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I n d e x

4-20 mA signal range, reasons for using

176 

absorbers 30 

ac feed to DCS, loss of 154

accuracyeffect of impulse pipework on 161

of steam-temperature control 138 41

acoustic noise, from valves 121active transmitters 155

actuator 163

electric 168

hydraulic 168 

pneumatic 163 -6

pneumatic, quality of air supply for168 

adiabatic expansion 6adjacent-burner discrimination95 

aeolipile 5 

agricul tural waste 42

air

composition of 26 distribution in furnace 64 

entrained 4, 15

air flow, as load indication for oxygencontroller 76 

air heater 15, 27air supply system tor mills (pulverisers)

37 

air-lead system 69

alarm, DCS power-supply failure 154

alternator 15

analogue inputs 155

angle of attack, fan blade 31 armour, cable 169

shielding properties 172

atomising, of fuel oil 38

attemperator

function of 136

maintaining adequate water pressure

for 130mechanically atomised 137

multi-stage 149

spray-water, corner-fired boiler 26

turndown range 137 -40

variable annulus 139

variable area 138variable orifice, installation 140 - 1 

auto /man ual station 201

availability, control system 174

axial-flow fan 30

Babcock 'E' mill 35 back-up, DCS power supplies 154

bag filters 30balanced-draught boiler, pressure profile

92basic states of matter 2

batteries, DCS 154bias signal, use in fuel/air ratio system

67binary control 95blade pitch control, axial-flow fan 30

blades, steam turbine 15-16, 30 

block valves 41

blowdown

boiler 20drum-level transmitter impulse lines

113blowdown valve, transmit ter 162

BMS 4 5

boilerdynamic response 53

fired, control of heat input 63

boiler-following control

response 54 

tuning 57

boiling (definition ot) 2boiling point 2 

booster t~ns 30 

booster, pneumatic 164

bottoming cycle 59 

Boyle's law 6

Brayton 10 

BS 1113:1998 117 

BS 6739:1986 172 bubbling fluidised-bed boiler 42

bumpless transfi~.r90

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214 Index

B u n k e r C ( t y p e o f o i l ) 39

b u r n e r l ig h t -o f f, p r e - c h e c k 98

b u r n e r - m a n a g e m e n t s ys te m 45

b u r n e r s 26, 64, 95

e ff e ct o f c h a n g i n g f i ri n g p a t t e r n 135

m u l t i p l e 81b u s b a r , s e g r e g a t i o n 170

b u s b a r , e a r t h 17 0

b y - p a s s , c o n d e n s e r e x t r a c t i o n 132

b y p a s s va lv e s , H R S G 23

C C G T 11

c a b l e s

a r m o u r e d 169

C & I 169, 172

r e s i s t a n c e 179

C a l l e n d a r , H . L . 3

c a p i t a l c o s t, o f fe e d p l a n t 112

c a r b o n m o n o x i de

a n a l y s e r , f lu e - g a s 72 

u s e i n c o m b u s t i o n c o n t r o l s y s te m 72

c a r b o n - m o n o x i d e a n a ly s is , in d e p e n d e n c e

f r o m f u rn a c e l e a k a g e 7 2 - 3

c a r b o n - i n -a s h m o n i t o r 7 6 - 8

C a r n o t , S . 5C a r n o t c y c le 4

C a r n o t ' s la w 5

c a r r y - o v e r , w a t e r 104 

c a s c a d e c o n t r o l s y s te m 143

t w o - e l e m e n t f e e d - w a t e r c o n t r o l 110

c a t h o d e - r a y tu b e 157

c a v i t a t i o n

i n f e e d s y s t e m s 126

i n f e e d v a l v e s 121c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

f ee d p u m p 127 - 9

v a l v e 121

c h i l li n g , us e o f d r u m p r e s s u re t o i n d i c a t e

s a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e 15 0

c h o k e d o p e r a t i o n o f f e ed v a l v e 127C H P 59

C l a s s I ig n i t e r 44

C l a s s 2 i g n i t e r 44

C l a s s 3 i g n i t e r 44C l i n i c a l w a s t e 42

c o a l

b u r n i n g o f 35

c a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f 83

f lo w m e a s u r e m e n t 81

c o a l f e e de r, s p e e d a d j u s t m e n t 82

C o d e o f P r a c t i c e fo r i n s t ru m e n t a t i o n i n

p r o c e s s c o n t r o l s y s t e m s : i n s t a l l a t i o n ,

d e s i g n a n d p r a c t i c e 172coef f i c i en t , va lv e s i z ing 1 2 4 - 5

