3-19-2004 1

Harnessing IT to Green Buildings -UCB as a Living Laboratory

David E. Culler

UCB/IBM Meeting

March 19. 2009

MModelMMitigate

MMonitor

3-19-2004 2

What they say about buldings

Source: U.S. Department of Energy 2007 Building Energy Data Book. Sept 2007

The Numbers Tell the Story

$370 BillionTotal U.S. Annual Energy Costs

200%Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990

40%Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings

72%Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings

55%Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings

The Numbers Tell the Story

$370 BillionTotal U.S. Annual Energy Costs

200%Increase in U.S. Electricity Consumption Since 1990

40%Total U.S. Energy Consumption for Buildings

72%Total U.S. Electricity Consumption for Buildings

55%Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption for Buildings

3-19-2004 3

Buildings Matter! Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs

approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005. Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.

Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005.

Buildings use 72 % of the electricity and 55 % of the nation’s natural gas.

Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007

3-19-2004 4

EPA Nat Action Plan for Energy Efficiency

• 30% of energy consumed in buildings is wasted

• 66% electrical, 34% gas and other

• 15.5 kWh per square foot

* 2003 EIA Commercial Building Consumption Survey

3-19-2004 5

UCB today

• Consumes 210 M kwh annually [campus sustainability assessment]

• Buildings measured @ 130 M kwh annually [demandless]

– approx $13 M

• Top 15 buildings are 2-4 time national average khw/sq ft and constitute 58% of the 130 M

• IT is a big part of the problem

• IT can potentially be a big part of the solution– We need to gain most of the reduction by utilizing existing

facilities better

– “Physical” Information processing to identify where the energy goes, what to change and how.

– Big gains come from changing Operation Processes

– IT is key to providing the energy awareness to guide action

3-19-2004 6

Building Energy and Power Density

Annual Consumption

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

kwh/sq ft

kwh

Stanley

KoshlandSoda

CoryLSA

McCone

3-19-2004 7

One example: Soda Hall

• Huge baseline load!

• 1300 SCADA sense/control points inaccessible for analysis– No clear understanding of what knobs to turn or when

Servers / Clusters

HVAC / CRU / PDU support

Lighting

HVAC & Plug Loads

443

~1200

3-19-2004 8

Structural: Soda Electrical

12 KV dist.2x Substation

1200

A 2

77/4

80 3

pha

se

2500

A 1

20/2

08 3

pha

se

2x ChillerMCM1

HP1A400

HP1A400

HP2A600

HP3A400

HP4A400

HP5A400

HP6A100

HP7A400

MCM2

Lighting

Pumps

Fans

Machine Rooms

Offices

Classrooms

LP2E225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP1A400

LP2A800

HP3A400

HP4A400

HP5A400

HP6A100

HP7A400

LP1B400

LP2B225

LP2G225

LP2F225

LP2E225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP3B225

LP2E225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP4B225

LP2E225LP2C

225LP5B

225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP2B225

LP2D225

LP2C225

LP2B225

LP2K225

LP2J225

LP2I225

LP2H225

LP2G225

LP2F225

LP2K225

LP2J225

LP2I225

LP2H225

LP2G225

LP2F225

LP2J225

LP2I225

LP2H225

LP2G225

LP2F225

~42 circuits each

3-19-2004 9

Structural: Soda HVAC

• Blow cold air throughout building

• Maintain circulation• Adjust cooling with

vents and VFDs• Heat it where

needed• AC determined by

needs of the worst heat load

– Comm closet

2x chillers

Cooling Towers

287 288 290

340

420

530

Pumps

Fans

Machine Room ACCs

3-19-2004 10

Legacy MonitoringL SCADA

• 1300 sense / ctrl points in Soda Hall• Vast database of action / effect• Marooned !!!• No science to turning all the knobs

3-19-2004 11

Research Server Rooms - 443 Machines Project Num of Start-Up 5 min

Room By Rack Nodes Description CPU RAM Drives Spike (W) Idle (W) Spike (W)

287 DETER 32 - PowerEdge 1850 245 230 ---1 - HP ProLiant DL360 (Frontend/support - no sample)

DETER 32 - PowerEdge 1850 245 230 ---1 - HP ProLiant DL360 (Frontend/support - no sample)2 - PowerEdge 1900 (Frontend/support - no sample)

