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662 41/14840/334067 Section 3.15 Augmentation of Wivenhoe Dam Storage Volume

3.15 Augmentation of Wivenhoe Dam Storage Volume

Prelude

The review of information regarding the augmentation of Wivenhoe Dam is based on the following:

SEQ Water, December 2005, A Discussion Paper on Raising Wivenhoe Dam – Preliminary Draft: and,

Comment by NRM&W, Dam Safety (January 2006) on the SEQ Water Discussion Paper.

Knowledge gained from work previously undertaken on Wivenhoe Dam by GHD.

3.15.1 General

Wivenhoe Dam is the largest dam in South East Queensland providing some 1,150,000 ML storage at full supply level and a further flood storage compartment of 1,450,000 ML. The dam wall is an earth and rockfill embankment on the Brisbane River and the Brisbane Valley Highway traverses the main embankment and spillway.

Table 3.15.1 General Parameters of Wivenhoe Dam

Feature Description

Name of Project Augmentation of Wivenhoe Dam Storage Volume

Other Names N/A

Catchment Brisbane River

Stream Brisbane River

Local Government Area Esk Shire

Location (AMTD) 149 km

Location (Latitude / Longitude) 83°54’05” S / 149°48”32” E

(Map Grid of Australia (MGA), Zone 56. Datum = GDA94)

Type of Dam Earth and Rockfill

Existing FSL EL 67.0m

Crest Length of embankment 2300m

Dam Height (current) 56m

Dam Embankment Volume 4 million m3

Spillway Concrete gravity structure


Feature Description

Auxiliary Spillway Fuse plug structure

Gates Five 12m wide x 16.6m high crest gates

Outlet works Two 1.5m diameter discharge regulator valves

Saddle Dam type Earthfill

Saddle Dam Crest Length 500m

Saddle Dam Height 15 m

The Full Supply Level of Wivenhoe could be increased to provide additional yield to the regional water supply system or to provide contingency storage. It is understood that the following options are being considered by the South East Queensland Water Corporation (SEQ Water):

An increase of the Full Supply Level by 1 or 2m;

An increase of the Full Supply Level by 4m;

An increase of the Full Supply Level by 6m;

Increasing the Full Supply Level of Wivenhoe Dam could be achieved in a number of ways, including:

By physically increasing the height of the dam embankment and preserving the existing flood storage, or;

By allowing an operational change of the storage level, whereby the flood capacity of the dam is decreased.

These options are discussed in Sections 3.15.1.1 and 3.15.1.2.

3.15.1.1 Raising Embankment Height

Increasing the Full Supply Level of Wivenhoe Dam could be achieved by:

Increasing the dam crest level by undertaking a downstream raising of the existing dam;

Maintaining the existing flood storage volume;

Strengthening the existing spillway and increasing the size of the gates to cope with the additional storage and flood height;

Changing the existing fuse plug spillway by constructing a saddle dam across the site or increasing the height of the fuse plugs; and,

Diverting the highway off the crest of the dam to facilitate the raising of the embankment by constructing a new highway downstream of the dam and constructing a bridge across the river. This would have the added advantage of


removing the traffic from the dam crest and therefore reducing the risk to operating staff and potential of sabotage or terrorist activities at the dam wall.

Raising the FSL would:

Result in increasing the extent of drowning of the lower parts of Somerset dam which would result in the need to undertake some upgrade works in the stilling basin and sluice outlets;

Impact on the outlet works to the Brisbane River;

Impact on the intake structure, pump station and pipeline transferring water to Tarong Power Station;

Impact on the Splityard Creek power station. This may have impacts on the actual power station, the operation of the generators and the power output from the power station; and,

May impact on the SEQ Water operating centre on the southwestern side of the dam.

High voltage power lines also run down the eastern side of the dam.

3.15.1.2 Change in Operating Rules Reducing the Flood Mitigation Capacity

It may be possible to increase the full supply level of Wivenhoe Dam without physically raising the dam wall by changing the operational rules.

Wivenhoe Dam currently provides a significant flood mitigation benefit to downstream communities as a result of its flood operating rules (currently detailed in the Flood Mitigation Manual), which are used to manage the operation of the gated spillway.

Currently, flood operating procedures allow mitigation to occur for water levels between EL 67.0 and EL 74.0m. For water levels above EL 74.0 the safety of the dam is a priority and operation of the gates takes this into consideration resulting in increased release rates and potentially damaging flows downstream. Reducing the flood storage of Wivenhoe Dam would increase the frequency when potentially damaging flows are released from the dam.