c o - g e n e r a t i o n 59

c o ld r e h e a t t e m p e r a t u r e 152

c o m b i n e d c y c le 10 

c o m b i n e d - c y c l e p l a n t

g a s - t u r b i n e 11 

H R S G o p e r a t io n 13c o m b i n e d h e a t a n d p o w e r 59  

c o m b u s t io n c h a m b e r 26

c o m b u s t i o n c o n t r o l 64  

c o m m i s s i o n i n g 155

c o n d e n s e r 9,  1 6 - 1 7

e x t r a c t io n p u m p 132

l e v e l c o n t r o l , i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h

d e a e r a t o r l ev e l c o n t r o l 132

c o n d u c t i v i t y p r o b e s , d r u m - l e v e l

m e a s u r e m e n t 1 1 4 - 1 5c o n n e c t i n g p ip e s

l a g g i n g o f 162

s l o p e o f 162

c o n s e q u e n t i a l l os s 198

c o n s t a n t - h e a d r e s e r v o i r 112

c o n t r o l ro o m , e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t io n s

160

c o n t r o l l e r

d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f o p t i m u m , f o r s in g le -e l e m e n t f e e d - w a t e r c o n t r o l 108

g a i n a d j u s t m e n t i n f e e d - w a t e r c o n t r o l

s y s t e m 10 7

s t ea m t e m p e r a t u r e , o p t i m u m

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 143

c o n v e c t i o n s t a g e s 14

c o n v e y o r , s c r e w , i n w a s t e - i n c i n e r a t i n g

p l a n t 42 

c o o l i n g , f l a m e s c a n n e r 96  

c o o l i n g t o w e r 17 

c o o l i n g w a t e r 17 

o u t f a l l 17 

c o - o r d i n a t e d u n i t l o a d c o n t ro l , r e s po n s e

o f 57 

c o r n e r - f i r i n g 26

c o r r o s i o n

b a c k - e n d 25

c a u s e d b y r e s i d u a l o x y g e n 19 

i n w a s t e - b u r n in g p l a n t 42c r o s s - c o n n e c t i o n 156

c r o s s - li m i t e d c o m b u s t i o n c o n t r o l s y s t e m ,

d e s c r i p t i o n o f 70

c u r r e n t g e n e r a t o r s , e l e c t ro n i c 156

c u r r e n t s i g n a l s , e l e c t r o n i c 179 

Cv , va lv e 1 2 4 - 5

C W o u tf al 117

d a m p e r 33f o r a i r - a n d g a s - fl o w c o n t r o l 33

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l i n e a r i s in g t h e c o n t r o l o f 33

m i l l, h o t a i r a n d t e m p e r i n g a i r 87

d a t a

h i g h w a y 1 5 7 - 8

r e t e n t i o n o n lo ss o f p o w e r 154

d a V i n c i, L e o n a r d o 10  D C S 20,  15 4 

a l a r m s f ro m w a t e r - tr e a t m e n t p l a n t

2O 

H A Z O P s tu d ie s o n 175

u p - g r a d i n g 201

d e a d z e r o 176 

d e a e r a t o r

c o n t r o l 1 3 1 - 4

f u n c t i o n o f 19

s p i l l c o n t r o l 133d e l a y , d u e t o i n a d e q u a t e p i p e w o r k s iz e

a t p o s i t i o n e r 164

d e m a n d , s e a s o n al 51 

d e n s i t y e r r o r , i n d r u m - l e v e l m e a s u r e m e n t

1 1 3 - 1 4

d e p o s i t s , i n i n s t r u m e n t c o n n e c t i o n s 162

d e r i v a t i v e t e r m 1 4 3 - 4

d e s u p e r h e a t e r s 1 3 6 - 4 1

d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f C & I s y s t e m p e r f o r m a n c e203

d e v e l o p m e n t p h a s es o f c o m p u t e r - b a s e d

sys tem 1 9 8 - 9

d i a g n o s t i c 176, 178

too l s 174

u s e i n c r o s s - l i m i t e d s y s t e m 72

d i a p h r a g m o p e r a t o r 164

d iese l o i l 39

d i g i t a l i n p u t s 1 5 5 - 6

d i g i t a l o u t p u t s 1 5 5 - 6

d i o d e a u c t i o n e e r i n g , o f p o w e r s u p p l i e s

154

d i r t 160

d i s p a t c h e r , l o a d 50

d i s p l a y f o r m a t s 91

d i s t a n c e / v e l o c i t y l ag s , i n p n e u m a t i c

s y s t e m s 168

d i s t r i b u t e d c o n t r o l s y s t em 1 5 3 - 4

d o l o m i t e 42d o u b l e - b l o c k - a n d - b l e e d v a lv e s 41

d r a i n i n g , t r a n s m i t t e r 162

d r u m , b o i le r 13

s iz e , i n r e l a t i o n t o b o i l e r t h r o u g h p u t

112

d r u m l e ve l c o n t r o l le r , c o n t r o l t e r m s u s e d

in 107

d r u m l ev e l m e a s u r e m e n t 1 1 2 - 2 0

a l t e r n a t i v e t y p e s 118b a c k - u p m e a s u r e m e n t , n e e d f or 114

