '+ reas'n a natural des$re t' 0enturebey'nd t(e +$eld '+ e*er$en,e) t' attem*t t' rea,( t(e utm'stb'unds '+ all ,'-n$t$'n by t(e (el* '+ $deas al'ne) and n't t' rest

sat$s+$ed unt$l $t (as +ul+$lled $ts ,'urse and ra$sed t(e sum '+$ts ,'-n$t$'ns $nt' a sel+5subs$stent systemat$, /('le! Is t(em't$0e +'r t($s endea0'ur t' be +'und $n $ts s*e,ulat$0e) 'r $n $ts*ra,t$,al $nterests al'ne@*

Sett$n- as$de) at *resent) t(e results '+ t(e lab'urs '+ *ure reas'n$n $ts s*e,ulat$0e eer,$se) I s(all merely $n.u$re re-ard$n- t(e*r'blems t(e s'lut$'n '+ /($,( +'rms $ts ult$mate a$m) /(et(er rea,(ed'r n't) and $n relat$'n t' /($,( all 't(er a$ms are but *art$al and$ntermed$ate! T(ese ($-(est a$ms must) +r'm t(e nature '+ reas'n)*'ssess ,'m*lete un$ty4 't(er/$se t(e ($-(est $nterest '+ (uman$ty,'uld n't be su,,ess+ully *r'm'ted!,

T(e trans,endental s*e,ulat$'n '+ reas'n relates t' t(ree t($n-s6t(e +reed'm '+ t(e /$ll) t(e $mm'rtal$ty '+ t(e s'ul) and t(ee$sten,e '+ 'd! T(e s*e,ulat$0e $nterest /($,( reas'n (as $n t('se.uest$'ns $s 0ery small4 and) +'r $ts sa%e al'ne) /e s('uld n'tunderta%e t(e lab'ur '+ trans,endental $n0est$-at$'n5 a lab'ur +ull '+t'$l and ,easeless stru--le! 2e s('uld be l't( t' underta%e t($slab'ur) be,ause t(e d$s,'0er$es /e m$-(t ma%e /'uld n't be '+ t(esmallest use $n t(e s*(ere '+ ,'n,rete 'r *(ys$,al $n0est$-at$'n! 2emay +$nd 'ut t(at t(e /$ll $s +ree) but t($s %n'/led-e 'nly relates t't(e $ntell$-$ble ,ause '+ 'ur 0'l$t$'n! As re-ards t(e *(en'mena 're*ress$'ns '+ t($s /$ll) t(at $s) 'ur a,t$'ns) /e are b'und) $n'bed$en,e t' an $n0$'lable ma$m) /$t('ut /($,( reas'n ,ann't beem*l'yed $n t(e s*(ere '+ e*er$en,e) t' e*la$n t(ese $n t(e same /ay

as /e e*la$n all t(e 't(er *(en'mena '+ nature) t(at $s t' say)a,,'rd$n- t' $ts un,(an-eable la/s! 2e may (a0e d$s,'0ered t(es*$r$tual$ty and $mm'rtal$ty '+ t(e s'ul) but /e ,ann't em*l'y t($s%n'/led-e t' e*la$n t(e *(en'mena '+ t($s l$+e) n'r t(e *e,ul$arnature '+ t(e +uture) be,ause 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+ an $n,'r*'realnature $s *urely ne-at$0e and d'es n't add anyt($n- t' 'ur%n'/led-e) and t(e 'nly $n+eren,es t' be dra/n +r'm $t are *urely+$,t$t$'us! I+) a-a$n) /e *r'0e t(e e$sten,e '+ a su*reme$ntell$-en,e) /e s('uld be able +r'm $t t' ma%e t(e ,'n+'rm$ty t' a$mse$st$n- $n t(e arran-ement '+ t(e /'rld ,'m*re(ens$ble4 but /e s('uldn't be &ust$+$ed $n dedu,$n- +r'm $t any *art$,ular arran-ement 'r

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d$s*'s$t$'n) 'r $n+err$n- any /(ere $t $s n't *er,e$0ed! F'r $t $s ane,essary rule '+ t(e s*e,ulat$0e use '+ reas'n t(at /e must n't'0erl''% natural ,auses) 'r re+use t' l$sten t' t(e tea,($n- '+e*er$en,e) +'r t(e sa%e '+ dedu,$n- /(at /e %n'/ and *er,e$0e +r'ms'met($n- t(at trans,ends all 'ur %n'/led-e! In 'ne /'rd) t(eset(ree *r'*'s$t$'ns are) +'r t(e s*e,ulat$0e reas'n) al/aystrans,endent) and ,ann't be em*l'yed as $mmanent *r$n,$*les $nrelat$'n t' t(e 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e4 t(ey are) ,'nse.uently) '+ n'

use t' us $n t($s s*(ere) be$n- but t(e 0alueless results '+ t(ese0ere but un*r'+$table e++'rts '+ reas'n!s

I+) t(en) t(e a,tual ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(ese t(ree ,ard$nal*r'*'s$t$'ns $s *er+e,tly useless) /($le Reas'n uses (er utm'stendea0'urs t' $ndu,e us t' adm$t t(em) $t $s *la$n t(at t(e$r real0alue and $m*'rtan,e relate t' 'ur *ra,t$,al) and n't t' 'urs*e,ulat$0e $nterest!s

I term all t(at $s *'ss$ble t(r'u-( +ree /$ll) *ra,t$,al! 3ut $+ t(e,'nd$t$'ns '+ t(e eer,$se '+ +ree 0'l$t$'n are em*$r$,al) reas'n,an (a0e 'nly a re-ulat$0e) and n't a ,'nst$tut$0e) $n+luen,e u*'n $t)and $s ser0$,eable merely +'r t(e $ntr'du,t$'n '+ un$ty $nt' $ts

em*$r$,al la/s! In t(e m'ral *($l's'*(y '+ *ruden,e) +'r eam*le)t(e s'le bus$ness '+ reas'n $s t' br$n- ab'ut a un$'n '+ all t(e ends)/($,( are a$med at by 'ur $n,l$nat$'ns) $nt' 'ne ult$mate end5 t(at '+(a**$ness5 and t' s('/ t(e a-reement /($,( s('uld e$st am'n- t(emeans '+ atta$n$n- t(at end! In t($s s*(ere) a,,'rd$n-ly) reas'n,ann't *resent t' us any 't(er t(an *ra-mat$,al la/s '+ +ree a,t$'n)+'r 'ur -u$dan,e t'/ards t(e a$ms set u* by t(e senses) and $s$n,'m*etent t' -$0e us la/s /($,( are *ure and determ$ned ,'m*letely a*r$'r$! On t(e 't(er (and) *ure *ra,t$,al la/s) t(e ends '+ /($,( (a0ebeen -$0en by reas'n ent$rely a *r$'r$) and /($,( are n'tem*$r$,ally ,'nd$t$'ned) but are) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) abs'lutely$m*erat$0e $n t(e$r nature) /'uld be *r'du,ts '+ *ure reas'n! Su,( aret(e m'ral la/s4 and t(ese al'ne bel'n- t' t(e s*(ere '+ t(e

*ra,t$,al eer,$se '+ reas'n) and adm$t '+ a ,an'n!*

All t(e *'/ers '+ reas'n) $n t(e s*(ere '+ /(at may be termed *ure*($l's'*(y) are) $n +a,t) d$re,ted t' t(e t(ree ab'0e5ment$'ned*r'blems al'ne! T(ese a-a$n (a0e a st$ll ($-(er end5 t(e ans/er t' t(e.uest$'n) /(at /e 'u-(t t' d') $+ t(e /$ll $s +ree) $+ t(ere $s a'd and a +uture /'rld! N'/) as t($s *r'blem relates t' 'ur $nre+eren,e t' t(e ($-(est a$m '+ (uman$ty) $t $s e0$dent t(at t(eult$mate $ntent$'n '+ nature) $n t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ 'ur reas'n) (asbeen d$re,ted t' t(e m'ral al'ne!b

2e must ta%e ,are) ('/e0er) $n turn$n- 'ur attent$'n t' an 'b&e,t/($,( $s +'re$-n t' t(e s*(ere '+ trans,endental *($l's'*(y) n't t'

$n&ure t(e un$ty '+ 'ur system by d$-ress$'ns) n'r) 'n t(e 't(er (and)t' +a$l $n ,learness) by say$n- t'' l$ttle 'n t(e ne/ sub&e,t '+d$s,uss$'n! I ('*e t' a0'$d b't( etremes) by %ee*$n- as ,l'se as*'ss$ble t' t(e trans,endental) and e,lud$n- all *sy,('l'-$,al)t(at $s) em*$r$,al) elements!t

All *ra,t$,al ,'n,e*t$'ns relate t' 'b&e,ts '+ *leasure and *a$n)and ,'nse.uently5 $n an $nd$re,t manner) at least5 t' 'b&e,ts '++eel$n-! 3ut as +eel$n- $s n't a +a,ulty '+ re*resentat$'n) but l$es'ut '+ t(e s*(ere '+ 'ur *'/ers '+ ,'-n$t$'n) t(e elements '+ 'ur&ud-ements) $n s' +ar as t(ey relate t' *leasure 'r *a$n) t(at $s) t(e

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elements '+ 'ur *ra,t$,al &ud-ements) d' n't bel'n- t'trans,endental *($l's'*(y) /($,( (as t' d' /$t( *ure a *r$'r$,'-n$t$'ns al'ne!,

I (a0e t' remar%) $n t(e +$rst *la,e) t(at at *resent I treat '+ t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ +reed'm $n t(e *ra,t$,al sense 'nly) and set as$de t(e,'rres*'nd$n- trans,endental ,'n,e*t$'n) /($,( ,ann't be em*l'yed as a-r'und '+ e*lanat$'n $n t(e *(en'menal /'rld) but $s $tsel+ a *r'blem

+'r *ure reas'n! A /$ll $s *urely an$mal =arb$tr$um brutum> /(en $t $sdeterm$ned by sensu'us $m*ulses 'r $nst$n,ts 'nly) t(at $s) /(en $t $sdeterm$ned $n a *at('l'-$,al manner! A /$ll) /($,( ,an be determ$ned$nde*endently '+ sensu'us $m*ulses) ,'nse.uently by m't$0es*resented by reas'n al'ne) $s ,alled a +ree /$ll =arb$tr$uml$berum>4 and e0eryt($n- /($,( $s ,'nne,ted /$t( t($s +ree /$ll)e$t(er as *r$n,$*le 'r ,'nse.uen,e) $s termed *ra,t$,al! T(e e$sten,e'+ *ra,t$,al +reed'm ,an be *r'0ed +r'm e*er$en,e al'ne! F'r t(e(uman /$ll $s n't determ$ned by t(at al'ne /($,( $mmed$ately a++e,tst(e senses4 'n t(e ,'ntrary) /e (a0e t(e *'/er) by ,all$n- u* t(en't$'n '+ /(at $s use+ul 'r (urt+ul $n a m're d$stant relat$'n) '+'0er,'m$n- t(e $mmed$ate $m*ress$'ns 'n 'ur sensu'us +a,ulty '+des$re! 3ut t(ese ,'ns$derat$'ns '+ /(at $s des$rable $n relat$'n t'

'ur /('le state) t(at $s) $s $n t(e end -''d and use+ul) are basedent$rely u*'n reas'n! T($s +a,ulty) a,,'rd$n-ly) en'un,es la/s)/($,( are $m*erat$0e 'r 'b&e,t$0e la/s '+ +reed'm and /($,( tell us/(at 'u-(t t' ta%e *la,e) t(us d$st$n-u$s($n- t(emsel0es +r'm t(e la/s'+ nature) /($,( relate t' t(at /($,( d'es ta%e *la,e! T(e la/s '++reed'm 'r '+ +ree /$ll are (en,e termed *ra,t$,al la/s!+

2(et(er reas'n $s n't $tsel+) $n t(e a,tual del$0ery '+ t(esela/s) determ$ned $n $ts turn by 't(er $n+luen,es) and /(et(er t(ea,t$'n /($,() $n relat$'n t' sensu'us $m*ulses) /e ,all +ree) may n't)$n relat$'n t' ($-(er and m're rem'te '*erat$0e ,auses) really +'rma *art '+ nature5 t(ese are .uest$'ns /($,( d' n't (ere ,'n,ern us!T(ey are *urely s*e,ulat$0e .uest$'ns4 and all /e (a0e t' d') $n t(e

*ra,t$,al s*(ere) $s t' $n.u$re $nt' t(e rule '+ ,'ndu,t /($,(reas'n (as t' *resent! E*er$en,e dem'nstrates t' us t(e e$sten,e'+ *ra,t$,al +reed'm as 'ne '+ t(e ,auses /($,( e$st $n nature)t(at $s) $t s('/s t(e ,ausal *'/er '+ reas'n $n t(e determ$nat$'n '+t(e /$ll! T(e $dea '+ trans,endental +reed'm) 'n t(e ,'ntrary)re.u$res t(at reas'n5 $n relat$'n t' $ts ,ausal *'/er '+ ,'mmen,$n-a ser$es '+ *(en'mena5 s('uld be $nde*endent '+ all sensu'usdeterm$n$n- ,auses4 and t(us $t seems t' be $n '**'s$t$'n t' t(e la/'+ nature and t' all *'ss$ble e*er$en,e! It t(ere+'re rema$ns a*r'blem +'r t(e (uman m$nd! 3ut t($s *r'blem d'es n't ,'n,ern reas'n$n $ts *ra,t$,al use4 and /e (a0e) t(ere+'re) $n a ,an'n '+ *urereas'n) t' d' /$t( 'nly t/' .uest$'ns) /($,( relate t' t(e *ra,t$,al$nterest '+ *ure reas'n6 Is t(ere a 'd@ and) Is t(ere a +uture

l$+e@ T(e .uest$'n '+ trans,endental +reed'm $s *urely s*e,ulat$0e)and /e may t(ere+'re set $t ent$rely as$de /(en /e ,'me t' treat '+*ra,t$,al reas'n! 3es$des) /e (a0e already d$s,ussed t($s sub&e,t $nt(e ant$n'my '+ *ure reas'n!t

SECTION II! O+ t(e Ideal '+ t(e Summum 3'num as a #eterm$n$n-

r'und '+ t(e Ult$mate End '+ Pure Reas'n!

Reas'n ,'ndu,ted us) $n $ts s*e,ulat$0e use) t(r'u-( t(e +$eld '+e*er$en,e and) as $t ,an ne0er +$nd ,'m*lete sat$s+a,t$'n $n t(at

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s*(ere) +r'm t(en,e t' s*e,ulat$0e $deas5 /($,() ('/e0er) $n t(e endbr'u-(t us ba,% a-a$n t' e*er$en,e) and t(us +ul+$lled t(e *ur*'se '+reas'n) $n a manner /($,() t('u-( use+ul) /as n't at all $n a,,'rdan,e/$t( 'ur e*e,tat$'ns! It n'/ rema$ns +'r us t' ,'ns$der /(et(er*ure reas'n ,an be em*l'yed $n a *ra,t$,al s*(ere) and /(et(er $t /$ll(ere ,'ndu,t us t' t('se $deas /($,( atta$n t(e ($-(est ends '+ *urereas'n) as /e (a0e &ust stated t(em! 2e s(all t(us as,erta$n/(et(er) +r'm t(e *'$nt '+ 0$e/ '+ $ts *ra,t$,al $nterest) reas'n

may n't be able t' su**ly us /$t( t(at /($,() 'n t(e s*e,ulat$0e s$de)$t /('lly den$es us!

