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Realities of Rehabilitation andRealities of Rehabilitation and

Resettlement Policies and ItsResettlement Policies and ItsImplementation Strategies: AnImplementation Strategies: AnAssessment of a Thermal PowerAssessment of a Thermal Power

Project in IndiaProject in India

Dr. Uma Chatterjee SahaDr. Uma Chatterjee Saha

Asst. ProfessorAsst. ProfessorDepartment of Health Care,Department of Health Care,

Xavier Institute For Development Action and StudiesXavier Institute For Development Action and Studies(XIDAS), 4th Mile, VIA RFRC, Mandla Road, Tilhari,(XIDAS), 4th Mile, VIA RFRC, Mandla Road, Tilhari,

JabalpurJabalpur--482 021, Madhya Pradesh, India.482 021, Madhya Pradesh, India.



XIDAS, Jabalpur,INDIA

B ackgroundB ackgroundMost Most large large- -scale scale development development projects projects in in India India has has a a centralized,centralized, hierarchical hierarchical and and capital capital- -intensive intensive approach approach which which has has assumed assumed that that technology technology has has the the answer answer toto all all development development problems problems..

Centralized Centralized command command and and control control system system has has perhaps perhaps been been successful successful for for achieving achieving project project objectives objectives in in terms terms of of physical physical commodities commodities like like generation generation of of thermal thermal power,power, hydroelectric hydroelectric power,power, irrigation irrigation canals canals etc etc..

However,However, the the approach approach has has almost almost completely completely failed failed in in resettling resettling and and

rehabilitating rehabilitating the the displaced displaced population population whowho have have suffered suffered intolerable intolerable injustice injustice and and trauma trauma due due toto set set upup of of the the project project




Some relevant factsSome relevant facts

T he T he development development projects projects have have already already displaced displaced 2121,,300300,,000000people people from from 19511951 toto 19901990 in in India India

At At present,present, the the overall overall number number of of displaced displaced exceeds exceeds 3030,,000000,,000000

More More than than 150150,,000000 people people have have been been displaced displaced in in the the last last 3030

years years toto make make way way for for power power generation generation projects projects till till date date..




O verall objectiveO verall objective

T he paper provides a basis for determining whether the Project Affected

People (PAP) have been actually provided with the means to restore their former living standards, thereby providing an understanding whether their vulnerability has increased or decreased and whether thedegree of sustainability has improved or not.

It also helps to assess the changes and outcomes that have occurred inthe social fabric of the affected community.




Specific objectivesSpecific objectivesToTo understandunderstand thethe differencedifference inin landland holdingholding of of thethe PAPsPAPsbeforebefore andand afterafter acquisitionacquisition andand itsits effecteffect onon croppingcropping pattern,pattern,possessionpossession of of livestock livestock andand thethe naturenature of of employmentemployment andandearningearning

ToTo understandunderstand thethe amountamount of of compensationcompensation givengiven toto PAPsPAPsandand itsits utilizationutilization

ToTo assessassess thethe ImpactImpact thethe ProjectProject onon availabilityavailability of of firewoodfirewoodandand fodderfodder

ToTo findfind thethe ImpactImpact of of thethe ProjectProject onon infrastructuralinfrastructural facilitiesfacilitiesandand amenitiesamenities

ToTo findfind thethe extentextent of of livelihoodlivelihood restorationrestoration activitiesactivities

ToTo findfind thethe ImpactImpact of of projectproject onon thethe socialsocial lifelife andand statusstatus




C ompany·sC ompany·s provisionprovision of of R R && R R andand itsits enactmentenactment

R R && R R planplan andand qualityquality of of servicesservices ² ² fromfrom thethe perspectiveperspectiveof of thethe PAPsPAPs

InIn--depthdepth studystudy of of thethe consequencesconsequences of of positivepositive andandnegativenegative impactimpact of of thethe projectproject andand itsits practicalpractical solutionsolution




Project AreaProject AreaItIt isis country·scountry·s firstfirst ThermalThermal PowerPower ProjectProject

consistingconsisting of of fourfour unitsunits of of 660660MW,MW, withwithenvironmentenvironment friendlyfriendly supersuper criticalcritical technologytechnology. . It It is is buildbuild atat thethe centralcentral partpart of of IndiaIndia. .

