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The Mummy of Baket-en-her-nakht in the Hancock Museum: A Radiological Update

Author(s): Elizabeth J. Watson and Michael Myers

Source: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 79, (1993), pp. 179-187

Published by: Egypt Exploration Society

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3822163

Accessed: 01/07/2008 03:28

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I79

THE MUMMYOF BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT IN THE

HANCOCKMUSEUM:

A

RADIOLOGICAL

UPDATE*

By

ELIZABETH

J.

WATSON

and

MICHAEL

MYERS

Re-publication

of

the

mummy

of

Baket-en-her-nakht

(Twenty-second

Dynasty)

in

the

Hancock

Museum,

Newcastle

upon

Tyne.

Results

of

recent

investigation

with

X-ray

and

C.A.T.-scan

techniques

are

presented

and

compared

with the

previous

radiological

examination of

1964.

A re-examination of

all the

mummified human

tissues

in

the

Egyptian

collection of

the

Hancock

Museum,

Newcastle

upon

Tyne,

was carried out

in

I991

using

radiography.1

Because the museum is part of Newcastle University, with its excellent medical school,

access to

the

most

up-to-date

radiographic

equipment

is

very

easy.

The

research

was

designed

to

re-evaluate

the

findings

of Dr P. H. K.

Gray,

who

had

examined the

mummy

of

Baket-en-her-nakht

in

1964

using portable

X-ray

equipment.2

This

paper

contrasts the

findings

of

Gray

with

those of

this latest

research

and

illustrates

the

advances in

non-

invasive

medical

techniques

which

have

occurred

in

the

intervening

quarter of

a

century.

The

mummy

(Reg.

No.

Aregypt6o5),

still

in

its

cartonnage,

is

otherwise

known

as the

Coates

Mummy

and

is

described with

special

reference

to

embalming

techniques

and

materials.

Introduction

The

mummy

was

purchased

in

1820

at

Gourna

and

presented

to

the

Literary

and Philo-

sophical

Society

of

Newcastle

upon

Tyne

in

I821

by

Thomas

Coates of

Haydon

Bridge,

Northumberland.3

The

body

lies

within a

cartonnage

mummy-case

painted

with

hieroglyphs,

symbols

of

rebirth

and

winged

divinities

(pl.

XV,

i).

The

iconography

suggests

a

date in

the

Twenty-second

Dynasty.4

The

face

and white areas

are

covered with

a

honey-coloured

*On behalf

of the

Hancock Museum I

wish

to

extend

my grateful

thanks to Dr

M. I.

Lavelle,

head of

the

radiography

department

at the

Royal

Victoria

Infirmary

in

Newcastle,

who

allowed

us

free rein of

the

X-ray

facilities for this research; Dr. R. I. Macleod, oral pathologist, for the dental report and his opinion of the

nasal

damage;

Dr

J.

Taylor,

of the

British

Museum,

for

the translation

of

the

inscription

on

the

cartonnage

and

his

kind

help

and

advice;

Mr

D. R.

Hall,

graphic

designer,

for

his

interpretation

of

my

sketch

and

graph;

Mr. A. M.

Tynan,

curator of the

Hancock

Museum,

for

his

benevolence and

support;

Mr

C.

C.

Brewer;

Mr

P.

S.

Davis,

deputy

curator of the

Hancock

Museum,

for

his

guidance

in

the

preparation

of

this

paper.

Reports

on the rest

of the mummies in

the

collection will

probably

be

ready

for

publication

in

1993.

Meanwhile,

all

unpublished

material

is available

in

the

museum

upon request.

2

JEA

53

(1967), 7 7-8,

pls.

xv-xvi.

3G. T.

Fox,

Synopsis of

the

Newcastle

Museum,

late

the

Allan

Collection,

formerly

the

Tunstall or

Wycliffe

Museum

(London,

I827),

25I.

For

Thomas

Coates,

see W. R.

Dawson

and E. P.

Uphill,

Who

Was

Who in

Egyptology2

London,

I972),

66

(as Coats).

4John

Taylor,

personal

communication.



ELIZABETH

J.

WATSON

and

MICHAEL

MYERS

glossy

material

that

adheres

firmly

to

the

underlying paint

and is assumed to

be

resin.

The lower

part

of the

cartonnage

is modelled to follow the

outline

of

the

legs

from

the

knees.

The

outer

anthropoid

coffin,

also

in

the Hancock

Museum,

is of

sycamore

wood

(50

cm

thick) (pl.