T(e /('le $nterest '+ reas'n) s*e,ulat$0e as /ell as *ra,t$,al) $s,entred $n t(e t(ree +'ll'/$n- .uest$'ns6

1! 2HAT CAN I KNO2@

B! 2HAT OUHT I TO #O@

! 2HAT "AJ I HOPE@

T(e +$rst .uest$'n $s *urely s*e,ulat$0e! 2e (a0e) as I +latter

mysel+) e(austed all t(e re*l$es '+ /($,( $t $s sus,e*t$ble) and (a0eat last +'und t(e re*ly /$t( /($,( reas'n must ,'ntent $tsel+) and/$t( /($,( $t 'u-(t t' be ,'ntent) s' l'n- as $t *ays n' re-ard t' t(e*ra,t$,al! 3ut +r'm t(e t/' -reat ends t' t(e atta$nment '+ /($,(all t(ese e++'rts '+ *ure reas'n /ere $n +a,t d$re,ted) /e rema$n &ustas +ar rem'0ed as $+ /e (ad ,'nsulted 'ur ease and de,l$ned t(e tas%at t(e 'utset! S' +ar) t(en) as %n'/led-e $s ,'n,erned) t(us mu,()at least) $s establ$s(ed) t(at) $n re-ard t' t('se t/' *r'blems) $tl$es bey'nd 'ur rea,(!

T(e se,'nd .uest$'n $s *urely *ra,t$,al! As su,( $t may $ndeed+all /$t($n t(e *r'0$n,e '+ *ure reas'n) but st$ll $t $s n'ttrans,endental) but m'ral) and ,'nse.uently ,ann't $n $tsel+ +'rm

t(e sub&e,t '+ 'ur ,r$t$,$sm!

T(e t($rd .uest$'n6 I+ I a,t as I 'u-(t t' d') /(at may I t(en('*e@5 $s at 'n,e *ra,t$,al and t(e'ret$,al! T(e *ra,t$,al +'rms a,lue t' t(e ans/er '+ t(e t(e'ret$,al) and5 $n $ts ($-(est +'rm5s*e,ulat$0e .uest$'n! F'r all ('*$n- (as (a**$ness +'r $ts 'b&e,tand stands $n *re,$sely t(e same relat$'n t' t(e *ra,t$,al and t(e la/'+ m'ral$ty as %n'/$n- t' t(e t(e'ret$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+ t($n-s andt(e la/ '+ nature! T(e +'rmer arr$0es +$nally at t(e ,'n,lus$'n t(ats'met($n- $s =/($,( determ$nes t(e ult$mate end>) be,ause s'met($n-'u-(t t' ta%e *la,e4 t(e latter) t(at s'met($n- $s =/($,( '*eratesas t(e ($-(est ,ause>) be,ause s'met($n- d'es ta%e *la,e!

Ha**$ness $s t(e sat$s+a,t$'n '+ all 'ur des$res4 etens$0e) $nre-ard t' t(e$r mult$*l$,$ty4 $ntens$0e) $n re-ard t' t(e$r de-ree4and *r'tens$0e) $n re-ard t' t(e$r durat$'n! T(e *ra,t$,al la/ based'n t(e m't$0e '+ (a**$ness I term a *ra-mat$,al la/ ='r *rudent$alrule>4 but t(at la/) assum$n- su,( t' e$st) /($,( (as n' 't(er m't$0et(an t(e /'rt($ness '+ be$n- (a**y) I term a m'ral 'r et($,al la/! T(e+$rst tells us /(at /e (a0e t' d') $+ /e /$s( t' be,'me *'ssessed '+(a**$ness4 t(e se,'nd d$,tates ('/ /e 'u-(t t' a,t) $n 'rder t'deser0e (a**$ness! T(e +$rst $s based u*'n em*$r$,al *r$n,$*les4 +'r$t $s 'nly by e*er$en,e t(at I ,an learn e$t(er /(at $n,l$nat$'nse$st /($,( des$re sat$s+a,t$'n) 'r /(at are t(e natural means '+

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sat$s+y$n- t(em! T(e se,'nd ta%es n' a,,'unt '+ 'ur des$res 'r t(emeans '+ sat$s+y$n- t(em) and re-ards 'nly t(e +reed'm '+ a rat$'nalbe$n-) and t(e ne,essary ,'nd$t$'ns under /($,( al'ne t($s +reed'm ,an(arm'n$;e /$t( t(e d$str$but$'n '+ (a**$ness a,,'rd$n- t'*r$n,$*les! T($s se,'nd la/ may t(ere+'re rest u*'n mere $deas '+ *urereas'n) and may be ,'-n$;ed a *r$'r$!

I assume t(at t(ere are *ure m'ral la/s /($,( determ$ne) ent$rely

a *r$'r$ =/$t('ut re-ard t' em*$r$,al m't$0es) t(at $s) t' (a**$ness>)t(e ,'ndu,t '+ a rat$'nal be$n-) 'r $n 't(er /'rds) t' use /($,( $tma%es '+ $ts +reed'm) and t(at t(ese la/s are abs'lutely $m*erat$0e=n't merely (y*'t(et$,ally) 'n t(e su**'s$t$'n '+ 't(er em*$r$,alends>) and t(ere+'re $n all res*e,ts ne,essary! I am /arranted $nassum$n- t($s) n't 'nly by t(e ar-uments '+ t(e m'st enl$-(tenedm'ral$sts) but by t(e m'ral &ud-ement '+ e0ery man /(' /$ll ma%e t(eattem*t t' +'rm a d$st$n,t ,'n,e*t$'n '+ su,( a la/!

Pure reas'n) t(en) ,'nta$ns) n't $ndeed $n $ts s*e,ulat$0e) but $n$ts *ra,t$,al) 'r) m're str$,tly) $ts m'ral use) *r$n,$*les '+ t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ e*er$en,e) '+ su,( a,t$'ns) namely) as) $na,,'rdan,e /$t( et($,al *re,e*ts) m$-(t be met /$t( $n t(e ($st'ry

'+ man! F'r s$n,e reas'n ,'mmands t(at su,( a,t$'ns s('uld ta%e *la,e)$t must be *'ss$ble +'r t(em t' ta%e *la,e4 and (en,e a *art$,ular%$nd '+ systemat$, un$ty5 t(e m'ral5 must be *'ss$ble! 2e (a0e+'und) $t $s true) t(at t(e systemat$, un$ty '+ nature ,'uld n't beestabl$s(ed a,,'rd$n- t' s*e,ulat$0e *r$n,$*les '+ reas'n) be,ause)/($le reas'n *'ssesses a ,ausal *'/er $n relat$'n t' +reed'm) $t (asn'ne $n relat$'n t' t(e /('le s*(ere '+ nature4 and) /($le m'ral*r$n,$*les '+ reas'n ,an *r'du,e +ree a,t$'ns) t(ey ,ann't *r'du,enatural la/s! It $s) t(en) $n $ts *ra,t$,al) but es*e,$ally $n $tsm'ral use) t(at t(e *r$n,$*les '+ *ure reas'n *'ssess 'b&e,t$0ereal$ty!

I ,all t(e /'rld a m'ral /'rld) $n s' +ar as $t may be $n a,,'rdan,e

/$t( all t(e et($,al la/s5 /($,() by 0$rtue '+ t(e +reed'm '+reas'nable be$n-s) $t ,an be) and a,,'rd$n- t' t(e ne,essary la/s '+m'ral$ty $t 'u-(t t' be! 3ut t($s /'rld must be ,'n,e$0ed 'nly as an$ntell$-$ble /'rld) $nasmu,( as abstra,t$'n $s t(ere$n made '+ all,'nd$t$'ns =ends>) and e0en '+ all $m*ed$ments t' m'ral$ty =t(e/ea%ness 'r *ra0$ty '+ (uman nature>! S' +ar) t(en) $t $s a mere $dea5t('u-( st$ll a *ra,t$,al $dea5 /($,( may (a0e) and 'u-(t t' (a0e) an$n+luen,e 'n t(e /'rld '+ sense) s' as t' br$n- $t as +ar as*'ss$ble $nt' ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( $tsel+! T(e $dea '+ a m'ral /'rld (as)t(ere+'re) 'b&e,t$0e real$ty) n't as re+err$n- t' an 'b&e,t '+$ntell$-$ble $ntu$t$'n5 +'r '+ su,( an 'b&e,t /e ,an +'rm n','n,e*t$'n /(ate0er5 but t' t(e /'rld '+ sense5 ,'n,e$0ed) ('/e0er) asan 'b&e,t '+ *ure reas'n $n $ts *ra,t$,al use5 and t' a ,'r*us

myst$,um '+ rat$'nal be$n-s $n $t) $n s' +ar as t(e l$berumarb$tr$um '+ t(e $nd$0$dual $s *la,ed) under and by 0$rtue '+ m'ralla/s) $n ,'m*lete systemat$, un$ty b't( /$t( $tsel+ and /$t( t(e+reed'm '+ all 't(ers!

T(at $s t(e ans/er t' t(e +$rst '+ t(e t/' .uest$'ns '+ *urereas'n /($,( relate t' $ts *ra,t$,al $nterest6 #' t(at /($,( /$llrender t(ee /'rt(y '+ (a**$ness! T(e se,'nd .uest$'n $s t($s6 I+ I,'ndu,t mysel+ s' as n't t' be un/'rt(y '+ (a**$ness) may I ('*et(ereby t' 'bta$n (a**$ness@ In 'rder t' arr$0e at t(e s'lut$'n '+t($s .uest$'n) /e must $n.u$re /(et(er t(e *r$n,$*les '+ *ure

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reas'n) /($,( *res,r$be a *r$'r$ t(e la/) ne,essar$ly als' ,'nne,tt($s ('*e /$t( $t!t

I say) t(en) t(at &ust as t(e m'ral *r$n,$*les are ne,essarya,,'rd$n- t' reas'n $n $ts *ra,t$,al use) s' $t $s e.ually ne,essarya,,'rd$n- t' reas'n $n $ts t(e'ret$,al use t' assume t(at e0ery 'ne(as -r'und t' ('*e +'r (a**$ness $n t(e measure $n /($,( (e (as made($msel+ /'rt(y '+ $t $n ($s ,'ndu,t) and t(at t(ere+'re t(e system

'+ m'ral$ty $s $nse*arably =t('u-( 'nly $n t(e $dea '+ *ure reas'n>,'nne,ted /$t( t(at '+ (a**$ness!,

N'/ $n an $ntell$-$ble) t(at $s) $n t(e m'ral /'rld) $n t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ /($,( /e ma%e abstra,t$'n '+ all t(e $m*ed$ments t'm'ral$ty =sensu'us des$res>) su,( a system '+ (a**$ness) ,'nne,ted/$t( and *r'*'rt$'ned t' m'ral$ty) may be ,'n,e$0ed as ne,essary)be,ause +reed'm '+ 0'l$t$'n5 *artly $n,$ted) and *artly restra$nedby m'ral la/s5 /'uld be $tsel+ t(e ,ause '+ -eneral (a**$ness4 andt(us rat$'nal be$n-s) under t(e -u$dan,e '+ su,( *r$n,$*les) /'uldbe t(emsel0es t(e aut('rs b't( '+ t(e$r '/n endur$n- /el+are andt(at '+ 't(ers! 3ut su,( a system '+ sel+5re/ard$n- m'ral$ty $s 'nlyan $dea) t(e ,arry$n- 'ut '+ /($,( de*ends u*'n t(e ,'nd$t$'n t(at

e0ery 'ne a,ts as (e 'u-(t4 $n 't(er /'rds) t(at all a,t$'ns '+reas'nable be$n-s be su,( as t(ey /'uld be $+ t(ey s*run- +r'm aSu*reme 2$ll) ,'m*re(end$n- $n) 'r under) $tsel+ all *art$,ular /$lls!3ut s$n,e t(e m'ral la/ $s b$nd$n- 'n ea,( $nd$0$dual $n t(e use '+($s +reed'm '+ 0'l$t$'n) e0en $+ 't(ers s('uld n't a,t $n ,'n+'rm$ty/$t( t($s la/) ne$t(er t(e nature '+ t($n-s) n'r t(e ,ausal$ty '+a,t$'ns and t(e$r relat$'n t' m'ral$ty) determ$ne ('/ t(e ,'nse.uen,es'+ t(ese a,t$'ns /$ll be related t' (a**$ness4 and t(e ne,essary,'nne,t$'n '+ t(e ('*e '+ (a**$ness /$t( t(e un,eas$n- endea0'ur t'be,'me /'rt(y '+ (a**$ness) ,ann't be ,'-n$;ed by reas'n) $+ /e ta%enature al'ne +'r 'ur -u$de! T($s ,'nne,t$'n ,an be ('*ed +'r 'nly 'nt(e assum*t$'n t(at t(e ,ause '+ nature $s a su*reme reas'n) /($,(-'0erns a,,'rd$n- t' m'ral la/s!-

I term t(e $dea '+ an $ntell$-en,e $n /($,( t(e m'rally m'st *er+e,t/$ll) un$ted /$t( su*reme blessedness) $s t(e ,ause '+ all (a**$ness$n t(e /'rld) s' +ar as (a**$ness stands $n str$,t relat$'n t'm'ral$ty =as t(e /'rt($ness '+ be$n- (a**y>) t(e $deal '+ t(esu*reme ''d! su*reme 'r$-$nal -''d) t(at *ure reas'n ,an +$nd t(e-r'und '+ t(e *ra,t$,ally ne,essary ,'nne,t$'n '+ b't( elements '+ t(e($-(est der$0at$0e -''d) and a,,'rd$n-ly '+ an $ntell$-$ble) t(at$s) m'ral /'rld! N'/ s$n,e /e are ne,ess$tated by reas'n t' ,'n,e$0e'ursel0es as bel'n-$n- t' su,( a /'rld) /($le t(e senses *resent t' usn't($n- but a /'rld '+ *(en'mena) /e must assume t(e +'rmer as a,'nse.uen,e '+ 'ur ,'ndu,t $n t(e /'rld '+ sense =s$n,e t(e /'rld '+sense -$0es us n' ($nt '+ $t>) and t(ere+'re as +uture $n relat$'n

t' us! T(us 'd and a +uture l$+e are t/' (y*'t(eses /($,()a,,'rd$n- t' t(e *r$n,$*les '+ *ure reas'n) are $nse*arable +r'm t(e'bl$-at$'n /($,( t($s reas'n $m*'ses u*'n us!'