Index 215

c o n n e c t i o n s to d r u m 119

d e n s i ty c o m p e n s a t i o n 1 1 3 - 1 6

d i s c r e p a n c i e s b e t w e e n m e a s u r e m e n t s

120

d r a i n c o n n e c ti o n s 118

e q u a t i o n 114l a g g i n g o f i m p u l s e p i p e w o r k 1 16 , 1 20

m i n i m u m v i e w a b l e le v e l 118

n u m b e r s r e q u i r e d 1 1 8 - 1 9

s iz e o f c o n n e c t i n g p i p e s 119

s l o w r e s p o n s e 120

s o u r c e s o f e r r o r 120

d r u m w a t e r l e ve l, o p t i m u m 104

d r y n e s s fr a c t i o n ( s te a m q u a l i t y ) 3

d u a l r e d u n d a n c y , n e g a t io n o f b y

i n c o r r e c t c a b l e r o u t i n g 158d u s t 158  

e a r t h c o n n e c ti o n

g o o d p r a c t i c e 170

s e g r e g a t i o n 17 0 

e c o n o m i s e r 14  

e f fi c ie n c y , t h e r m a l 9

e f fe c t o f r e h e a t s p r a y s o n 151

e l e c t ri c a c t u a t o r 168i m p o r t a n c e o f s p e c if y i n g a l l f a i lu r e

m o d e s 168

e l e c t ro m a g n e t i c c o m p a t i b i l it y 1 0 0, 158, 

16 9

e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c c o n d i t i o n s 1 5 8 - 9 ,   169

e l e c t ro - p n e u m a t i c c o n v e r t e r 164 , 167

e l e c t r o - p n e u m a t i c p o s i t i o n e r 163, 167

e l e c t r o s t a t i c s c r e e n , c a b l e 172 - 3

e m c 100 , 158 , 169emiss ions , s t ack 25

e n t r a i n e d g a s e s, i n i n s t r u m e n t

c o n n e c t i o n s 16 2

e n t r o p y 8e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n s i d e r a t io n s , f or C & I

e q u i p m e n t 158

e q u a l - p e r c e n t a g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , fe e d

v a l v e 1 2 3 - 4

e q u i p m e n t r o o m , e n v i r o n m e n t a l

c o n d i t i o n s 1 59e r g o n o m i c s 157

eros ion , in f eed -va lve sy s tems 21 ,127

e v a p o r a t i o n , b a s i c d e f i n it i o n 2

e v e n t l o g g i n g 157

excess a i r 64

i n f u e l / a i r r a t i o s y s t em 69

v a r i a t io n w i th l o a d 65

e x h a u s t e r 3 6 - 7 ,   86

e x p a n s i o n o f b o i le r , c a b l e r o u t ec o n s i d e r a t i o n s 169

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216 Index

explosions,

in mills (pulverisers) 87 risk of 40, 69

extraction pump 131

bypass 132 

leakages in 19 

factory-acceptance test 185

fail-fix operation, actuator 168

fail-safe operation, feed valves 125failure

detection 69

modes in electronic systems 176

recording of 200fan

axial [low 30- 1booster 30

centrifugal 30

FD 15, 25

gas-recycling 152

FAT (factory acceptance test) 185fault detection 180, 200FD fan 15 

feed pump 15characteristic 21,127-9

variable-speed 129 feeder, coal

speed-control methods 82 speed feedback 83 - 6

feed-water control, objectives of 103 -4

feed-water flow, use in two-element fired-

water control system 105-9

feed-water valve, operat ion at designpressure drop 130 FGD, draught control in 91fibre optics 157

field cabling 156- 7field conditions 160

filters, low pass, tor I /O 169

final superheater, time constant of 148

fireball, in corner-fired boilers 26, 150flame

discrimination 46 status indication 95

flame moni tor

cooling of 96 

importance of selection, location and

maintenance95siting considerations 46

use in BMS system 95flame pat tern 46

flame scannercooling of 96

importance of selection, location and

maintenance95

siting considerations 46

use in BMS system 95 flame spectra 98 

flashingin drum-level measurement 116, 120

in feed-valve systems 127

flow-per-burner signal 78

flue-gas desulphurization, draught

control with 30, 91fluidiscd beds 26, 42

flushing of instrument connections 162

forced circulation 13

torced-draught fan 15, 25

frequency support 58 

front-firing26 

fuel valve, failure of 71

tue l/a ir ratio adjustment, in cross-

limited system 71) 