TheThe totaltotal landland acquiredacquired waswas 38223822..5757 acresacres whichwhich

belongedbelonged toto comprisedcomprised of of eighteight villagesvillages.. TheThe landlandunderunder acquisitionacquisition includesincludes 17151715..8282 acresacres of of privateprivateland,land, 14001400..4040 acresacres of of GovernmentGovernment landland andand 506506..3535acresacres of of GovernmentGovernment revenuerevenue forestlandforestland. .

NoNo reservereserve oror protectedprotected areaarea isis beingbeing acquiredacquired. . AsAsperper thethe StateState GovernmentGovernment revenuerevenue records,records, therethereareare 20352035 ProjectProject AffectedAffected PersonsPersons (PAPs),(PAPs),comprisingcomprising aboutabout 14001400 familiesfamilies whosewhose landland isisbeingbeing acquiredacquired. .




METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY

Systematic Information C ollection Analysis (SI C A) approachSystematic Information C ollection Analysis (SI C A) approachParticipatory ApproachParticipatory ApproachC onsultative ApproachC onsultative Approach

For the survey the researchers adopted different techniques asFor the survey the researchers adopted different techniques asdescribed below:described below:

Interview Schedule and Focus Group DiscussionInterview Schedule and Focus Group DiscussionPRA and O bservation MethodPRA and O bservation MethodC ase StudyC ase StudyDiscussion and MeetingsDiscussion and Meetings




Sampling DesignSampling Design

Complete enumeration of PAPs of 8 villagesComplete enumeration of PAPs of 8 villages

BesidesBesides 44 nearby nearby villagesvillages (with(with nono intervention)intervention)werewere randomly randomly selectedselected andand surveyedsurveyed andandtreatedtreated asas ´control´control villageµvillageµ inin thethe study study forforcomparisoncomparison withwith thethe treatmenttreatment villagesvillages..




ANALYSIS & DISCUSSIONANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

Interview Status of Survey

completed

82%

migrated7%

not f ound11%

completed

migrated

not f ound




B ackground characteristics of the PAPsB ackground characteristics of the PAPs

B ackground C haracteristicsB ackground C haracteristics Percentage of PAPsPercentage of PAPs(N=1632)(N=1632)

AgeAge 31 to 4031 to 40 21.621.641 to 5041 to 50 30.130.1

GenderGenderMaleMale 87.787.7

Marital statusMarital statusMarriedMarried 88.288.2




Contd«Contd«C asteC aste

Schedule C asteSchedule C aste 31.131.1

O ther B ackward C lassO ther B ackward C lass 42.242.2ReligionReligion

HinduHindu 99.099.0

Type of FamiliesType of Families

JointJoint 46.846.8NuclearNuclear 31.631.6

EducationEducation

PrimaryPrimary 25.825.8

IlliterateIlliterate 39.539.5Mean Family sizeMean Family size 6.546.54±± 3.943.94

Mean DependentMean Dependent 5.05.0 ±± 3.53*3.53*

Mean Annual IncomeMean Annual Income Rs. 39,917 ($798)Rs. 39,917 ($798)* D enotes standard deviation from mean value * D enotes standard deviation from mean value




ASSESSMENT O F LAND A CQU ISITI O NASSESSMENT O F LAND A CQU ISITI O NAND CO MPENSATI O NAND CO MPENSATI O N

ThereThere isis aa significantsignificant changechange inin landland holdingholding amongamong them,them,ii..ee..,, thethe nono.. of of PAPsPAPs havinghaving landland beforebefore thethe acquisitionacquisition waswas16321632,, whichwhich camecame downdown toto onlyonly 719719 PAPsPAPs

TheThe meanmean possessionpossession of of landland perper PAPPAP increasedincreased amongamongthosethose whowho havehave retainedretained theirtheir landland afterafter thethe companycompanyinterventionintervention

RegardingRegarding compensation,compensation, thethe companycompany hadhad spentspent aa netnetamountamount of of RsRs.. 1414 crorescrores onon thethe PAPs,PAPs, outout of of whichwhich aa totaltotal of of RsRs.. oneone crorecrore waswas utilizedutilized toto purchasepurchase new new landland