"'ral$ty *er se ,'nst$tutes a system! 3ut /e ,an +'rm n' system '+(a**$ness) e,e*t $n s' +ar as $t $s d$s*ensed $n str$,t *r'*'rt$'n t'm'ral$ty! 3ut t($s $s 'nly *'ss$ble $n t(e $ntell$-$ble /'rld) under a/$se aut('r and ruler! Su,( a ruler) t'-et(er /$t( l$+e $n su,( a/'rld) /($,( /e must l''% u*'n as +uture) reas'n +$nds $tsel+,'m*elled t' assume4 'r $t must re-ard t(e m'ral la/s as $dledreams) s$n,e t(e ne,essary ,'nse.uen,e /($,( t($s same reas'n

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,'nne,ts /$t( t(em must) /$t('ut t($s (y*'t(es$s) +all t' t(e-r'und! Hen,e als' t(e m'ral la/s are un$0ersally re-arded as,'mmands) /($,( t(ey ,'uld n't be d$d t(ey n't ,'nne,t a *r$'r$ade.uate ,'nse.uen,es /$t( t(e$r d$,tates) and t(us ,arry /$t( t(em*r'm$ses and t(reats! 3ut t($s) a-a$n) t(ey ,'uld n't d') d$d t(ey n'tres$de $n a ne,essary be$n-) as t(e Su*reme ''d) /($,( al'ne ,anrender su,( a tele'l'-$,al un$ty *'ss$ble!r

<e$bn$t; termed t(e /'rld) /(en 0$e/ed $n relat$'n t' t(e rat$'nalbe$n-s /($,( $t ,'nta$ns) and t(e m'ral relat$'ns $n /($,( t(eystand t' ea,( 't(er) under t(e -'0ernment '+ t(e Su*reme ''d) t(e%$n-d'm '+ ra,e) and d$st$n-u$s(ed $t +r'm t(e %$n-d'm '+ Nature)$n /($,( t(ese rat$'nal be$n-s l$0e) under m'ral la/s) $ndeed) bute*e,t n' 't(er ,'nse.uen,es +r'm t(e$r a,t$'ns t(an su,( as +'ll'/a,,'rd$n- t' t(e ,'urse '+ nature $n t(e /'rld '+ sense! T' 0$e/'ursel0es) t(ere+'re) as $n t(e %$n-d'm '+ -ra,e) $n /($,( all(a**$ness a/a$ts us) e,e*t $n s' +ar as /e 'ursel0es l$m$t 'ur*art$,$*at$'n $n $t by a,t$'ns /($,( render us un/'rt(y '+(a**$ness) $s a *ra,t$,ally ne,essary $dea '+ reas'n!(

Pra,t$,al la/s) $n s' +ar as t(ey are sub&e,t$0e -r'unds '+ a,t$'ns)

t(at $s) sub&e,t$0e *r$n,$*les) are termed ma$ms! T(e &ud-ements '+m'ral a,,'rd$n- t' $n $ts *ur$ty and ult$mate results are +rameda,,'rd$n- $deas4 t(e 'bser0an,e '+ $ts la/s) a,,'rd$n- t' a,,'rd$n- t'ma$ms!m

T(e /('le ,'urse '+ 'ur l$+e must be sub&e,t t' m'ral ma$ms4 butt($s $s $m*'ss$ble) unless /$t( t(e m'ral la/) /($,( $s a mere $dea)reas'n ,'nne,ts an e++$,$ent ,ause /($,( 'rda$ns t' all ,'ndu,t/($,( $s $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e m'ral la/ an $ssue e$t(er $n t($s 'r$n an't(er l$+e) /($,( $s $n ea,t ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( 'ur ($-(est a$ms!T(us) /$t('ut a 'd and /$t('ut a /'rld) $n0$s$ble t' us n'/) but('*ed +'r) t(e -l'r$'us $deas '+ m'ral$ty are) $ndeed) 'b&e,ts '+a**r'bat$'n and '+ adm$rat$'n) but ,ann't be t(e s*r$n-s '+ *ur*'se

and a,t$'n! F'r t(ey d' n't sat$s+y all t(e a$ms /($,( are naturalt' e0ery rat$'nal be$n-) and /($,( are determ$ned a *r$'r$ by *urereas'n $tsel+) and ne,essary!r

Ha**$ness al'ne $s) $n t(e 0$e/ '+ reas'n) +ar +r'm be$n- t(e,'m*lete -''d! Reas'n d'es n't a**r'0e '+ $t =('/e0er mu,( $n,l$nat$'nmay des$re $t>) e,e*t as un$ted /$t( desert! On t(e 't(er (and)m'ral$ty al'ne) and /$t( $t) mere desert) $s l$%e/$se +ar +r'm be$n-t(e ,'m*lete -''d! T' ma%e $t ,'m*lete) (e /(' ,'ndu,ts ($msel+ $n amanner n't un/'rt(y '+ (a**$ness) must be able t' ('*e +'r t(e*'ssess$'n '+ (a**$ness! E0en reas'n) unb$ased by *r$0ate ends) 'r$nterested ,'ns$derat$'ns) ,ann't &ud-e 't(er/$se) $+ $t *uts $tsel+$n t(e *la,e '+ a be$n- /('se bus$ness $t $s t' d$s*ense all (a**$ness

t' 't(ers! F'r $n t(e *ra,t$,al $dea b't( *'$nts are essent$ally,'mb$ned) t('u-( $n su,( a /ay t(at *art$,$*at$'n $n (a**$ness $srendered *'ss$ble by t(e m'ral d$s*'s$t$'n) as $ts ,'nd$t$'n) andn't ,'n0ersely) t(e m'ral d$s*'s$t$'n by t(e *r's*e,t '+ (a**$ness!F'r a d$s*'s$t$'n /($,( s('uld re.u$re t(e *r's*e,t '+ (a**$ness as$ts ne,essary ,'nd$t$'n /'uld n't be m'ral) and (en,e als' /'uld n'tbe /'rt(y '+ ,'m*lete (a**$ness5 a (a**$ness /($,() $n t(e 0$e/ '+reas'n) re,'-n$;es n' l$m$tat$'n but su,( as ar$ses +r'm 'ur '/n$mm'ral ,'ndu,t!$

Ha**$ness) t(ere+'re) $n ea,t *r'*'rt$'n /$t( t(e m'ral$ty '+

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rat$'nal be$n-s =/(ereby t(ey are made /'rt(y '+ (a**$ness>),'nst$tutes al'ne t(e su*reme -''d '+ a /'rld $nt' /($,( /e abs'lutelymust trans*'rt 'ursel0es a,,'rd$n- t' t(e ,'mmands '+ *ure but*ra,t$,al reas'n! T($s /'rld $s) $t $s true) 'nly an $ntell$-$ble/'rld4 +'r '+ su,( a systemat$, un$ty '+ ends as $t re.u$res) t(e/'rld '+ sense -$0es us n' ($nt! Its real$ty ,an be based 'n n't($n-else but t(e (y*'t(es$s '+ a su*reme 'r$-$nal -''d! In $t$nde*endent reas'n) e.u$**ed /$t( all t(e su++$,$en,y '+ a su*reme

,ause) +'unds) ma$nta$ns) and +ul+$ls t(e un$0ersal 'rder '+ t($n-s)/$t( t(e m'st *er+e,t tele'l'-$,al (arm'ny) ('/e0er mu,( t($s 'rdermay be ($dden +r'm us $n t(e /'rld '+ sense!m

T($s m'ral t(e'l'-y (as t(e *e,ul$ar ad0anta-e) $n ,'ntrast /$t(s*e,ulat$0e t(e'l'-y) '+ lead$n- $ne0$tably t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ as'le) *er+e,t) and rat$'nal F$rst Cause) /(ere'+ s*e,ulat$0et(e'l'-y d'es n't -$0e us any $nd$,at$'n 'n 'b&e,t$0e -r'unds) +arless any ,'n0$n,$n- e0$den,e! F'r /e +$nd ne$t(er $n trans,endentaln'r $n natural t(e'l'-y) ('/e0er +ar reas'n may lead us $n t(ese)any -r'und t' /arrant us $n assum$n- t(e e$sten,e '+ 'ne 'nly3e$n-) /($,( stands at t(e (ead '+ all natural ,auses) and 'n /($,(t(ese are ent$rely de*endent! On t(e 't(er band) $+ /e ta%e 'ur

stand 'n m'ral un$ty as a ne,essary la/ '+ t(e un$0erse) and +r'm t($s*'$nt '+ 0$e/ ,'ns$der /(at $s ne,essary t' -$0e t($s la/ ade.uatee++$,$en,y and) +'r us) 'bl$-at'ry +'r,e) /e must ,'me t' t(e,'n,lus$'n t(at t(ere $s 'ne 'nly su*reme /$ll) /($,( ,'m*re(endsall t(ese la/s $n $tsel+! F'r ('/) under d$++erent /$lls) s('uld /e+$nd ,'m*lete un$ty '+ ends@ T($s /$ll must be 'mn$*'tent) t(at allnature and $ts relat$'n t' m'ral$ty $n t(e /'rld may be sub&e,t t' $t4'mn$s,$ent) t(at $t may (a0e %n'/led-e '+ t(e m'st se,ret +eel$n-s andt(e$r m'ral /'rt(4 'mn$*resent) t(at $t may be at (and t' su**ly e0eryne,ess$ty t' /($,( t(e ($-(est /eal '+ t(e /'rld may -$0e r$se4eternal) t(at t($s (arm'ny '+ nature and l$berty may ne0er +a$l4 ands' 'n!s

3ut t($s systemat$, un$ty '+ ends $n t($s /'rld '+ $ntell$-en,es5/($,() as mere nature) $s 'nly a /'rld '+ sense) but) as a system '++reed'm '+ 0'l$t$'n) may be termed an $ntell$-$ble) t(at $s) m'ral/'rld =re-num -rat$ae>5 leads $ne0$tably als' t' t(e tele'l'-$,alun$ty '+ all t($n-s /($,( ,'nst$tute t($s -reat /('le) a,,'rd$n- t'un$0ersal natural la/s5 &ust as t(e un$ty '+ t(e +'rmer $s a,,'rd$n-t' un$0ersal and ne,essary m'ral la/s5 and un$tes t(e *ra,t$,al /$t(t(e s*e,ulat$0e reas'n! T(e /'rld must be re*resented as (a0$n-'r$-$nated +r'm an $dea) $+ $t $s t' (arm'n$;e /$t( t(at use '+ reas'n/$t('ut /($,( /e ,ann't e0en ,'ns$der 'ursel0es as /'rt(y '+ reas'n5namely) t(e m'ral use) /($,( rests ent$rely 'n t(e $dea '+ t(e su*reme-''d! Hen,e t(e $n0est$-at$'n '+ nature re,e$0es a tele'l'-$,ald$re,t$'n) and be,'mes) $n $ts /$dest etens$'n) *(ys$,'5t(e'l'-y! 3ut

t($s) ta%$n- $ts r$se $n m'ral 'rder as a un$ty +'unded 'n t(e essen,e'+ +reed'm) and n't a,,$dentally $nst$tuted by eternal ,'mmands)establ$s(es t(e tele'l'-$,al 0$e/ '+ nature 'n -r'unds /($,( must be$nse*arably ,'nne,ted /$t( t(e $nternal *'ss$b$l$ty '+ t($n-s! T($s-$0es r$se t' a trans,endental t(e'l'-y) /($,( ta%es t(e $deal '+t(e ($-(est 'nt'l'-$,al *er+e,t$'n as a *r$n,$*le '+ systemat$, un$ty4and t($s *r$n,$*le ,'nne,ts all t($n-s a,,'rd$n- t' un$0ersal andne,essary natural la/s) be,ause all t($n-s (a0e t(e$r 'r$-$n $n t(eabs'lute ne,ess$ty '+ t(e 'ne 'nly Pr$mal 3e$n-!a

2(at use ,an /e ma%e '+ 'ur understand$n-) e0en $n res*e,t '+

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e*er$en,e) $+ /e d' n't *r'*'se ends t' 'ursel0es@ 3ut t(e ($-(estends are t('se '+ m'ral$ty) and $t $s 'nly *ure reas'n t(at ,an -$0eus t(e %n'/led-e '+ t(ese! T('u-( su**l$ed /$t( t(ese) and *utt$n-'ursel0es under t(e$r -u$dan,e) /e ,an ma%e n' tele'l'-$,al use '+ t(e%n'/led-e '+ nature) as re-ards ,'-n$t$'n) unless nature $tsel+ (asestabl$s(ed tele'l'-$,al un$ty! F'r /$t('ut t($s un$ty /e s('uld n'te0en *'ssess reas'n) be,ause /e s('uld (a0e n' s,(''l +'r reas'n)and n' ,ult$0at$'n t(r'u-( 'b&e,ts /($,( a++'rd t(e mater$als +'r

$ts ,'n,e*t$'ns! 3ut tele'l'-$,al un$ty $s a ne,essary un$ty) and+'unded 'n t(e essen,e '+ t(e $nd$0$dual /$ll $tsel+! Hen,e t($s /$ll)/($,( $s t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t($s un$ty $n ,'n,ret')must be s' l$%e/$se! In t($s /ay t(e trans,endental enlar-ement '+ 'urrat$'nal ,'-n$t$'n /'uld be) n't t(e ,ause) but merely t(e e++e,t '+t(e *ra,t$,al tele'l'-y /($,( *ure reas'n $m*'ses u*'n us!t

Hen,e) als') /e +$nd $n t(e ($st'ry '+ (uman reas'n t(at) be+'re t(em'ral ,'n,e*t$'ns /ere su++$,$ently *ur$+$ed and determ$ned) andbe+'re men (ad atta$ned t' a *er,e*t$'n '+ t(e systemat$, un$ty '+ends a,,'rd$n- t' t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns and +r'm ne,essary *r$n,$*les) t(e%n'/led-e '+ nature) and e0en a ,'ns$derable am'unt '+ $ntelle,tual,ulture $n many 't(er s,$en,es) ,'uld *r'du,e 'nly rude and 0a-ue

,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e #e$ty) s'met$mes e0en adm$tt$n- '+ an ast'n$s($n-$nd$++eren,e /$t( re-ard t' t($s .uest$'n alt'-et(er! 3ut t(e m'reenlar-ed treatment '+ m'ral $deas) /($,( /as rendered ne,essary by t(eetreme *ure m'ral la/ '+ 'ur rel$-$'n) a/a%ened t(e $nterest) andt(ereby .u$,%ened t(e *er,e*t$'ns '+ reas'n $n relat$'n t' t($s'b&e,t! In t($s /ay) and /$t('ut t(e (el* e$t(er '+ an etendeda,.ua$ntan,e /$t( nature) 'r '+ a rel$able trans,endental $ns$-(t =+'rt(ese (a0e been /ant$n- $n all a-es>) a ,'n,e*t$'n '+ t(e #$0$ne 3e$n-/as arr$0ed at) /($,( /e n'/ b'ld t' be t(e ,'rre,t 'ne) n't be,auses*e,ulat$0e reas'n ,'n0$n,es us '+ $ts ,'rre,tness) but be,ause $ta,,'rds /$t( t(e m'ral *r$n,$*les '+ reas'n! T(us $t $s t' *urereas'n) but 'nly $n $ts *ra,t$,al use) t(at /e must as,r$be t(emer$t '+ (a0$n- ,'nne,ted /$t( 'ur ($-(est $nterest a ,'-n$t$'n) '+

/($,( mere s*e,ulat$'n /as able 'nly t' +'rm a ,'n&e,ture) but t(e0al$d$ty '+ /($,( $t /as unable t' establ$s(5 and '+ (a0$n- t(erebyrendered $t) n't $ndeed a dem'nstrated d'-ma) but a (y*'t(es$sabs'lutely ne,essary t' t(e essent$al ends '+ reas'n!a

3ut $+ *ra,t$,al reas'n (as rea,(ed t($s ele0at$'n) and (as atta$nedt' t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ a s'le Pr$mal 3e$n- as t(e su*reme -''d) $tmust n't) t(ere+'re) $ma-$ne t(at $t (as trans,ended t(e em*$r$,al,'nd$t$'ns '+ $ts a**l$,at$'n) and r$sen t' t(e $mmed$ate ,'-n$t$'n '+ne/ 'b&e,ts4 $t must n't *resume t' start +r'm t(e ,'n,e*t$'n /($,( $t(as -a$ned) and t' dedu,e +r'm $t t(e m'ral la/s t(emsel0es! F'r $t/as t(ese 0ery la/s) t(e $nternal *ra,t$,al ne,ess$ty '+ /($,( ledus t' t(e (y*'t(es$s '+ an $nde*endent ,ause) 'r '+ a /$se ruler '+

t(e un$0erse) /(' s('uld -$0e t(em e++e,t! Hen,e /e are n't ent$tledt' re-ard t(em as a,,$dental and der$0ed +r'm t(e mere /$ll '+ t(eruler) es*e,$ally as /e (a0e n' ,'n,e*t$'n '+ su,( a /$ll) e,e*t as+'rmed $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( t(ese la/s! S' +ar) t(en) as *ra,t$,alreas'n (as t(e r$-(t t' ,'ndu,t us) /e s(all n't l''% u*'n a,t$'nsas b$nd$n- 'n us) be,ause t(ey are t(e ,'mmands '+ 'd) but /e s(allre-ard t(em as d$0$ne ,'mmands) be,ause /e are $nternally b'und byt(em! 2e s(all study +reed'm under t(e tele'l'-$,al un$ty /($,(a,,'rds /$t( *r$n,$*les '+ reas'n4 /e s(all l''% u*'n 'ursel0es asa,t$n- $n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e d$0$ne /$ll 'nly $n s' +ar as /e ('ldsa,red t(e m'ral la/ /($,( reas'n tea,(es us +r'm t(e nature '+

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a,t$'ns t(emsel0es) and /e s(all bel$e0e t(at /e ,an 'bey t(at /$ll'nly by *r'm't$n- t(e /eal '+ t(e un$0erse $n 'ursel0es and $n 't(ers!"'ral t(e'l'-y $s) t(ere+'re) 'nly '+ $mmanent use! It tea,(es us t'+ul+$l 'ur dest$ny (ere $n t(e /'rld) by *la,$n- 'ursel0es $n(arm'ny /$t( t(e -eneral system '+ ends) and /arns us a-a$nst t(e+anat$,$sm) nay) t(e ,r$me '+ de*r$0$n- reas'n '+ $ts le-$slat$0eaut('r$ty $n t(e m'ral ,'ndu,t '+ l$+e) +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ d$re,tly,'nne,t$n- t($s aut('r$ty /$t( t(e $dea '+ t(e Su*reme 3e$n-! F'r t($s

/'uld be) n't an $mmanent) but a trans,endent use '+ m'ral t(e'l'-y)and) l$%e t(e trans,endent use '+ mere s*e,ulat$'n) /'uld $ne0$tably*er0ert and +rustrate t(e ult$mate ends '+ reas'n!*

SECTION III! O+ O*$n$'n) Kn'/led-e) and 3el$e+!