Decreasing the flood storage volume in order to provide an increased FSL would require the following considerations:

All structures and operational procedures at the dam would require detailed review for dam safety approval;

The benefit of the increased water supply would need to be compared to the increased costs resulting from flood damage;

The new fuse plug located on the right bank would have a greater potential of operating and once it had operated would drain the storage to EL 67.0m; and,

Impact on the future Stage 2 augmentation to pass the PMF;


3.15.2 Storage Capacity

The storage capacity curves for Wivenhoe Dam are as shown in Figure 3.15.1 and Figure 3.15.2. This information is derived from Sunwater Drawing Number A3-110405.

Figure 3.15.1 Wivenhoe Dam–Storage Capacity Curve

Wivenhoe Dam - Storage Capacity Curve

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000

Storage Volume (ML)

Wat

er L

evel

(m)

Existing FSL 67.0m


Figure 3.15.2 Wivenhoe Dam– Storage Area Curve

Wivenhoe Dam - Storage Area Curve

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

Storage Area (ha)

Wat

er L

evel

(m)

3.15.3 Potential Additional Supply

Estimates of historical no-failure yield (excluding consideration of environmental flow requirements) for Wivenhoe Dam were completed by NRM&W in December 2005.

The estimates were undertaken using the following assumptions:

Simulation period was from January 1889 to June 2000;

Somerset Dam maintains Wivenhoe Dam (operating level of Wivenhoe) at 700,000 ML;

Wivenhoe Dam maintains Mt Crosby Weir at 2,200 ML;

There is no buffer storage in Wivenhoe Dam;

The HNFY is extracted from Mt Crosby Weir.

In addition:

The operating rules for Somerset Dam/Wivenhoe Dam/Mt Crosby Weir system have not been optimised; and

Releases from Wivenhoe Dam to meet demands at Mt Crosby Weir do not account for inefficiencies in system operation, that is, extra water is being released in reality.

Existing FSL 67.0m


The Historic No Failure Yield (HNFY) in Table 3.15.2 is the extraction at Mt Crosby and the total demand consists of this figure plus 12,317 ML/a, which comprises existing allocations at:

The town of Esk (220 ML/a);

The Esk-Gatton-Laidley Pipeline at Lowood (4847 ML/a);

Glamorgan Vale WB (250 ML/a); and,

For irrigation, Wivenhoe to Mt Crosby (7000 ML/a).

Table 3.15.2 Yield Estimates for Raising Wivenhoe Dam at Mt Crosby

Full Supply Level

EL (m)

Full Storage Volume Wivenhoe (ML)

HNFY (ML/a)

67.0 1,165,000 361,000

69.0 1,393,000 392,000

71.0 1,647,000 411,000

75.0 2,232,000 424,000

82.0 3,555,000 441,000

Figure 3.15.3 Wivenhoe Dam– Yield / Storage Relationship

Wivenhoe Dam - Yield / Storage Relationship

350,000

360,000

370,000

380,000

390,000

400,000

410,000

420,000

430,000

440,000

450,000

1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000 4,000,000

Storage Volume (ML)

His

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cal N

o F

ailu

re Y

ield

(M

L/a

)


3.15.4 Geology and Geotechnical

During the investigations and construction of Wivenhoe dam, extensive drilling of the foundations and geological mapping was undertaken.

The Wivenhoe dam embankment is situated on Triassic/Jurrassic-aged Woogaroo Subgroup overlain by Holocene-aged lower river terraces and Quaternary-aged poorly consolidated sediments. The Jurassic-aged Marburg formation outcrops directly downstream of the dam embankment and consists of lithofeldspathic labile and sub labile sandstone, siltstone, shale minor coal and ferruginous oolite markers.

The Woogaroo subgroup consists of quartzose sandstone, siltstone, shale, conglomerate and coal. The Holocene aged river terraces consisting of gravels, silt, sand, and clay are confined to the Brisbane river flow path. The Quaternary aged unconsolidated sediments are high-level alluvial deposits, generally dissected and related to present stream valleys. This deposit consists of locally mottled, poorly consolidated sand, silt, clay, and minor gravel.

3.15.5 Natural Environment

Land use mapping indicates that the area affected by raising Wivenhoe dam is largely disturbed and used for grazing with small areas of natural vegetation.

