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PiXLIndependence:Biology–StudentBooklet

KS5

Topic-ExchangeandTransport

Contents:

I. Level1-MultipleChoiceQuiz–20credits

II. Level2-5questions,5sentences,5words–10creditseach

III. Level3-BiologyinTheNews–100credits

IV. Level4-ScientificPoster–100credits

V. Level5-Videosummaries–50creditseach

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PiXLIndependence–Level1MultipleChoiceQuestions

ALevelBiology–ExchangeandTransport

INSTRUCTIONSScore:/20

• Readthequestioncarefully.• Circlethecorrectletter.• Answerallquestions• • •

Part1–TransportacrossthecellmembraneandtheLungs1. Howdoesavirusgainentryintoahostcell? a. Activetransport

b. Facilitateddiffusion c. Receptormediatedendocytosis d. Exocytosis

2. TheNa+/K+pumpisaproteinfoundonthesurfaceofaxonsinnervecells.Itisresponsible

formaintainingaconcentrationgradientofNa+outsidethecellandK+insidethecell.Whichmechanismisusedtodothis?

a. Activetransport b. Facilitateddiffusion c. PassiveDiffusion d.

EndocytosisandExocytosis

3. Glucoseneedstoefficientlymoveacrossthecellmembrane.Itisalargeunchargedmoleculethatusesfacilitateddiffusiontopassacrossthemembrane.Whichstatementismostlikelytobecorrectabouttheinsideofthechannelproteinthatsitswithinthephospholipidbilayer?

a. Itischarged b. Itishydrophobic c. Itishydrophilic d.

Itisoleophilic

4. Duringformationoftissuefluid,water,solutesandglucosemovebetweenthecapillariesandtissuefluid.Whatistheroleofalbumininthisprocess?

a. Asachannelproteintoallowfacilitateddiffusiontotakeplace. b. AsacarrierproteintotransportGlucosebackintothecapillaries. c. Tomaintaintheosmoticpressureofthetissuefluid. d. Tomaintaintheoncoticpressureoftheblood.

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5. Duringaninvestigationintocellmembranepermeabilityastudenttooksamplesofbeetrootandimmersedeachsampleintowateratdifferenttemperatures.Theythenusedacolourimetertomeasuretheabsorbanceoflightpassingthroughthesamples.Itisessentialthatthestudentwashesthebeetrootdiscsbeforestartingtheexperiment.Whatwouldbetheimpactontheresultsifthesampleswerenotwashed?

a. Theabsorbancewillbelowerateachtemperaturethanexpected,reducingaccuracy. b. Cuttingthebeetrootdiscswillbreakopencellsreleasingbeetrootpigment. c. Theabsorbancewillbehigherthanexpectedateachtemperature,reducingaccuracy. d. Theabsorbancewillbehigherthanexpectedatlowertemperaturesonly,reducing

accuracy.

6. Yourventilationrateisyourtidalvolumexbreathingrate.Arunnerhasatidalvolumeof500cm3whichrisesto1280cm3duringexerciseandherbreathingraterisesfrom13breathsperminuteto22breathsperminute.Whatisthepercentageincreaseinventilationrate?

a. 21660 b. 333.2 c. 69.2 d. 433.2

7. Duringbreathing,whichrowshowsthecorrectinformation? Answer Muscle Expiration Inhalation Forceful

expirationDeepinhalation

A Diaphragm Relax Contract Relax ContractIntercostalmuscles

Externalrelax

Internalrelax Internalcontract

Internalrelax

B Diaphragm Relax Contract Relax ContractIntercostalmuscles

Externalcontract

Internalcontract

Internalrelax Internalcontract

C Diaphragm Contract Relax Contract RelaxIntercostalmuscles

Externalrelax

Internalrelax Internalcontract

Internalrelax

D Diaphragm Contract Relax Contract RelaxIntercostalmuscles

Externalcontract

Internalcontract

Internalrelax Internalcontract

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8.