fuel/air ratio control 67 

fuel-flow transmitter, failure of 72

fuel-handling system, in WTE plant 60

fuel-lead system 69 

fuel-rich operation, parallel system 66 fuels, multiple 79

function generator, use in equating heatinput from different fuels 81 

functional specification 184

furnace 25

furnace exit temperatures, control via

tilting burners 150

furnace pressure, main taining 92 

furnace purge 45

Fuzzy Logic, use in deaerator control

134

gain 145-8ti:cd-valve 12 l 

use in fuel /air ratio system 67

gain block, use with multi-fuel system 80galvanic isolation 155

gas analyser, location of 74

gas analysis controller, combined 76gas burner, use of flow/pressure

characteristic 78

gas firing 40

gas flow apportioning, used for steam-

temperature control 151

gas oil 39

gas recirculatinn (recycling) 152

gas turbine 10-- 12 

exhaust heat usage 23gas-leak detectors 40 

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g e a r b o x e s , v a r i a b l e - s p e e d 34

G r i d , U K N a t i o na l 51

g r i d - c o n t r o l c e n t r e 5 0

g r o u p i n g o f I / O c h an n e ls 156

g r o u p s , b u r n e r 7 8

h a n d / a u t o s t a ti o n 201

i n C O c o n t r o l s ys te m 76

u se w i t h o x y g e n c o n t r o l l e r 75

h a n d / a u t o t ra n s fe r , p r o b l e m s w i th

m u l t i p l e s u b - lo o p s 88

h a z a r d o u s e n v i ro n m e n t s 15 8

h a z a r d s 95

H A Z O P 175

hea t lo ss , i n f lue gases an d coo l ing wa t e r9

h e a t -r e c o v e r y s t e am g e n e r a t o r 11

H e r o o f A l e x a n d r i a 5

h o o k - u p d i a g r a m 160

H P s t ag e 16

H R S G 11

c o n t r o l o f h e a t i n p u t 63 

w a t e r a n d s t e a m c i r c u i ts 21

h u m i d i t y , e f f e c t o n s t a t i c e l e c t r i c i t y 155

h y d r a u l ic a c t u a t o r 168f l a m m a b i l i ty o f o p e r a t i n g m e d i u m 169

h y d r a u l i c c o u p l i n g s 34  h y d r a z i n e 19

Woc a r d s 15 4

c h a n n e l s , s p a r e 156

I / P c o n v e rt e r 1 6 3 - 4 ,   167

e f fe c t o f v i b r a t i o n 168

l e n g t h o f p i p e w o r k t o v a l v e 166

o p e r a t i o n o f 164

r e s p o n s e t im e 164

I D f a n 27

i d le b u r n e r , c o o l i n g o f 64i g n i t e r 44

i m p l o s i o n , f u r n a c e 93

i m p u l s e p i p e 160

i n c i n e r a t o r s 42i n d u c e d - d r a u g h t f an 27

i n h e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s ti c , o f fe e d v a l v e 122

i n p u t r e s i s ta n c e , o f r e c e i v i n g c i r c u i t 179

i n p u t / o u t p u t 1 5 5 - 6

i n s t a l l a t i o n

g u i d a n c e p r o v i d e d b y m a n u f a c t u re r s

a n d s u p p l i e rs 159

d r u m - l e v e l m e a s u r e m e n t 118

i n s t a l l e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , f e ed v a l v e 122i n s t r u m e n t m a n i f o l d 1 6 1 - 2

Index 217

i n s t r u m e n t - a i r s u p p l y , u se fo r f l a m e -

s c a n n e r c o o l i n g / p u r g i n g 96

i n t e g r a l s a t u r a t io n , i n s te a m -

t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l s ys te m s 145

i n t e g r a t i n g s y s te m , b o i l e r d r u m a s a n

107

i n t e r a c t i o n

c o n d e n s e r / d e a e r a t o r 132

i n f a n c o n t r o l s y s t e m s 93

o f s u b - sy s te m s 49

i n t e r f e r e n c e 158

i n f lu e n c e o n t r a n s m i t t e d s i g n a l s 179

i n t e r l o c k s 95,  98

g a s - r e c y c l i n g fa n 152

I P s t a g e , s t e a m t u r b i n e 16

i s e n t r o p i c c o m p r e s s i o n 10  i s o l a ti n g v a l v e , t a p p i n g - p o i n t 162

i s o t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n 6

J o u l e ' s l a w 5

k e y b o a r d , c o m p u t e r 157

K K S s y st em o f n o m e n c l a t u r e 186

a p p l i c a t i o n e x a m p l e 193

c o d i n g l e v e ls 189n e e d t o a g r e e a n d c o - o r d i n a t e 187

l a g g i n g o f i m p u l s e p i p e w o r k , d r u m - l e v e l

m e a s u r e m e n t 116 

l a t e n t h e a t 2

l e a g u e t a b l e ( m e r i t o r d e r ) 5 2

l e a k a g e , a i r - h e a t e r 28

L E D i n d i c a to r s , f o r D O s t a tu s i n d i c a t i o n

155leve l con t ro l

d e a e r a t o r 132

d r u m 1 0 3 - 1 2

l i g h t n i n g 170

l i n e a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , o f fe e d v a l v e s 123