XV,

2)

without

decoration,

apart

from

the

carved female

face;

comparable

cases can be found

in

the BritishMuseum.5

In

1821

the

body

was

lifted

from the outer coffin

and

the

cartonnage

was

examined

by

a subcommittee of the

Literary

and

Philosophical Society

(members

unknown).

This is

the

only

written account of

the

cartonnage compiled

to

date. The

original lacing

in the

back

of the

cartonnage,

described

as

having

'the

thickness

of a

raven's

quill', passed

through

holes

spaced

at

regular

distances

of

about

an inch

and covered

by

a

strip

of

canvas-like

cloth.6

The

materialof the

cartonnage

was described as

'comprising

several

layers

of

coarse

loth

agglutinated

by

some adhesive substance

to

the thickness of

cow-

hide'.

The interiorwas coated

with 'coarse

earthy

matter'which effervescedand dissolved

in

dilute nitric

acid,

showing

the

composition

to

be calcareous.

The

exterior had been

smoothed over

with

a fine coat of

plaster

on

which

the

paintings

were

applied.

The

foot

of

the cartonnagewas opened ad

nd the

wrapped

feet of the

mummy

could

be

felt within

the

'many

folds

of fine

cloth,

which was

pale

brown

from the effects

of

soaking

in

some

liquid'.

Toes

could be felt

through

the

cloth on both feet.

A

translation

of the central

panel

of the

cartonnage

made

in

I992

by

John

Taylor

reads:

An

offering

which he

Kinggives

o

Re-Horakhty,

hief

of

the

Gods,

to]

Atum,

ord

of theTwo

Lands,

and to]

Osiris,

Foremostof the

Westerners,

o thathe

[sic]

maygive offerings

nd

provisions

o the

Osiris,

he

Lady

of the

House,

Baket-en-her-nakht,

aughter

f

the God's

FatherNakhtefmut,

ustified.

He confirmed

the

date

of the

cartonnage

as

Twenty-second Dynasty,

but

was unable

to

link

the

lady

or her father with

any

known Theban

family

of that time.7

The

cartonnage

was

X-rayed

in

i964

by

Dr P. H. K.

Gray,

who determined that the

body

within

was

that of a

young

adult

female,

with

a

body

length

of

5

ft.

2

in.8

The

examination

revealed

no fractures

or artificial

eyes,

but

a

string

of non-metallic amulets

was

hung

about

the

neck. Partial calcification

was found

in

some of the

inter-vertebral

disks.

A

winged pectoral

lay

over the sternum

and a second

rectangular

amulet

was

found

close

by.

A flank

guard

covered

the

embalming

incision. The

bones

of the

legs

showed no

fractures,

dislocations

or Harris lines.9

The

cavities

of

the

thorax,

abdomen

and

pelvis

were

tightly

packed

with a mixture

thought

to

be

mud,

sawdust

and

resin,

similar to a

female

mummy

in

the

Royal

Scottish

Museum

(Reg.

No.

19i

I.399/I/C).10

5

V.

Foulkes,

'Report

on

the Examination

of the

Cartonnage

of a

Mummy

in

the Hancock

Museum'

(unpublished,

1964).

6

Newcastle

Literary

and

Philosophical

Society,

'Minute of Subcommittee

Appointed

to take

the

Mummy

out

of

the

Coffin,

October

22nd,

182I'

(unpublished,

182i).

No detailed

study

of

the

cartonnage

has been

published.

7

Personal

communication.

He also

provided

the

reading

of the

lady's

name,

'Baket-en-her-nakht'.

8JEA

53, 78.

9

Ibid.

'0

E.

G.

Smith and

W. R.

Dawson,

Egyptian

Mummies

(London, 1924),

58.

JEA

79

8o



THE

MUMMY

OF

BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT

Methods

The

two

techniques

we used

in the most

recent

investigation

were

conventional

X-ray

and

Computerized

Axial

Tomography

(hereafter

C.A.T.),

both

non-invasive

examinations

which allow

a

detailed

analysis through

the distinction of

inner

structures;

the

second

techniquewas not available o Gray.Two areasof inquirywere of particularnterest.The

primary

research was

especially

focused

on the

identificationof

damage

to

the nasal

passage

and

cribriform

plate

which

might

be

directly

attributed o

excerebration.

The

second

aim

was

to determine the

contents

of the

cranial

cavity

and the

possible

filling

of

other

cavities,

(orbits,

oral

and

nasal

passages,

thoracic

and abdominal

cavities)

and

to

identify any

subcutaneous

packing.