Insectsstillhaveaneedforgasexchange,despitetheirsmallsize.Whichtableshowsthecorrectsimilaritiesbetweenhumansandinsects?

a. TerrestrialInsects HumansMechanicalventilation Absent PresentBranchingnetworkoftubes

No Yes

Majortubes Spiracles TracheaHowdoesthetubenetworkmeetwiththeinsideofthebody?

Capillarieswrappedaroundspiracles

Capillarieswrappedaroundalveoli

b. TerrestrialInsects HumansMechanicalventilation Presentinsomespecies PresentBranchingnetworkoftubes

Yes Yes

Majortubes Trachea TracheaeHowdoesthetubenetworkmeetwiththeinsideofthebody?

Capillarieswrappedaroundspiracles

Capillarieswrappedaroundalveoli

c. TerrestrialInsects HumansMechanicalventilation Presentinsomespecies PresentBranchingnetworkoftubes

Yes Yes

Majortubes Spiracles TracheaHowdoesthetubenetworkmeetwiththeinsideofthebody?

Spiraclessitininternalfluid(haemolymph)orpenetratemuscles

Capillarieswrappedaroundalveoli

d. TerrestrialInsects HumansMechanicalventilation Presentinsomespecies PresentBranchingnetworkoftubes

Yes Yes

Majortubes Tracheae TracheaHowdoesthetubenetworkmeetwiththeinsideofthebody?

Tracheaesitininternalfluid(haemolymph)orpenetratemuscles

Capillarieswrappedaroundalveoli

9. Whatisthefunctionofsquamousepitheliuminthelungs? a. Tomovemucusanddebrisoutofthelungs. b. Toproducemucus. c. Toprovideashortdiffusionpathway. d. Toproducelungsurfactant.

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10.

Atrest,thebreathing_i_isthenumberofbreathsperminute.Theventilationrate,whichisthevolumeofairinhaledinoneminute,canbecalculatedasthetidalvolume(asshownbypoint__ii__onthegraph)bythebreathingrate.Thebreathingratecanbeincreasedwhenthereisademandformoreoxygen.Themaximumvolumeofairyoucanbreatheinoverandaboveanormalinhalationistheinspiratoryreservevolumeandisshownbypoint___iii___.Thelungscannotbefullyemptiedduetotheresidualvolume,asshownbypoint___iv__.Themaximumvolumeofairthatcanbebreathedinisknownasthe____v___.

i ii iii iv VA Rate 3 1 8 InspiratorycapacityB Volume 4 2 9 TidalvolumeC Rate 3 6 8 VitalcapacityD Rate 3 1 8 VitalcapacityE Rate 4 6 8 Vitalcapacity

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Part2–TheHeartandplanttransport

11. Thefollowingdiagramshowsthehumanheart.Whichisthecorrectsetoflabels?

Wikimediacommons–Norestrictions

a. Labelno. 5 7 10 3Part Pulmonary

arteryAtrioventricularvalve

Rightventricle Venacava

b. Labelno. 5 11 6 12Part Pulmonary

arteryVenacava Pulmonary

veinSemi–lunarvalve

c. Labelno. 4 7 6 6Part Aorta Atrioventricular

valvePulmonaryvein

Venacava

d. Labelno. 5 8 9 1Part Venacava Semilunar

valveRightventricle Leftatrium

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12.

Thefollowingdiagramshowsthepressurechangesthattakeplaceduringcontractionoftheheart.Atwhichpointdothesemi-lunarvalvesopen?

a. A b. B c. C d.

D

13. Heartmuscleisaspecialtypeofmusclecalled.........1...................muscle.Thismusclecancontractindependentlyofnervouscontrolandisreferredtoas..............2..................Bloodpassesfromtheleftatriumtotheleftventriclethroughspecialistvalvescalled…………3……….thatpreventbackflow.BloodthenpassesintotheAortathroughthe………4………….Valve.Thisvalveisforcedclosedbyrisingpressureinthe………5……..Whichrowshowsthecorrectsetoflabels?

a. 1 2 3 4 5A Heart Myogenic Semilunar

valveAtrioventricularvalve

Pulmonaryartery

B Cardiac Autogenic Atrioventricularvalve

Semilunarvalve

Pulmonaryartery

C Cardiac Myogenic Semilunarvalve

Atrioventricularvalve

Aorta

Dx Cardiac Myogenic Atrioventricularvalve

Semilunarvalve

Aorta

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14. ThefollowingdiagramshowsanECGtraceforapatient.

