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14 INDIA14.1 Summary of Coal Industry

14.1.1 ROLE OF COAL IN INDIA

Coal is the most important source of energy for electric power generation in India, whichconsumes more than 70 percent of India’s coal production (EIA, 2004a). About three quarters of the domestic electricity is generated from coal-fired plants. Steel, cement, fertilizer, chemical,paper, and industrial plants are also major coal users, while coal has largely been phased out fromthe rail transport sector. India must import most of its coking coal needs (20 million tonnes (Mmt)in 2005, with another 17 Mmt of steam coal), since its domestic coal is of low quality (high-ash,low-calorific value), making it undesirable for coking coal (WEC, 2007). Even with highdomestic production, India imported 10.8 percent of its total coal consumption in 2005.

Table 14-1 provides statistics on India’s coal reserves and production. The Geological Survey of India estimates 119 billion tonnes of indicated reserves and 37.7 billion tonnes of inferredreserves.

Table 14-1. India’s Coal Reserves and Production

Indicator

Anthracite &

Bituminous

(milliontonnes)

Sub-bituminous

& Lignite

(million tonnes)

Total

(million tonnes)

Global

Rank

(# and %)

Estimated Proved CoalReserves (2005)*

90,085 2,360 92,445 4 (10.7%)

Annual Coal Production(2005)**

397.4 30.1 427.5 3 (7.78%)

Source: *EIA (2007a); **IEA (2007)

Coal consumption has been increasing at a rate of about 4.8 percent per year and is expected tocontinue at this rate (IEA, 2002). Despite this increased consumption, the expanding demand for power has reduced the fraction of energy consumption provided by coal from approximately 68percent in 2002 to 53 percent by 2004 (EIA, 2007b).

The coal-bearing formations of India occur in two geological horizons, the Lower Gondwana(Permian) and the Tertiary sediments (Eocene-Oliocene) of northeastern India, Rajasthan,Gujarat, Jammu, and Kashmir (Chand, 2001). Coal resources are found in 17 major coalfields inIndia (GSI, 2007). Reserves in these coal fields are provided in Table 14-2, while Figure 14-1

shows major coal deposits in India.

CMM Global Overview 97

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Table 14-2. Coal Distribution in India’s Major Coalfields (million tonnes)

State Coal Field Resource Proved Reserves

Orissa Talcher 40869.47 12311.10

West Bengal Raniganj 25558.85 12877.90

Orissa Ib-river 22364.11 5401.83

Jharkhand Jharia 19430.06 15077.57

Chattisgarh Mand-raigarh 19106.04 1953.88

Andhra Pradesh Godavari Valley 17714.46 8791.13

Jharkhand N. Karanpura 15860.43 8077.77

Jharkhand Rajmahal 14275.91 2077.97

Madhya Pradesh Singrauli 13478.31 5002.52

Chattisgarh Korba 10115.21 4980.58

Jharkhand E. Bokaro 7067.47 2896.98

Jharkhand S. karanpura 6036.79 2542.18

Maharashtra Wardha Valley 5669.63 2944.42

Jharkhand W. Bokaro 5004.99 3488.10Chattisgarh Hasdo-arand 4972.96 1183.36

West Bengal Birbhum 4683.02 0

Madhya Pradesh Sohagpur 4602.63 1688.54

Source: GSI (2007) Note: Where coalfields overlap state borders, the state with the dominant share of resources is shown.

Figure 14-1. India’s Coal Fields

Source: IEA CoalResearch (1983)


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Hard coals (anthracite and bituminous) account for 77 percent of the country’s proved reserves(WEC, 2007). The principal deposits of hard coal are in the eastern half of the country, rangingfrom Andhra Pradesh, bordering the Indian Ocean, to Arunachal Pradesh in the extremenortheast. The States of Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Chattisgarh, and Andhra Pradeshtogether account for about 85 percent of reserves. The Damodar Valley basins include thesignificant Jharia and Raniganj coalfields in the east and the Bokaro, Ramgarh, and north and

south Karanpura fields in the west.

The high-rank coal seams in deeper coalfields represent a significant target for future coal minemethane (CMM) and coalbed methane (CBM) development. In some of the coalfields of theDamodar Valley, there are around 25 coal seams, or even in excess of 40 in some areas, withcumulative thickness of over 100 meters (M2M - India, 2005).

