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Was the crash of the stock market in 1929 a
essential reason our nation experienced a
Great Depression?
Was the crash of the stock market in 1929 a
essential reason our nation experienced a
Great Depression?Yes, but it was only ONE of the reasons!So, what in Joe Biden’s name happened?
How?:How?:
• The 1920s = great optimism– reflected in the stock exchanges
• From 1924-1929 the volume & value of stocks traded on the NYSE soared – a very conservative $1,000 invested at the high point
of 1924 was worth $3,000 at the 1929 peak, a 40% annual return
• Three conditions no longer prevalent contributed to the great bull market– margin buying, the investment trust, & banking
practices
• The 1920s = great optimism– reflected in the stock exchanges
• From 1924-1929 the volume & value of stocks traded on the NYSE soared – a very conservative $1,000 invested at the high point
of 1924 was worth $3,000 at the 1929 peak, a 40% annual return
• Three conditions no longer prevalent contributed to the great bull market– margin buying, the investment trust, & banking
practices
The Stock Market Crash of 1929
The Stock Market Crash of 1929– REASON #1: Overpriced Stock
– there was too much financial commitment to a rising market & no political profit in trying to slow it down
• On Thursday, Oct. 24, 1929, investors sold 12,894,560 shares of stocks– this was over twice the record of 6,000,000 set the day before
(OVERPRICED STOCKS)• $6-7 billion in values disappeared• The next Tues., Oct. 29 (Black Tuesday), 16.4 million shares traded
& another $8-9 billion evaporated– over the next six weeks market prices declined 40% as credit &
money disappeared• Over the next year bankruptcies, fore-closures, & business failures
skyrocketed
– REASON #1: Overpriced Stock– there was too much financial commitment to a rising market & no
political profit in trying to slow it down• On Thursday, Oct. 24, 1929, investors sold 12,894,560 shares of
stocks– this was over twice the record of 6,000,000 set the day before
(OVERPRICED STOCKS)• $6-7 billion in values disappeared• The next Tues., Oct. 29 (Black Tuesday), 16.4 million shares traded
& another $8-9 billion evaporated– over the next six weeks market prices declined 40% as credit &
money disappeared• Over the next year bankruptcies, fore-closures, & business failures
skyrocketed
REASON #2:Buying on Margin
REASON #2:Buying on Margin
• Buying on margin simply meant borrowing a part of the purchase price of stocks from the seller, usually a broker– a 10% margin allowed a buyer to control $10,000 in
stock for a $1,000 investment– this was great as long as prices moved up but if they
dropped you could lose your investment• Example: In Jan. 1927 GE sold for $81/share so you
could have bought 100 shares on a 10% margin for $810
• eight months later you could have sold your shares for $141 each collecting a $6,500 profit
• Buying on margin simply meant borrowing a part of the purchase price of stocks from the seller, usually a broker– a 10% margin allowed a buyer to control $10,000 in
stock for a $1,000 investment– this was great as long as prices moved up but if they
dropped you could lose your investment• Example: In Jan. 1927 GE sold for $81/share so you
could have bought 100 shares on a 10% margin for $810
• eight months later you could have sold your shares for $141 each collecting a $6,500 profit
REASON #3:Uneducated Consumers
REASON #3:Uneducated Consumers
• Too many “Uneducated Consumers”• Buying on margin potentially gave great profits
for minimal investments• In 1929 brokers’ loans totaled $9 billion
meaning that stocks of at least that value weren’t paid for
• This means that falling prices would trigger sales which would cause prices to drop further triggering sales causing prices to drop even more triggering…
• Too many “Uneducated Consumers”• Buying on margin potentially gave great profits
for minimal investments• In 1929 brokers’ loans totaled $9 billion
meaning that stocks of at least that value weren’t paid for
• This means that falling prices would trigger sales which would cause prices to drop further triggering sales causing prices to drop even more triggering…
In a Nutshell….In a Nutshell….
The economy had been growing/”booming” for most of the so-called Roaring Twenties.
Investors were infatuated with the returns available in the stock market and bought on margin.
The stock market soon went through a series of unsettling price declines in early October.
These declines fed investor anxiety and events soon came to a head. October 24 was the first in a number of increasingly shocking market drops including Black Tuesday on October 29
Black Tuesday was a day of chaos. Forced to get rid of their stocks because of margin calls, overextended investors flooded the NYSE with sell orders.
The economy had been growing/”booming” for most of the so-called Roaring Twenties.
Investors were infatuated with the returns available in the stock market and bought on margin.
The stock market soon went through a series of unsettling price declines in early October.
These declines fed investor anxiety and events soon came to a head. October 24 was the first in a number of increasingly shocking market drops including Black Tuesday on October 29
Black Tuesday was a day of chaos. Forced to get rid of their stocks because of margin calls, overextended investors flooded the NYSE with sell orders.
5 Causes of the Great Depression
5 Causes of the Great Depression
One is the stock market crash!
Holy Barack Obama!
