3.2. Evolution of access networks’ technologies to broadband

A. Reference structure of access network

Core NetworkAccess Network

TP/Coax/Radio/FO/PL

AN NT

CPE

CPE

NT - Network Termination

CPE - Customer Premises Equipment

AN – Access Node

TP – Twisted pair

FOC – Fiber optic

PL – Power line

•High cost of access networks - 50-70% of the total cost of local telephone networks•Modems/ISDN, LL (E1) based on four-wire connection

Local networks based on outdated principles are became a “bottleneck”, limiting subscriber’s access to modern services.

Key forces:• New subscriber’s requirements to providing new services• New regulations• Development of new services in voice, data and video information in

interactive and broadcasting mode # WWW pages with powerful video information # Multimedia applications Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), Video-on-Demand (VoD), interactive TV

• Emergence of alternative operators in local networks, who compete with incumbent operators in provisioning a wide set of additional services

• Construction of high-speed core networks with a capacity of dozens and hundreds of Gbit/s

• Wireless Technologies

B. Access networks go to broadband

Technology Trends• Data communications exceed telephony

• Wireless/mobile subscribers exceed landline subscribers

• Broadband on Wireless

• Emergence of the Next Generation Networks

TIME

Business Access

High-speed Internet access

Residential Multimedia

Today

Business growing the broadband access

Grow the market in three waves:– High-speed Internet access (HSIA)– Business access (start with underserved SOHO segment)– Residential multimedia (gaming/video/entertainment)

Address new audiences (PC, TV, console)

Build on existing infrastructure

Move aggressively

into HSIA

C. Different media to the customer

Backbone Networks

Satellites / Sky Stations

Access Network

Twisted Pair

Cable/Coax

Optical Fiber

GSM/GPRS/UMTS

WLAN

Technological limitations of different transmission media

Optical fibers are the only alternative at high bandwidth and distancesOptical fibers are the only alternative at high bandwidth and distances

Mbit/s Limits of Transmission Media

0,1

1

10

100

1000

10000

0,1 1 10 100

Distance [km]

Tra

nsm

issio

n C

ap

acit

y [

Mb

it/s

]

Mbit/s Limits of Transmission Media

0,1

1

10

100

1000

10000

0,1 1 10 100

Distance [km]

Tra

nsm

issio

n C

ap

acit

y [

Mb

it/s

]

Fiber

Coax

Cellular Wireless*

*Capacity in Mbit/s/qkm, Bandwidth 500 MHz

250

Copper Twisted Pair

D. Access networks’ technologies

time

1900

1975

2010

1980

1990

1995

2000

2005

Copper

Fiber opticsWirelessCoaxCopper

WLLSatellite Cellular radio

DECT

AMPS

GSMPDC

CDMA

GPRSHSCSD

EDGE

PON AON

OPAL

BPON

TV analog

Voice

VoD

TV digital

ISDN

4B3T

2B1Q

xDSL

HDSL ADSL

UDSL SDSLVDSL

VSATTV

SHDSL

STM 1

UMTS

PMP

CDMA

WLAN

BluetoothPOTSPower line

10 Mb/s

5.5 Mb/s

3.5 Mb/s

1 Mb/s

7.5 Mb/s

ADSL+

ADSL

Bit rates

E. Broadband access with xDSL technologiesExtending high bit rates coverage

CentralOffice

DSLAM

Increasing loop length

CPE

# 63.8 m DSL lines worldwide at end of 2003

Source: DSL Forum, 2004

# 'Top Ten' DSL countries by number of lines

Source: DSL Forum, 2004

# 'Top Ten' countries per 100 population

Source: DSL Forum, 2004

F. Broadband access in CATV network

CoaxHub

TV

CPh TS

PC

STB

CM

Headend

POTS

Internet

TV Studio

TS - Telephone setCPh - Cable phoneSTB - Set-top boxCM - Cable modemPOTS - Plain old telephone system