Environment and vegetation mapping indicates that there are small pockets of ‘endangered’ or ‘of concern’ ecosystems affected. One small area of ‘endangered’ ecosystem is located in the north western section of the inundation area, while other affected ‘of concern’ areas are located on the fringes of the proposed development.

3.15.5.1 RAMSAR Listing - Moreton Bay Marine Park

The raising of Wivenhoe Dam will impact on the flow regime of the Brisbane River. At the mouth of the Brisbane River is the Moreton Bay Marine Park, which is listed on RAMSAR and subsequently triggers the EPBC1. RAMSAR is “an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources” (http://ramsar.org/index.html).

“The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) protects the environment, particularly matters of National Environmental Significance. It streamlines national environmental assessment and approvals process, protects Australian biodiversity and integrates management of important natural and cultural places. The EPBC Act came into force on 17 July 2000.” (http://www.deh.gov.au/epbc/)

The marine park, managed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, is one of the largest estuarine bays in Australia with significant areas of intertidal mudflats, seagrass beds, mangroves and saltmarsh.

The impact of the proposed raising will affect environmental flows to this area, the quantum of which is not fully understood at this time. 1 EPBC = Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, 1999.


The impact of the EPBC Act on the project is not understood at this time, although Federal Government approval would be required.

3.15.6 Social and Recreation

Generally, the social and recreational impacts appear to be on rural land with possibly some impact on rural residential areas. The number of people affected by the proposal is unknown.

Wivenhoe reservoir and its surrounds have been developed into a recreational facility including facilities for sailing and rowing. It is anticipated that the majority of these facilities would require relocation, however, this was not able to be quantified for this report.

Watts Bridge Memorial Airfield is located on a flood plain of the Brisbane River and would be inundated by the proposed project. The airfield is used primarily for recreational flying and associated activities.

Several roads in the area would be affected by a raising of Wivenhoe Dam including the Brisbane Valley Highway, Esk-Kilcoy Road, Wivenhoe-Somerset Road, and several local access roads.

3.15.7 Cultural / Heritage

A review of heritage databases revealed the following listings:

Australian Heritage Database;

– Bellevue Homestead;

– Cressbrook Homestead;

– Caboonbah Homestead;

Queensland Heritage Register;

– Bellevue Homestead;

– Cressbrook Homestead;

– Caboonbah Homestead; and,

– Castleholme Homestead.

Bellevue Homestead is located on the Coominya Connection Road at the intersection of Bunney Road, Coominya. The homestead complex was recently relocated from its original site on the Brisbane River approximately 9.6 km from Coominya to a location within Coominya itself adjacent to the main intersection of the town. Coominya is well out of the inundation area or buffer zone for the proposed raising of Wivenhoe Dam and is therefore not considered further.

Cressbrook Homestead is located about 4.2 km northeast of Toogoolawah, off the Cressbrook-Caboonbah Road, on the Brisbane River. The site includes numerous buildings, structures and garden elements depicting early development of the Brisbane Valley. The exact location of the site in relation to the inundation area could not be


ascertained by the desktop study however, it is not likely to be impacted by the proposed development of Wivenhoe Dam. This should be confirmed with further investigation.

Caboonbah Homestead, listed on the Queensland Heritage Register, is located on the Esk-Kilcoy Road, Esk and is situated on the elevated south bank of the Brisbane River, 4.8 kilometres below its junction with the Stanley River. Environment and Vegetation mapping indicates that the current inundated area, although resumed, is still allotted to Caboonbah Homestead. Whilst it is unlikely that this homestead is further affected by the proposed project, this should be confirmed with further investigation.

Castleholme Homestead is listed on the Queensland Heritage Register and is located on the Bryden-Crossdale Road, Bryden. The site consists of several buildings and structures of conservation significance. The Coordinator General acquired the property in 1978 as part of the Wivenhoe Dam Reclamation Area and leased the remaining property that was not inundated to the Queensland University of Technology. The exact location of the site in relation to the inundation area could not be ascertained by the desktop study however, the impact of the proposed raising of Wivenhoe Dam on Castleholme Homestead should be further investigated.

3.15.8 Strategic Land Use Planning

All affected land is in the ‘Rural’ zone under the Esk Shire Council Planning Scheme. Map ZM2A of the Planning Scheme shows that the potentially affected land is predominately in the ‘Catchment’ and ‘Sub-catchment’ precincts, although a 5 km section of the existing shoreline to the west of the dam wall is in the ‘Arable Agricultural’ precinct.