14.1.2 STAKEHOLDERS

Table 14-3 identifies potential stakeholders in Indian coal mine methane (CMM) development.

Table 14-3. Key Stakeholders in India’s CMM Industry

Stakeholder Category Stakeholder Role

Mining Companies � Coal India, Ltd. (CIL) and its eight regional Project hostssubsidiaries

� Bharat Coking Coal, Ltd. - a subsidiary of CIL

� Singareni Collieries, Ltd.

Engineering, Consultancy, � See Technical assistanceand Related Services http://www.epa.gov/coalbed/networkcontacts.html

Developers � Reliance Industries Project opportunity

� Essar Oil Ltd. identification and planning

� Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

� Seehttp://www.epa.gov/coalbed/networkcontacts.html

Universities, Research � Central Fuel Research Institute Technical assistanceEstablishments � Central Mine Planning and Design Institute

Government Groups � Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (for CBM Oversight of resources,only) licensing

� Directorate General of Hydrocarbons

� Ministry of Coal (for CBM/CMM)

14.1.3 STATUS OF COAL AND THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY

In 2000, 27 percent of coal production in India came from underground mines. Currently, thatnumber is 15 percent. Deep mines continue to be developed, but more surface mines are alsobeing developed due to the country’s vast resource of shallow, low-rank coal deposits. Table 14-4

summarizes recent statistics on coal production by mine type.


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Table 14-4. India’s Hard Coal Production by Mine Type

Type of MineProduction

(million tonnes)Number of Mines

Underground (active) mines 64.1 359

Surface (active) mines 363.4 170

Mixed - 33

Total active mines 427.5 576

Source: Ministry (2004)

There is no classification system in India for the “gassiness” of surface mines. There is, however,a 3-tier classification system for underground mines, as reflected in Table 14-5.

Table 14-5. India’s Classification System and Estimates of Mine Gassiness

Class

Rate of Emission

(volume of flammable gas /tonne of coal produced)

Number of Mines

(in 1994)

Degree I > .01 and < 1 m3 288

Degree II > 1 and < 10 m3 13

Degree III > 10 m3 24

Source: UNFCCC (2004)

India’s coal production faces challenges of low productivity, distribution problems, and increasingloss of domestic market share to higher-quality, less-expensive imports. India’s government embarkedon a series of economic reforms in the 1990s, including relaxation of restrictions on foreign ownershipand privatization of some industrial enterprises. Under the new government that took power in May2004, some of these economic reforms were curtailed and continued at a slower pace. In April 2004,470 of India’s 576 mines were under the control of Coal India, Ltd. (CIL), a state-owned entity.Private mines are allowed only if “captive” to a power plant or factory (Ministry, 2004). Private minesor investment in mines owned by Indian companies are allowed provided that the captive coal is used

for power generation, steel, or cement. Private companies were allocated 60 blocks for exploration andmining in 2006-2007. The current government has curtailed further coal-sector liberalization due topressure from labor unions (EIA, 2004b).

14.2 Overview of CMM Emissions and Development Potential

India’s carbon emissions increased by 61 percent between 1990 and 2001, a rate surpassed only byChina. In 1994, annual emissions were 1228.54 Mmt CO2e (UNFCCC, 2004). India’s carbonemissions are expected to continue to increase throughout the rest of the decade. The rise in India’scarbon emissions is in part due to the low energy efficiency of coal-fired power plants in the country.High capital costs of replacing existing coal-fired plants, a scarcity of capital, and the long lead time

required to introduce advanced coal technologies point to the likelihood that most of India’s highlypolluting coal-fired power plants will remain in operation for the next couple of decades (EIA, 2004b).

The Methane to Markets International CMM Projects Database currently identifies no CMM recoveryprojects in India, in operation or development (M2M Projects, 2008). There are two proposed projectsdesigned to produce electricity from methane captured at opencast mines in India (M2M Partnership,2007).


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14.2.1 CMM EMISSIONS FROM OPERATING MINES

Table 14-6 summarizes India’s CMM emissions.

