3. Pengolahan Limbah Industri

8/11/2019 3. Pengolahan Limbah Industri

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Pengolahan Limbah Industri

Parameter Pengolahan

Eko Heryadi

Parameter Pengolahan Limbah

1. Jenis dan Karakteristik Limbah

2. Debit, Laju Timbulan atau Banyaknya Limbah

3. Lokasi Industri Penghasil Limbah

4. Cost / Biaya Investasi Perusahaan

5. KOMITMEN LINGKUNGAN


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I. Jenis dan Karakteristik Limbah

Jenis Limbah Limbah Cair, Padat atau Gas/

B3

Karakteristik Limbah

Limbah Tidak Berbahaya

Limbah Berbahaya (B3)

1. Inorganic ions1.1 Metals

1.2 Anions

2. Organic Pollutants2.1 Hydrocarbons

2.2 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBS)

2.3 polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDS)

2.4 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFS)

2.5 polybrominated biphenyls (PBBS)

2.6 organochlorine insecticides

2.7 organophosphorous insecticides (OPS)

2.8 carbamate insecticides

2.9 pyrethroid insecticides

2.10 phenoxy herbicides (plant growth regulator herbicides)

2.11 anticoagulant rodenticides

2.12 detergents

2.13 chlorophenols

3. Organometalliccompounds

4. Radioactive isotopes

5. Gaseous pollutants

Major Classes of Pollutant


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1. Inorganic Ions1.1 Metals

A metal is defined by chemists as being an elementwhich has a characteristic lustrous appearance, is agood conductor of electricity and generally enterschemical reactions as positive ions or cations.

Walaupun logam dianggap sebagai pollutan, pentinguntuk diketahui bahwa mereka secara alami berada dialam sebagai natural substances.

Kebanyakan logam menjadi polutan karena aktivitasmanusia, seperti tambang dan peleburan logam, danmenjadikannya sebagai polutan yang menyebabkankerusakan lingkungan


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1. Inorganic Ions

1.2 Anions

There are some inorganic pollutants which are

not particularly toxic, but which cause

environmental problems because they areused in such large quantities. These include

anions such as nitrates and phosphates.


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2. Organic Pollutant The great majority of compounds that contain carbon

are described as organic, the few exceptions beingsimple molecules such as CO2 and CO.

Carbon has the ability to enter into the formation of abewildering diversity of complex organic compounds,many of which provide the basic fabric of livingorganisms.

The reason for this is the tendency of carbon atoms toform stable bonds with one another, thereby creatingrings and extended chains.

Carbon can also form stable bonds with hydrogen,oxygen and nitrogen atoms.

2. Organic Pollutant

The behavior of organic compounds is

dependent upon their molecular structure

molecular size, molecular shape and the

presence of functional groups being importantdeterminants of metabolic fate and toxicity.

Thus, it is important to know the formula of

pollutants in order to understand or predict

what happens to them in the living

environment.


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2.1 Hydrocarbons Senyawa ini terbentuk hanya dari elemen

karbon dan hidrogen

Some hydrocarbons of low molecular weight(e.g. methane, ethane and ethylene) exist asgases at normal temperature and pressure.

However, the great majority of hydrocarbons

are liquids or solids. They are of low polarityand, consequently, have low water solubility,but they have high solubility in oils and inmost organic solvents.

2.1 Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons aredivisible into twoclasses: (i) alkanes,alkenes and alkynes

and (ii)aromatic

hydrocarbons

The distinguishingfeature of aromatichydrocarbons is thepresence of one ormore benzene ringsin their structure.


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2.2 POLYCHLORINATED

BIPHENYLS (PCBS) Polychlorinated biphenyls are a class of organic compounds

with 1 to 10 chlorine atoms attached to biphenyl, which is amolecule composed of two benzene rings. The chemicalformula for PCBs is

C12H10-xClx They are stable, unreactive viscous liquids of low volatility

which have been used as hydraulic fluids, coolantinsulation fluids in transformers and plasticizers in paints

There are altogether 209 possible PCB congeners, and

some 120 of these are present in commercial products suchas Aroclor 1254, Aroclor 1260 and Clophen A60.

