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3GPP System
Architecture EvolutionDr. Dionysis Xenakis
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Department of Digital Industry
Systems and Data Network Management
Overview of the key EPS technologiesFigs and bullets
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 2
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
MIMO is used to increase the overall bitrate through transmission of two (or more) different data streams on two (or more) different antennas, using the same resources in both frequency and time and separated only through use of different RS (to be received by two or more antennas)
Can be used when Signal to Noise ratio (SINR) is high, i.e. high quality radio channel
Can be used to increase SINR using other multi-antenna techniques that exploit Tx-diversity
LTE-Advanced uses 8x8 MIMO in the DL and 4x4 in the UL
One or two transport blocks are transmitted per TTI
Introduced in Rel. 8
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 3
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) [20]
Transmission Modes (TM)
Enable to adjust the type of multi-antenna transmission scheme according to the radio environment
Structure: Number of layers (streams, or rank), Antenna ports used, Type of reference signal (RS), Precoding type
Cell-specific CRS or Demodulation Reference Signal (DM-RS), introduced in R10
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 4
MIMO DL with precoding and reference signal for demodulation in R8 and R10
CRS is a cell specific reference signal, DM-RS is a UE specific reference signal, also specific per data stream
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Coordinated Multipoint Transmissions (CoMP)
CoMP: a number of TX (transmit) points provide coordinated transmission in the DL and a number of RX (receive) points provide coordinated reception in the UL
Introduced in Rel. 11
TX/RX-points can belong to the same or different eNBs
TX/RX-points can be at different locations, or co-sited (serving the same or different sectors)
When the TX/RX-points are controlled by different eNBs extra delay might be added
Coordination can be done for both homogenous networks as well as heterogeneous networks
CoMP requires additional radio resources for signaling (e.g. UE scheduling info in DL/UL)
Joint Transmission: When two (or more) Tx-points transmit on the same frequency/subframe
Dynamic Point Selection: When data is available for transmission at two (or more) TX-points but only scheduled from one TX-point in each subframe
Joint Reception: a number of RX-points receive the UL data from one UE
the received data is combined to improve the quality
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 5
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Coordinated Multipoint Transmissions [20]
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 6
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Femtocells (Home eNBs)
Small Cells
Short-range, low-power and cost cellular access points
Support fewer users compared to macrocells
Embody the functionality of a regular base station
Operate in the mobile operator’s licensed spectrum
Promising solution for supporting the plethora of emerging home/enterprise apps
Include pico, micro, metro cells: Operator-managed
Include femtocells: installed/managed by the users / controlled by the operator
Femtocells, a.k.a. Home eNBs, introduced in Rel. 9 but have been enhanced in later Releases (e.g. X2 connectivity, HeNB GW, etc.)
7
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Femtocells (Home eNBs)
Special case of small cells
Installed/managed by the users
Utilize existing broadband backhaul to reach the mobile operator’s network,
e.g., xDSL
Support up to a few users, e.g. 4 users
Low power operation, e.g. up to 20dBm
Are subject to access control
Feature edge-based intelligence
Self-x capabilities, advanced radio resource, mobility and interference
management
8
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Femtocells (Home eNBs)
9
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Femtocells (Home eNBs)
Mobile Operator Perspective
Reduce the Capital and Operational Expenditure
Improve indoor coverage and system capacity
Result in higher spatial frequency reuse
Lower power transmissions
Decongest nearby macrocells
User Perspective
Improved indoor coverage
Enhanced system capacity – end throughput
Prolonged handset battery lifetime
Preferential charging
10
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Self-organizing network (SON)
Reduce the operating expenditure (OPEX) associated with the management of a large number of nodes from more than one vendors
Help the network operator to reduce manual involvement in such tasks
SON Scenarios by 3GPP [25]
Coverage and capacity optimization
Energy savings
Interference Reduction
Automated Configuration of Physical Cell Identity (PCI)
Mobility Robustness
Mobility load balancing
RACH Optimization
Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) Function
Inter-cell Interference Coordination
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 11
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Self-organizing network (SON) types
Centralized SON: SON algorithms are executed in the Operation,
Administration and Maintenance (OAM) sub-system
NM-Centralized SON: Algorithms are executed at the Network Management level
EM-Centralized SON: Algorithms are executed at the Element Management level
Distributed SON: SON algorithms are executed at the Network Element level
Hybrid SON: SON algorithms are executed at two or more of the following
levels: NE or EM or NM
SON solutions can be divided into three categories
Self-Configuration, Self-Optimization, Self-Healing
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 12
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Self-organizing network (SON)
Self-configuration example (Rel. 8)
Dynamic plug-and-play configuration of newly deployed eNB
The eNB will by itself configure the Physical Cell Identity (PCI), transmission frequency and power, leading to faster cell planning and rollout
S1 and X2 are dynamically configured, as well as the IP address and connection to IP backhaul
Use of ANR to reduce manual work
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 13
OAM system assigns a list of possible PCIs to the newly deployed
eNB, but the adoption of the PCI is in control of the eNB
ANR is used to minimize the work required for configuration in newly
deployed eNBs as well as to optimize configuration during operation.
