2.2Sphereandwatsan (2)

8/3/2019 2.2Sphereandwatsan (2)

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Using the Minimum Standards

in Water Supply, Sanitation &

Hygiene Promotion

2.2


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Hygiene promotion standard 1:

programme design and

implementation

All facilities and resources

provided reflect thevulnerabilities, needs, and

preferences the affected

population. Users are involved

in the management andmaintenance of hygiene

facilities where appropriate.

ICRCpho

to

( please see page 60 of the 2004 Edition)


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All people have safe and

equitable access to a

sufficient quantity ofwater for drinking,

cooking and personal

and domestic hygiene,.

Public water points aresufficiently close to

households to enable use

of the minimum water

requirement.

Water supply standard 1:

access and water quantity

Doctors Without Borders photo


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Water is palatable, and

of sufficient quantity to

be drunk and used forpersonal and domestic

hygiene without causing

significant risk to

health.

Water supply standard 2: water

quality

OXFAM photo

Q. How many ways can you think of to measure this?


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People have adequate

facilities and supplies to

collect, store and usesufficient quantities of

water for drinking, cooking

and personal hygiene and to

ensure that drinking waterremains safe until

consumed

Water supply standard 3: water

use facilities and goods

Overland Solutions.com photo

Q. How many ways can you think of to measure this?


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People have adequate

numbers of toilets,

sufficiently close to theirdwellings, to allow them

rapid, safe and acceptable

access at all times of the day

and night.

Excreta disposal standard 1:

access to, and number of, toilets

American Red Cross photo - Brian Hatchell

Q.

How many ways can you think of to measure this?


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Toilets are sited, designed,

constructed and maintained

in such a way as to be

comfortable, hygienic and

safe to use

Excreta disposal standard 2:

design, construction and use oftoilets

Grouped VIP toilets

Q.

How many ways can you think of to measure this?


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Vector control standard 1:

individual and family protectionAll disaster-affected

people have the

knowledge and themeans to protect

themselves from disease

and nuisance vectors

that are likely to

represent a significant

risk to health or well-

being.

Togolese Red Cross volunteers demonstrate

how to properly use an insecticide-treated

bednet - Canadian Red Cross photo byMarko

Kokic


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physical, environmental andchemical protection measures

The numbers of

disease vectors that

pose a risk to peoples

health and nuisance

vectors that pose a risk

to peoples well-being

are kept to an

acceptable level.


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chemical control safety

Chemical vector control

measures are carried out in

a manner that ensures that

staff, the people affected by

the disaster and the local

environment areadequately protected, and

avoids creating resistance

to the substances used.larviciding photo from

www.chesapeake.va.us/.../


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Solid waste management

standard 1: collection anddisposal

People have an environment

that is acceptably

uncontaminated by solid

waste, including medical

waste, and have the means to

dispose of their domestic

waste conveniently and

effectively


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People have an

environment in which the

health and other risksposed by water erosion

and standing water,

including storm water,

flood water, domesticwastewater and

wastewater from medical

facilities, are minimised.

Drainage standard 1: drainage

works

Photo from www.tamilnet.com


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Visualizing the indicators

Key risks are identified

Programmes include mechanisms

for participation All groups have equitable access

Messages address key behaviors

and misconceptions

Users take responsibility for

maintenance and management

Hygiene Promotion:


Q. How many hygiene promoters/community mobilisersshould be provided in a camp situation?


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Visualizing the indicators

Water Supply average of 15 liters

of water per person per day

The maximum distance from any

household to nearest water point is

500 meters

Queuing time no more than 15

minutes

No more than 3 minutes to fill a 20litre container

Water is available consistently and

on a regular basis

WATER SUPPLY:

(

please see page 63 of the2004 Edition)


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The maximum distance from any

shelter to nearest water point is

500 meters

There is at least 1 water

point for 250 people



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Water Supply - average use is at least 15 liters of

water per person per day

So 20,000 people would need 20,000 X 15 liters = 300,000

liters per day. This amounts to a storage container of 300 cubic

meters. That is to say a cube of water 6m x 7m x7m.


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300 cu. m. = 10 X 30,000 liter bladder tanks or 30 X 10 tonne water tankers

What does this mean for planning and programming?


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Children from Dos Puertas, El

Salvador drawing water from

newly installed tapstands. (Tank

behind is 10,000 liter capacity.)