To

obtain

comparative

Attenuation

Values

(relative

absorption

coefficients;

hereafter

AV),

samples

of

substances

likely

to

be

used

in

packing

were also

scanned

(Table I).11

Details

and

parameters

of

the

radiographic

equipment

used are

given

in the

Appendix.

Results

The

X-ray

macroscopicppearance

The

body

is

wrapped

and

extended

within the

cartonnage

(pl.

XV,

3).

The

mummy

wrappings

aroundthe

outline of the

body

can

be

clearly

seen as

loose

corrugated

amina-

tions.

The

top

of the

head lies

level with

the

shoulders

of

the

cartonnage;

he

space

above

is

empty.

Adhering

to the

interior

are

areas of

very

high

density

and of

variable

size

which

correspond

to

remnantsof

clay

left from

the mud core

about

which

the

cartonnage

was

formed.

A

solid

object

(110

X

40

X

60

mm)

lies

at

the

level of the

sternal

notch. A

high density

plate

or

plaque

lies

across and

to the left of

the

sternum. A

second

rectilinear

plate

of

high

density

lies over

the

xiphoid

process.

The

shoulders are

raised.

The

arms

are extended and the palmer aspect of the hands covers the iliac fossae. The legs are

extended and the

wrappings

of the

feet are in

contact with

the

base-board

of

the

carton-

nage.

C.A.

T.

analysis:

xial section

The

wrappings

around the

head

appear

as

loose

corrugated

aminations

and

desiccated

facial

tissues

are

discerniblebetween

the

bony

structures

and the

wrappings.

Withineach

of

the

orbital

margins

there

is an

opaque

disk;

the

eyelids

are

closed. The

ears

are

pressed

close

to the

head

and hair can

be seen at

the

backof

the

head.

The

cribriform

plate

is

broken,

the

cranial

cavity

is

empty

and

there are

no

residual

fluid levels. The nasal bone appearsto be compressed,and there is an apparent ack of

any

soft nasal

tissue.

There are no

nasal

tampons.

A

packing

material

(AV

-

244)

fills

the oral

cavity

and

protrudes

between

the

teeth,

forcing apart

the

maxilla

and

mandible. The

composition

of

the

substance

cannot

be

directly

correlated with

any

of the AV

control

data.

There

is

a

full

dentition

and

no

obvious traumaor

fractures.

11

O.

H.

Wegener,

The Whole

Body

Computerized

Axial

Tomography London,

983), 24.

I993



ELIZABETH

J.

WATSON and MICHAEL

MYERS

TABLE.

Attenuation

Mean

Values

Hounsfield

Units)

CONTROLATA

SUBCUTANEOUS

ND BODYPACKINGS

CONTROLATA

^INCLUSIONS

ITHIN

WRAPPINGS

lacustrine

--

+1500

clay

-

1400

-

1300

-

1200

-

1100

sharp

-

1000

sand

-900

-800

--700

509Q

sternum

(1)

bone..

tissue

-500

-400

flank

-300

-200

-100

muscle

-4

H,O

-f

sternum

(3)

bitumen

-

sternum

(2)

beeswax-_

fatty

tissue---

-100

-

200

*

oral

-

m

uterine

=

sawdust 300

beeswax -

200

*

pharyngeal

?

-

500

- 600

lung--

tissue

_700

-

800

air

-

-

-1000

i~~~~

I82

YEA

79



THE

MUMMYOF

BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT

A

large

amount

of

subcutaneous

packing

distends

the skin

of the neck

(fig. I).

This

extends

from

the

hyoid

bone for

some

i8

cm

and

ends

at the level of

T3;12

t shows

an

AV

of

-

430.

The

larynx,

trachea

and

oesophagus

are

missing.

The

cervicalvertebraeare

undisturbedand

there is no incisionin that

region.

The

clavicles

lie

at

an

acute

angle.

There are

twelve

pairs

of

ribs with no

obvious

trauma or fracture. Within the thoracic

cavity

there are no discrete

packages,

the

upper

right quadrant

is

empty,

and

the

pericardium

and

heart

adhere

to

the

anterior wall.

Amorphous

and

opaque shapes

appear

on

the

left,

level

with

T4,

growing

more

substantial and

dense until

the entire

space

becomes filled

level

with the

xiphoid process.

Individual

organs

are not

identifiableand

the forms

are

convoluted.