Whichstatementcorrectlydescribesthecurrentstateoftheirheartbeat?

Wikimediacommons–norestrictions

a. SinusRhythm b. Tachycardia c. Ventricularfibrillation d. Atrialfibrillation

15. Thefollowingdrawingshowsalowpowerdrawingoftwobloodvessels.Whichisthe

correctlabelforB?

Wikimediacommons–norestrictions

a. Vein b. Capillary c. Artery d. Venule

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16.

ThefollowingdiagramshowsanoxygendissociationcurveforHaemoglobin.

Wikimediacommons–norestrictionsWhatchangeinconditionshascausedtheoxygendissociationtoshiftfromcurveBtocurveA?

a. AnincreaseinpH b. PresenceofCarbonMonoxide c. Adecreaseintemperature d. AdecreaseinpH

17. PlantsmaybeclassifiedasMesophytes,XerophytesorHydrophytes.Whatadaptations

wouldyouexpecttoseeinXerophytes? a. Stomatalocatedinpits,nowaxycuticle b. Nostomataontheupperleafsurfaceandnowaxycuticle c. Stomatapresentonbothsurfacesandthickwaxycuticle d. Stomatainpitsandthickwaxycuticle

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18.

Astudentinvestigatedtherateoftranspirationof4treespeciesfoundintheUK.

Whichspeciesifmostlikelytobeadaptedtolivinginverywetconditions?

a. Betulapendula b. SalixFragilis c. Rhododendron d. AlnusGlutinosa

19. Thefollowingdiagramshowsacrosssectionfromaplant.Whichpartoftheplanthasthis

imagebeentakenfrom?

Wikimediacommons–norestrictions

a.

Stem(Dicotyledon)

b. Root c. Leaf d. Stem-Monocotyledon(Grasses)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21

RateofTranspiratio

n(%

ofm

ax)

Timeofday

Betulapendula SalixFragilis Rhododendron AlnusGlutinosa

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20. Duringphloemloadingofsucroseintothephloem,whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect?

a. H+ionsareactivelypumpedintothecompanioncellandsucroseandH+ionspassivelymovethroughaco-transporteroutofthecompanioncell.

b. H+ionsareactivelypumpedoutofthecompanioncellandsucroseandH+ionspassivelymovethroughaco-transporterintothecompanioncell.

c. Glucoseisactivelytransportedthroughacarrierproteinintothecompanioncells.H+

ionsfollowthroughpassivediffusion. d. AprotonpumptransportsH+ionsandglucoseintothecompanioncellsusingATP.

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PiXLIndependence–Level25questions,5sentences,5words

ALevelBiology–ExchangeandTransportExample:

QUESTION: Explainhowtissuefluidisformed

Sources: Website–www.tinyurl.com/tissue2Interactive–www.tinyurl.com/inttissue

1. Tissuefluidisthefluidsurroundingbloodvesselsandinbetweencells.Itcontainswater,oxygen,glucose,smallproteins,butnotredbloodcellsormostproteins.

2. Atthearterioleendofthecapillary,thehydrostaticpressureishigherthanthesurroundings.The“pull”oftheosmoticeffectislower.Therefore,thefluidisforcedoutofthecapillary.

3. Atthevenuleend,thereislessfluidandthisdecreasesthehydrostaticpressureandincreasestheosmotic“pull”.Therefore,fluidispulledintothecapillary.

4. Around90%ofthefluidisreturned,theremaining10%travelsintothelymphsystemandisreturnedtothebloodinthespleen.

5. Theformationoftissuefluidallowsexchangeofoxygen,glucose,CO2andothernutrients.

Hydrostaticpressure–thepressurecreatedbythecontractionoftheheartontheblood

Osmoticpressure–thepullcreatedbydissolvedsubstancesintheblood

Oncoticpressure–atypeofosmoticpressurebutreferringtothepullbyproteinsintheblood,e.g.albumin

Lymph–anetworkofvesselsthatallowmovementofwhitebloodcellsaroundthebody.