Part of earthquake emergency

response.

Photo: Rachel Stabb/OXFAM

?What issues or questionsmust you investigate about this

situation if you want to evaluatethe project using the Sphere

Project Humanitarian Charter

and Minimum Standards in

Disaster Response?


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Oxfam type tanks - typical sizes, volumes

10,500 liters 45,000 liters 70,000 liters 95,000 liters

2.5 m

6.4 m

2.3m

1.5m

2.3m

3.0m

nominal storage capacities

Assuming these tanks can each be filled once daily, how

many people can each tank support in an emergency camp?Assume working volume to be 90% of nominal volume.


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Some Sphere water quality indicators:

No fecal coliforms per 100ml water at

delivery point

residual free chlorine @ 0.5 mg per liter ofwater

turbidity below 5 NTU

Q. What does all of that mean?

( please see pages 66 & 67 of the 2004 Edition)


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E. coli are bacteria, full name is Escherichia Coli


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http:// lake access.org/russ/turbidity.htm

What in the world are

Nephelometric Turbidity Units

(NTUs)?

They are the units we use when

we measure Turbidity. The term

Nephelometric refers to the way

the instrument estimates how light

is scattered by suspended

particulate material in the water.

The Nephelometer, also called a

turbidimeter, attached to the

RUSS unit has the photocell

(similar to the one on your camera

or your bathroom nightlight) set at

90 to the direction of the light

beam to estimate scattered ratherthan absorbed light. This

measurement generally provides

a very good correlation with the

concentration of particles in the

water that affect clarity.


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Comparative examples of effect of varying NTUs fromdifferent causes

http://lake access.org/russ/turbidity.htm


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Some water use facilities and goods indicators:

2 containers for water collection of 10-20 liters each perhousehold (narrow neck and or cover)

1 water storage vessel of 20 liters per household (narrow

neck and or cover)

250 g of soap per person per month

separate bathing cubicles for men and women (where

communal)

1 clothes washing basin per 100 people where

communal (provide separate private laundering areas

for women only)


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Afghan children collect waterfrom a hand pump provided

by UNICEF in the Naser

Bagh refugee settlement in

Peshawar, Pakistan.

UNICEF photo: S. Noorani

Locally available, 20-liter plastic

jerry cans, used inA large-scale

implementation project funded by

the CARE/CDC Health Initiative

that is being incorporated into

CAREs Programme

MAHAVITA

CDC photo

Whats right, Whats wrong?Why?


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Tanker, bladder tank, and tapstand.What indicators would

apply in the design, layout, purchasing or installation of

these components?


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Some Sphere excreta disposal indicators:

Maximum 20 people per toilet

use by households or segregated by sex

no more than 50m from dwellings and no morethan 1 minutes walk

latrines and soakaways (in most soils) are at least

30 meters away from any groundwater source, and

bottom of pits at least 1.5 meters above water table.


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New Shamshatoo Camp, Peshawar, Pakistan,August, 2001 - InterWorks photo

Explain this picture - what does it tell you?

If there are 35,000 people in this camp, how many latrines

are needed?Where do you put them in the camp?


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v

15* m

Trash Bin

Latrine

Garbage Dump/Pit

Some layout and accessibility indicators

* 2000 Sphere Edition


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Some Sphere solid waste indicators:

All households have access to a refuse container

and/or are no more than 100 meters from a

communal refuse pit.

One 100 liter refuse container is available for every

10 families, where domestic waste is not buried onsite.

InterWorks photo


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Some Sphere site drainage indicators:

Areas around dwellings and water points are kept free

of standing wastewater, and stormwater drains are

kept clear

Shelters, paths and water and sanitation facilities are

not flooded or eroded by water

Kabul,Afghanistan, 2003 InterWorks photo


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Whats right, whats wrong, and why?

Boys at water tap stand, Albania

Camp Hope, Albania, after rains of 22 June, 1999


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Conclusions.These standards and their

supporting indicators

illustrate an integrated

system of analysis of needs,

provision of water, and

management of waste that

should be well-coordinated

if public health is to be

preserved. Each part

supports and is supported

by the others.

1. Hygiene

promotion

2. Water supply

3. Excretadisposal

4. Vector control

5. Solid waste

management

6. Drainage

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2.2Sphereandwatsan (2)