PCB mixtures have very low solubility in water but highsolubility in oils and organic solvents of low polarity

2.2 POLYCHLORINATED

BIPHENYLS (PCBS)

PCBs were once used for a number of purposes asdielectric fluids, heat transformer fluids, lubricants,vacuum pump fluids, as plasticizers (e.g. in paints) andfor making carbonless copy paper.

In many countries, the use of PCBs is now banned orseverely restricted.


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2.3 POLYCHLORINATED

DIBENZODIOXINS (PCDDS) dan POLYCHLORINATEDDIBENZOFURANS (PCDFS)

PCDDs and PCDFs are not produced commercially, but areunwanted by-products generated during the synthesis ofother compounds. They are also formed during the

combustion of PCBs (fires or chemical waste disposal) andby the interaction of chlorophenols during disposal ofindustrial wastes.

In general, they are formed when chlorophenols interact

2.5 POLYBROMINATED

BIPHENYLS (PBBS)

Mixtures of polybrominated biphenyls have

been marketed as fire retardants

These mixtures bear a general resemblance to

PCB mixtures and are lipophilic, stable andunreactive.

As with PCBs, some congeners are very

persistent in living organisms and have long

biological half-lives.


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2.6 ORGANOCHLORINE

INSECTICIDES

Ada 3 jenis :

DDT

chlorinated cyclodiene insecticides (aldrin dan

dieldrin)

Hexachlorocyclohexanes (lindane)

2.7 ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS

INSECTICIDES (OPS)

Awal digunakannya pada PDII, sebagai gas

syaraf (neurotoksin)

Sifatnya menghambat enzim

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)


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2.8 CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES

Mirip seperti OPS

Kegunaannya utk mengendalikan hama siput,

moluska, dan nematoda

2.9 PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES

Naturally occurring pyrethrin insecticides which are foundin the flowering heads of Chrysanthemum spp. providedthe model for the development of synthetic pyrethroids.

Synthetic pyrethroids are, in general, more stablechemically and biochemically than are natural pyrethrins


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2.10 PHENOXY HERBICIDES

(PLANT GROWTH REGULATORHERBICIDES)

Sifatnya menghambat dan mengatur

pertumbuhan tanaman

Kebanyakan dari phenoxy herbisida ini

biodegradable dan tidak begitu kuat

keberadaannya pada organisme hidup atau di

dalam tanah

2.11 ANTICOAGULANT

RODENTICIDES


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2.12 DETERGENTS

2.13 CHLOROPHENOLS

Banyak ditemukan pada limbah pabrik pulp dan kertas

Digunakan sebagai agen pemutih kertas

Hasil pembakarannya akan menghasilkan agen dioxin


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3. Organometallic compounds

Metals are modified in this way to increasetheir toxicity for use as pesticides

Organomercury compounds digunakansebagai antijamur pada benih tanaman

Organolead compounds digunakan untukmengontrol ulat pada tanaman buah

Organotin compounds atau tributyl tindigunakan sebagai campuran cat antijamurpada kapal/ perahu

4. Radioactive isotopes

Inti Radioaktif : Unsur inti atom yg mempunyai sifat

memancarkan salah satu partikel alfa, beta atau gamma.

Sejarah :

- 1896 Becquerel : Senyawa uranium yg memancarkan sinartampak yg dpt menembus bahan yg tdk tembus cahaya serta

mempengaruhi emulsi fotografi.

- 1896 Marie Curie : Bahwa inti uranium memancarkan suatu

partikel.


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5. Gaseous pollutants

Ozone (O3), COx, NOx, SOx

Berbahaya karena dapat bereaksi secara

langsung dan tidak langsung di udara

Secara tidak langsung melalui reaksi fotolitik di

atmosfer (ex. Acid rain)

II. Debit, Laju Timbulan atau

Banyaknya Limbah

Debit Limbah Cair

Timbulan Limbah Limbah Padat/ Gas


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III. Lokasi Industri Penghasil Limbah

Lokasi Industri

Daerah sekitar Industri

Kebijakan daerah setempat

Kawasan Perairan

Ada tidaknya IPAL

IV. Cost / Biaya Investasi Perusahaan

1. Kebijakan perusahaan dan manajemen


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3. Pengolahan Limbah Industri