l i n e a r iz i n g , o f F W c o n t r o l- s y s te m

d y n a m i c s 21

l in e r , th e r m a l , i n s p r a y - w a t e r

a t t e m p e r a t o r s y st em 138

l iv e z e r o 1 7 6 - 8 0I , ju n g s t r 6 m a i r h e a t e r 27

l o a d l i n e , o f m i l l ( p u l v e r i s e r ) 8 1 - 2

log ic , i n t e r lo ck sys tem 95

l o g ic p r o b e s , h a z a r d s o f u s i n g 155 6

l o n g - t e r m s u p p o r t , n e e d t o d e f in e 199

l o o p g a i n , in s y st e m s w i t h v a r i a b l e - s p e e d

p u m p s 130

losses

e x h a u s t g a s 64w a t e r 147

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218 Index

l o w w a t e r f lo w a l a r m 119

l o w w a t e r l e v e l a l a r m 119

l o w - N O x b u r n e r s , f l a m e c h a r a c t e r i s ti c s98

l o w - p a s s f i lt e r 169

L P s t ag e 16

m a i n t a i n a b i l i t y , e ff e ct o f i m p u l s e

p i p e w o r k o n 162

m a i n t e n a n c e 203

m a k e - u p c o n t ro l 132

m a k e - u p w a t e r , c o n s u m p t i o n o f 133

m a n i f o l d , i n s tr u m e n t 162

m a r s h a l l i n g , o f c a b l e s a n d t e r m i n a l s 15 6m a r t y r v a lv e 16 2

m a s t e r

C H P p l a n t 59

d e m a n d 49

w a s t e - t o - e n e r g y 60  

m a s t e r v a l ve 162

m a x i m u m s e le c t or , u s e in c r o s s - l im i t e d

s y s t e m 70 

m a x i m u m / m i n i m u m l im i t er , u se w i t h

o x y g e n c o n t r o l le r 75M e a n T i m e B e t w e en F a i l u re 174

M e a n T i m e T o R e p a i r 174

m e l t in g , d e f i n i ti o n o f 2

m e m o r y , p r o v is i o n o f b a c k - u p p o w e r f o r15 5 

m e r c u r y , u s e i n t h e r m a l c y c l e s 5

M e r i t O r d e r 52

m e t e r e d s y s t e m ( c o m b u s t i o n c o n tr o l ) 70

m i c r o p r o c e s s o r s 198m i l l ( p u l v e r i s e r )

c o n t r o l o f S 1 - 9 1

h a m m e r t y p e , i n w a s t e - i n c i n e r a t in g

p l a n t 42

m u l t i p l e , c o n t r o l o f 88

p e r f o r m a n c e a d j u s t m e n t 77

s u c t i o n t y p e 36

t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t ro l 87t u b e t y p e 36

v e r t i c a l - s p i n d l e b a l l t y p e 35m i n i m u m l i m i t , u s e i n m i l l ( p u l v e r is e r )

c o n t r o l s y s t em 8 4

m i n i m u m s e l e c t o r b l o c k , u s e i n c ro s s -l i m i t e d s y s t e m 70

m o u s e , c o m p u t e r 157

m o v i n g - c o il m e t e rs 201

M T B F 1 7 4

M T T R 174 

m u l t i - n o z z le a t t e m p e r a t o r , p r in c i p le s o f1 3 8 - 9

m u l t i p l e b u r n e r s , e ff ec ts o n a i r a n d g a s

d i s t r i b u t i o n 78

m u n i c i p a l w a s te 26

N 2 H 4 19

N 2 0 26, 42N a 2 S O 3 19

N a t i o n a l F i r e P r o t e c t io n A s s o c i a t i o n 44

n a t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f b o i l e r 135

n a t u r a l g a s, l e a k d e t e c t i o n 4 0

N F P A

s t a n d a r d s f o r m u l t i -b u r n e r p l a n t 7 8

N F P A 8 5 0 2 -9 5 44,  98

N i t r o g e n O x i d e s 26

N i t r o u s O x i d e 26

N O 26

N O 2 26n o m e n c l a t u r e 183

N O x 26

n u i s a n c e t r i p s 95

o f fs e t, i n d r u m - l e v e l c o n t r o l 109

o i l b u r n e r 3 8 - 9

u s e o f f l o w / p r e s s u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c 78

o i l p re s s u r e , a s i n d i c a t i o n o f o i l f l o w 88o n c e - t h r o u g h b o i le r 13 , 118

