2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipid Notes

IB Biology HL 1Mrs. PetersFall 2014

U1. Monosaccharides

• Monosaccharides: simplest carbohydrates simple sugars General formula (CH2O)n

Major nutrients for cells

U1. Monosaccharides

• Monosaccharides: Linked using

condensation reaction to disaccharides and polysaccharides

Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose C6H12O6

U1. Monosaccharides

• Glucose: energy source carried by the blood to cells

• Galactose: used to make milk

U1. Monosaccharides

• Fructose: used to make fruit sweet tasting and attractive to animals

U1. Disaccharides

• Disaccharides: • two monosaccharides

joined by a glycosidic linkage (covalent bond between monosaccharides using condensation) Ex: sucrose;

maltose; lactose

U1. Disaccharides

• Sucrose: glucose + fructose; carried by phloem to transport energy to cells in plants

U1. Disaccharides

• Maltose: 2 glucose; used in creating starch

• Lactose: glucose + galactose; the sugar in milk; source of energy

U1. Polysacchrides

• Polysaccharides: storage and structural macromolecules made from a 40- over 1000 monosaccharides using the condensation reaction Ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose

U1.Polysaccharides

Storage Polysaccharides Starch: found in plants, polymer made of long

chains glucose molecules that coil into a helical shape, used for energy, compact shape and insoluble

U1. Polysaccharides

Storage Polysaccharides **Glycogen: found in animals, a highly

branched polymer of glucose (short term energy storage in liver and muscle cells), insoluble

U1. Polysaccharides

Structural Polysaccharides Cellulose: used to make strong fibers; major

components on plant cell walls, long straight chains of glucose

Bioweb.wku.edu

U2. Fatty Acids

Fatty Acid: a long hydrocarbon “tail” with a carboxyl group at the head end

U2. Fatty Acids

Fatty Acid Types: Saturated: have no

double bonds in the carbon chains

Unsaturated: have double bonds in carbon chains

U2. Fatty Acids

Fatty Acid Types: Monounsaturated:

have one double bond in carbon chains

Polyunsaturated: have more than one double bond in carbon chains

U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures:•cis-fatty acids: the hydrogen atoms bonded to the two carbons of the double bond are on the same side

U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures:•cis-fatty acids:

Have a bend in the carbon chain Usually liquid at room temp – oils Have a lower melting point

U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures:•trans-fatty acids: the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbons in the double bond are on the opposite sides.

U3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Types of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Structures:•trans-fatty acids:

Do not have a bend in the carbon chain Solid at room temperature – usually

artificially produced – margarine and partially hydrogenated

U4. Triglycerides

Triglyceride: Examples: fat in

adipose tissue, oil in sunflower seeds

U4. Triglycerides

• Triglyceride: Consists of three fatty acids linked to glycerol by condensation reactions

• Used as energy stores, used during aerobic cell respiration

• Examples: fat in adipose tissue, oil in sunflower seeds

Types of Lipids

Phospholipids: major components of cell membranes Hydrophilic head Two fatty acid

tails (hydrophobic)

Draw and label a phospholipid

Carbohydrates vs. Lipids

Carbohydrates• Easily digested, energy

is released more rapidly

• Soluble in water, easy to transport

• Short term energy storage

• Stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants

Lipids• Twice as much energy per

gram than carbs, but harder to break down (slow process)

• Non-polar, insoluble• Long term energy storage• Lipid storage is lighter for

same amount of carbs; • stored as fat in animals• Used for insulation and

buoyancy in animals

Time to Build!!

• Practice condensation and hydrolysis reactions by building different types of carbohydrates.

Time to build!!

• Practice condensation and hydrolysis reactions by building different types of lipids.

Role of Condensation and Hydrolysis

• Describe how condensation