Reason #1The Stock Market Crash
Reason #1The Stock Market Crash
The symbol of everything that went wrong
This crash in itself hurt a small minority of people, but it triggered a “ripple effect” and hurt other aspects of the economy
The symbol of everything that went wrong
This crash in itself hurt a small minority of people, but it triggered a “ripple effect” and hurt other aspects of the economy
Reason #2Stagnation in Agriculture(Smoot-Hawley Tariff of
1930)
Reason #2Stagnation in Agriculture(Smoot-Hawley Tariff of
1930) Originally meant to keep agriculture “American.” Created to help American farmers
Raised U.S. tariffs (prices) on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels
Imposed an effective tax rate of 60% on more than 3,200 products and materials imported into the U.S.
Other countries imposes tariffs to match the United States’ tariffs
Originally meant to keep agriculture “American.” Created to help American farmers
Raised U.S. tariffs (prices) on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels
Imposed an effective tax rate of 60% on more than 3,200 products and materials imported into the U.S.
Other countries imposes tariffs to match the United States’ tariffs
Reason #3Banks of the United
States Fail
Reason #3Banks of the United
States Fail Banks take in deposits. Bank Reserves
are the amount of deposits not loaned out by banks.
Fractional Reserve Banking System-banks take in deposits and lend most of the money that they take in (keep only a fraction)
Depends on the willingness of people to hold bank accounts
Banks take in deposits. Bank Reserves are the amount of deposits not loaned out by banks.
Fractional Reserve Banking System-banks take in deposits and lend most of the money that they take in (keep only a fraction)
Depends on the willingness of people to hold bank accounts
Banks of the United States (cont.)
Banks of the United States (cont.)
People borrow money from banks (loans)
The money loaned out is spent almost immediately by borrowers to pay for purchases
Because only a small fraction of the banks’ customers’ deposits are kept on reserve, not everyone can get their money out of the bank on the same day.
People borrow money from banks (loans)
The money loaned out is spent almost immediately by borrowers to pay for purchases
Because only a small fraction of the banks’ customers’ deposits are kept on reserve, not everyone can get their money out of the bank on the same day.
FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)
An independent deposit insurance agency created by Congress in 1933
Developed in order to maintain stability and public confidence in the nation’s banking system
Insures consumer deposits in a bank or savings and loan for up to $100,000 per account (now 250,00)
Works for checking and savings accounts, plus deposits
An independent deposit insurance agency created by Congress in 1933
Developed in order to maintain stability and public confidence in the nation’s banking system
Insures consumer deposits in a bank or savings and loan for up to $100,000 per account (now 250,00)
Works for checking and savings accounts, plus deposits
Bank Panics and Suspensions
Bank Panics and Suspensions
Bank failures occur when banks are unable to meet depositors’ demands for their money
When many depositors run into a bank at the same time to get their money out, it is called a “bank run.”
When a bank run begins at one bank and spreads to other banks, causing people to lose confidence in banks, it is called a bank panic.
Bank failures occur when banks are unable to meet depositors’ demands for their money
When many depositors run into a bank at the same time to get their money out, it is called a “bank run.”
When a bank run begins at one bank and spreads to other banks, causing people to lose confidence in banks, it is called a bank panic.
Money supplyMoney supply The shrinking money supply means that people
and businesses are able to borrow less from banks People buy fewer goods and services Businesses sell fewer goods and services because
people have less to spend. Prices decline Business Revenues decline Businesses are able to buy fewer supplies and
equipment. Businesses are unable to employ as many workers,
Workers who are paid less or lose their jobs More banks fail
The shrinking money supply means that people and businesses are able to borrow less from banks
People buy fewer goods and services Businesses sell fewer goods and services because
people have less to spend. Prices decline Business Revenues decline Businesses are able to buy fewer supplies and
equipment. Businesses are unable to employ as many workers,
Workers who are paid less or lose their jobs More banks fail
Outflow of Gold from the U.S. Banking System
Outflow of Gold from the U.S. Banking System
In the 1930s, the United States was on a gold standard
The United States would exchange dollars for gold at a fixed price
Large withdrawals of gold (or cash) could reduce bank reserves so much that banks would be forced to contract their outstanding loans.
In the 1930s, the United States was on a gold standard
The United States would exchange dollars for gold at a fixed price
Large withdrawals of gold (or cash) could reduce bank reserves so much that banks would be forced to contract their outstanding loans.
Reason #4Flattening Sales
Reason #4Flattening Sales
Automobile, housing, and manufacturing
Consumer market was saturated (full)-everyone who was going to buy the items had already done so
Automobile, housing, and manufacturing
Consumer market was saturated (full)-everyone who was going to buy the items had already done so
Reason #5Failure of International
Loans
Reason #5Failure of International
Loans U.S. government and
independent banks failed to recover loans from WWI from Allies and post-WWI loans for German reparations
U.S. government and independent banks failed to recover loans from WWI from Allies and post-WWI loans for German reparations