ThereThere waswas aa suddensudden spurtspurt inin landland pricesprices inin thethe localitylocality afterafter

thethe disbursementdisbursement of of thethe compensationcompensation. . AccordingAccording toto them,them,thethe landland whichwhich waswas betweenbetween RsRs..1000010000--RsRs..1515,, 000000 beforebefore thetheacquisitionacquisition roserose toto moremore thanthan 11 laclac afterafter thethe acquisitionacquisition

B utB ut thethe lapselapse of of timetime betweenbetween thethe landland acquisitionacquisition andand thethedisbursementdisbursement of of compensationcompensation constitutedconstituted somesome timetime gapgap ,,whichwhich hashas beenbeen anan unhappyunhappy lacunalacuna inin thethe people·speople·s timetimeframeframe. .

O neO ne of of thethe positivepositive aspectsaspects of of thethe R R && R R programprogram waswas thethewidewide--rangingranging coveragecoverage of of PAPsPAPs ((9999 perper cent)cent) forfordisbursementdisbursement of of compensationcompensation




TheThe utilizationutilization of of thethe compensationcompensation amountamount bybyPAPsPAPs showsshows thatthat thethe majoritymajority of of themthem hadhad utilizedutilizeditit onon househouse constructionconstruction. . B esides,B esides, almostalmost half half of of themthem hadhad exhaustedexhausted thethe amountamount onon dayday--toto--dayday

consumerconsumer needsneeds likelike food,food, clothes,clothes, medicalmedicaltreatment,treatment, andand children·schildren·s educationeducation. . O nlyO nly aahandfulhandful of of thethe PAPsPAPs havehave actuallyactually purchasedpurchased landlandoror startedstarted incomeincome generationgeneration activities,activities, whichwhichmightmight helphelp themthem inin gettinggetting aa sustainablesustainablelivelihoodlivelihood. .




THE EFFE C T O F C HANGE IN THE C R O PPINGTHE EFFE C T O F C HANGE IN THE C R O PPINGPATTERN AFTER LAND A CQU ISITI O N O N IN CO MEPATTERN AFTER LAND A CQU ISITI O N O N IN CO ME

LEVEL O F PAPSLEVEL O F PAPS

ThereThere areare significantsignificant changeschanges inin thethe croppingcropping patternpattern of of thethePAPsPAPs. . WhileWhile aboutabout 6363 perper centcent of of thethe PAPs,PAPs, whowho wherewherepreviouslypreviously involvedinvolved inin cultivationcultivation of of Kharif Kharif crops,crops, havehave now now beenbeen decreaseddecreased toto onlyonly 3737 percentpercent. . TheThe agriculturalagriculturalinvolvementinvolvement inin thethe RabiRabi cropscrops alsoalso decreaseddecreased butbutnegligiblynegligibly. .

AlthoughAlthough thethe marketmarket valuevalue of of thethe productsproducts increasesincreases dayday bybyday,day, thethe grossgross incomeincome fromfrom cultivationcultivation beforebefore thethe landlandacquisitionacquisition waswas RsRs.. 11,,0303,,9898,,504504 andand afterafter thethe acquisition,acquisition, ititdecreaseddecreased toto RsRs.. 9393,,2727,,239239 (($$11,,8686,,545545))..




WhenWhen thethe PAPsPAPs werewere askedasked aboutabout thethe reductionreduction ininfamilyfamily incomeincome fromfrom agricultureagriculture aboutabout 8686 perper centcentpeoplepeople disagreeddisagreed ² ² whichwhich givesgives aa clearclear implicationimplicationthatthat thethe PAPSPAPS supplementsupplement thethe lossloss of of incomeincome fromfromcultivationcultivation byby otherother sourcessources of of incomeincome. .




EFFE C T O F C HANGE IN THE P O SSESSI O N O FEFFE C T O F C HANGE IN THE P O SSESSI O N O FLIVEST OC K LIVEST OC K

TheThe meanmean livestock livestock perper PAPPAP decreaseddecreased fromfrom 66 toto 33andand atat thethe levellevel of of thethe villages,villages, thethe sumsum of of livestock livestock waswas 39733973 beforebefore thethe acquisition,acquisition, whichwhich camecame downdowntoto 20502050 afterafter thethe acquisitionacquisition. .