T(e ('ld$n- '+ a t($n- t' be true $s a *(en'men'n $n 'urunderstand$n- /($,( may rest 'n 'b&e,t$0e -r'unds) but re.u$res) als')sub&e,t$0e ,auses $n t(e m$nd '+ t(e *ers'n &ud-$n-! I+ a &ud-ement $s0al$d +'r e0ery rat$'nal be$n-) t(en $ts -r'und $s 'b&e,t$0elysu++$,$ent) and $t $s termed a ,'n0$,t$'n! I+) 'n t(e 't(er (and) $t(as $ts -r'und $n t(e *art$,ular ,(ara,ter '+ t(e sub&e,t) $t $stermed a *ersuas$'n!t

Persuas$'n $s a mere $llus$'n) t(e -r'und '+ t(e &ud-ement) /($,(l$es s'lely $n t(e sub&e,t) be$n- re-arded as 'b&e,t$0e! Hen,e a&ud-ement '+ t($s %$nd (as 'nly *r$0ate 0al$d$ty5 $s 'nly 0al$d +'rt(e $nd$0$dual /(' &ud-es) and t(e ('ld$n- '+ a t($n- t' be true $nt($s /ay ,ann't be ,'mmun$,ated! 3ut trut( de*ends u*'n a-reement /$t(t(e 'b&e,t) and ,'nse.uently t(e &ud-ements '+ all understand$n-s)$+ true) must be $n a-reement /$t( ea,( 't(er =,'nsent$ent$a un$tert$' ,'nsent$unt $nter se>! C'n0$,t$'n may) t(ere+'re) bed$st$n-u$s(ed) +r'm an eternal *'$nt '+ 0$e/) +r'm *ersuas$'n) by t(e*'ss$b$l$ty '+ ,'mmun$,at$n- $t and by s('/$n- $ts 0al$d$ty +'r t(ereas'n '+ e0ery man4 +'r $n t($s ,ase t(e *resum*t$'n) at least)ar$ses t(at t(e a-reement '+ all &ud-ements /$t( ea,( 't(er) $n

s*$te '+ t(e d$++erent ,(ara,ters '+ $nd$0$duals) rests u*'n t(e,'mm'n -r'und '+ t(e a-reement '+ ea,( /$t( t(e 'b&e,t) and t(us t(e,'rre,tness '+ t(e &ud-ement $s establ$s(ed!,

Persuas$'n) a,,'rd$n-ly) ,ann't be sub&e,t$0ely d$st$n-u$s(ed +r'm,'n0$,t$'n) t(at $s) s' l'n- as t(e sub&e,t 0$e/s $ts &ud-ement s$m*lyas a *(en'men'n '+ $ts '/n m$nd! 3ut $+ /e $n.u$re /(et(er t(e -r'unds'+ 'ur &ud-ement) /($,( are 0al$d +'r us) *r'du,e t(e same e++e,t 'nt(e reas'n '+ 't(ers as 'n 'ur '/n) /e (a0e t(en t(e means) t('u-('nly sub&e,t$0e means) n't) $ndeed) '+ *r'du,$n- ,'n0$,t$'n) but '+dete,t$n- t(e merely *r$0ate 0al$d$ty '+ t(e &ud-ement4 $n 't(er/'rds) '+ d$s,'0er$n- t(at t(ere $s $n $t t(e element '+ mere*ersuas$'n!*

I+ /e ,an) $n add$t$'n t' t($s) de0el'* t(e sub&e,t$0e ,auses '+ t(e&ud-ement) /($,( /e (a0e ta%en +'r $ts 'b&e,t$0e -r'unds) and t(use*la$n t(e de,e*t$0e &ud-ement as a *(en'men'n $n 'ur m$nd) a*artalt'-et(er +r'm t(e 'b&e,t$0e ,(ara,ter '+ t(e 'b&e,t) /e ,an t(ene*'se t(e $llus$'n and need be n' l'n-er de,e$0ed by $t) alt('u-() $+$ts sub&e,t$0e ,ause l$es $n 'ur nature) /e ,ann't ('*e alt'-et(ert' es,a*e $ts $n+luen,e!t

I ,an 'nly ma$nta$n) t(at $s) a++$rm as ne,essar$ly 0al$d +'re0ery 'ne) t(at /($,( *r'du,es ,'n0$,t$'n! Persuas$'n I may %ee* +'r

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mysel+) $+ $t $s a-reeable t' me4 but I ,ann't) and 'u-(t n't) t'attem*t t' $m*'se $t as b$nd$n- u*'n 't(ers!a

H'ld$n- +'r true) 'r t(e sub&e,t$0e 0al$d$ty '+ a &ud-ement $nrelat$'n t' ,'n0$,t$'n =/($,( $s) at t(e same t$me) 'b&e,t$0ely0al$d>) (as t(e t(ree +'ll'/$n- de-rees6 '*$n$'n) bel$e+) and%n'/led-e! O*$n$'n $s a ,'ns,$'usly $nsu++$,$ent &ud-ement)sub&e,t$0ely as /ell as 'b&e,t$0ely! 3el$e+ $s sub&e,t$0ely

su++$,$ent) but $s re,'-n$;ed as be$n- 'b&e,t$0ely $nsu++$,$ent!Kn'/led-e $s b't( sub&e,t$0ely and 'b&e,t$0ely su++$,$ent!Sub&e,t$0e su++$,$en,y $s termed ,'n0$,t$'n =+'r mysel+>4 'b&e,t$0esu++$,$en,y $s termed ,erta$nty =+'r all>! I need n't d/ell l'n-er'n t(e e*lanat$'n '+ su,( s$m*le ,'n,e*t$'ns!'

I must ne0er 0enture t' be '+ '*$n$'n) /$t('ut %n'/$n- s'met($n-) atleast) by /($,( my &ud-ement) $n $tsel+ merely *r'blemat$,al) $sbr'u-(t $nt' ,'nne,t$'n /$t( t(e trut(5 /($,( ,'nne,t$'n) alt('u-( n't*er+e,t) $s st$ll s'met($n- m're t(an an arb$trary +$,t$'n!"'re'0er) t(e la/ '+ su,( a ,'nne,t$'n must be ,erta$n! F'r $+) $nrelat$'n t' t($s la/) I (a0e n't($n- m're t(an '*$n$'n) my &ud-ement$s but a *lay '+ t(e $ma-$nat$'n) /$t('ut t(e least relat$'n t' trut(!

In t(e &ud-ements '+ *ure reas'n) '*$n$'n (as n' *la,e! F'r) as t(eyd' n't rest 'n em*$r$,al -r'unds and as t(e s*(ere '+ *ure reas'n $st(at '+ ne,essary trut( and a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n) t(e *r$n,$*le '+,'nne,t$'n $n $t re.u$res un$0ersal$ty and ne,ess$ty) and ,'nse.uently*er+e,t ,erta$nty5 't(er/$se /e s('uld (a0e n' -u$de t' t(e trut( atall! Hen,e $t $s absurd t' (a0e an '*$n$'n $n *ure mat(emat$,s4 /emust %n'/) 'r absta$n +r'm +'rm$n- a &ud-ement alt'-et(er! T(e ,ase $st(e same /$t( t(e ma$ms '+ m'ral$ty! F'r /e must n't (a;ard an a,t$'n'n t(e mere '*$n$'n t(at $t $s all'/ed) but /e must %n'/ $t t' be s'!'

In t(e trans,endental s*(ere '+ reas'n) 'n t(e 't(er (and) t(eterm '*$n$'n $s t'' /ea%) /($le t(e /'rd %n'/led-e $s t'' str'n-! Fr'mt(e merely s*e,ulat$0e *'$nt '+ 0$e/) t(ere+'re) /e ,ann't +'rm a

&ud-ement at all! F'r t(e sub&e,t$0e -r'unds '+ a &ud-ement) su,( as*r'du,e bel$e+) ,ann't be adm$tted $n s*e,ulat$0e $n.u$r$es)$nasmu,( as t(ey ,ann't stand /$t('ut em*$r$,al su**'rt and are$n,a*able '+ be$n- ,'mmun$,ated t' 't(ers $n e.ual measure!$

3ut $t $s 'nly +r'm t(e *ra,t$,al *'$nt '+ 0$e/ t(at a t(e'ret$,ally$nsu++$,$ent &ud-ement ,an be termed bel$e+! N'/ t(e *ra,t$,alre+eren,e $s e$t(er t' s%$ll 'r t' m'ral$ty4 t' t(e +'rmer) /(en t(eend *r'*'sed $s arb$trary and a,,$dental) t' t(e latter) /(en $t $sabs'lutely ne,essary!a

I+ /e *r'*'se t' 'ursel0es any end /(ate0er) t(e ,'nd$t$'ns '+ $tsatta$nment are (y*'t(et$,ally ne,essary! T(e ne,ess$ty $s

sub&e,t$0ely) but st$ll 'nly ,'m*arat$0ely) su++$,$ent) $+ I ama,.ua$nted /$t( n' 't(er ,'nd$t$'ns under /($,( t(e end ,an beatta$ned! On t(e 't(er (and) $t $s su++$,$ent) abs'lutely and +'re0ery 'ne) $+ I %n'/ +'r ,erta$n t(at n' 'ne ,an be a,.ua$nted /$t(any 't(er ,'nd$t$'ns under /($,( t(e atta$nment '+ t(e *r'*'sed end/'uld be *'ss$ble! In t(e +'rmer ,ase my su**'s$t$'n5 my &ud-ement/$t( re-ard t' ,erta$n ,'nd$t$'ns5 $s a merely a,,$dental bel$e+4 $nt(e latter $t $s a ne,essary bel$e+! T(e *(ys$,$an must *ursue s'me,'urse $n t(e ,ase '+ a *at$ent /(' $s $n dan-er) but $s $-n'rant '+t(e nature '+ t(e d$sease! He 'bser0es t(e sym*t'ms) and ,'n,ludes)a,,'rd$n- t' t(e best '+ ($s &ud-ement) t(at $t $s a ,ase '+ *(t($s$s!

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H$s bel$e+ $s) e0en $n ($s '/n &ud-ement) 'nly ,'nt$n-ent6 an't(er manm$-(t) *er(a*s ,'me nearer t(e trut(! Su,( a bel$e+) ,'nt$n-ent$ndeed) but st$ll +'rm$n- t(e -r'und '+ t(e a,tual use '+ means +'rt(e atta$nment '+ ,erta$n ends) I term Pra-mat$,al bel$e+!t

T(e usual test) /(et(er t(at /($,( any 'ne ma$nta$ns $s merely ($s*ersuas$'n) 'r ($s sub&e,t$0e ,'n0$,t$'n at least) t(at $s) ($s +$rmbel$e+) $s a bet! It +re.uently (a**ens t(at a man del$0ers ($s

'*$n$'ns /$t( s' mu,( b'ldness and assuran,e) t(at (e a**ears t' beunder n' a**re(ens$'n as t' t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ ($s be$n- $n err'r! T(e'++er '+ a bet startles ($m) and ma%es ($m *ause! S'met$mes $t turns'ut t(at ($s *ersuas$'n may be 0alued at a du,at) but n't at ten!F'r (e d'es n't (es$tate) *er(a*s) t' 0enture a du,at) but $+ $t $s*r'*'sed t' sta%e ten) (e $mmed$ately be,'mes a/are '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty'+ ($s be$n- m$sta%en5 a *'ss$b$l$ty /($,( (as ($t(ert' es,a*ed ($s'bser0at$'n! I+ /e $ma-$ne t' 'ursel0es t(at /e (a0e t' sta%e t(e(a**$ness '+ 'ur /('le l$+e 'n t(e trut( '+ any *r'*'s$t$'n) 'ur&ud-ement dr'*s $ts a$r '+ tr$um*() /e ta%e t(e alarm) and d$s,'0ert(e a,tual stren-t( '+ 'ur bel$e+! T(us *ra-mat$,al bel$e+ (asde-rees) 0ary$n- $n *r'*'rt$'n t' t(e $nterests at sta%e!d

N'/) $n ,ases /(ere /e ,ann't enter u*'n any ,'urse '+ a,t$'n $nre+eren,e t' s'me 'b&e,t) and /(ere) a,,'rd$n-ly) 'ur &ud-ement $s*urely t(e'ret$,al) /e ,an st$ll re*resent t' 'ursel0es) $n t('u-(t)t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a ,'urse '+ a,t$'n) +'r /($,( /e su**'se t(at /e(a0e su++$,$ent -r'unds) $+ any means e$sted '+ as,erta$n$n- t(etrut( '+ t(e matter! T(us /e +$nd $n *urely t(e'ret$,al &ud-ementsan anal'-'n '+ *ra,t$,al &ud-ements) t' /($,( t(e /'rd bel$e+ may*r'*erly be a**l$ed) and /($,( /e may term d',tr$nal bel$e+! Is('uld n't (es$tate t' sta%e my all 'n t(e trut( '+ t(e *r'*'s$t$'n5$+ t(ere /ere any *'ss$b$l$ty '+ br$n-$n- $t t' t(e test '+e*er$en,e5 t(at) at least) s'me 'ne '+ t(e *lanets) /($,( /e see)$s $n(ab$ted! Hen,e I say t(at I (a0e n't merely t(e '*$n$'n) butt(e str'n- bel$e+) 'n t(e ,'rre,tness '+ /($,( I /'uld sta%e e0en many

'+ t(e ad0anta-es '+ l$+e) t(at t(ere are $n(ab$tants $n 't(er /'rlds!'