Table 14-6. India’s CMM Emissions (million cubic meters)

Source 1990 1994 1995 2000 2005

(projected)

CMM emissions (no *763 957.3 *959 *1,106 *1363utilization)

Source: UNFCCC (2004); *USEPA (2006)

While there is some drainage of CMM, there are currently no commercial projects for its recoveryor use in India. A 19.22 million USD project of the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP), the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), and the Indian Ministry of Coal called“Coalbed Methane Recovery & Commercial Utilisation” seeks to demonstrate the commercialfeasibility of utilizing methane gas recovered before, during, and after coal extraction (UNDP,2007). Recovered CMM will be used for power generation and compressed natural gas fuel for mine vehicles. The Central Mine Planning and Design Institute (CMPDI) is India’s lead

implementing agency (USEPA, 2004). This project is scheduled for completion in December 2008 (UNDP, 2008). Future results could lead to expanded application of CMM technologies andapproaches at commercial scale.

14.2.2 CMM EMISSIONS FROM ABANDONED COAL MINES

About 5 percent of abandoned mines in India are considered gassy, assuming the same percentage asactive mines reported in the First National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). No additional information is available on abandoned minemethane in India at this time.

14.2.3 CBM FROM VIRGIN COAL SEAMS

Estimates of India’s CBM potential vary. One source estimates up to 2 trillion m3 of CBM in 56coal basins covering 64,000 km2. Coal in these basins ranges from high-volatile to low-volatilebituminous with high ash content (10 to 40 percent), and its gas content is between 3-16 m3/tonne(Singh, 2002). The Directorate General of Hydrocarbons estimates that deposits in 44 major coaland lignite fields in 12 states of India covering an area of 35,330 km2 contain 3.4 trillion m3 of CBM depending on the rank of the coal, depth of burial, and geotectonic settings of the basins asestimated by the CMPDI.

In the Jharia Coalfield, the gas content is estimated to be between 7.3 and 23.8 m3 per tonne of coal within the depth range of 150 to 1200 m. Analysis indicates every 100-m increase in depth isassociated with a 1.3 m3 increase of methane content (M2M - India, 2005).

India has been attempting to develop its CBM resources for several years. In 1997, thegovernment formed a CBM policy that established the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas asthe CBM administrative agency and offered several incentives (see section 14.3.1).

In May 2001, the Indian government for the first time offered blocks for exploration andproduction of CBM through an international bidding process. Reliance Industries, Essar Oil Ltd.,and Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) won the bids for the blocks. The governmentlaunched a second round of bidding on nine CBM blocks in May 2003. Eight blocks wereawarded to Reliance and ONGC. The Directorate General of Hydrocarbons offered an additional


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10 CBM blocks during a third round of open international competitive bidding that closed in Juneof 2006. Contracts for this third round of bidding were signed in November 2006. These 26prospective CBM blocks in the first three rounds of bidding cover an area of around 13,590 km2

and are estimated to contain 1.45 trillion m3 of CBM resources (Table 14-7). Expected totalproduction from these blocks is estimated at 39.7 million m3 per day at their peak productionlevel (DGH, 2006).

Over the last three years, more than 80 exploratory (test) wells have been drilled in the awardedblocks.

Table 14-7. CBM Project Blocks Offered for Lease

RoundBlocks

Offered

Area

(squarekilometers)

CBM Resource

(billion cubicmeters)

Expected

Production

(million cubicmeters per day)

CBM Blocks Awarded Under 5 1930 235 9the First Round of Bidding

CBM Blocks Awarded on a 3 643 163 5Nomination Basis

CBM Blocks Awarded Under 8 5234 427 10.5the Second Round of Bidding

CBM Blocks Awarded Under 10 5784 624 15.2the Third Round of Bidding

Total 26 13591 1449 39.7

Source: DGH (2008)

Table 14-8 contains a list of CBM projects attempted or proposed by private companies.

Table 14-8. Additional CBM Projects Undertaken by Private Companies

Company Coalfield

Area

(squarekilometers)

Status Notes

Modi Mckenjie Methane Ltd. Ranigan 225 Exploratorydrilling taken upsince 1996

AMOCO India Petroleum Ltd. Jharia 72 So far no activity Have withdrawn

NorthKarnapura

266

Reliance Industries Ranianj 150 So far no activity

Sohagpur 200

Essar Oil Ltd. Application for allotment of area in Raniganj coalfield isunder consideration.

Reliance Texaco Mehsana areaof Gujrat

Under consideration

Source: GEF (2008)


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14.3 Opportunities and Challenges to Greater CMM Recovery and Use

India is a non-Annex 1 country under the UNFCCC and is not obligated to reduce carbon andgreenhouse gas emissions. In 2004, its first national communication provided emissions estimatesfor 1994. The emissions are projected to continue to grow as the economy expands (EIA, 2004a).