There is an incision

in

the left flank 120

mm

long,

partially

covered

by

the

distal

radius, ulna,

carpus

and

metacarpals

of

the left arm. There is

no

plate

covering

the

incision

but

a

packet

(AV 380)

measuring

60

X

20

mm

can

be seen

under the

metacarpals. Lying

over

the

sacrum,

within the

pelvic cavity,

is a

solid

substance

(AV

-

260)

which

has

a

level fluid

line.

This fills an

area,

probably

the

uterus,

which

is

pressedagainst

the

posterior

wall.

There

are no

vaginal

or

anal

tampons.

The arms are

extended

but

slightly

flexed at the

elbows

and

are not

individually

wrapped.

The

hands

lie

palmer aspect

to the

iliac

fossae,

with the

fingers

extended.

No

obvious trauma

or

fracturesare

present.

The

legs,

knees

firmly

together,

are extended and

individually

wrapped.

The

ankles are

flexed and bound to

accommodate

a

standing

posture

within

the

cartonnage.

There

is

no

evidence

of

fracture,

degenerative

disease

or

Harris

ines;

this

agrees

with

Gray's

indings.

Dental

assessment

based

n

C.A.

T.

investigation)

A

complete, permanent

dentition is

present,

although

it

is not

possible

to see the

left

upper

third

molar

(wisdom

tooth) completely.

It

may

be that the

crown

of this

tooth

is

eitherdiminutiveor buccallydisplacedand is missingfromthe section slice.The resolu-

tion of

the C.A.T.

scans

does

not allow a

detailed

survey

for

caries,

but

it is

evident

that

there

is

no

gross decay

in

any

of

the teeth.

The

degree

of

attrition is

difficult to

assess

from

the

scans,

but the

lateral

'pilot'

views

show

good

occlusal

coverage

of

enamel

on

the

second

and

third molar teeth.

There is

an

imbrication of the

lower

and,

to a

lesser

degree,

the

upper

anterior

teeth,

suggestive

of

dental

crowding,

and

an

overbite is

clear. It is

difficult to ascertain

the

age

at death

with

any

degree

of

accuracy

from

the

dentition.

Compared

to a

western

twentieth

century

data

group,

the

age

would

be over

2I

years.

Tooth

wear due to

attrition s

greatest

on the

firstmolars

and

apparently

absent

(as

far

as

can

be

ascertained)

on

the

third

molars,

which

would

suggest

an

age

at

deathwithin

the

range 25

to

35

years.13

Inclusions

withinthe

wrappings

fig.

I

)

An

amorphous

package (I

10

x

40

X

60

mm)

lies

within

the

layers

of

wrapping

at

the level

of

the sternal

notch at an

angle

to

C7-Ti,

with

AVs

of

94,

-

I6

and o+ 7.7.

At an

oblique

12

T

and C indicateThoracic and Cervical.

13R.

.

Macleod,

The Dental

Report

on

the

Mummy

Bakt-Hor-Nekht

Based on CT

Investigation,

or

the

Hancock

Museum',

(unpublished,

199 ).

I83

993



ELIZABETH

J.

WATSON

and MICHAEL

MYERS

angle

from the second

rib on the left down to the fourth rib on the

right

and between

the

breasts

is

an

opaque plate

or

plaque

(60

X

20

mm)

bearing

a

curious,

swirling

snake-like

pattern.

It is

flanked above

by

two smaller

lozenge-shaped

items

resting upon

the second

ribs at either end.

A

second

opaque

plate

(30

X

20

mm)

bearing no discernible

marks,

lies

across the

xiphoid process.

Discussion

Entry

into the cranium for excerebration

appears

to

have been via

the broken cribriform

plate, although

this feature

is not mentioned

by Gray.

The interior

is

completely empty,

no

membranes adhere to

the walls and there are no residual fluid

lines. The

widely

accepted technique

of

removal

of the brain

through

the nostrils14

seems to

have been

employed.

The

compression

of the nasal

bone and

the

apparent

lack of soft nasal tissue raises

an

interesting question.

If these were the results of constriction

by

the

bandages,

tissue

would

still be

present,

albeit

squeezed,

and the

wrappings

about the face

would

be

tight,

but neither is the case. Two possible causes may account for this. The injury may be

ante-mortem,

although

it

is

not considered

to

be

a

contributing

factor

in

the cause

of

death,

or it

could

be due

to

post-mortem

trauma,

which

may

or

may

not be related to the

excerebration

process.