N'/ /e must adm$t t(at t(e d',tr$ne '+ t(e e$sten,e '+ 'dbel'n-s t' d',tr$nal bel$e+! F'r) alt('u-( $n res*e,t t' t(et(e'ret$,al ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e un$0erse I d' n't re.u$re t' +'rm anyt(e'ry /($,( ne,essar$ly $n0'l0es t($s $dea) as t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ mye*lanat$'n '+ t(e *(en'mena /($,( t(e un$0erse *resents) but) 'nt(e ,'ntrary) am rat(er b'und s' t' use my reas'n as $+ e0eryt($n-/ere mere nature) st$ll tele'l'-$,al un$ty $s s' $m*'rtant a ,'nd$t$'n'+ t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ my reas'n t' nature) t(at $t $s $m*'ss$ble +'rme t' $-n're $t5 es*e,$ally s$n,e) $n add$t$'n t' t(ese,'ns$derat$'ns) abundant eam*les '+ $t are su**l$ed by e*er$en,e!3ut t(e s'le ,'nd$t$'n) s' +ar as my %n'/led-e etends) under /($,(

t($s un$ty ,an be my -u$de $n t(e $n0est$-at$'n '+ nature) $s t(eassum*t$'n t(at a su*reme $ntell$-en,e (as 'rdered all t($n-sa,,'rd$n- t' t(e /$sest ends! C'nse.uently) t(e (y*'t(es$s '+ a /$seaut('r '+ t(e un$0erse $s ne,essary +'r my -u$dan,e $n t(e$n0est$-at$'n '+ nature5 $s t(e ,'nd$t$'n under /($,( al'ne I ,an+ul+$l an end /($,( $s ,'nt$n-ent $ndeed) but by n' means un$m*'rtant!"'re'0er) s$n,e t(e result '+ my attem*ts s' +re.uently ,'n+$rms t(eut$l$ty '+ t($s assum*t$'n) and s$n,e n't($n- de,$s$0e ,an beaddu,ed a-a$nst $t) $t +'ll'/s t(at $t /'uld be say$n- +ar t''l$ttle t' term my &ud-ement) $n t($s ,ase) a mere '*$n$'n) and t(at)e0en $n t($s t(e'ret$,al ,'nne,t$'n) I may assert t(at I +$rmly

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bel$e0e $n 'd! St$ll) $+ /e use /'rds str$,tly) t($s must n't be,alled a *ra,t$,al) but a d',tr$nal bel$e+) /($,( t(e t(e'l'-y '+nature =*(ys$,'5t(e'l'-y> must als' *r'du,e $n my m$nd! In t(e/$sd'm '+ a Su*reme 3e$n-) and $n t(e s('rtness '+ l$+e) s' $nade.uatet' t(e de0el'*ment '+ t(e -l'r$'us *'/ers '+ (uman nature) /e may +$nde.ually su++$,$ent -r'unds +'r a d',tr$nal bel$e+ $n t(e +uture l$+e'+ t(e (uman s'ul!'

T(e e*ress$'n '+ bel$e+ $s) $n su,( ,ases) an e*ress$'n '+ m'desty+r'm t(e 'b&e,t$0e *'$nt '+ 0$e/) but) at t(e same t$me) '+ +$rm,'n+$den,e) +r'm t(e sub&e,t$0e! I+ I s('uld 0enture t' term t($smerely t(e'ret$,al &ud-ement e0en s' mu,( as a (y*'t(es$s /($,( I ament$tled t' assume4 a m're ,'m*lete ,'n,e*t$'n) /$t( re-ard t' an't(er/'rld and t' t(e ,ause '+ t(e /'rld) m$-(t t(en be &ustly re.u$red'+ me t(an I am) $n real$ty) able t' -$0e! F'r) $+ I assumeanyt($n-) e0en as a mere (y*'t(es$s) I must) at least) %n'/ s' mu,( '+t(e *r'*ert$es '+ su,( a be$n- as /$ll enable me) n't t' +'rm t(e,'n,e*t$'n) but t' $ma-$ne t(e e$sten,e '+ $t! 3ut t(e /'rd bel$e+re+ers 'nly t' t(e -u$dan,e /($,( an $dea -$0es me) and t' $tssub&e,t$0e $n+luen,e 'n t(e ,'ndu,t '+ my reas'n) /($,( +'r,es me t'('ld $t +ast) t('u-( I may n't be $n a *'s$t$'n t' -$0e a

s*e,ulat$0e a,,'unt '+ $t!s

3ut mere d',tr$nal bel$e+ $s) t' s'me etent) /ant$n- $nstab$l$ty! 2e '+ten .u$t 'ur ('ld '+ $t) $n ,'nse.uen,e '+ t(ed$++$,ult$es /($,( ',,ur $n s*e,ulat$'n) t('u-( $n t(e end /e$ne0$tably return t' $t a-a$n!$

It $s .u$te 't(er/$se /$t( m'ral bel$e+! F'r $n t($s s*(ere a,t$'n$s abs'lutely ne,essary) t(at $s) I must a,t $n 'bed$en,e t' t(e m'ralla/ $n all *'$nts! T(e end $s (ere $n,'ntr'0ert$bly establ$s(ed) andt(ere $s 'nly 'ne ,'nd$t$'n *'ss$ble) a,,'rd$n- t' t(e best '+ my*er,e*t$'n) under /($,( t($s end ,an (arm'n$;e /$t( all 't(er ends)and s' (a0e *ra,t$,al 0al$d$ty5 namely) t(e e$sten,e '+ a 'd and

'+ a +uture /'rld! I %n'/ als') t' a ,erta$nty) t(at n' 'ne ,an bea,.ua$nted /$t( any 't(er ,'nd$t$'ns /($,( ,'ndu,t t' t(e same un$ty'+ ends under t(e m'ral la/! 3ut s$n,e t(e m'ral *re,e*t $s) at t(esame t$me) my ma$m =as reas'n re.u$res t(at $t s('uld be>) I am$rres$st$bly ,'nstra$ned t' bel$e0e $n t(e e$sten,e '+ 'd and $n a+uture l$+e4 and I am sure t(at n't($n- ,an ma%e me /a0er $n t($sbel$e+) s$n,e I s('uld t(ereby '0ert(r'/ my m'ral ma$ms) t(erenun,$at$'n '+ /($,( /'uld render me (ate+ul $n my '/n eyes!r

T(us) /($le all t(e amb$t$'us attem*ts '+ reas'n t' *enetrate bey'ndt(e l$m$ts '+ e*er$en,e end $n d$sa**'$ntment) t(ere $s st$llen'u-( le+t t' sat$s+y us $n a *ra,t$,al *'$nt '+ 0$e/! N' 'ne) $t$s true) /$ll be able t' b'ast t(at (e %n'/s t(at t(ere $s a 'd and a

+uture l$+e4 +'r) $+ (e %n'/s t($s) be $s &ust t(e man /('m I (a0el'n- /$s(ed t' +$nd! All %n'/led-e) re-ard$n- an 'b&e,t '+ merereas'n) ,an be ,'mmun$,ated4 and I s('uld t(us be enabled t' ('*e t(atmy '/n %n'/led-e /'uld re,e$0e t($s /'nder+ul etens$'n) t(r'u-( t(e$nstrumental$ty '+ ($s $nstru,t$'n! N') my ,'n0$,t$'n $s n'tl'-$,al) but m'ral ,erta$nty4 and s$n,e $t rests 'n sub&e,t$0e -r'unds='+ t(e m'ral sent$ment>) I must n't e0en say6 It $s m'rally ,erta$nt(at t(ere $s a 'd) et,!) but6 I am m'rally ,erta$n) t(at $s) mybel$e+ $n 'd and $n an't(er /'rld $s s' $nter/'0en /$t( my m'ralnature t(at I am under as l$ttle a**re(ens$'n '+ (a0$n- t(e +'rmert'rn +r'm me as '+ l's$n- t(e latter!

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t

T(e 'nly *'$nt $n t($s ar-ument t(at may a**ear '*en t' sus*$,$'n $st(at t($s rat$'nal bel$e+ *resu**'ses t(e e$sten,e '+ m'ralsent$ments! I+ /e -$0e u* t($s assum*t$'n) and ta%e a man /(' $sent$rely $nd$++erent /$t( re-ard t' m'ral la/s) t(e .uest$'n /($,(reas'n *r'*'ses) be,'mes t(en merely a *r'blem +'r s*e,ulat$'n andmay) $ndeed) be su**'rted by str'n- -r'unds +r'm anal'-y) but n't bysu,( as /$ll ,'m*el t(e m'st 'bst$nate s,e*t$,$sm t' -$0e /ay! 3ut $n

t(ese .uest$'ns n' man $s +ree +r'm all $nterest! F'r t('u-( t(e/ant '+ -''d sent$ments may *la,e ($m bey'nd t(e $n+luen,e '+ m'ral$nterests) st$ll e0en $n t($s ,ase en'u-( may be le+t t' ma%e ($m +eart(e e$sten,e '+ 'd and a +uture l$+e! F'r (e ,ann't *retend t' any,erta$nty '+ t(e n'n5e$sten,e '+ 'd and '+ a +uture l$+e) unless5s$n,e $t ,'uld 'nly be *r'0ed by mere reas'n) and t(ere+'rea*'de$,t$,ally5 (e $s *re*ared t' establ$s( t(e $m*'ss$b$l$ty '+ b't()/($,( ,erta$nly n' reas'nable man /'uld underta%e t' d'! T($s /'uld bea ne-at$0e bel$e+) /($,( ,'uld n't) $ndeed) *r'du,e m'ral$ty and-''d sent$ments) but st$ll ,'uld *r'du,e an anal'-'n '+ t(ese) by'*erat$n- as a *'/er+ul restra$nt 'n t(e 'utbrea% '+ e0$ld$s*'s$t$'ns!d

T(e (uman m$nd =as) I bel$e0e) e0ery rat$'nal be$n- must '+ne,ess$ty d'> ta%es a natural $nterest $n m'ral$ty) alt('u-( t($s$nterest $s n't und$0$ded) and may n't be *ra,t$,ally $n*re*'nderan,e! I+ y'u stren-t(en and $n,rease $t) y'u /$ll +$nd t(ereas'n be,'me d',$le) m're enl$-(tened) and m're ,a*able '+ un$t$n-t(e s*e,ulat$0e $nterest /$t( t(e *ra,t$,al! 3ut $+ y'u d' n't ta%e,are at t(e 'utset) 'r at least m$d/ay) t' ma%e men -''d) y'u /$llne0er +'r,e t(em $nt' an ('nest bel$e+!n

3ut) $t /$ll be sa$d) $s t($s all t(at *ure reas'n ,an e++e,t) $n'*en$n- u* *r's*e,ts bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ e*er$en,e@ N't($n- m'ret(an t/' art$,les '+ bel$e+@ C'mm'n sense ,'uld (a0e d'ne as mu,( ast($s) /$t('ut ta%$n- t(e *($l's'*(ers t' ,'unsel $n t(e mattert

I s(all n't (ere eul'-$;e *($l's'*(y +'r t(e bene+$ts /($,( t(elab'r$'us e++'rts '+ $ts ,r$t$,$sm (a0e ,'n+erred 'n (uman reas'n5e0en -rant$n- t(at $ts mer$t s('uld turn 'ut $n t(e end t' be 'nlyne-at$0e5 +'r 'n t($s *'$nt s'met($n- m're /$ll be sa$d $n t(e netse,t$'n! 3ut) I as%) d' y'u re.u$re t(at t(at %n'/led-e /($,( ,'n,ernsall men) s('uld trans,end t(e ,'mm'n understand$n-) and s('uld 'nly bere0ealed t' y'u by *($l's'*(ers@ T(e 0ery ,$r,umstan,e /($,( (as,alled +'rt( y'ur ,ensure) $s t(e best ,'n+$rmat$'n '+ t(e ,'rre,tness'+ 'ur *re0$'us assert$'ns) s$n,e $t d$s,l'ses) /(at ,'uld n't (a0ebeen +'reseen) t(at Nature $s n't ,(ar-eable /$t( any *art$ald$str$but$'n '+ (er -$+ts $n t('se matters /($,( ,'n,ern all men/$t('ut d$st$n,t$'n and t(at) $n res*e,t t' t(e essent$al ends '+

(uman nature) /e ,ann't ad0an,e +urt(er /$t( t(e (el* '+ t(e ($-(est*($l's'*(y) t(an under t(e -u$dan,e /($,( nature (as 0'u,(sa+ed t' t(emeanest understand$n-!m

CHAPTER III! T(e Ar,($te,t'n$, '+ Pure Reas'n!

3y t(e term ar,($te,t'n$, I mean t(e art '+ ,'nstru,t$n- a system!2$t('ut systemat$, un$ty) 'ur %n'/led-e ,ann't be,'me s,$en,e4 $t /$llbe an a--re-ate) and n't a system! T(us ar,($te,t'n$, $s t(ed',tr$ne '+ t(e s,$ent$+$, $n ,'-n$t$'n) and t(ere+'re ne,essar$ly+'rms *art '+ 'ur met('d'l'-y!

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Reas'n ,ann't *erm$t 'ur %n'/led-e t' rema$n $n an un,'nne,ted andr(a*s'd$st$, state) but re.u$res t(at t(e sum '+ 'ur ,'-n$t$'ns s('uld,'nst$tute a system! It $s t(us al'ne t(at t(ey ,an ad0an,e t(e ends'+ reas'n! 3y a system I mean t(e un$ty '+ 0ar$'us ,'-n$t$'ns under'ne $dea! T($s $dea $s t(e ,'n,e*t$'n5 -$0en by reas'n5 '+ t(e +'rm '+a /('le) $n s' +ar as t(e ,'n,e*t$'n determ$nes a *r$'r$ n't 'nlyt(e l$m$ts '+ $ts ,'ntent) but t(e *la,e /($,( ea,( '+ $ts *arts $s t'

',,u*y! T(e s,$ent$+$, $dea ,'nta$ns) t(ere+'re) t(e end and t(e+'rm '+ t(e /('le /($,( $s $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( t(at end! T(e un$ty '+t(e end) t' /($,( all t(e *arts '+ t(e system relate) and t(r'u-(/($,( all (a0e a relat$'n t' ea,( 't(er) ,'mmun$,ates un$ty t' t(e/('le system) s' t(at t(e absen,e '+ any *art ,an be $mmed$atelydete,ted +r'm 'ur %n'/led-e '+ t(e rest4 and $t determ$nes a *r$'r$t(e l$m$ts '+ t(e system) t(us e,lud$n- all ,'nt$n-ent 'r arb$traryadd$t$'ns! T(e /('le $s t(us an 'r-an$sm =art$,ulat$'>) and n't ana--re-ate =,'a,er0at$'>4 $t may -r'/ +r'm /$t($n =*er$ntussus,e*t$'nem>) but $t ,ann't $n,rease by eternal add$t$'ns=*er a**'s$t$'nem>! It $s) t(us) l$%e an an$mal b'dy) t(e -r'/t( '+/($,( d'es n't add any l$mb) but) /$t('ut ,(an-$n- t(e$r*r'*'rt$'ns) ma%es ea,( $n $ts s*(ere str'n-er and m're a,t$0e!*

2e re.u$re) +'r t(e ee,ut$'n '+ t(e $dea '+ a system) a s,(ema)t(at $s) a ,'ntent and an arran-ement '+ *arts determ$ned a *r$'r$by t(e *r$n,$*le /($,( t(e a$m '+ t(e system *res,r$bes! A s,(ema/($,( $s n't *r'&e,ted $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( an $dea) t(at $s) +r'm t(estand*'$nt '+ t(e ($-(est a$m '+ reas'n) but merely em*$r$,ally) $na,,'rdan,e /$t( a,,$dental a$ms and *ur*'ses =t(e number '+ /($,(,ann't be *redeterm$ned>) ,an -$0e us n't($n- m're t(an te,(n$,alun$ty! 3ut t(e s,(ema /($,( $s 'r$-$nated +r'm an $dea =$n /($,(,ase reas'n *resents us /$t( a$ms a *r$'r$) and d'es n't l''% +'r t(emt' e*er$en,e>) +'rms t(e bas$s '+ ar,($te,t'n$,al un$ty! A s,$en,e)$n t(e *r'*er a,,e*tat$'n '+ t(at term! ,ann't be +'rmedte,(n$,ally) t(at $s) +r'm 'bser0at$'n '+ t(e s$m$lar$ty e$st$n-

bet/een d$++erent 'b&e,ts) and t(e *urely ,'nt$n-ent use /e ma%e '+'ur %n'/led-e $n ,'n,ret' /$t( re+eren,e t' all %$nds '+ arb$traryeternal a$ms4 $ts ,'nst$tut$'n must be +ramed 'n ar,($te,t'n$,al*r$n,$*les) t(at $s) $ts *arts must be s('/n t' *'ssess an essent$ala++$n$ty) and be ,a*able '+ be$n- dedu,ed +r'm 'ne su*reme and$nternal a$m 'r end) /($,( +'rms t(e ,'nd$t$'n '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+t(e s,$ent$+$, /('le! T(e s,(ema '+ a s,$en,e must -$0e a *r$'r$ t(e*lan '+ $t =m'n'-ramma>) and t(e d$0$s$'n '+ t(e /('le $nt' *arts)$n ,'n+'rm$ty /$t( t(e $dea '+ t(e s,$en,e4 and $t must als'd$st$n-u$s( t($s /('le +r'm all 't(ers) a,,'rd$n- t' ,erta$nunderst''d *r$n,$*les!u