TheThe meanmean incomeincome reductionreduction fromfrom livestock livestock perperPAPPAP isis RsRs 466466 andand forfor allall thethe villagesvillages thethe totaltotalreductionreduction waswas RsRs.. 11,,4040,,425425..0000 (($$ 28092809)) annuallyannually




TheThe mainmain reasonsreasons forfor thethe reductionreduction inin thethenumbernumber of of livestock livestock afterafter thethe landlandacquisitionacquisition werewere theirtheir inabilityinability toto maintainmaintainthethe livestock,livestock, reductionreduction inin thethe grazinggrazing

groundground andand aa reductionreduction inin thethe earningsearnings of of PAPs,PAPs, whichwhich reducedreduced thethe purchasingpurchasingcapacitycapacity of of fodderfodder fromfrom thethe marketmarket. .




IMPA C T O N A CC ESS T O FIREW OO DIMPA C T O N A CC ESS T O FIREW OO DAND F O DDER AND F O DDER

Earlier,Earlier, thethe PAPsPAPs usedused toto collectcollect firewoodfirewood andand fodderfodderfromfrom theirtheir ownown landland butbut afterafter thethe landland acquisition,acquisition,many many PAPsPAPs becamebecame landlesslandless andand many many othersothers hadhad aareductionreduction inin thethe sizesize of of theirtheir landland.. ThoseThose PAPsPAPs whowhowerewere landlesslandless hadhad toto purchasepurchase firewoodfirewood andand fodderfodderfromfrom thethe marketmarket andand thosethose whosewhose landland sizesize waswas

reducedreduced hadhad accessaccess toto firewoodfirewood andand fodderfodder fromfrom theirtheirownown landland butbut itit waswas insufficientinsufficient.. Hence,Hence, they they alsoalso hadhadtoto purchasepurchase thesethese fromfrom thethe marketmarket..




EFFE C T O F C HANGE IN THE NAT U RE O FEFFE C T O F C HANGE IN THE NAT U RE O FEMPL OY MENT AND EARNINGEMPL OY MENT AND EARNING

TheThe occupationaloccupational transitiontransition fromfrom thetheagriculturalagricultural sectorsector toto thethe nonnon--farmfarm sectorsectorwaswas prevalentprevalent amongamong thethe respondentsrespondents. .

DueDue toto lack lack of of traditionaltraditional occupationoccupation ,, thethepeoplepeople dependdepend forfor theirtheir livelihoodlivelihood mostlymostlyonon nonnon--farmfarm dailydaily wagewage earningearning andandservicesservices ..




MostMost oftenoften thosethose PAPsPAPs whowho areare willingwilling toto work work getget jobsjobs asasdailydaily wagewage labourerlabourer inin thethe companycompany andand inin thethe nearbynearby semisemi--

urbanurban areasareas.. TheThe adventadvent of of thethe companycompany hashas openedopenedvariousvarious avenuesavenues of of work work andand jobsjobs..

B utB ut outsidersoutsiders areare appointedappointed onon thethe basisbasis of of efficiency,efficiency, skillskillandand expertiseexpertise ,, whichwhich areare hithertohitherto missingmissing amongamong mostmost of of locals,locals, theythey areare abstainingabstaining fromfrom itit..

MoreoverMoreover itit isis observedobserved thatthat thethe PAPsPAPs werewere notnot keenkeen onon getgetjobsjobs anywhereanywhere outside,outside, asas theythey feelfeel thatthat sincesince thethe companycompanyhadhad takentaken theirtheir landland andand assets,assets, itit mustmust provideprovide themthem thethemeansmeans of of livelihoodlivelihood. . B ecauseB ecause of of thisthis mindset,mindset, theythey areareagitatedagitated andand dede--motivatedmotivated toto findfind jobjob elsewhereelsewhere andand remainremainunemployedunemployed. .




IMPA C T O N THE S OC IAL LIFEIMPA C T O N THE S OC IAL LIFE

TheThe prevalenceprevalence of of childchild marriagemarriage isis stillstill existentexistent afterafter thethe landlandacquisitionacquisition. .

TheThe pardaparda systemsystem andand thethe femalefemale mortalitymortality raterate areare decreasingdecreasing ,,whilewhile thethe dowrydowry systemsystem isis increasingincreasing ..