Can reduce HO execution time, Can be used for barring HOs to eNBs
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Self-organizing network (SON)
Self-optimization examples (Rel. 9)
Mobility load balancing (MLB) is a function where cells suffering congestion can transfer load to other cells
Report on hardware load, S1 transport network load, Physical Resource Block (PRB) utilization for UL/DL
HO due to load balancing (can also shift cell bound using a different dB threshold)
RACH optimization aims to minimise the number of attempts on the RACH channel, causing interference. The UE can be polled by the eNB for RACH statistics after connection
Energy saving: switch-off underutilized cells. HOs are rejected when cell is switched-off. Active cells can wake up suspended cells
Mobility robustness optimization (MRO) is a solution for automatic detection and correction of errors in the mobility configuration (focused on radio link failures)
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 14
MRO: HO to late MRO: HO to early
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Self-organizing network (SON)
Self-healing
Features for automatic detection and removal of failures as well as automatic
adjustment of parameters are mainly specified in Release 10
Coverage and Capacity Optimization
Enables automatic correction of capacity problems depending on slowly changing
environment, e.g. seasonal variations
Minimization of drive tests (MDT)
Enables normal UEs to provide the same type of information as those collected in drive
test
A great advantage is that UEs can retrieve and report parameters from indoor
environments
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 15
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Self-organizing network (SON) – Rel.12
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 16
eNB power on
(or cable connected)
(A) Basic Setup
(B) Initial Radio Configuration
(C) Optimization / Adaptation
a-1 : configuration of IP address
and detection of OAM
a-2 : authent ication of eNB/NW
a-3 : association to a GW
a-4 : downloading of eNB software
(and operational parameters)
b-2 : coverage/capacity related
parameter configuration
b-1 : neighbour list configuration
c-1 : neighbour list optimisation
c-2 : coverage and capacity control
Self-Configuration
(pre-operational state)
Self-Optimisation
(operational state)
Overview of E-UTRA key technologies
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
MBMS is used to provide broadcast information to all users (e.g. advertisement) and multicast to a closed group subscribing to a specific service(e.g. streaming TV)
Introduced in Rel. 9 but has been enhanced in Rel. 14 (LTE-Advanced Pro) with eMBMS
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 17
References
[1] https://www.ccontrols.net/en/applications/internet-of-things-iot/wireless-networks/
[2] Syed Junaid Nawaz, Shree Krishna Sharma, Babar Mansoor, Mohmammad N. Patwary, and Noor M. Khan, “Non-Coherent and Backscatter Communications: Enabling Ultra-Massive Connectivity in the Era Beyond 5G”, arXiV preprint, v2, 2020, [online]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.10937
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_geometry_models_of_wireless_networks
[4] A. Kitana, I. Traore, I. Woungang, “Impact Study of a Mobile Botnet over LTE Networks”, Journal of Internet Services and Information Security, 2016
[5] https://docstore.mik.ua/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/wireless/moblwrls/cmx/mmg_sg/cmxgsm.htm
[6] S. Kanchi, S. Sandilya, D. Bhosale, A. Pitkar and M. Gondhalekar, "Overview of LTE-A technology," 2013 IEEE Global High Tech Congress on Electronics, Shenzhen, 2013, pp. 195-200, doi: 10.1109/GHTCE.2013.6767272.
[7] https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd/an-introduction-to-macrocells-small-cells
[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_geometry_models_of_wireless_networks
[9] H. S. Dhillon, R. K. Ganti, F. Baccelli and J. G. Andrews, "Modeling and Analysis of K-Tier Downlink Heterogeneous Cellular Networks," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 550-560, April 2012, doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2012.120405.
[10] https://www.banaao.co.in/2g-vs-3g-vs-4g-vs-5g/
[11] https://medium.com/5g-nr/5g-service-based-architecture-sba-47900b0ded0a
[12] https://www.3gpp.org/about-3gpp
[13] https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/100-the-evolved-packet-core
[14] https://www.cambridgewireless.co.uk/media/uploads/files/RadioAI_18.9.18-Ublox-Sylvia-Lu.pdf
[15] https://www.rantcell.com/comparison-of-2g-3g-4g-5g.html
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 18
References
[16] 3GPP TS 23.401, “General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access”, V12.11.0, March 2016
[17] https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/100-the-evolved-packet-core
[18] 3GPP TS 36.300, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN);”, V12.10.0, June 2016
[19] 3GPP TS 36.402, “Services provided by the physical layer (Release 12)”, V12.8.0, Sept 2016.
[20] https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/97-lte-advanced
[21] 3GPP TS 36.786, “Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) services based on LTE; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (Release 14)”, V14.0.0, Mar. 2017
[22] https://www.cablefree.net/wirelesstechnology/4glte/overview-of-lte-3gpp-releases/
[23] https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/ericsson-technology-review/articles/5g-nr-evolution
[24] K. Lee, J. Lee, and Y. Yi, “Mobile Data Offloading : How Much Can WiFi Deliver?,” Proc. 6th Int. Conf. ACM Conex., vol. 21, iss. 2, Nov. 2010, p. 36.
[25] 3GPP TR 36.902 V9.3.1, “Self-configuring and self-optimizing network (SON) use cases and solutions (Release 9)”, March 2011
[26] 3GPP TS 32.500 V12.1.0, “Self-Organizing Networks (SON); Concepts and requirements (Release 12)”, Dec 2011
4/6/2021Dr. Dionysis Xenakis - Systems and Data Network Management - NKUA DIND.UOA.GR 19
References
[27] https://www.tutorialspoint.com/lte/lte_numbering_addressing.htm
[28] https://www.tutorialspoint.com/lte/lte_protocol_stack_layers.htm
[29] https://www.netmanias.com/en/post/techdocs/5904/lte-network-
architecture/
[30] https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/2015/2/licensed-assisted-access-
operation-principles
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