DETER 34 - SunFire V60x 225 145 ---DETER 31 - SunFire X2100 203 190 ---

5 - Cyclades Switches

340 Millennium 8 - Compaq ProLiant DL360 G2 Dual 1.4GHz PIII 4GB 2 - 36GBi3 15 - HP ProLiant DL140 Dual 3.8GHz P4 Xeon 2GB 2 - 80GB (No Access)

NLP 9 - PowerEdge 1850 Dual 3.4GHz P4 Xeon 4GB 2 - 147GB 245 230 ---PlanetLab 14 - PowerEdge 650 (No Access)DETER 32 - Compaq DL360 180 161 ---RADLab 8 - SunFire X2200 214 200 ---

420A CITRIS 16 - HP Integrity rx2600 Dual 900MHz Itanium 2 4GB 2 - 36GB 342 300 3102 - HP Integrity rx2600 Dual 1.5GHz Itanium 2 8GB 2 - 73GB (Frontend/support - no sample)

16 - HP Integrity rx2600 Dual 1.3GHz Itanium 2 4GB 2 - 73GB 335 287 30016 - HP Integrity rx2600 Dual 1.3GHz Itanium 2 4GB 2 - 73GB 335 287 30010 - HP Integrity rx2600 Dual 1.3GHz Itanium 2 4GB 2 - 73GB 335 287 3006 - HP Integrity rx2600 Dual 900MHz Itanium 2 4GB 2 - 36GB 342 300 310

30 - HP Integrity rx1620 246 235 237PSI 32 - Dell PowerEdge 1850 Dual Intel Xeon 3.0GHz 3GB 2 - 147GB 230 209 ---

32 - Dell PowerEdge 1850 Dual Intel Xeon 3.0GHz 3GB 2 - 147GB 230 209 ---20 Dell PowerEdge 1950 Dual Intel Xeon 3.0GHz 16GB 2 - 147GB 335 248 255

530 RADLab 2 - SunFire x4600 - Cyber Switching (Frontend/support - no sample)1 - SunFire x2200 - Cyber Switching (Frontend/support - no sample)

22 - SunFire x2100 - Cyber Switching 203 190 ---1 - SunFire x4500 - Cyber Switching (Frontend/support - no sample)

18 - SunFire x2200 - Cyber Switching 214 200 ---1 - SunFire T2000 - Cyber Switching (Frontend/support - no sample)1 - SunFire x2100 - Cyber Switching (Frontend/support - no sample)1 - SunFire x4150 - Cyber Switching (Frontend/support - no sample)

Ganglia

3-19-2004 12

Server Power Consumption

230

15

248

87

190

13

190

13

200

14

161

19

287

48

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Wat

ts

Pow

erE

dge

1850

Del

l Pow

erE

dge

1950

Sun

Fire

V60

x

Sun

Fire

x21

00 -

Cyb

er S

witc

hing

Sun

Fire

X22

00

Com

paq

DL3

60

HP

Int

egrit

y rx

2600

Server Power Consumption

Active

Idle Soda Machine Room Power Consumption

26.5 30.6 31

18.118.9 19

44.5

50.9 50

9.5

10.117

10

31

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

est kW min est kW max kW meas

KW

290 Soda

288 Soda

530 Soda

420A Soda

340 Soda

287 Soda

• x 1/PDU efficiency + ACC

• If Pidle = 0 we’d save ~125 kw x 24 hours x 365 …

• … Do Nothing Well

3-19-2004 13

Working up from the leaves …

3-19-2004 14

Guess this Load … Laptop + monitor

Windows “turns off” monitor

Monitor “unplugged” screensaver

3-19-2004 15

Composite Power Picture

Monitor On, Unplugged

Desktop Idle

inauguration

Projector left OnClean Shutdown

3-19-2004 16

Staged Energy Awareness

• Export existing facilities instrumentation into real-time feed and archival physical information base– Retain isolation of facilities control

• Augment with Extensive usage-focused sensing

• Create highly visible consumer feedback and remediation guidance– Think Pruis, not web page. Localized solutions.

• Develop whole-building dynamic models

• Mitigation Actions with PFS

3-19-2004 17

Cooperative Continuous Reduction

Automated Control

Facility Mgmt

User Demand

Supervisory Control

Community Feedback

High-fidelity visibility