TheThe women·swomen·s rolerole inin decisiondecision- -makingmaking inin householdhousehold mattersmatters andandeducationeducation forfor girls,girls, whichwhich werewere highhigh beforebefore thethe landland acquisition,acquisition,areare furtherfurther increasingincreasing. .

RegardingRegarding occupations,occupations, duedue toto landland loss,loss, thethe migrationmigration raterate hashasincreased,increased, thethe dependencydependency onon thethe companycompany hashas increasedincreased ,, whilewhilethethe jobjob opportunityopportunity hashas alsoalso slightlyslightly increasedincreased ..

DueDue toto thethe decreasedecrease inin thethe forestlandforestland ,, thethe earlierearlier dependencydependency ononthethe forestforest hashas decreaseddecreased. .




IMPA C T O F INTERVENTI O N O N THE S OC IALIMPA C T O F INTERVENTI O N O N THE S OC IALSTAT U S O F THE PAPsSTAT U S O F THE PAPs

AboutAbout 77 perper centcent of of thethe PAPsPAPs saysay thatthat theirtheir socialsocial statusstatus hashas beenbeenaffected,affected, thethe reasonsreasons areare::

AboutAbout 1515 perper centcent of of thethe PAPsPAPs saysay thatthat duedue toto landland acquisition,acquisition, thetheexistingexisting socialsocial institutionsinstitutions havehave beenbeen dissolveddissolved ..

SevenSeven perper centcent of of thethe PAPsPAPs saysay thatthat theirtheir familyfamily waswas disintegrateddisintegrated afterafterthethe landland acquisitionacquisition

2121 perper centcent of of themthem saysay thatthat thethe familyfamily feudsfeuds havehave increasedincreased duedue totounequalunequal distributiondistribution of of compensationcompensation amongamong thethe familyfamily membersmembers. .

AboutAbout 5353 perper centcent of of thethe PAPsPAPs havehave migratedmigrated toto otherother placesplaces ,, wherewheretheythey couldcould notnot maintainmaintain theirtheir earlierearlier socialsocial statusstatus. .




IMPA C T O F INFRASTR UC T U RALIMPA C T O F INFRASTR UC T U RALFA C ILITIES AND AMENITIESFA C ILITIES AND AMENITIES

TakingTaking intointo considerationconsideration allall thethe aboveabove indicators,indicators, asas proxyproxy totothethe livingliving standardstandard of of thethe PAPsPAPs anan indexindex knownknown asas ´Standard´Standardof of LivingLiving IndexµIndexµ (SLI),(SLI), hashas beenbeen formulatedformulated. . AnalysisAnalysis depictsdepicts

thatthat PAPsPAPs inin low low standardstandard of of livingliving increasedincreased byby 55..88 perper centcentpointspoints andand subsequentlysubsequently itit decreaseddecreased inin thethe middlemiddle andand highhighstandardstandard of of livingliving.. AgriculturalAgricultural land,land, irrigatedirrigated landland andandlivestock livestock influenceinfluence thethe presentpresent indexindex.. Thus,Thus, althoughalthough thethe

PAPSPAPS mightmight havehave moremore incomeincome level,level, savingsaving oror asset,asset,presentlypresently withwith respectrespect toto prepre--acquisitionacquisition phasephase butbut thethe indexindexisis moremore influencedinfluenced byby thethe aforesaidaforesaid previousprevious indicatorsindicators. .




Positive ImpactPositive Impact Negative ImpactNegative Impact

IncomeIncome levellevel hashas improvedimproved NeedsNeeds areare emergingemerging higherhigher thanthan thetheincomeincome resultingresulting inin anan economiceconomicpressurepressure onon familiesfamilies

EducationalEducational statusstatus andand awarenessawareness of of peoplepeople isis improvingimproving

DependencyDependency onon thethe companycompany isisincreasingincreasing

PeoplePeople havehave easyeasy approachapproach totoinfrastructuralinfrastructural facilitiesfacilities

DueDue toto lack lack of of communitycommunity feelingfeeling andandsensesense of of ownership,ownership, maintenancemaintenance is isinadequateinadequate

AcculturationAcculturation andand infiltrationinfiltration of of new new methodsmethods andand systemssystems

DisappearanceDisappearance of of locallocal cultureculture andandidentityidentity

AccessAccess toto variousvarious employmentemploymentopportunitiesopportunities forfor thosethose whowho areare willingwillingtoto work work