3.15.8.1 SEQ Regional Plan

A search of the SEQ Regional Plan mapping indicates that the area of the proposed Wivenhoe Dam raise is currently categorised “Regional Landscape and Rural Production Area”. The nearby townships of Esk and Toogoolawah are categorised as “Urban Footprint”.

Although the SEQ Infrastructure Plan indicates that no new major infrastructure or major upgrades to infrastructure is planned for this site, there may be opportunities for power generation as a result of the increased hydraulic head.

3.15.9 Forestry

Recent GIS mapping shows that small areas (estimated area, 200 hectares) of production forestry could be affected by the project.

3.15.10 Conservation

Although no specific information was reviewed regarding conservation values for the project, there appears to be a small area of land classified ‘conservation’ near Emu Creek in the land use mapping.


3.15.11 Extractive Industry

It appears from recent mapping of land uses in the area, that there are no mining activities affected by the proposed development. However, Esk Shire Council’s Planning Scheme Map OM1B shows an extractive area just upstream of the dam.

3.15.12 Agriculture

Recent GIS mapping shows that the majority of the area which would be affected by raising Wivenhoe, is classified as Class C1 or C2 (pasture land). There are very small areas which are classified as Class A – Crop land and Class B Limited crop land.

3.15.13 Primary Limitation on Storage Capacity

The primary topographic limitations on storage capacity relate to:

Saddle Dam 1 to the east of the main dam;

Saddle Dam 2 to the east of the main dam.

Approximately 500m east of the road junction between the Brisbane Valley Highway and the Coominya Connection Road, there exists a saddle at approximately RL 80.

In addition to these topographic limitations the following infrastructure may limit or impact on the potential raising of Wivenhoe dam:

The existing Splityard Creek Power Station;

The existing Somerset Dam upstream on the Stanley River. This has implications to the maintenance of Somerset Dam and its dam safety due to hydraulic differentials and pore pressure issues;

The existing pumping station to Tarong Power Station, whereby it would require replacement;

High voltage powerlines on the eastern side of the existing damsite.

3.15.14 Project Capital Cost

Insufficient information was available to prepare a cost estimate for raising of the dam wall as part of the desk top study. Further investigations have been recommended under Section 3.15.15 to enable such cost estimates to be prepared.

A summary of cost estimates was included in the GHD/Kinhill report of 1999 (Reference 3) and estimated that the capital cost of the raising would have then been $120 million with a cost per ML of $3,000. It is not clear what full supply level this relates to or the assumptions, inclusions or exclusions for the estimate.


3.15.15 Investigations Proposed to Enable Assessment of the Augmentation of Wivenhoe Dam Storage Volume

A number of key factors with a potential to jeopardise the viability of raising Wivenhoe Dam have been identified. Further and more detailed investigation of those factors is recommended as summarised below in Table 3.15.3.

Table 3.15.3 Proposed Investigations into the Viability of Raising Wivenhoe Dam

Investigation Proposed

Tasks Included

Hydrology/ hydraulics: flood routing

Routing of the design flood through the gated spillway for three increased levels of FSL, maintaining flood storage and current operating rules.


Routing of the design flood through the gated spillway for three increased levels of FSL, changing flood storage and current operating rules.


Routing of the design flood through the gated spillway for three increased levels of FSL, maintaining current dam wall height and increasing the length of the existing fuse plug spillway together with raising the fuse plug sill level to retain the water at the FSL level.

Natural environment – vegetation, wildlife, river

Assess the impact of the RAMSAR listing of Moreton Bay on the viability of this project.

Cultural / Heritage

Investigate the impacts of the project on heritage listed sites as outlined in Section 3.15.7.

Costing

Estimate cost of raising the existing dam and saddle dams as well as constructing a new saddle dam in the Coominya saddle, to the required levels for the three increased FSL levels.

Estimate the cost of strengthening the existing spillway.

Estimate cost of larger gates required to retain the raised FSL and flood storage and flood surcharge.

Estimate the costs at the Splityard Creek Power Station and potential loss of energy and power generated as a result of the raised full supply level

Estimate cost of additional works required at Somerset Dam

Estimate the cost of additional works required at the Tarong pump station.


Investigation Proposed

Tasks Included

Costing Continued

Estimate the risk cost benefits of upgrading the dam to pass the PMF and if appropriate the risk cost of increased flood damage in the Brisbane River downstream of the dam.