o p a c i t y c o n t r o l 76 

o p e r a t o r d i s p l ay s 91,  157

o p e r a t o r w o r k s t at io n s 157

o p p o s e d f i r in g 26

o p t o c o u p l i n g o f i n p u ts 16 9

o s c i ll a ti o n , i n s te a m t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l

sy s tem 148

o v e r r i d e , o f s a f e t y s y st e m s 46o x y g e n

a n a l y s e r , f l u e -g a s 72

c o n c e n t r a t i o n , f ee d w a t e r 19

c o n t e n t o f a i r 7 6

c o n t r o l l e r

i n t e g r a l - t i m e s e t t i n g 76

s e t p o i n t l o a d v a r i a t i o n 75

m e a s u r e m e n t o f, u se d in c o m b u s t i o n

c o n t r o l s y s te m 72 

t ri m , c o m b i n e d w i t h o p a c i t y 76 o x y g e n vs l o a d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c 75

P & I D ( p i p i n g a n d i n s t r u m e n t d i a g r a m )

189 

P A

fa n 38

f lo w , c h a n g e s d u e t o e x t e r n a l f a c t o rs

83

p a r a l l e l c o n t r o l 65 - 7p a s s iv e t r a n s m i t t e r s 155

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P E S , s a f e t y o f 99

P F 35

p i l o t , i n B M S s y s t e m 45

p i p e w o r k , s iz e o f, in d r u m - l e v e l

m e a s u r e m e n t 119

p i t c h c o n t r o l , f a n 30, 92

p i t t i n g , o f f e e d - v a l v e i n t e r n a l s 126

p l a n t t e s ts , n e e d t o d e fi n e r e q u i r e m e n t s

185

p l a s m a d i s p l ay s 157

P L C , u se in w a t e r - t r e a t m e n t p l a n t 20

p l o t t e r 157

p l u g , v a l v e 121

p l u m e , c o o l i n g to w e r 17

p n e u m a t i c a c t u a t o r , q u a l i t y o f a i r

s u p p l y 168 p n e u m a t i c c o n t r o l sy s te m s 19 7

p o c k e t s, t e m p e r a t u r e - s e n s o r 143

P o o l , p o w e r 52

P o o l S e l l i n g P r i c e 52

p o p u l a te d I / O c h an n el s 156

p o s i t i o n e r 1 6 4 - 5

i m p r o v i n g r es p on s e b y a b a n d o n i n g

166

l i m i t a t i o n s o f u s e 165p o o r r e s p on s e d u e t o i n c o r r e c t

c a l i b r a t i o n 166

p o w e r s u p p l y

D C S 154

t r a n s m i t t e r 17 6

P R D S , p e g g i n g s t e a m 132

p r e s s u r e c o m p e n s a t i o n , o f g a s - f lo w

s i g n a l 81

p r e s s u r e e q u a l i z a t i o n , i n o i l - f i ri n g

s y s t e m s 39p r e s s u r e j e t 39

p ressu re , fue l , a s a f low ind ica to r ,l i m i t a t i o n s o f 81

p r e s s u r e - d r o p , a c r o s s f e e d v a l v e 12 5

p r e s s u r e - r e d u c i n g v a l v e ( P R D S ) ,

s p r a y - w a t e r 132

p r e s s u r i s e d m i l l ( p u l v e r i s e r ) 3 5 - 8

t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r ol 87

l o a d - c o n t r o l s t r a t e g y 82p r e - w a r m i n g , o f f u el o il 39p r i m a r y a i r

f lo w c o n t r o l l e r 88

fa n 35, 38

d a m p e r , c o n t r o l o f 88f low 81 - 2

p r i n t e r s 159

p r o c e d u r e l e s s , b u m p l e s s t r a n s f e r 90

P r o g r a m m a b l e E l e c tr o n ic S y st em ss a f e t y o f 99

Index 2 1 9

H A Z O P s tu d ie s o n 175

p r o g r a m m i n g , o f a t t e m p e r a t o r s p ra y

v a l v e s 150

p r o j e c t i o n s y s te m s 157

p r o p a n e i g n i te r s , l e a k a g e h a z a r d 40

p r o p o r t i o n a l b a n d 76,  107, 14 5

p u l v e r i s e d f u el , b u r n i n g o f 35

p u l v e r i s e r

c o n t r o l 81 - 91

p e r f o r m a n c e a d j u s t m e n t 7 7

t e m p e r a t u r e c o n tr o l 87

p u m p

f e e d - w a t e r 15 , 21

p o w e r c o n s u m p t io n , r e d u c t i o n o f 130

r e h e a t s p r a y 152

v a r i a b l e - s p e e d 12 9 p u m p c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , e f fe c ts o n f e e d -

w a t e r c o n t r o l 11 l

p u r g e a i r , fo r f la m e s c a n n e r 96

a l a r m o n l o ss o f 97

p u r g e , f u r n a c e 92

b y B M S s y s te m 45

q u i c k - o p e n i n g , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , v a l v e 12 3