N' 'ne /$ll attem*t t' ,'nstru,t a s,$en,e) unless (e (a0e s'me $dea

t' rest 'n as a *r'*er bas$s! 3ut) $n t(e elab'rat$'n '+ t(es,$en,e) (e +$nds t(at t(e s,(ema) nay) e0en t(e de+$n$t$'n /($,( (eat +$rst -a0e '+ t(e s,$en,e) rarely ,'rres*'nds /$t( ($s $dea4 +'rt($s $dea l$es) l$%e a -erm) $n 'ur reas'n) $ts *arts unde0el'*edand ($d e0en +r'm m$,r's,'*$,al 'bser0at$'n! F'r t($s reas'n) /e 'u-(tt' e*la$n and de+$ne s,$en,es) n't a,,'rd$n- t' t(e des,r$*t$'n /($,(t(e 'r$-$nat'r -$0es '+ t(em) but a,,'rd$n- t' t(e $dea /($,( /e+$nd based $n reas'n $tsel+) and /($,( $s su--ested by t(e naturalun$ty '+ t(e *arts '+ t(e s,$en,e already a,,umulated! F'r $t /$ll'+ ten be +'und t(at t(e 'r$-$nat'r '+ a s,$en,e and e0en ($s latestsu,,ess'rs rema$n atta,(ed t' an err'ne'us $dea) /($,( t(ey ,ann't

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render ,lear t' t(emsel0es) and t(at t(ey t(us +a$l $n determ$n$n- t(etrue ,'ntent) t(e art$,ulat$'n 'r systemat$, un$ty) and t(e l$m$ts'+ t(e$r s,$en,e!'

It $s un+'rtunate t(at) 'nly a+ter (a0$n- ',,u*$ed 'ursel0es +'r al'n- t$me $n t(e ,'lle,t$'n '+ mater$als) under t(e -u$dan,e '+ an$dea /($,( l$es unde0el'*ed $n t(e m$nd) but n't a,,'rd$n- t' anyde+$n$te *lan '+ arran-ement5 nay) 'nly a+ter /e (a0e s*ent mu,(

t$me and lab'ur $n t(e te,(n$,al d$s*'s$t$'n '+ 'ur mater$als) d'es $tbe,'me *'ss$ble t' 0$e/ t(e $dea '+ a s,$en,e $n a ,lear l$-(t) and t'*r'&e,t) a,,'rd$n- t' ar,($te,t'n$,al *r$n,$*les) a *lan '+ t(e /('le)$n a,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e a$ms '+ reas'n! Systems seem) l$%e ,erta$n/'rms) t' be +'rmed by a %$nd '+ -enerat$' ae.u$0',a5 by t(e mere,'n+luen,e '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns) and t' -a$n ,'m*leteness 'nly /$t( t(e*r'-ress '+ t$me! 3ut t(e s,(ema 'r -erm '+ all l$es $n reas'n4 andt(us $s n't 'nly e0ery system 'r-an$;ed a,,'rd$n- t' $ts '/n $dea) butall are un$ted $nt' 'ne -rand system '+ (uman %n'/led-e) '+ /($,( t(ey+'rm members! F'r t($s reas'n) $t $s *'ss$ble t' +rame anar,($te,t'n$, '+ all (uman ,'-n$t$'n) t(e +'rmat$'n '+ /($,() at t(e*resent t$me) ,'ns$der$n- t(e $mmense mater$als ,'lle,ted 'r t' be+'und $n t(e ru$ns '+ 'ld systems) /'uld n't $ndeed be 0ery d$++$,ult!

Our *ur*'se at *resent $s merely t' s%et,( t(e *lan '+ t(ear,($te,t'n$, '+ all ,'-n$t$'n -$0en by *ure reas'n4 and /e be-$n +r'mt(e *'$nt /(ere t(e ma$n r''t '+ (uman %n'/led-e d$0$des $nt' t/') 'ne'+ /($,( $s reas'n! 3y reas'n I understand (ere t(e /('le ($-(er+a,ulty '+ ,'-n$t$'n) t(e rat$'nal be$n- *la,ed $n ,'ntrad$st$n,t$'nt' t(e em*$r$,al!t

I+ I ma%e ,'m*lete abstra,t$'n '+ t(e ,'ntent '+ ,'-n$t$'n)'b&e,t$0ely ,'ns$dered) all ,'-n$t$'n $s) +r'm a sub&e,t$0e *'$nt '+0$e/) e$t(er ($st'r$,al 'r rat$'nal! H$st'r$,al ,'-n$t$'n $s,'-n$t$' e dat$s) rat$'nal) ,'-n$t$' e *r$n,$*$$s! 2(ate0er may bet(e 'r$-$nal s'ur,e '+ a ,'-n$t$'n) $t $s) $n relat$'n t' t(e *ers'n/(' *'ssesses $t) merely ($st'r$,al) $+ (e %n'/s 'nly /(at (as been

-$0en ($m +r'm an't(er .uarter) /(et(er t(at %n'/led-e /as,'mmun$,ated by d$re,t e*er$en,e 'r by $nstru,t$'n! T(us t(e Pers'n/(' (as learned a system '+ *($l's'*(y5 say t(e 2'l+$an5 alt('u-( (e(as a *er+e,t %n'/led-e '+ all t(e *r$n,$*les) de+$n$t$'ns) andar-uments $n t(at *($l's'*(y) as /ell as '+ t(e d$0$s$'ns t(at (a0ebeen made '+ t(e system) *'ssesses really n' m're t(an an ($st'r$,al%n'/led-e '+ t(e 2'l+$an system4 (e %n'/s 'nly /(at (as been t'ld ($m)($s &ud-ements are 'nly t('se /($,( (e (as re,e$0ed +r'm ($s tea,(ers!#$s*ute t(e 0al$d$ty '+ a de+$n$t$'n) and (e $s ,'m*letely at a l'sst' +$nd an't(er! He (as +'rmed ($s m$nd 'n an't(er?s4 but t(e$m$tat$0e +a,ulty $s n't t(e *r'du,t$0e! H$s %n'/led-e (as n't beendra/n +r'm reas'n4 and alt('u-() 'b&e,t$0ely ,'ns$dered) $t $srat$'nal %n'/led-e) sub&e,t$0ely) $t $s merely ($st'r$,al! He (as

learned t($s 'r t(at *($l's'*(y and $s merely a *laster ,ast '+ al$0$n- man! Rat$'nal ,'-n$t$'ns /($,( are 'b&e,t$0e) t(at $s) /($,((a0e t(e$r s'ur,e $n reas'n) ,an be s' termed +r'm a sub&e,t$0e*'$nt '+ 0$e/) 'nly /(en t(ey (a0e been dra/n by t(e $nd$0$dual($msel+ +r'm t(e s'ur,es '+ reas'n) t(at $s) +r'm *r$n,$*les4 and $t$s $n t($s /ay al'ne t(at ,r$t$,$sm) 'r e0en t(e re&e,t$'n '+ /(at (asbeen already learned) ,an s*r$n- u* $n t(e m$nd!b

All rat$'nal ,'-n$t$'n $s) a-a$n) based e$t(er 'n ,'n,e*t$'ns) 'r 'nt(e ,'nstru,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns! T(e +'rmer $s termed *($l's'*($,al)t(e latter mat(emat$,al! I (a0e already s('/n t(e essent$al d$++eren,e

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'+ t(ese t/' met('ds '+ ,'-n$t$'n $n t(e +$rst ,(a*ter! A ,'-n$t$'nmay be 'b&e,t$0ely *($l's'*($,al and sub&e,t$0ely ($st'r$,al5 as $st(e ,ase /$t( t(e ma&'r$ty '+ s,('lars and t('se /(' ,ann't l''%bey'nd t(e l$m$ts '+ t(e$r system) and /(' rema$n $n a state '+*u*$la-e all t(e$r l$0es! 3ut $t $s remar%able t(at mat(emat$,al%n'/led-e) /(en ,'mm$tted t' mem'ry) $s 0al$d) +r'm t(e sub&e,t$0e*'$nt '+ 0$e/) as rat$'nal %n'/led-e als') and t(at t(e samed$st$n,t$'n ,ann't be dra/n (ere as $n t(e ,ase '+ *($l's'*($,al

,'-n$t$'n! T(e reas'n $s t(at t(e 'nly /ay '+ arr$0$n- at t($s%n'/led-e $s t(r'u-( t(e essent$al *r$n,$*les '+ reas'n) and t(us $t$s al/ays ,erta$n and $nd$s*utable4 be,ause reas'n $s em*l'yed $n,'n,ret'5 but at t(e same t$me a *r$'r$5 t(at $s) $n *ure and)t(ere+'re) $n+all$ble $ntu$t$'n4 and t(us all ,auses '+ $llus$'n anderr'r are e,luded! O+ all t(e a *r$'r$ s,$en,es '+ reas'n) t(ere+'re)mat(emat$,s al'ne ,an be learned! P($l's'*(y5 unless $t be $n an($st'r$,al manner5 ,ann't be learned4 /e ,an at m'st learn t'*($l's'*($;e!*

P($l's'*(y $s t(e system '+ all *($l's'*($,al ,'-n$t$'n! 2e must uset($s term $n an 'b&e,t$0e sense) $+ /e understand by $t t(ear,(ety*e '+ all attem*ts at *($l's'*($;$n-) and t(e standard by /($,(

all sub&e,t$0e *($l's'*($es are t' be &ud-ed! In t($s sense)*($l's'*(y $s merely t(e $dea '+ a *'ss$ble s,$en,e) /($,( d'es n'te$st $n ,'n,ret') but t' /($,( /e endea0'ur $n 0ar$'us /ays t'a**r'$mate) unt$l /e (a0e d$s,'0ered t(e r$-(t *at( t' *ursue5 a *at('0er-r'/n by t(e err'rs and $llus$'ns '+ sense5 and t(e $ma-e /e(a0e ($t(ert' tr$ed $n 0a$n t' s(a*e (as be,'me a *er+e,t ,'*y '+t(e -reat *r't'ty*e! Unt$l t(at t$me) /e ,ann't learn *($l's'*(y5 $td'es n't e$st4 $+ $t d'es) /(ere $s $t) /(' *'ssesses $t) and ('/s(all /e %n'/ $t@ 2e ,an 'nly learn t' *($l's'*($;e4 $n 't(er /'rds)/e ,an 'nly eer,$se 'ur *'/ers '+ reas'n$n- $n a,,'rdan,e /$t(-eneral *r$n,$*les) reta$n$n- at t(e same t$me) t(e r$-(t '+$n0est$-at$n- t(e s'ur,es '+ t(ese *r$n,$*les) '+ test$n-) and e0en '+re&e,t$n- t(em!r

Unt$l t(en) 'ur ,'n,e*t$'n '+ *($l's'*(y $s 'nly a s,('last$,,'n,e*t$'n5 a ,'n,e*t$'n) t(at $s) '+ a system '+ ,'-n$t$'n /($,( /eare try$n- t' elab'rate $nt' a s,$en,e4 all t(at /e at *resent %n'/be$n- t(e systemat$, un$ty '+ t($s ,'-n$t$'n) and ,'nse.uently t(el'-$,al ,'m*leteness '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n +'r t(e des$red end! 3ut t(ere$s als' a ,'sm$,al ,'n,e*t$'n =,'n,e*tus ,'sm$,us> '+ *($l's'*(y)/($,( (as al/ays +'rmed t(e true bas$s '+ t($s term) es*e,$ally /(en*($l's'*(y /as *ers'n$+$ed and *resented t' us $n t(e $deal '+ a*($l's'*(er! In t($s 0$e/ *($l's'*(y $s t(e s,$en,e '+ t(e relat$'n '+all ,'-n$t$'n t' t(e ult$mate and essent$al a$ms '+ (uman reas'n=tele'l'-$a rat$'n$s (umanae>) and t(e *($l's'*(er $s n't merely anart$st5 /(' ',,u*$es ($msel+ /$t( ,'n,e*t$'ns5 but a la/-$0er)

le-$slat$n- +'r (uman reas'n! In t($s sense '+ t(e /'rd) $t /'uld be$n t(e ($-(est de-ree arr'-ant t' assume t(e t$tle '+ *($l's'*(er) andt' *retend t(at /e (ad rea,(ed t(e *er+e,t$'n '+ t(e *r't'ty*e /($,(l$es $n t(e $dea al'ne!l

T(e mat(emat$,$an) t(e natural *($l's'*(er) and t(e l'-$,$an5 ('/+ar s'e0er t(e +$rst may (a0e ad0an,ed $n rat$'nal) and t(e t/' latter$n *($l's'*($,al %n'/led-e5 are merely art$sts) en-a-ed $n t(earran-ement and +'rmat$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns4 t(ey ,ann't be termed*($l's'*(ers! Ab'0e t(em all) t(ere $s t(e $deal tea,(er) /('em*l'ys t(em as $nstruments +'r t(e ad0an,ement '+ t(e essent$al

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a$ms '+ (uman reas'n! H$m al'ne ,an /e ,all *($l's'*(er4 but (en'/(ere e$sts! 3ut t(e $dea '+ ($s le-$slat$0e *'/er res$des $n t(em$nd '+ e0ery man) and $t al'ne tea,(es us /(at %$nd '+ systemat$,un$ty *($l's'*(y demands $n 0$e/ '+ t(e ult$mate a$ms '+ reas'n!T($s $dea $s) t(ere+'re) a ,'sm$,al ,'n,e*t$'n!T

3y a ,'sm$,al ,'n,e*t$'n) I mean 'ne $n /($,( all men ne,essar$lyta%e an $nterest4 t(e a$m '+ a s,$en,e must a,,'rd$n-ly be

determ$ned a,,'rd$n- t' s,('last$, ,'n,e*t$'ns) $+ $t $s re-ardedmerely as a means t' ,erta$n arb$trar$ly *r'*'sed ends!m

In 0$e/ '+ t(e ,'m*lete systemat$, un$ty '+ reas'n) t(ere ,an 'nlybe 'ne ult$mate end '+ all t(e '*erat$'ns '+ t(e m$nd! T' t($s all't(er a$ms are sub'rd$nate) and n't($n- m're t(an means +'r $tsatta$nment! T($s ult$mate end $s t(e dest$nat$'n '+ man) and t(e*($l's'*(y /($,( relates t' $t $s termed m'ral *($l's'*(y! T(esu*er$'r *'s$t$'n ',,u*$ed by m'ral *($l's'*(y) ab'0e all 't(ers*(eres +'r t(e '*erat$'ns '+ reas'n) su++$,$ently $nd$,ates t(ereas'n /(y t(e an,$ents al/ays $n,luded t(e $dea5 and $n an es*e,$almanner5 '+ m'ral$st $n t(at '+ *($l's'*(er! E0en at t(e *resent day)/e ,all a man /(' a**ears t' (a0e t(e *'/er '+ sel+5-'0ernment) e0en

alt('u-( ($s %n'/led-e may be 0ery l$m$ted) by t(e name '+*($l's'*(er!*

T(e le-$slat$'n '+ (uman reas'n) 'r *($l's'*(y) (as t/' 'b&e,ts5nature and +reed'm5 and t(us ,'nta$ns n't 'nly t(e la/s '+ nature) butals' t('se '+ et($,s) at +$rst $n t/' se*arate systems) /($,()+$nally) mer-e $nt' 'ne -rand *($l's'*($,al system '+ ,'-n$t$'n! T(e*($l's'*(y '+ nature relates t' t(at /($,( $s) t(at '+ et($,s t't(at /($,( 'u-(t t' be!t