PeoplePeople areare lessless interestedinterested inin theirtheirtraditionaltraditional occupationoccupation. . ThereThere isisoccupationaloccupational mobilitymobility

LifeLife style,style, whichwhich includesincludes housing,housing,

clothing,clothing, changechange inin livelihood,livelihood, changechangeinin foodfood habit,habit, educationaleducational levellevel etcetc..,, hashasimprovedimproved

HealthHealth standardstandard hashas declineddeclined duedue toto

changechange inin foodfood intake,intake, work work cultureculture andandenvironmentenvironment

JobJob opportunitiesopportunities areare moremore PeoplePeople havehave littlelittle timetime forfor socialsocial andandritualritual customscustoms






THE CO MPAN Y ·s INTERVENTI O N INTHE CO MPAN Y ·s INTERVENTI O N INLIVELIH OO D REST O RATI O NLIVELIH OO D REST O RATI O N

TableTable describesdescribes thatthat onlyonly

22 PAPsPAPs ,, outout of of 16901690,, havehave receivedreceived trainingtraining onon thethe specialspecialcoursecourse inin ITIITI andand bothboth areare satisfiedsatisfied. .

EightEight PAPs,PAPs, outout of of 16831683,, areare runningrunning smallsmall shopsshops andand 66 of of themthem areare satisfiedsatisfied. .

AboutAbout 6565 unskilledunskilled PAPs,PAPs, outout of of 16901690,, areare workingworking inin thethecompanycompany andand outout of of themthem 44 areare satisfiedsatisfied. .

O nlyO nly 11 isis aa skilledskilled worker,worker, outout of of 16911691 PAPsPAPs gotgot jobjob inin thethecompanycompany andand hehe isis satisfiedsatisfied. .

SixtySixty--twotwo PAPs,PAPs, outout of of 16901690,, areare workingworking onon contract,contract, whilewhileonlyonly 55 of of themthem areare satisfiedsatisfied. .




O ther R&R provisionsO ther R&R provisionsTheThe companycompany hashas manymany provisionsprovisions forfor thethe welfarewelfare of of thethe affectedaffectedpeoplepeople andand itit providedprovided TriTri--cycle,cycle, WheelWheel chairs,chairs, HearingHearing aids,aids,TapeTape recordersrecorders andand cassettescassettes forfor visuallyvisually impaired,impaired, ArtificialArtificiallimbslimbs andand crutchescrutches toto thethe handicappedhandicapped peoplepeople. .

TheThe companycompany alsoalso organizedorganized HealthHealth checkupcheckup camps,camps, EyeEyecamps,camps, familyfamily welfarewelfare campscamps andand ayurvedicayurvedic healthhealth campscamps. .

ItIt providedprovided manymany facilitiesfacilities forfor schoolsschools andand college,college, suchsuch as,as,schoolschool bagsbags && stationeries,stationeries, table,table, chairschairs && durriesdurries inin school,school,

scholarshipsscholarships && feefee assistance,assistance, drinkingdrinking waterwater facility,facility, computercomputerlablab inin C ollege,C ollege, etcetc..

thethe companycompany alsoalso supportedsupported RuralRural SportsSports andand C ulturalC ultural ActivitiesActivities. .

AlmostAlmost allall thethe PAPsPAPs areare satisfiedsatisfied withwith thethe companycompany forfor allall thesethese

provisionsprovisions. .




ResponsesResponses regardingregarding thethe qualityquality assessmentassessment of of thethe

companycompany servicesservices revealsreveals 5656 perper centcent saidsaid thatthat thetheplanplan waswas sufficient,sufficient, aboutabout 5555 perper centcent areare satisfiedsatisfiedwithwith thosethose plansplans andand 5454 perper centcent PAPsPAPs areare happyhappy

withwith thethe planplan theythey havehave chosenchosen. . TheThe remainingremaining 4646perper centcent of of thethe PAPsPAPs areare notnot happyhappy withwith thesetheseplansplans andand thethe reasonsreasons forfor theirtheir unhappinessunhappiness werewere::thatthat theythey werewere compelledcompelled toto taketake thatthat planplan ,, thethechoiceschoices availableavailable werewere notnot enoughenough andand someonesomeoneguidedguided themthem toto choosechoose thethe plan,plan, etcetc..