r a d i a n t s u p e r h e a t e r 14

R A E 10 

r a n g e a b i l i t y

o f a t t e m p e r a t o r s 1 3 7 - 4 0

o f f ee d v a l v e s 121

R a n k i n e , W . 7

R a n k i n e c y c le 7

R D F 26, 35, 42r e c i r c u l a t i o n , o f f u e l o i l 39

r e c u p e r a t iv e a i r h e a t e r 27

r e f u r b is h m e n t , o f c o n t r o l a n d

i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s y s te m 158, 2 0 2 - 3

c a s e s t u d y 202

r e f u s e - d e r i v e d f ue l 26, 35, 42

r e g e n e r a t i v e a i r h e a t e r 27

reg i s t e r s , a i r 78

r e h e a t 16

s p r a y s y s te m d e s i g n 151t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t ro l 151

s p r a y a t t e m p e r a t i o n , e f fe c t o n

e f f i c i ency 151

r e h e a t e r 16

r e l i a b i l i t y 45,  172

e ff ec t o f im p u l s e p i p e w o r k o n 161

p r e d i c t io n o f 17 4

r e l i a b i l i t y r u n 175, 185

r e s e r v o i r , h y d r a u l i c 169r e s et t e r m i n a l o f c o n t r o l l e r 148

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220 Index

reset wind-up, in steam-temperaturecontrol systems 145

response

of DCS 157of electric actuator 168

of fuel and air systems 66

of master systems 57

of pneumatic actuator 168

reversed sense, drum-level measurement

114

roll-off, filter 169- 70 

Royal Aircraft Establishment 10

safe operation, under failure conditions157

safety 46, 70 

defining requirements for, in

Technical Specifications 185

saturated steam, basic definition 3

saturation, in positioners 166 

saturation temperature

basic definition 3 

changes with pressure 104 

necessity of avoiding approach of 148 

SCADA 202scanner, flame 45, 96 

scavenging 19, 45 

screen, braided, of cable 172

sealing glands, leakage at 19

seat, valve 121

secondary air, flow control 93 

segregation of earth connections 172 sensible heat 2

sensors, steam temperature 143 separator, magnetic 42 sequences 95

setting leakage 65 shift operation 133

shrinkage 104 

shut down, plant, time required for 155 

single-elementfeed-water control 104 

site-acceptance test specification 185 size coefficient, valve 124 

slagging 42 slave controller, multi -stage system 149

smoke 26, 66, 76

effect on flame detection 46

SMP (system marginal price) 52

sodium sulphite, use in water treatment19 

soft desk 201 --2solenoid valves 156, 195

soot blower, air ingress through 65sootblowing, effect on drum level 120

spare parts, cost of 200speed control, fan 33- 4

spill-back, oil 39split-range control, gas pass dampers 151

spray attemperator

emergency 151

reheat 151water pressure, maintaining adequate

130

spray water 136impingement on temperature sensor

141opt imum pressure 137

spray-water control valve 137

stability, of drum-level control system

121stall

booster fans 92 in axial-flow fans 31

use of plotter to warn of approach 157

stall line, axial-flow fan 32

start-up burners, in waste-to-energy

plant 42

start-up, mill (pulveriser) 90

static, charge, build-up in floatingcircuits 155

steam drum 13, 112in HRSG 14

steam extracted, effects of 120

steam flow, as load indication fi)r oxygen

controller 75 6steam pressure control, deaerator 131

steam pressure, drum, measurement

used to prevent chilling 148

steam quality 3

steam tables 3

steam temperature controlaccuracy with mechanically-atomised

attemperators 138 accuracy with multiple-nozzle

attemperators 139 

accuracy with variable-orifice

attemperators 140

steam turbine 15steam-temperature/s team-flow profile,

convection & radiant superheaters

135 steel-wire armouring, of cables 172

stoichiometic fuel/air ratio 27, 64 

stokers 26Stolze 10stops, mechanical, on control valve stem

165-6 

storage vessel, deaerator 132 

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stored energy 54

stratification, in flue-gas streams 73

stripping, in de-aerators 19

suction mill 36 7

load-control strategy 84

temperature control 87

summator, use in multi-fuel system 81superheated steam, basic definition 3superheater 14, 135 