3ut all *($l's'*(y $s e$t(er ,'-n$t$'n 'n t(e bas$s '+ *urereas'n) 'r t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ reas'n 'n t(e bas$s '+ em*$r$,al*r$n,$*les! T(e +'rmer $s termed *ure) t(e latter em*$r$,al

*($l's'*(y!*

T(e *($l's'*(y '+ *ure reas'n $s e$t(er *r'*aedeut$,) t(at $s) an$n.u$ry $nt' t(e *'/ers '+ reas'n $n re-ard t' *ure a *r$'r$,'-n$t$'n) and $s termed ,r$t$,al *($l's'*(y4 'r $t $s) se,'ndly)t(e system '+ *ure reas'n5 a s,$en,e ,'nta$n$n- t(e systemat$,*resentat$'n '+ t(e /('le b'dy '+ *($l's'*($,al %n'/led-e) true as/ell as $llus'ry) -$0en by *ure reas'n5 and $s ,alled meta*(ys$,! T($sname may) ('/e0er) be als' -$0en t' t(e /('le system '+ *ure*($l's'*(y) ,r$t$,al *($l's'*(y $n,luded) and may des$-nate t(e$n0est$-at$'n $nt' t(e s'ur,es 'r *'ss$b$l$ty '+ a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n)as /ell as t(e *resentat$'n '+ t(e a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'ns /($,( +'rm asystem '+ *ure *($l's'*(y5 e,lud$n-) at t(e same t$me) all

em*$r$,al and mat(emat$,al elements!e

"eta*(ys$, $s d$0$ded $nt' t(at '+ t(e s*e,ulat$0e and t(at '+ t(e*ra,t$,al use '+ *ure reas'n) and $s) a,,'rd$n-ly) e$t(er t(emeta*(ys$, '+ nature) 'r t(e meta*(ys$, '+ et($,s! T(e +'rmer ,'nta$nsall t(e *ure rat$'nal *r$n,$*les5 based u*'n ,'n,e*t$'ns al'ne =andt(us e,lud$n- mat(emat$,s>5 '+ all t(e'ret$,al ,'-n$t$'n4 t(e latter)t(e *r$n,$*les /($,( determ$ne and ne,ess$tate a *r$'r$ all a,t$'n!N'/ m'ral *($l's'*(y al'ne ,'nta$ns a ,'de '+ la/s5 +'r t(e re-ulat$'n'+ 'ur a,t$'ns5 /($,( are dedu,ed +r'm *r$n,$*les ent$rely a *r$'r$!Hen,e t(e meta*(ys$, '+ et($,s $s t(e 'nly *ure m'ral *($l's'*(y) as

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


$t $s n't based u*'n ant(r'*'l'-$,al 'r 't(er em*$r$,al,'ns$derat$'ns! T(e meta*(ys$, '+ s*e,ulat$0e reas'n $s /(at $s,'mm'nly ,alled meta*(ys$, $n t(e m're l$m$ted sense! 3ut as *urem'ral *($l's'*(y *r'*erly +'rms a *art '+ t($s system '+ ,'-n$t$'n) /emust all'/ $t t' reta$n t(e name '+ meta*(ys$,) alt('u-( $t $s n'tre.u$s$te t(at /e s('uld $ns$st 'n s' term$n- $t $n 'ur *resentd$s,uss$'n!d

It $s '+ t(e ($-(est $m*'rtan,e t' se*arate t('se ,'-n$t$'ns /($,(d$++er +r'm 't(ers b't( $n %$nd and $n 'r$-$n) and t' ta%e -reat,are t(at t(ey are n't ,'n+'unded /$t( t('se /$t( /($,( t(ey are-enerally +'und ,'nne,ted! 2(at t(e ,(em$st d'es $n t(e analys$s '+substan,es) /(at t(e mat(emat$,$an $n *ure mat(emat$,s) $s) $n a st$ll($-(er de-ree) t(e duty '+ t(e *($l's'*(er) t(at t(e 0alue '+ ea,(d$++erent %$nd '+ ,'-n$t$'n) and t(e *art $t ta%es $n t(e '*erat$'ns'+ t(e m$nd) may be ,learly de+$ned! Human reas'n (as ne0er /anted ameta*(ys$, '+ s'me %$nd) s$n,e $t atta$ned t(e *'/er '+ t('u-(t) 'rrat(er '+ re+le,t$'n4 but $t (as ne0er been able t' %ee* t($s s*(ere'+ t('u-(t and ,'-n$t$'n *ure +r'm all adm$ture '+ +'re$-nelements! T(e $dea '+ a s,$en,e '+ t($s %$nd $s as 'ld ass*e,ulat$'n $tsel+4 and /(at m$nd d'es n't s*e,ulate5 e$t(er $n t(e

s,('last$, 'r $n t(e *'*ular +as($'n@ At t(e same t$me) $t must beadm$tted t(at e0en t($n%ers by *r'+ess$'n (a0e been unable ,learlyt' e*la$n t(e d$st$n,t$'n bet/een t(e t/' elements '+ 'ur,'-n$t$'n5 t(e 'ne ,'m*letely a *r$'r$) t(e 't(er a *'ster$'r$4 and(en,e t(e *r'*er de+$n$t$'n '+ a *e,ul$ar %$nd '+ ,'-n$t$'n) and/$t( $t t(e &ust $dea '+ a s,$en,e /($,( (as s' l'n- and s' dee*lyen-a-ed t(e attent$'n '+ t(e (uman m$nd) (as ne0er been establ$s(ed!2(en $t /as sa$d6 9"eta*(ys$, $s t(e s,$en,e '+ t(e +$rst *r$n,$*les'+ (uman ,'-n$t$'n)9 t($s de+$n$t$'n d$d n't s$-nal$;e a *e,ul$ar$ty$n %$nd) but 'nly a d$++eren,e $n de-ree4 t(ese +$rst *r$n,$*les/ere t(us de,lared t' be m're -eneral t(an 't(ers) but n' ,r$ter$'n '+d$st$n,t$'n +r'm em*$r$,al *r$n,$*les /as -$0en! O+ t(ese s'me arem're -eneral) and t(ere+'re ($-(er) t(an 't(ers4 and5 as /e ,ann't

d$st$n-u$s( /(at $s ,'m*letely a *r$'r$ +r'm t(at /($,( $s %n'/n t' bea *'ster$'r$5 /(ere s(all /e dra/ t(e l$ne /($,( $s t' se*arate t(e($-(er and s'5,alled +$rst *r$n,$*les) +r'm t(e l'/er andsub'rd$nate *r$n,$*les '+ ,'-n$t$'n@ 2(at /'uld be sa$d $+ /e /ereas%ed t' be sat$s+$ed /$t( a d$0$s$'n '+ t(e e*',(s '+ t(e /'rld$nt' t(e earl$er ,entur$es and t('se +'ll'/$n- t(em@ 9#'es t(e+$+t() 'r t(e tent( ,entury bel'n- t' t(e earl$er ,entur$es@9 $t /'uldbe as%ed! In t(e same /ay I as%6 #'es t(e ,'n,e*t$'n '+ etens$'nbel'n- t' meta*(ys$,s@ J'u ans/er) 9Jes!9 2ell) t(at '+ b'dy t''@9Jes!9 And t(at '+ a +lu$d b'dy@ J'u st'*) y'u are un*re*ared t' adm$tt($s4 +'r $+ y'u d') e0eryt($n- /$ll bel'n- t' meta*(ys$,s! Fr'mt($s $t $s e0$dent t(at t(e mere de-ree '+ sub'rd$nat$'n5 '+ t(e*art$,ular t' t(e -eneral5 ,ann't determ$ne t(e l$m$ts '+ a s,$en,e4

and t(at) $n t(e *resent ,ase) /e must e*e,t t' +$nd a d$++eren,e$n t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ meta*(ys$,s b't( $n %$nd and $n 'r$-$n! T(e+undamental $dea '+ meta*(ys$,s /as 'bs,ured 'n an't(er s$de by t(e+a,t t(at t($s %$nd '+ a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n s('/ed a ,erta$ns$m$lar$ty $n ,(ara,ter /$t( t(e s,$en,e '+ mat(emat$,s! 3't( (a0e t(e*r'*erty $n ,'mm'n '+ *'ssess$n- an a *r$'r$ 'r$-$n4 but) $n t(e'ne) 'ur %n'/led-e $s based u*'n ,'n,e*t$'ns) $n t(e 't(er) 'n t(e,'nstru,t$'n '+ ,'n,e*t$'ns! T(us a de,$ded d$ss$m$lar$ty bet/een*($l's'*($,al and mat(emat$,al ,'-n$t$'n ,'mes 'ut5 a d$ss$m$lar$ty/($,( /as al/ays +elt) but /($,( ,'uld n't be made d$st$n,t +'r /ant'+ an $ns$-(t $nt' t(e ,r$ter$a '+ t(e d$++eren,e! And t(us $t

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


(a**ened t(at) as *($l's'*(ers t(emsel0es +a$led $n t(e *r'*erde0el'*ment '+ t(e $dea '+ t(e$r s,$en,e) t(e elab'rat$'n '+ t(es,$en,e ,'uld n't *r',eed /$t( a de+$n$te a$m) 'r under trust/'rt(y-u$dan,e! T(us) t'') *($l's'*(ers) $-n'rant '+ t(e *at( t(ey 'u-(tt' *ursue and al/ays d$s*ut$n- /$t( ea,( 't(er re-ard$n- t(ed$s,'0er$es /($,( ea,( asserted (e (ad made) br'u-(t t(e$r s,$en,e$nt' d$sre*ute /$t( t(e rest '+ t(e /'rld) and +$nally) e0en am'n-t(emsel0es!t

All *ure a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n +'rms) t(ere+'re) $n 0$e/ '+ t(e*e,ul$ar +a,ulty /($,( 'r$-$nates $t) a *e,ul$ar and d$st$n,t un$ty4and meta*(ys$, $s t(e term a**l$ed t' t(e *($l's'*(y /($,( attem*ts t're*resent t(at ,'-n$t$'n $n t($s systemat$, un$ty! T(e s*e,ulat$0e*art '+ meta*(ys$,) /($,( (as es*e,$ally a**r'*r$ated t($sa**ellat$'n5 t(at /($,( /e (a0e ,alled t(e meta*(ys$, '+ nature5 and/($,( ,'ns$ders e0eryt($n-) as $t $s =n't as $t 'u-(t t' be>) by means'+ a *r$'r$ ,'n,e*t$'ns) $s d$0$ded $n t(e +'ll'/$n- manner!'

"eta*(ys$,) $n t(e m're l$m$ted a,,e*tat$'n '+ t(e term) ,'ns$sts '+t/' *arts5 trans,endental *($l's'*(y and t(e *(ys$'l'-y '+ *urereas'n! T(e +'rmer *resents t(e system '+ all t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns and

*r$n,$*les bel'n-$n- t' t(e understand$n- and t(e reas'n) and /($,(relate t' 'b&e,ts $n -eneral) but n't t' any *art$,ular -$0en'b&e,ts =Ont'l'-$a>4 t(e latter (as nature +'r $ts sub&e,t5matter)t(at $s) t(e sum '+ -$0en 'b&e,ts5 /(et(er -$0en t' t(e senses) 'r) $+/e /$ll) t' s'me 't(er %$nd '+ $ntu$t$'n5 and $s a,,'rd$n-ly*(ys$'l'-y) alt('u-( 'nly rat$'nal$s! 3ut t(e use '+ t(e +a,ulty '+reas'n $n t($s rat$'nal m'de '+ re-ard$n- nature $s e$t(er *(ys$,al 'r(y*er*(ys$,al) 'r) m're *r'*erly s*ea%$n-) $mmanent 'r trans,endent!T(e +'rmer relates t' nature) $n s' +ar as 'ur %n'/led-e re-ard$n-$t may be a**l$ed $n e*er$en,e =$n ,'n,ret'>4 t(e latter t' t(at,'nne,t$'n '+ t(e 'b&e,ts '+ e*er$en,e) /($,( trans,ends alle*er$en,e! Trans,endent *(ys$'l'-y (as) a-a$n) an $nternal and aneternal ,'nne,t$'n /$t( $ts 'b&e,t) b't() ('/e0er) trans,end$n-

*'ss$ble e*er$en,e4 t(e +'rmer $s t(e *(ys$'l'-y '+ nature as a/('le) 'r trans,endental ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e /'rld) t(e latter '+ t(e,'nne,t$'n '+ t(e /('le '+ nature /$t( a be$n- ab'0e nature) 'rtrans,endental ,'-n$t$'n '+ 'd!t

Immanent *(ys$'l'-y) 'n t(e ,'ntrary) ,'ns$ders nature as t(e sum '+all sensu'us 'b&e,ts) ,'nse.uently) as $t $s *resented t' us5 butst$ll a,,'rd$n- t' a *r$'r$ ,'nd$t$'ns) +'r $t $s under t(ese al'net(at nature ,an be *resented t' 'ur m$nds at all! T(e 'b&e,ts '+$mmanent *(ys$'l'-y are '+ t/' %$nds6 1! T('se '+ t(e eternal senses)'r ,'r*'real nature4 B! T(e 'b&e,t '+ t(e $nternal sense) t(e s'ul)'r) $n a,,'rdan,e /$t( 'ur +undamental ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ $t) t($n%$n-nature! T(e meta*(ys$,s '+ ,'r*'real nature $s ,alled *(ys$,s4 but) as

$t must ,'nta$n 'nly t(e *r$n,$*les '+ an a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n '+nature) /e must term $t rat$'nal *(ys$,s! T(e meta*(ys$,s '+t($n%$n- nature $s ,alled *sy,('l'-y) and +'r t(e same reas'n $s t' bere-arded as merely t(e rat$'nal ,'-n$t$'n '+ t(e s'ul!r

T(us t(e /('le system '+ meta*(ys$,s ,'ns$sts '+ +'ur *r$n,$*al*arts6 1! Ont'l'-y4 B! Rat$'nal P(ys$'l'-y4 ! Rat$'nal ,'sm'l'-y4 and! Rat$'nal t(e'l'-y! T(e se,'nd *art5 t(at '+ t(e rat$'nal d',tr$ne'+ nature5 may be subd$0$ded $nt' t/') *(ys$,a rat$'nal$s and*sy,('l'-$a rat$'nal$s!*

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It must n't be su**'sed t(at I mean by t($s a**ellat$'n /(at $s-enerally ,alled *(ys$,a -eneral $s) and /($,( $s rat(er mat(emat$,st(an a *($l's'*(y '+ nature! F'r t(e meta*(ys$, '+ nature $s,'m*letely d$++erent +r'm mat(emat$,s) n'r $s $t s' r$,( $n results)alt('u-( $t $s '+ -reat $m*'rtan,e as a ,r$t$,al test '+ t(ea**l$,at$'n '+ *ure understand$n-5,'-n$t$'n t' nature! F'r /ant '+ $ts-u$dan,e) e0en mat(emat$,$ans) ad'*t$n- ,erta$n ,'mm'n n't$'ns5/($,( are) $n +a,t) meta*(ys$,al5 (a0e un,'ns,$'usly ,r'/ded t(e$r

t(e'r$es '+ nature /$t( (y*'t(eses) t(e +alla,y '+ /($,( be,'mese0$dent u*'n t(e a**l$,at$'n '+ t(e *r$n,$*les '+ t($s meta*(ys$,)/$t('ut detr$ment) ('/e0er) t' t(e em*l'yment '+ mat(emat$,s $n t($ss*(ere '+ ,'-n$t$'n!s