India accepted the Kyoto Protocol in 2002 (see Table 14-9). As a non-Annex 1 party, India iseligible to receive financing for greenhouse gas mitigation projects such as CMM projects under the Clean Development Mechanism.

Table 14-9. India’s Climate Change Mitigation Commitment

Agreement Signature Ratification

UNFCCC* June 10, 1992 November 1, 1993 Kyoto Protocol** --- August 26, 2002 (Acceptance)

Source: *UNFCCC (2007a), **UNFCCC (2007b)

14.3.1 MARKET AND INFRASTRUCTURE FACTORS

Gas demand is rising sharply in India, and CMM and CBM will compete with imported naturalgas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) to meet these demands (Singh, 2002). India imported 6.0billion m3 of natural gas in 2005 (EIA, 2007c). CIL estimates a supply gap of approximately 40billion m3 will eventually be reached that must be met by imports. CMM and CBM gas wouldcompete favorably with imported coal, gas, or LNG on a fuel cost basis for power generation(INR 1.82 versus INR 2.14-2.48 per unit of generation) (Singh, 2002). There is thus an assuredmarket for CMM, provided deliverability infrastructure is developed (Singh, 2002). Investment incoal and gas transportation infrastructure, including gas gathering, transportation and distribution,are necessary to fill this gap and to move CMM and CBM from coal fields to local and moredistant end-use markets. End-use markets include rural power generation, commercial power generation, and transportation fuels.

Limitations in cost and investment capital, however, remain significant barriers to technologydevelopment, application, and CMM and CBM project development in India. CMPDI and theCentral Mine Research Station are among the few research and development resources available.

The following actions have been identified as necessary in order to fully develop India’sCBM/CMM potential (M2M Workshop - India, 2005):

• delineation of prospective CBM/CMM blocks,

• development of coal field-specific databases,

• provision of technical and other training,

• promotion of CBM/CMM research and development,

• transfer of CBM/CMM development technologies,

• provision of substantive measures to encourage CBM/CMM development entrepreneurs

and to maintain constant interaction with and among CBM/CMM developers,

• establishment of a clear policy regarding CMM development, and

• creation of a CBM clearinghouse.

Efforts toward CMM development in India include a U.S. Agency for International DevelopmentProgram for Acceleration of Commercial Energy Research grant awarded to Essar Oil Ltd.between 1993 and 1995 for a pilot CBM drilling program of three test wells in Mehsana, Gujarat,India. The Ministry of Coal received a UNDP grant in 1999 to investigate CBM in the Jhariabasin in Bihar. Project completion is expected in 2008. The total project cost is $20.5 million,


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$9.19 million of which comes from the GEF. The remainder is financed by the government of India, based on expected revenue and UNDP cofinancing. Furthermore, the EPA is working withthe U.S. Trade Development Agency to establish a CMM/CBM Clearinghouse in India topromote investment and project development of CMM recovery and utilization projects (USEPA,2005). The Clearinghouse is due to be inaugurated in November 2008.

14.3.2 REGULATORY INFORMATION

A memorandum of understanding between the Ministry of Coal and Ministry of Petroleum &Natural Gas governs the procedures for allotment of blocks for CBM exploration andexploitation. CBM blocks are allocated after mutual consultations between the two ministries(Prasad, 2006). The Ministry of Coal oversees coal resources while the Ministry of Petroleum andNatural Gas oversees CBM resources.

Prices of coking and higher-quality steam coal were deregulated in 1996, while completederegulation of prices for all coal qualities took place in 2000. Prices now vary according toquality, but mining companies were still unable to set prices that reflect full production costs.Coal import duties were reduced from 85 percent to 10 percent between 1994 and 1997 and

import taxes were reduced from 35 percent to 3 percent in 1997.

India’s heavy reliance on coal, much of it low-quality, is a major cause of the country’s relativelyhigh carbon intensity level. However, environmental standards for limiting gas emissions fromsurface or underground coal mining operations, as well as emissions from coal and gascombustion, are largely lacking.