supplementary firing, in HRSG plant

23, 46, 63 

suppressed range, steam temperaturetransmitter 147 

surge

booster fan 92 

centrifugal fan 32 surge limit, centrifugal fan 32

swell, in drum water level 104 

swell and shrinkage, scale of'effects 105switches,

on DI cards 155 

limit 155, 195 

switchgear 158 

emc considerations 169 

system configuration, documentation204 

System Marginal Price 52 system resistance 21, 31,127

tapping-point isolating valve 160, 162

Technical Specification 184

television broadcasts, effects on powerdemand 51

temperature

reheat 151

superheat 3, 136

temperature compensation, of gas-flowsignal 81

temperature control of mill (pulveriser)87

temperature sensor, location in

attemperator pipework 141

temperature-dependence, of gas-flow

signal 81 tempering air 38 

terminations, cable 156

thermal efficiency, of HR SG 11 thermal inertia, of boiler 57 thermal liner 138

thermal shock 148, 150 

thermodynamics, laws of 5

three-element t~ed water control 109 12

thunderstorm activity, recording 200tilting burners 26-7,  150

Index 221

time constantfuel/air/flue-gas system 76

steam-temperature system 143 

topping cycle 59 total loss64 

track, terminal , of control block 148

trackbal1157 

training, of plant operators 202

tramp air 65

effect on flue-gas analysis 72

transducers 95, 160, 203

transformers 158

transient, electrical, due to fault 170

transmitter

active 155

connecting pipework size 161effect on performance 120

hook-up diagram 160

installation of 162

manifold, instrument 162

passive 155

power supplies for 155

redundant 201

specification of 160-3

specifying instal lation of 160- 3treated water 132 

trim, valve 121

trip

burner 70

turbine 152

tube failure 148

tube mill 36

tuning

feed-water control system 124 positioner, influence of 165 

interactions between loops 57, 132,

151steam-temperature loop 144 

turbine

dynamic response of 53

steam 15turbine following system 53, 55

response of 55, 58

turbine throttle-valves 54 turbine trip 152

turbine-driven tieed pumps 21

turbulence, effect on drum-levelmeasurement t20

two-element feed-water control system

105-9two-out-of-three voting 180

two-shift operation 133

two-valve instrument manifold 162 two-wire transmission 176-. 80

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2 2 2 Index

u l t r a - v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n , f r o m f l a m e s 9 8

u n i n t e r r u p t a b l e p o w e r s u p p l y 155

u n p o p u l a t e d I / O c h a nn e ls 156  

u p - g r a d i n g , o f c o n t r o l a n d

i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s y s te m 158, 203

u p l i f t c o s t 52

U P S 155

v a l v e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c 122

f e e d - r e g u l a t i n g 21, 121

t a p p i n g - p o i n t is o l a t i o n 160 , 162

s iz e , d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f 125

v a n e c o n t r o l , fa n 34 , 92  v a p o u r - a to m i s i n g a t t e m p e r a t o r 140

v a r i a b l e - a n n u l u s d e s u p e r h e a t e r 139

v a r i a b le a r e a a t t e m p e r a t o r 138

v a r i a b le - o r if i c e a t t e m p e r a t o r 140

v a r i a b l e s p e e d d ri v e s , a d v a n t a g e s o f 34

v a r i a b l e - s p e e d fe e d p u m p s

a d v a n t a g e s o f 21, 1 2 9 - 3 0

m a i n t a i n i n g a d e q u a t e w a t e r p r e ss u r e

f or a t t e m p e r a t i o n 130v a r i a b l e -s p e e d g e a r b o x e s 34

v a r i a b l e - s p e e d m o t o r s 34

v e n a c o n t r a c t a 126 , 140

v e n t v a l v e s 41

v e n t i n g , o f t r a n s m i t t e r s 162

V e n t u r i, f l o w - m e a s u r e m e n t , u s e in f e e d -

w a t e r c o n t r o l 112

V e n t u r i p r i n c i p l e , i n v a r i a b l e - a n n u l u s

a t t e m p e r a t o r 140

v e r y l a r g e - s c a l e i n t e g r a t e d c i r c u it s 172

V G B T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e o n T e c h n i c a lc l a ss i f i ca t io n sy s tems 186

v i b r a t i o n 15 8

i n a x i a l - f l o w fa n s d u e t o s t a l l 31

v i s i b le r a d i a t i o n , f r o m f l a m e s 98

V L S I 172

v o l t a g e s i g n a ls 179

v o r t e x z o n e , in v a r i a b l e - a n n u l u s

a t t e m p e r a t o r 14 0

w a t e r c o l u m n , d r u m - l e v e l m e a s u r e m e n t115

w a t e r / s t e a m d i f f e re n t i a l p r e s s u re ,

i m p o r t a n c e o f m a i n t a i n i n g 145

w a t e r - v a p o u r , b l a n k e t i n g e f fe c t o n f l a m e

e m i s s i o n 98

w e t t i n g v o l t a g e 155

W h i t t le , F r a n k 10

w i n d b o x 78, 93

w i n d b o x - t o - f u r n a c e d i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u re93

w i n d o w e f fe c t, in c a s c a d e l o o p s 1 4 6 - 8

z i r c o n i u m p r o b e , u s e i n o x y g e n

m e a s u r e m e n t 73