T(e +undamental $dea '+ a *($l's'*(y '+ *ure reas'n '+ ne,ess$tyd$,tates t($s d$0$s$'n4 $t $s) t(ere+'re) ar,($te,t'n$,al5 $na,,'rdan,e /$t( t(e ($-(est a$ms '+ reas'n) and n't merelyte,(n$,al) 'r a,,'rd$n- t' ,erta$n a,,$dentally5'bser0eds$m$lar$t$es e$st$n- bet/een t(e d$++erent *arts '+ t(e /('les,$en,e! F'r t($s reas'n) als') $s t(e d$0$s$'n $mmutable and '+le-$slat$0e aut('r$ty! 3ut t(e reader may 'bser0e $n $t a +e/ *'$ntst' /($,( (e 'u-(t t' demur) and /($,( may /ea%en ($s ,'n0$,t$'n '+ $ts

trut( and le-$t$ma,y!t

In t(e +$rst *la,e) ('/ ,an I des$re an a *r$'r$ ,'-n$t$'n 'rmeta*(ys$, '+ 'b&e,ts) $n s' +ar as t(ey are -$0en a *'ster$'r$@ and('/ $s $t *'ss$ble t' ,'-n$;e t(e nature '+ t($n-s a,,'rd$n- t' a*r$'r$ *r$n,$*les) and t' atta$n t' a rat$'nal *(ys$'l'-y@ T(eans/er $s t($s! 2e ta%e +r'm e*er$en,e n't($n- m're t(an $s re.u$s$tet' *resent us /$t( an 'b&e,t =$n -eneral> '+ t(e eternal 'r '+ t(e$nternal sense4 $n t(e +'rmer ,ase) by t(e mere ,'n,e*t$'n '+ matter=$m*enetrable and $nan$mate etens$'n>) $n t(e latter) by t(e,'n,e*t$'n '+ a t($n%$n- be$n-5 -$0en $n t(e $nternal em*$r$,alre*resentat$'n) I t($n%! As t' t(e rest) /e must n't em*l'y $n 'urmeta*(ys$, '+ t(ese 'b&e,ts any em*$r$,al *r$n,$*les =/($,( add t' t(e

,'ntent '+ 'ur ,'n,e*t$'ns by means '+ e*er$en,e>) +'r t(e *ur*'se '++'rm$n- by t(e$r (el* any &ud-ements res*e,t$n- t(ese 'b&e,ts!+

Se,'ndly) /(at *la,e s(all /e ass$-n t' em*$r$,al *sy,('l'-y)/($,( (as al/ays been ,'ns$dered a *art '+ meta*(ys$,s) and +r'm /($,($n 'ur t$me su,( $m*'rtant *($l's'*($,al results (a0e been e*e,ted)a+ter t(e ('*e '+ ,'nstru,t$n- an a *r$'r$ system '+ %n'/led-e (adbeen aband'ned@ I ans/er6 It must be *la,ed by t(e s$de '+ em*$r$,al*(ys$,s 'r *(ys$,s *r'*er4 t(at $s) must be re-arded as +'rm$n- a *art'+ a**l$ed *($l's'*(y) t(e a *r$'r$ *r$n,$*les '+ /($,( are,'nta$ned $n *ure *($l's'*(y) /($,( $s t(ere+'re ,'nne,ted) alt('u-($t must n't be ,'n+'unded) /$t( *sy,('l'-y! Em*$r$,al *sy,('l'-ymust t(ere+'re be ban$s(ed +r'm t(e s*(ere '+ meta*(ys$,s) and $s

$ndeed e,luded by t(e 0ery $dea '+ t(at s,$en,e! In ,'n+'rm$ty)('/e0er) /$t( s,('last$, usa-e) /e must *erm$t $t t' ',,u*y a *la,e $nmeta*(ys$,s5 but 'nly as an a**end$ t' $t! 2e ad'*t t($s ,'urse+r'm m't$0es '+ e,'n'my4 as *sy,('l'-y $s n't as yet +ull en'u-( t'',,u*y 'ur attent$'n as an $nde*endent study) /($le $t $s) at t(e samet$me) '+ t'' -reat $m*'rtan,e t' be ent$rely e,luded 'r *la,ed/(ere $t (as st$ll less a++$n$ty t(an $t (as /$t( t(e sub&e,t '+meta*(ys$,s! It $s a stran-er /(' (as been l'n- a -uest4 and /e ma%e$t /el,'me t' stay) unt$l $t ,an ta%e u* a m're su$table ab'de $n a,'m*lete system '+ ant(r'*'l'-y5 t(e *endant t' em*$r$,al *(ys$,s!,

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T(e ab'0e $s t(e -eneral $dea '+ meta*(ys$,s) /($,() as m're /ase*e,ted +r'm $t t(an ,'uld be l''%ed +'r /$t( &ust$,e) and as t(ese*leasant e*e,tat$'ns /ere un+'rtunately ne0er real$;ed) +ell $nt'-eneral d$sre*ute! Our Cr$t$.ue must (a0e +ully ,'n0$n,ed t(e readert(at) alt('u-( meta*(ys$,s ,ann't +'rm t(e +'undat$'n '+ rel$-$'n)$t must al/ays be 'ne '+ $ts m'st $m*'rtant bul/ar%s) and t(at (umanreas'n) /($,( naturally *ursues a d$ale,t$,al ,'urse) ,ann't d'/$t('ut t($s s,$en,e) /($,( ,(e,%s $ts tenden,$es t'/ards d$ale,t$,

and) by ele0at$n- reas'n t' a s,$ent$+$, and ,lear sel+5%n'/led-e)*re0ents t(e ra0a-es /($,( a la/less s*e,ulat$0e reas'n /'uld$n+all$bly ,'mm$t $n t(e s*(ere '+ m'rals as /ell as $n t(at '+rel$-$'n! 2e may be sure) t(ere+'re) /(ate0er ,'ntem*t may be t(r'/nu*'n meta*(ys$,s by t('se /(' &ud-e a s,$en,e n't by $ts '/n nature)but a,,'rd$n- t' t(e a,,$dental e++e,ts $t may (a0e *r'du,ed) t(at$t ,an ne0er be ,'m*letely aband'ned) t(at /e must al/ays return t' $tas t' a bel'0ed 'ne /(' (as been +'r a t$me estran-ed) be,ause t(e.uest$'ns /$t( /($,( $t $s en-a-ed relate t' t(e ($-(est a$ms '+(uman$ty) and reas'n must al/ays lab'ur e$t(er t' atta$n t' settled0$e/s $n re-ard t' t(ese) 'r t' destr'y t('se /($,( 't(ers (a0ealready establ$s(ed!a

"eta*(ys$,) t(ere+'re5 t(at '+ nature) as /ell as t(at '+ et($,s)but $n an es*e,$al manner t(e ,r$t$,$sm /($,( +'rms t(e *r'*aedeut$,t' all t(e '*erat$'ns '+ reas'n5 +'rms *r'*erly t(at de*artment '+%n'/led-e /($,( may be termed) $n t(e truest sense '+ t(e /'rd)*($l's'*(y! T(e *at( /($,( $t *ursues $s t(at '+ s,$en,e) /($,()/(en $t (as 'n,e been d$s,'0ered) $s ne0er l'st) and ne0er m$sleads!"at(emat$,s) natural s,$en,e) t(e ,'mm'n e*er$en,e '+ men) (a0e a($-( 0alue as means) +'r t(e m'st *art) t' a,,$dental ends5 but atlast als') t' t('se /($,( are ne,essary and essent$al t' t(e e$sten,e'+ (uman$ty! 3ut t' -u$de t(em t' t($s ($-( -'al) t(ey re.u$re t(e a$d'+ rat$'nal ,'-n$t$'n 'n t(e bas$s '+ *ure ,'n,e*t$'ns) /($,() be $ttermed as $t may) $s *r'*erly n't($n- but meta*(ys$,s!t

F'r t(e same reas'n) meta*(ys$,s +'rms l$%e/$se t(e ,'m*let$'n '+t(e ,ulture '+ (uman reas'n! In t($s res*e,t) $t $s $nd$s*ensable)sett$n- as$de alt'-et(er t(e $n+luen,e /($,( $t eerts as a s,$en,e!F'r $ts sub&e,t5matter $s t(e elements and ($-(est ma$ms '+ reas'n)/($,( +'rm t(e bas$s '+ t(e *'ss$b$l$ty '+ s'me s,$en,es and '+ t(euse '+ all! T(at) as a *urely s*e,ulat$0e s,$en,e) $t $s m're use+ul$n *re0ent$n- err'r t(an $n t(e etens$'n '+ %n'/led-e) d'es n'tdetra,t +r'm $ts 0alue4 'n t(e ,'ntrary) t(e su*reme '++$,e '+,ens'r /($,( $t ',,u*$es assures t' $t t(e ($-(est aut('r$ty and$m*'rtan,e! T($s '++$,e $t adm$n$sters +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ se,ur$n-'rder) (arm'ny) and /ell5be$n- t' s,$en,e) and '+ d$re,t$n- $tsn'ble and +ru$t+ul lab'urs t' t(e ($-(est *'ss$ble a$m5 t(e(a**$ness '+ all man%$nd!(

CHAPTER ID! T(e H$st'ry '+ Pure Reas'n!

T($s t$tle $s *la,ed (ere merely +'r t(e *ur*'se '+ des$-nat$n- ad$0$s$'n '+ t(e system '+ *ure reas'n '+ /($,( I d' n't $ntend t'treat at *resent! I s(all ,'ntent mysel+ /$t( ,ast$n- a ,urs'ry-lan,e) +r'm a *urely trans,endental *'$nt '+ 0$e/5 t(at '+ t(e nature'+ *ure reas'n5 'n t(e lab'urs '+ *($l's'*(ers u* t' t(e *resent t$me!T(ey (a0e a$med at ere,t$n- an ed$+$,e '+ *($l's'*(y4 but t' my eyet($s ed$+$,e a**ears t' be $n a 0ery ru$n'us ,'nd$t$'n!t

8/11/2019 21682272-Kant-Critique-142


It $s 0ery remar%able) alt('u-( naturally $t ,'uld n't (a0e been't(er/$se) t(at) $n t(e $n+an,y '+ *($l's'*(y) t(e study '+ t(e nature'+ 'd and t(e ,'nst$tut$'n '+ a +uture /'rld +'rmed t(e ,'mmen,ement)rat(er t(an t(e ,'n,lus$'n) as /e s('uld (a0e $t) '+ t(e s*e,ulat$0ee++'rts '+ t(e (uman m$nd! H'/e0er rude t(e rel$-$'us ,'n,e*t$'ns-enerated by t(e rema$ns '+ t(e 'ld manners and ,ust'ms '+ a less,ult$0ated t$me) t(e $ntell$-ent ,lasses /ere n't t(ereby *re0ented+r'm de0't$n- t(emsel0es t' +ree $n.u$ry $nt' t(e e$sten,e and nature

'+ 'd4 and t(ey eas$ly sa/ t(at t(ere ,'uld be n' surer /ay '+*leas$n- t(e $n0$s$ble ruler '+ t(e /'rld) and '+ atta$n$n- t'(a**$ness $n an't(er /'rld at least) t(an a -''d and ('nest ,'urse'+ l$+e $n t($s! T(us t(e'l'-y and m'rals +'rmed t(e t/' ,($e+m't$0es) 'r rat(er t(e *'$nts '+ attra,t$'n $n all abstra,t $n.u$r$es!3ut $t /as t(e +'rmer t(at es*e,$ally ',,u*$ed t(e attent$'n '+s*e,ulat$0e reas'n) and /($,( a+ter/ards be,ame s' ,elebrated undert(e name '+ meta*(ys$,s!t

I s(all n't at *resent $nd$,ate t(e *er$'ds '+ t$me at /($,( t(e-reatest ,(an-es $n meta*(ys$,s t''% *la,e) but s(all merely -$0e a(asty s%et,( '+ t(e d$++erent $deas /($,( ',,as$'ned t(e m'st$m*'rtant re0'lut$'ns $n t($s s*(ere '+ t('u-(t! T(ere are t(ree

d$++erent ends $n relat$'n t' /($,( t(ese re0'lut$'ns (a0e ta%en*la,e!*

1! In relat$'n t' t(e 'b&e,t '+ t(e ,'-n$t$'n '+ reas'n)*($l's'*(ers may be d$0$ded $nt' sensual$sts and $ntelle,tual$sts!E*$,urus may be re-arded as t(e (ead '+ t(e +'rmer) Plat' '+ t(elatter! T(e d$st$n,t$'n (ere s$-nal$;ed) subtle as $t $s) dates +r'mt(e earl$est t$mes) and /as l'n- ma$nta$ned! T(e +'rmer assertedt(at real$ty res$des $n sensu'us 'b&e,ts al'ne) and t(at e0eryt($n-else $s merely $ma-$nary4 t(e latter) t(at t(e senses are t(e*arents '+ $llus$'n and t(at trut( $s t' be +'und $n t(e understand$n-al'ne! T(e +'rmer d$d n't deny t' t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns '+ t(e understand$n-a ,erta$n %$nd '+ real$ty4 but /$t( t(em $t /as merely l'-$,al) /$t(

t(e 't(ers $t /as myst$,al! T(e +'rmer adm$tted $ntelle,tual,'n,e*t$'ns) but de,lared t(at sensu'us 'b&e,ts al'ne *'ssessed reale$sten,e! T(e latter ma$nta$ned t(at all real 'b&e,ts /ere$ntell$-$ble) and bel$e0ed t(at t(e *ure understand$n- *'ssessed a+a,ulty '+ $ntu$t$'n a*art +r'm sense) /($,() $n t(e$r '*$n$'n) ser0ed'nly t' ,'n+use t(e $deas '+ t(e understand$n-!'

B! In relat$'n t' t(e 'r$-$n '+ t(e *ure ,'-n$t$'ns '+ reas'n) /e+$nd 'ne s,(''l ma$nta$n$n- t(at t(ey are der$0ed ent$rely +r'me*er$en,e) and an't(er t(at t(ey (a0e t(e$r 'r$-$n $n reas'n al'ne!Ar$st'tle may be re-arded as t(e bead '+ t(e em*$r$,$sts) and Plat' '+t(e n''l'-$sts! <',%e) t(e +'ll'/er '+ Ar$st'tle $n m'dern t$mes)and <e$bn$t; '+ Plat' =alt('u-( (e ,ann't be sa$d t' (a0e $m$tated ($m

$n ($s myst$,$sm>) (a0e n't been able t' br$n- t($s .uest$'n t' asettled ,'n,lus$'n! T(e *r',edure '+ E*$,urus $n ($s sensual system)$n /($,( (e al/ays restr$,ted ($s ,'n,lus$'ns t' t(e s*(ere '+e*er$en,e) /as mu,( m're ,'nse.uent t(an t(at '+ Ar$st'tle and <',%e!T(e latter es*e,$ally) a+ter (a0$n- der$0ed all t(e ,'n,e*t$'ns and*r$n,$*les '+ t(e m$nd +r'm e*er$en,e) -'es s' +ar) $n t(e em*l'yment'+ t(ese ,'n,e*t$'ns and *r$n,$*les) as t' ma$nta$n t(at /e ,an

( $ + d d ( $ + d d (

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21682272-Kant-Critique-142