Gray reported

no

radio-opaque

eyes,

but

in

this

latest examination

implants

are

clearly

visible

behind

the

closed

lids.

A

pointed ellipse

lies within each orbit

but

no details

(perhaps

formed

by

an

iris

of

a

different

material)

can

be seen.

The

implants

are

certainly

not metallic or

cloth,

nor

do

they appear

to

be

pasted

onto linen

rolls,

as is sometimes

found

elsewhere.15

The material

is in

all

probability

stone.

The mouth

is

open

and

the

maxilla

and mandible

are

wedged apart

by

the oral

packing

which

protrudes

between

the teeth

(pl.

XVI,

i).

The material

(AV

-

240) filling

the

cavity

falls within the range delimited by the densities of sawdust and beeswax, and extends as

far as the

hyoid

bone.

The subcutaneous

throat

packing

fills out the

neck

tightly.

The undisturbed cervical

vertebrae

are

all

that

remains of the contents of the throat.

The

larynx

is

normally

situated

between

the base

of

he

he

tongue

and the

upper

air

passage

and

the trachea extends

from

the lower

part

of

the

larynx

level with

C5

and ends

at

T3,

where

it

divides

for

the

lungs.

Removal

of the throat

contents must have been

from

below,

through

the

body cavity,

as

the

hyoid

bone

and

tongue

are

in

place.

Whether removal was

by

intent or

by

accident

during

the evisceration

is indeterminable.

While throat

packing

was

practised during

the

Twenty-first

Dynasty,

no

comparative

information

with

particular

reference to

the

removal

of

throat contents

is

available,

although

reference

is made to the trachea and

oesophagus

being

pushed

aside

(usually

to the

right)

and

the

larynx pushed up beyond

the

hyoid

bone.16

The C.A.T. slices

of

5

mm would

have allowed

these

cartilaginous

14

Cf.

F. F.

Leek,

EA

55(1969),

II2-i6.

15

E.

Strouhal

and

L.

Vyhnanek, 'Egyptian

Mummies

in

Czechoslovak

Collections',

Sbornik Ndrodniho

Muzea

v Praze

35B

(

I979),

i6o.

16

Cf E. G.

Smith,

'A

Contribution

to the

Study

of Mummification

in

Egypt',

Memoires

pre'sentes

l'Institut

egyptien

etpublies

sousles

auspices

de S. A. Abbas

IIKhedive

d'Egypte Cairo,

1

906),

2

I

.

JEA

79

84



THE

MUMMYOF

BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT

S.''~~~~~~~~~~~Z

A

FIG. I.

Position

of

the

amulets and

packings.

I85

993

I

Lelil



ELIZABETH

.

WATSON

and MICHAEL

MYERS

structures

to be

distinguished

had

they

been

present.

The

throat-filling

material is less

dense

that that of the

mouth,

but

still falls within the

beeswax/sawdust

range.

The

disten-

sion of the lower

portion

of

the

neck

just

above the sternal notch

may

be the feature

which Gray

mistakenly

identified

as a non-metallic necklace.17

It is not clear that an

incision

was

made

in

that area

through

which the

packing

may have been introduced,

but

this

might

be obscured

by

the chest

packet

that

overlies the sternal notch.

This

type

of

cosmetic subcutaneous

packing

does

not

appear

in

any

other area.

The

acute

angle

of the

clavicles indicates

that

the shoulders are

raised,

resulting

in

a

shrug-like

posture.

The

right

upper

quadrant

of

the thorax is

empty

but the heart

and

pericardium

adhere to the anterior wall

in

a

relatively

normal

position.

The

contents of

the thorax lie on the

left,

level

with

T4.

The

shapes

of the viscera are drawn out and

amorphous, gradually becoming

more substantial

and dense towards the

xiphoid

process.18

There are

no

discrete

packages

and the materials are

homogeneous.

The

lower

forms are convoluted and

may

be either the small intestine or

strips

of linen. The

contents of the

pelvis

are

very

disturbed and

only

the uterus could be

identified with

any

certainty.

This

is filled

by

a

solid

substance

(AV

-

260).

A

fluid line indicates the

horizontal

position

of the

body

when this material was

introduced and set.

Although

vaginal

and anal

tampons

were

not

found,

some mechanism must have been used to

retain the uterine

filling during

its

liquid

state.

The materials of the

packings

and

parcel

are of a

polymorphic

nature and

are

not

identical.