India has offered several incentives to attract foreign investment for CBM development. TheIndian government formed a CBM policy in 1997 that established the Ministry of Petroleum andNatural Gas as the CBM administrative agency and offered following key benefits:

• No upfront payment

• No signature bonus

• No participating interest of the government of India• CBM development blocks allotted through a competitive bidding process

• A 7-year tax holiday, beginning with the date of commercial CBM production

• Freedom to market in domestic market at market determined prices

• Imported equipment for CBM development exempted from customs duties

• Walkout option at the end of Phases I & II

Incentives also allow no limitation on cost recovery, unincorporated joint ventures, accelerateddepreciation and securitization of interest. India has implemented policy changes to encourageforeign investment, including lowering or eliminating tariffs on capital goods, such as electricpower generation equipment (EIA, 2004a).

14.4 Profiles of Individual Mines

No profiles are available at this time for India.

14.5 References

Chand (2001): Coalbed Methane: Policies / Regulation for Exploration in India, Chand, S.K., TERINewswire July, 2001. http://www.teriin.org/pub/articles/art223.pdf


http://www.teriin.org/pub/articles/art223.pdf

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DGH (2006): Petroleum Exploration & Production Activities, Annual Report 2005-2006, DirectorateGeneral of Hydrocarbons, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, New Delhi, India.http://www.dghindia.org/site/dgh_e_p_reports.aspx

DGH (2008): CBM Exploration, Directorate General of Hydrocarbons, Ministry of Petroleum and NaturalGas, New Delhi, India, March 18, 2008.http://www.dghindia.org/site/dgh_cbm_blocks_under_psc.aspx

EIA (2004a): India: Environmental Issues, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC,February 2004.

EIA (2004b): India Country Analysis Brief, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC,October 2004.

EIA (2007a): International Energy Annual 2005. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington,DC, June 21, 2007. http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iea2005/table82.xls(reserves)

EIA (2007b): India Country Analysis Brief, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC,January 2007. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/India/Background.html

EIA (2007c): World Dry Natural Gas Imports, 1990-2005, U.S. Energy Information Administration,Washington, DC, June 21, 2007. http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table43.xls

GEF (2008): India: Coal Bed Methane Recovery and Commercial Utilization, Global Environment Facility,Washington, DC, accessed March 2008. http://www.gefonline.org/projectDetailsSQL.cfm?projID=325

GSI (2007): Inventory of Geological Resource of Indian Coal, Geological Survey of India, Ministry of Mines, Calcutta, India, January 4, 2007. http://www.gsi.gov.in/N_InventoryofCoal_07_Table1.PDF

IEA (2002): Coal in the Energy Supply of India, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2002.http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2000/coalinindia2002.pdf

IEA (2007): International Energy Agency Energy Statistics – Coal. International Energy Agency, Paris,France. http://www.iea.org/Textbase/country/index.asp

IEA Coal Research (1983): Concise Guide to the World Coalfields, Cope, J.H.R., Duckworth, N.A.,Duncan, S.V., Holtom, J.E.B., Leask, A.L., McDonald, K.A. and Woodman, S.P., compiled by DataBank Service, World Coal Resources and Reserves, IEA Coal Research, London, England, 1983.

M2M-India (2005): Methane to Markets Partnership – CMM: India Profile, submitted to Methane toMarkets International by the Government of India, 2005.www.methanetomarkets.org/events/2005/coal/docs/india_profile.pdf

M2M Partnership (2007): Coal Mine Projects in India, Methane to Markets Partnership Expo: A Forum for Projects, Technology, Financing and Policy Project Opportunity Posters and Flyers, Methane toMarkets International, October 30 to November 1, 2007.http://www.methanetomarkets.org/events/2007/all/expoprojects.htm

M2M Projects (2008): Methane to Markets International Coal Mine Methane Projects Database, Methaneto Markets, accessed 2008. http://www2.ergweb.com/cmm/index.aspx

M2M Workshop - India (2005): Status Paper on India’s CBM/CMM Development , presented at theMethane to Markets Regional Workshop, December 2, 2005, Beijing, China.http://www.methanetomarkets.org/events/2006/coal/docs/beijing.pdf

Ministry (2004): No .of Mines – Company Wise as on 31.03.2004, Ministry of Coal, New Delhi, India.http://www.coal.nic.in/abtmines.htm

Prasad (2006): Personal communication with D.N. Prasad, Ministry of Coal, May 16, 2006.

Singh (2002): Progress of Coalbed Methane in India, Singh, U.P., Coal India, Ltd., presentation to NorthAmerican Coalbed Methane Forum, November, 2002.

UNDP (2007): Projects in the Asia-Pacific Region (RBAP), Energy and the Environment Network, UnitedNations Development Programme, February 2007.


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