Arteriole–smallarterieslinkingcapillariestoarteries

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QUESTION1: Describehowacellsuchasalymphocyteisabletoengulfabacterialcell.

Sources:Website–www.tinyurl.com/endokInteractive–www.tinyurl.com/intendo

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QUESTION2: Describehowthevolumeofthelungsandbreathingratecanbemeasuredwithaspirometer.

Sources: Website–www.tinyurl.com/spiro2Interactive–www.tinyurl.com/intspiro(thisfilemaydownload.UseInternetexplorertoplayit)

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QUESTION3: Explainhowtheconditionsfoundinthemusclesandlungsallowefficientoxygentransport.

Sources: Website–www.tinyurl.com/ydb62d4uInteractive–www.tinyurl.com/y7qklu8v

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QUESTION4: Explainhowtheheartiscontrolledbythenervoussystem.

Sources: Website–www.tinyurl.com/kheartInteractive–www.tinyurl.com/intheart

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QUESTION5: Comparethestructureandfunctionsofthexylemandphloem.

Sources:Website–www.tinyurl.com/planttranInteractive–www.tinyurl.com/intplanttranwww.tinyurl.com/intplanttran2

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PiXLIndependence–Level3BiologyinTheNews

ALevelBiology–ExchangeandTransport

FakenewsSensationalisednewsstorieshavebeenaroundforsometime,butwiththemassgrowthofsocialmedia,theproblemseemstohavegrowninrecentyears.Attheveryleast,theUSPresidentialelectionhascertainlyhighlightedtheimpactthatmisleadinginformationcanhave.www.tiny.cc/fakenews2Athome,theBrexitvotealsosufferedfromthecirculationofmisleadingnewsstorieswww.tiny.cc/fakenews3Therefore,theabilitytoidentifyrealinformation,trackitbacktothesourcearticleandmakeyourownjudgementisaveryimportantskill.Thisactivitywillhelpyoudevelopthatskill.PigOrganDonorsNewsarticle–www.tiny.cc/iflspigBackground–www.tinyurl.com/ycxazze7CRISPR–www.tinyurl.com/pcrisprPigswithoutPERVs–PDFavailable(Article1)Originalarticle–ExchangearticlePDF(extensiononly)(Article2)NHSChoices–www.tinyurl.com/yc6kznt3MediaBias–www.tinyurl.com/yavdqb8cTaskYouneedtoproducea1pageessayontheuseofPigHeartsforHumanTransplant

Essaysection ActivityIntroduction Readthenewsarticleandwriteasummaryparagraphonthenewbreakthroughin

Xenotransplantation.Writeabriefsummaryonyourthoughtsonthevalidityofthearticle.Atthisstage,donotcarryoutfurtherresearchonthevalidity.Itisabouthowyouropinionchangesthatisimportantinthistask.

Describe Readthebeginningofthefirstbackgroundarticle,theabstractandconclusions.DescribewhythereareconcernsaboutXenotransplantationandwhymedicaltechnologymaynotyetbedevelopedenoughtoidentifyallthehazards.BrieflyoutlinetheroleofCRISPRifyouhavenotalreadylearntaboutthistechnique,theCRISPRlinkwillhelpwiththis.

Explore Readashortenedversionoftheoriginalarticle(PigswithoutPERVs)andexplainhowCRISPRwasusedtotargetakeygeneintheretrovirusespresentinPigs(Porcineendogenousretrovirus–PERV)knownasthePERVPolgene.ThisgeneispresentinallPERVs.

Evaluate Evaluatethevalidityofthenewsarticle–youmayfinditisaccurate,youmayfinditisnot.Usethe“MediaBias”linkandtheNHSchoicesarticletoputthemainevaluationpoints.Writeafinalparagraphwhichdiscussesthepointsyoureadfromthesetwoarticlescomparedtothepointsyouhadpreviouslyconsidered.