IMPA C T O F R AND R O N THE PAPsIMPA C T O F R AND R O N THE PAPsPositive ImpactPositive Impact Negative ImpactNegative Impact

DevelopmentDevelopment of of basicbasic communitycommunityinfrastructuresinfrastructures

LossLoss of of collectivism,collectivism, sociabilitysociability andandfellowfellow feelingfeeling

GenerationGeneration of of employmentemploymentopportunitiesopportunities

LossLoss of of LandLand ledled toto changechange ininnutritionalnutritional standardstandard andand qualityquality foodfoodintakeintake..

SeparateSeparate departmentdepartment of of thethe R R andand R R

facilitatedfacilitated anan easyeasy approachapproach toto thethecompanycompany for for complaintscomplaints. .

Never Never endingending dependencydependency onon thethe

companycompany ledled toto thethe lossloss of of initiativesinitiativesandand creativitycreativityGoodGood rapportrapport withwith sociologistssociologists AspirationsAspirations of of peoplepeople exceededexceeded their their

graspgraspDifferentDifferent programmesprogrammes andand schemesschemesapproachedapproached thethe affectedaffected villagesvillages

Poor Poor followfollow upup of of thethe programmesprogrammes

ImprovementImprovement inin educationaleducational standard,standard,literacyliteracy levellevel

DemandDemand for for tootoo manymany thingsthings fromfrom thethecompanycompany

HopeHope for for further further developmentdevelopment of of thetheareaarea andand thethe peoplepeople

Self Self--centeredness,centeredness, wideningwidening gapsgapsbetweenbetween andand amongamong thethe individualsindividuals. .






TheThe managementmanagement withwith certaincertain amountamount of of

distressdistress andand exasperationexasperation sayssays:: ´We´We havehave donedoneeverythingeverything wewe could,could, whywhy dodo thethe peoplepeopleremainremain unhappy?µunhappy?µ

whywhy isis itit thatthat aa ´turn´turn aroundµaroundµ hashas notnot comecomeaboutabout completelycompletely tilltill date?date?

How How toto bridgebridge thethe gap?gap?






TheThe managementmanagement of of villagevillage infrastructuralinfrastructural developmentdevelopmentwork work shouldshould notnot bebe entirelyentirely transferredtransferred toto thethe StateState

GovernmentGovernment ratherrather implementedimplemented throughthrough reliablereliableNG O sNG O s

A A customercustomer- -friendlyfriendly approachapproach shouldshould bebe cultivatedcultivated betweenbetweenthethe managersmanagers of of PowerPower C ompanyC ompany inin theirtheir relationsrelations withwith

PAPsPAPs. .

TheThe incomeincome generationgeneration projectsprojects forfor thethe PAPsPAPs areare notnotproperlyproperly managedmanaged. . TheyThey needneed moremore motivation,motivation,encouragementencouragement andand escorting,escorting, if if theythey areare toto taketake upup

new new venturesventures. .




TheThe ´buy´buy peaceµpeaceµ approachapproach utilizedutilized initiallyinitially toto coaxcoax thetherecalcitrantrecalcitrant oror vocalvocal PAPsPAPs toto partpart withwith theirtheir landland hashas

encouragedencouraged somesome of of themthem toto taketake thethe law law intointo theirtheir ownownhandshands. . B eforeB efore suchsuch aa situationsituation developsdevelops intointo aa menacemenace andandthreatensthreatens publicpublic security,security, itit needsneeds toto bebe checkedcheckedimmediatelyimmediately. .

ThisThis task task shouldshould notnot bebe imposedimposed onon thethe ManagementManagement(basically(basically engineers)engineers) of of powerpower companycompany alonealone.. PerhapsPerhapssomesome neutralneutral bodiesbodies oror groups,groups, suchsuch as,as, C ivilC ivil SocietySocietyorganizations,organizations, RotaryRotary C lubs,C lubs, LionsLions C lubs,C lubs, NG O s,NG O s, Women·sWomen·s

O rganizations,O rganizations, etcetc.. shouldshould comecome togethertogether andand cooperatecooperate totobuildbuild aa climateclimate of of sharedshared concernconcern forfor thethe wholewholecommunitiescommunities. .




Thank you for a patient listening Thank you for a patient listening

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33 presentation-cairo1