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Africa in the 1800s
• Africa was still a mysterious place
– Europeans knew the coastline because of their trading posts, but interior was a mystery
• Very culturally diverse
– Many different tribes and cities with different beliefs
– Different regions of Africa ruled by different people/empires
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Explorers & MissionariesPeople begin expeditions into
Africa
Europeans were not able to
explore the interior of Africa
before the 1800s
Geography & diseases like malaria
made it too difficult
New technologies developed
(steamships, medical
advances) that would change
all this.
Fascinated with the
geography and adventure
Africa presented
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Explorers & Missionaries
• Missionaries followed after the explorers
– Built schools, hospitals, and churches
– Also concerned about slave trade
• Wanted to guide Africans to salvation
– Pushed for westernization
– Encouraged rejection of their traditions
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Dr. David Livingstone• Missionary/Explorer
– More sympathetic towards the African people in his writings than most other Europeans
• Thought the interior of Africa should be opened to trade and to Christianity.
• Blazed trails that other explorers followed
– Journalist Henry Stanley spent 2 years looking for him.
• “Dr. Livingston, I presume?”
• Spent 30 years exploring Africa and its people
The Scramble Begins King Leopold II hires Stanley to explore Congo River.
Wants to control for profit
Other countries soon follow after
Hold a conference in Berlin in 1884 to avoid wars
Leopold could have Congo Free State, but there should be free trade along Congo and Nile
European powers must have a government office in place before they could claim a territory
No Africans were present
People rushed in to get their share of Africa
Meanwhile Leopold took the riches of the Congo & treated the people savagely
Belgian government eventually steps in & takes control of it
Dividing the Continent France takes large areas of Africa,
but loses many soldiers
Britain content with taking smaller
areas rich in resources
Boer War
Boers=Dutch farmers pushed inland
by British
Gold & diamonds discovered in their
republics
British fight bitterly for it from 1899-
1902
End up combining it with other
colonies to form Union of South Aftica
Resistance to Foreign Powers All of the European Powers faced resistance from native people
Algerians fought the French
British faced the Zulus and the Astantes
Maji-Maji Rebellion of 1905 caused the Germans to resort to
starving locals
Ethiopia & Liberia stay free
Menelik II adopted western ways and was prepared for
invasions.
Later in the 1900s nationalist movements would pose more
threats