Pleasenote:TheWebsiteIFLsciencecanbefoundunderothernameswhenitadvertisesonFaceBook,althoughonlydisplaystheabbreviationIFLScienceonthewebsite.GiventhefrequencyofnewsarticlesonFaceBookandthelevelofexposuretostudents,wefeltthiswasanimportantwebsitetoevaluate.Nooffensivelanguagewasfoundonthewebsiteatthetimeofwriting.

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PiXLIndependence–Level4ScientificOralPresentation

ALevelBiology–ExchangeandTransportScientificOralPresentationsThereareseveraltypesofevidenceyouwillbeaskedtoproduceatuniversity.Inadditiontopostersandpodcasts,youwillfrequentlybeaskedtogiveanoralpresentation.Whilstmanystudentsenjoythespotlight,othershateit.However,duringthedelivery,manystudentsmakecommonmistakeswhichmakethetalkhardtofollowandshallowincontent.Usetheguidancebelowtogiveyouaheadstarttothefirstyearofyourdegree.PlanningandpreparationTheUniversityofReadinghasanexcellentresourcecalledEngageinResearchwhichgivesyouguidanceonmanyaspectsofresearch.Youcanaccessthesectiononoralpresentationsatwww.tinyurl.com/yau5qxog Herearethreeofthekeytips:

1. Keeptotheruleof6,thereshouldbenomorethan6pointsonapage.2. Thecontentshouldnotbeascript,butshortheadingsorpointstohelptheaudience

followyourspeech.3. Useengaginghighresolutionpictures,butifyouputthembehindthetext,make

sureyouuseasemi-transparentfillcolourtomaintainthecontrastandreadability.4. Itisgoodtohaveaplan,butdonotwriteascript.Itisactuallyquitehardtofollow

someonewhoisreadingformalnotes.Itiseasiertofollowsomeonewhospeaksnaturally.Therefore,havealistofpoints,butallowyourselftodiscusseachnaturally.

5. Rehearseatleastoncesothatyoucanplantimings.ExamplesThisshortvideohasbeencreatedbyKeeleUniversityanddemonstrateseverybadtechniquethatstudentscommonlyuse.Itisworthwatchingtomakesureyourtalkgoeswell.www.tinyurl.com/ybw7hc3t

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Cybernetics…isithere?BackgroundCybernetics–orcommunicationandcontrolinalivingorganismmayseemlikesciencefiction,buttherearemanyaspectsofthehumanbodythathavecurrentlybeencreatedartificially,sohowfarcanwego?

Recently,Japanesescientistsworkedouthowtoconvertsomaticbodycellsintostemcells,knownasinducedpluripotentstemcells.Thissignificantbreakthroughbypassedmanyoftheethicalconcernsovertheuseofembryonicstemcells,whilstperhapscreatingafewnewones.However,asthetechnologymatures,otherteamsareputtingthetechnologytouseandarangeofneworgansarebeingsynthesized.Simultaneously,asourunderstandingofhowthebodyworksincreases,othertechnologiesarebeingutilizedtorecreatepartsofthehumanbody.Thefollowingarticlesareallexamplesofthelatesttechnology.Sourcearticles:

3Dheartprinter–www.tiny.cc/heart3dArtificialmuscle–www.tiny.cc/muscleartArtificialspleen–www.tiny.cc/spleenartArtificialwomb–www.tiny.cc/wombartArtificialintestines–www.tiny.cc/intestineart3Dprintedovaries–www.tiny.cc/ovary3d3Dprintedbone–www.tiny.cc/3dboneOrpickyourownorgan:eyes,ears,brain.. TaskYouneedtoproduceatalk,eitheringroupsorindividually.Youwilleachpickadifferentorgantoresearch.Theabovelinksgiveastartingpoint(butyouwillneedtogofurther)andthewww.sciencemag.orgisanexcellentwebsite(filteryoursearchbynewsratherthanjournalarticles).Thetablebelowwillguideyouonproducingalltherightcomponentstoyourtalk.Describe Describethefunctionsofyourchosenorganinahealthyperson.You

shoulduseyourtextbooktofindoutwhatyouneedtoknowfortheexam,thisisagreatchancetoreadahead.