The closest

grouping

is the

oral-pharangeal-uterine,

which falls

comfortably

within the

range

formed

by

beeswax

(AV

-

68)

and sawdust/beeswax

(AV

-

350).

The

difference

in

values

is

probably

accounted for

by

the

differing proportions

of one or the

other in the 'mixture'. These three are

homogeneous,

unlike the

composition

of the

sternum

packet,

which reveals

areas of

differing

densities

ranging

from the

highest

reading

found

in

the

body,

AV

594,

down

to AV

o

?

7.7 (pl.

XVI,

2).

These

findings

are

entirely consistent with those of Strouhal and Vyhnainek.19

The

embalming

technique

used

in

the

preparation

of Baket-en-her-nakht accords

well

with

the

style

of the

cartonnage

and is almost

entirely

consistent with

practices

which

appear

from the

Twenty-first Dynasty

onwards and are found

on

mummies

already

documented.20

There is

nothing outstandingly

different or of

particular

significance

in

the

funerary preparation

of the

body,

with

perhaps

the

exception

of the

missing

throat

contents.

Nonetheless,

the recent

investigation

has

been invaluable

to

our

understanding

of the

funerary preparation

of

this

lady

and,

by

extension,

her

contemporaries,

as

the

mummy

of

Baket-en-her-nakht

provides

a

well-preserved example

of the

'normal'

mummification

practices

of her social class. This fresh

analysis,

which shows the

success

of new radiographic technology in augmenting identification and allowing the distinction

17

JEA 53, 78,

pl.

xv.2.

l8There

is no

evidence

of the

tight packing

in the

thorax,

abdomen

and

pelvis

previously

described

by

Gray

(YEA

53,

78, pls.

XV.2,

XV.I-2),

who

drew a

parallel

between this

mummy

and one

I9I

1/399/I/C)

in

the

Royal

Scottish

Museum,

which he

highlights

in his

report

to the Hancock Museum

but

does

not

mention

in

his

published

work.

19

Strouhal

and

Vyhnanek, SbornikNdrodniho

Muzea

v Praze

35B,

i6o.

20

This

accords with

Gray's

observation

(JEA

53, 78).

I86

JEA

79



THE

MUMMYOF

BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT

of delicate internal

structures,

illustrates

the

improvements

in

medical

techniques

achieved

since

Gray's

time.

Computerized

Axial

Tomography

is

a valuable

process

and

a

potentially

useful aid

in

this

particular

area

of

Egyptology.

The enhanced

degree

of

sophistication

which is now

applicable

to

the

interpretation

of the

embalming techniques

of

wrapped

mummies

has

much to contribute

in the

re-evaluation

of

previous

research,

and the

techniques employed by

the Hancock Museum

might

be more

widely

utilized

with

confidence.

Appendix: parameters

of

the

radiographicequipment

X-rayparameters

PARAMETERS:

HILIPS UPER 0 CP GENERATOR

Fine ocus.

Amplimat

kV

70-80.

Direct

kV

50.

Conventional

loating-top

ucky

ableanderect

Bucky.

Quanta

ast

-m

I-

Cronex

os

Quanta

Detail

-J

ck

130

Processor

DupontChemistry.

PARAMETERS:HIMADZU

oooTX

kV

120.

mA

I50.

Scantime:

.5

sec-5

mm

3.0

sec-

i

o mm.

Slice hickness:

o

mm nitial xial cans

alsocoronalon AREGYPT3

2

5

mm

follow-up

xials

plus

coronal

cans.

Slice interval

contiguous:

I

o

mm for

I

o

mm slices

5

mm

for

5

mmslices.

Scan

area:

250

mm.

Gantry

ilt:

vertical

or

I

o

mm

slices

I I?

cephalad

or

5

mm

slides

i6?

caudal

for

Io mm

coronal

5?

cephalad

or

5

mmcoronal.

Reconstruction

ernel

-Bone

algorithm.

I87

993



PLATE

i.

Full

length

view of

the

2.

Outer

anthropoid

coffin

lid

3. Conventional

full

length

cartonnage

X-ray

THE

MUMMY

OF

BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT

(pp.

I79-87)



L

i.

Sagittal

scan of the head and

upper

chest

showing

the mouth

wedged open

and the chest

packet

in

profile

2. Axial scan of the sternal

packet

showing

the

heterogeneous

nature of the interior

THE

MUMMY OF

BAKET-EN-HER-NAKHT

(pp. 179-87)

LATE

XVI

Documents

218 Da Stampare