HubTV

Coax or Fiber

Cable modems

• Access to the Internet provided by operators in CATV networks –

Due to new regulations for CATV operators -

Key factor of cable modem applications

• New application of cable modems – HBR access to Internet

# 3 Mbit/s in symmetrical configurations

# 30 Mbit/s in forward and 10Mbit/s in backwards directions in asymmetrical configurations

• Other most important services in CATV networks

# Distribution of digital TV programs

# Interactive digital television

# Voice over IP and Voice over ATM

• New possibilities of broadband access via cable modems –

due to an evolution of AN Coax infrastructure to HFC infrastructure

G. Broadband Wireless Access

General term – Wireless Local Loop (WLL)

G1. Fixed BWA (LMDS/MMDS/PtM…) for fixed wirelessaccess

LMDS - Local Multipoint Distribution SystemMMDS - Microwave Multipoint Distribution System

•Interactive television TV with related services

•Voice service (usually as supplement to other services)

•High-speed data transmission for business users

•Access to the Internet and streaming multimedia from Web sites

WLAN Standards:IEEE 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g802.11b - Wi-Fi ("wireless fidelity") technology Wi-Fi - alternative to a wired LAN (offices/homes)

•Ethernet protocol & CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) for common channel sharing•Frequency range - 2.4 GHz •Data speeds - up to 11 Mbps

•802.11a BRs from 1 to 12 Mb/s D 100 50 m

•802.11b 1 11 Mb/s 100 50 m

•802.11g 1 54 Mb/s 100 20 m

G2. Mobile BWA (WLAN, UMTS, IMT-2000…)

G.3. WiMax – Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

Source: dBrn Associates, Inc., 2004

•Most fundamental difference between Wi-Fi and WiMax – they are designed for totally different apps

•Wi-Fi is LAN technology designed to add mobility to wired LANs.

•WiMax was designed to provide MAN BWA services

•Wi-Fi supports a transmission up to few hundred meters, WiMax could support services in area up to 50 km

WiMax Cell

Beyond 3G vision

H. Comparison -How long does it taketo download:

E-mail

CableWLAN

30

UMTSADSL

Fiber

GSM

PSTN

GPRSISDN

bit/sByte

1

0,01

30 3

2,5

0,4

0,2

1 30

sec

min

min

20

9,6 k

56 k

115 k128 k

2 M8 M

30 M80 M

800 G

1 h video

MPEG 4 in TV-Quality

Song or photo

MP 3 High resolutionWirelesswired

sec

sec

sec

sec

ms

ns

7

3,5

12

sec

µsec

min

sec

ms

Liv

e V

ideo

Co

dec

s st

arti

ng

wit

h 3

2 kb

it/s

days

hours

3

12

hours6

min42

3 k 3 M 300 M

Broadband access in Europe and USEUROPE• According to a new IDC study, broadband penetration in Western Europe will continue to surge in coming years. By

2009, 46% of Western European households will have broadband access, compared to 20% at the end of 2004. By 2009, there will be more than 92 million broadband connections, up from 40 million at the end of 2004. 83% of these will be provided to the residential market.

• Although Internet access will remain the most important application for the short to medium term, services like voice over broadband and IPTV will be cornerstones of successful business strategy.

USIn 2004, the number of high-speed subscribers in the U.S. grew by 35.4% to 32.5 million subscribers, consisting of the

following access technologies: • cable modem - 17.0 million • DSL - 12.6 million • fixed wireless - 2.2 million • fiber-to-the-home - 0.2 million • satellite - 0.4 million• mobile wireless (3G) - 0.1 million • broadband over power line - less than 50,000

J. Access networks – concluding remarks

# Access networks are the most expensive part for operators

# Copper cables have an average life span of approx. 50 years.

# Copper transmission systems reach their theoretical limits in access networks at approx. 50 Mbit/s.

# In Europe and North America massive investments inaccess networks will be realized in 10-20 years.Most of these investments will be applied to fiber opticsand to wireless networks.