Explain Explainwhythereisaneedforareplacementorgan.Outlinethedifferentcausesandbesuretoexplainanynewterminologyyouuse.

Evaluate Discusshowartificialorganscanbemade,whetheritbethoughnanotechnology,stemcellscienceoreven3Dprinting.Outlinehowthetechnologyworksandhownearscientistsaretobeingabletousethetechnology…isitapipelinedreamorisitalreadyinuse?DiscussthebarrierstothetechnologyfrombecomingakeytreatmentontheNHS.Youwillneedtoresearchbeyondtheoriginalarticle.

Figure1Conceptual3DOrganprinter

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PiXLIndependence–Level5Videosummaries

A-levelBiology–ExchangeandTransportCornellNotesAtAlevelandUniversity,youwillmakelargeamountsofnotes,butthosenotesareonlyofuseifyourecordtheminasensibleway.OnesystemforrecordingnotesisknownastheCornellnotessystem.Thismethodencouragesyoutoselectrelevantinformation,ratherthantryingtowriteatranscriptofeverythingsaid.Moreimportantly,itforcesyoutospendafewminutesreviewingwhatyouhavewritten,whichhasbeenscientificallyproventoaidlearningandmemoryretention.Theidealistowriteeverythingononepage,butsomestudentsmayprefertotypeandotherswilltohandwritetheirnotes.Whicheveroptionyouuse,remembertheaimistosummariseandcondensethecontentwithafocusontheobjectivesthatyouaretryingtolearnandunderstand.TherearethreemainsectionstotheCornellnotes

1 Cue/Objectives–Thiscanbedonebeforeorafterthelecture.Youmayhavebeenprovidedwiththeobjectivesoryoumayneedtodecidewhattheywereoryoumaywanttomakethelinktoyourlearningifthisisanadditionaltaskorlectureyouareviewing,suchasthisvideo.

2 Notes–Inthisspaceyourecordconcisely,simplythethingsyouareLESSlikelyremember-TheNEWknowledge.

3 Summary–Themostimportantstepthatiscarriedoutafterthelectureorvideo.Thishelpstoreinforcelearning.

Background

Thefollowingseriesofvideoslinktoyourlearning.ThefirstvideousesCGItoexplainmanyofthefunctionsofthehumanbody.Thesecondvideoexplainshowlungscanbebioengineered.ThefinalvideoisanexcitingdocumentarybyDavidAttenboroughexploringhowplantsfirstcolonizedland.

SourcearticleVideoSeries1–ClimbingEverestYouTube:www.tiny.cc/everest1YouTube:www.tiny.cc/everest11Video2–BioengineeringlungsTedTalk(Youtube)–http://tiny.cc/artlungsVideo3–DavidAttenborough–KingdomofPlants,LifeintheWetZoneYouTube:www.tiny.cc/dawet(ifthislinkexpires,justlookforthevideotitleinYouTube)

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Task:YouneedtoproduceasetofCornellnotesforeachofthevideosgivenabove.Usethefollowingobjectivetoguideyournotetaking,thislinkstoyourlearning.

1. Outlinehowtheheartandlungsdevelopandfunctioninthehumanbody2. Explainhowlungscanbebioengineeredandgivedetailsofthekeystructuresthat

needtobeformed3. Explaintheadaptations,withreferencetotransportsystems,thatallowedplantsto

colonizeland.

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TitleDate

Objectives

Summary

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CommissionedbyThePiXLClubLtd.

ThisresourceisstrictlyfortheuseofmemberschoolsforaslongastheyremainmembersofThePiXLClub.Itmaynotbecopied,sold,ortransferredtoathirdpartyorusedbytheschoolaftermembershipceases.Untilsuchtimeitmaybefreelyusedwithinthememberschool.Allopinionsandcontributionsarethoseoftheauthors.Thecontentsofthisresourcearenotconnectedwith,orendorsedby,anyothercompany,organisationorinstitution.PiXLClubLtdendeavourtotraceandcontactcopyrightowners.Ifthereareanyinadvertentomissionsorerrorsintheacknowledgementsorusage,thisisunintendedandPiXLwillremedytheseonwrittennotification.