Estimate land acquisition costs and relocation of heritage listed structures where applicable.

Estimate the costs associated with social infrastructure, such as the Brisbane Valley Highway, local connector roads, and local access roads, telecommunications, electricity, gas, water supply, sewage.

High voltage powerlines are known the traverse the eastern side of Wivenhoe Dam. The impact of raising the dam on this infrastructure is not known.

3.15.16 Figures 3.15.1 to 3.15.6

Figure 3.15.4 Locality Plan

Figure 3.15.5 Satellite and Cadastral Plan

Figure 3.15.6 General Geological Plan

Figure 3.15.7 Land Use Plan

Figure 3.15.8 Environmental and Vegetation Plan

Figure 3.15.9 Agricultural Land Capacity Plan

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Land Use Plan

Figure 3.15.7

Legend

Proposed Damwall

! Towns

River

Creek

Highway

Major Road

200m Buffer


Grazing natural vegetation

Cropping

Irrigated cropping

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Irrigated perennial horticulture

Seasonal horticulture

Irrigated seasonal horticulture

Intensive horticulture

Intensive animal production

Lake

Reservoir/dam

River

Nature conservation

Marsh/wetland

Production forestry

Plantation forestry

Other minimal use

Residential

Manufacturing and industrial

Mining

Services

Transport and communication

Utilities

Waste treatment and disposal

Source: GIS data supplied byGeoscience Australia, NRM&WProjection: MGA Zone 56Date Printed: 15 August 2005File: M:\41\14840\gis\maps\landuse_a4\wivenhoe_landuse_rev_b.mxdSize: A4

²0 1,400 2,800 4,200 5,600

Meters

1:210,000

!

!

Stanley river

ocky

er Cree

k

Esk C ree k

Reedy Creek

Neurem Creek

Middle Creek

Esk

Toogoolawah



Environmental and Vegetation Plan

Figure 3.15.8

Legend

! Towns

Proposed Damwall

River

Creek

Highway

Major Road

200m Buffer


Heritage Site

Caboonbah Homestead

Bellevue Homestead

Regional EcosystemEndangered (Dominant)

Endangered (Sub-Dominant)

Of Concern (Dominant)

Of Concern (Sub-Dominant)

Not Of Concern

Source: GIS data supplied byGeoscience Australia, NRM&WProjection: MGA Zone 56Date Printed: 15 August 2005File: M:\41\14840\gis\maps\environment_a4\wivenhoe_environment_rev_b.mxdSize: A4

²0 1,500 3,000 4,500 6,000

Meters

1:210,000

Map disclaimer: Regional ecosystem mapping, Version 5.0 Date: 13/12/05. Regional ecosystem linework reproducedat scale greater than 1:100,000, except in designated areas, should be used as a guide only. The positional accuracy of

RE data mapped at a scale of 1:100,000 is 100 metres. Regional ecosystem mapping reproduced with permissionof Environmental Protection Agency [2006]. While every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the

Information Product, the Environmental Protection Agency makes no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and disclaims all responsibility and all liability (includingwithout limitation, liability in negligence) for all expenses, losses, damages (including indirect or consequential damage)

and costs which you might incur as a result of the product being inaccurate or incomplete in any way and for any reason.Data must not be used for direct marketing or be used in breach of the privacy laws.

!

!

Stanley river

ocky

er Cree

k

Esk C ree k

Reedy Creek

Neurem Creek

Middle Creek

Esk

Toogoolawah



Agricultural Land Capacity Plan

Figure 3.15.9

Legend

! Towns

Proposed Damwall

River

Creek

200m Buffer


Good Quality Agricultural Land (GQAL)

Class A - Crop land

Class B - Limited crop land

Class C1 - Pasture land

Class C2 - Pasture land

Class D - Non-agricultural land

Source: GIS data supplied byGeoscience Australia, NRM&WProjection: MGA Zone 56Date Printed: 15 August 2005File: M:\41\14840\gis\maps\gqal_a4\wivenhoe_gqal_rev_b.mxdSize: A4

²0 1,500 3,000 4,500 6,000

Meters

1:210,000

Documents

3.15 Augmentation of Wivenhoe Dam Storage Volumesavethemaryriver.com/downloads/GHDreport/Section 3-15 Wivenhoe.pdf · Wivenhoe Dam is the largest dam in South East Queensland providing