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be made to the Representative Body on May 28. Thecouncil will recommend to the Representative Body :

(a) That, despite the insufficiency of the safeguards to theprofession’s freedoms and the misgivings of a substantialsection of the profession, the Representative Body, anxiousas ever that in the public interest a comprehensive healthservice should be made available to the community, is preparedto advise the profession to cooperate in the new service onthe understanding that the Minister will continue negotiationson outstanding matters, including terms and conditions ofservice for consultants and specialists, general practitioners,public health officers, and others.

(b) That the Representative Body urges the profession tomaintain its strength and unity in order to mould the servicein accordance with the public interest and with enlightenedprofessional opinion, and continuously to protect the profes-sion’s legitimate freedoms and interests.

(c) That the public be informed that, for reasons outsidethe control of the profession, the inception of the new servicecannot be followed for some time by all the improvementspromised by the Government in the medical services of thecountry, because of the shortage of personnel, medical andnursing, and of the difficulty of providing the necessarypremises and equipment.

A CENTURY OF PUBLIC HEALTH

ON May 7 the Corporation of the City of London helda dinner in the library of Guildhall to celebrate thecentenary of the Public Health Act of 1848.

Mr. ANEUBIN BEVAN, Minister of Health, proposed thetoast of the Pioneers of Public Health-the men who hadmade possible a comprehensive service for the health ofthe public. In 1848, he said, they were faced with anappalling task, complicated by the bitter opposition ofvested interests. At that time none thought publichealth a good investment: even leading Radicalsignored it, and John Bright during his twenty years in

Parliament spoke only once on the topic, and then tooppose a measure for smoke abatement.The men whom he specially wished to recall, Mr. Bevan

said, were Edwin Chadwick, John Simon, F.R.S., whowas appointed M.o.H. for the City in 1848, and WilliamFarr. With them he coupled the name of LordMorpeth, who steered the Public Health Act throughParliament after one failure, where the unyieldingChadwick would have failed. No social reform, Mr.Bevan concluded, could come to fruition until the publicaccepted it or could be induced to tolerate it, and thepolitician’s part was to modify ideas while keeping intactthe kernel of principle.

Sir GEORGE ELLISTON, chairman of the public-healthcommittee of the Corporation, welcomed among theguests three past Ministers of Health-Lord Addison(a son of the City hospital of St. Bartholomew’s), LordHennet, and Mr. Ernest Brown. He was glad to rememberthat Simon had founded the Society of Medical Officersof Health and was its first president.Lord ADDISON, replying for the guests, turned to later

developments in the progress of public health. Herecalled the committee on which he himself had served in1917, with Lord Milner, Arthur Henderson, and BeatriceWebb, which in two weeks decided that a Ministry ofHealth should be established. After the 1914-18 war, asMinister of Reconstruction, he had worked to implementthis decision, till in October, 1918, formal blessing wasgiven to the Bill setting up the Ministry.The BISHOP OF LONDON, who also replied, sympathised

with Mr. Bevan as one who had often to deal withaggrieved parishioners. Sir ALFRED WEBB-JOHNSONclaimed Sir John Simon as a surgeon, for he had combinedhis public-health work with active surgery and had beenpresident of the Royal College of Surgeons. The Act of1848 had brought great progress in public health. Today,Sir Alfred believed, we were on the eve of great develop-ments in the care of the sick.Lord BALFOUR OF BuRLEEGH proposed the toast of the

Lord Mayor and the Corporation, and the LoRD MAYOR,Sir Frederick Wells, replied.

In the picture gallery the guests were able to study anexhibition of documents arranged by Dr. Charles White,the present M.O.H. for the City, showing the Corporation’sconcern for public health during the 500 years before theAct of 1848.

Disabilities

4. DOUBLE FOREARM AMPUTATION

THE injury for which I had both forearms amputatedbelow the elbow took place in May, 1942. Before I receivedmy artificial limbs in the following December, I wasin a small hospital in Surrey under treatment for shrapneland blast injuries to my eyes. While there, I fed,washed, and ’shaved myself with the aid of two chamois-leather " cuffs" which I tied round the ends of mystumps with tapes. Each cuff had a small sleeve intowhich I put a spoon, fork, razor, toothbrush, pencil, orother implement. I managed quite well with these" home-made " improvisations. I spent most of my sparetime playing bagatelle, holding the cue inside the sleeve-of my jacket and using a dent in my bandages as a rest ;I eventually became the champion of the hospital.When my limbs came I determined .to use the hands

to the fullest extent in preference to the accepted normalworking appliance, the " split hook." I have kept tothis principle, and I consider that I can do as much withthe hands as an amputee using hooks. My hands areof the standard type used by most double amputees,made of moulded linen and glue which is light and strong. _

The left hand is of the fixed-finger "

carrying "

type,only the thumb being movable, and the fingers beingcurved towards the palm to form a natural rest forthe handle of a suitcase, bucket, or the like. The righthand has three articulated fingers with knuckle-jointslike a real hand ; these are not operated mechanically.The thumbs of both hands are opened and closed bya very simple system. By flexing the opposite shoulderand slightly moving the arm away from the body acontrol cord which runs from the shoulder to the thumbis tightened, and this opens the thumb against the pressureof a spring. When the tension on the shoulder is releasedthe spring automatically closes the thumb against theindex finger, which is permanently fixed. The " splithook " and most of the other appliances work on thesame principles. With experience the flexing of theshoulders and arms to operate the hands and appliancesbecomes quite natural. ’

After a few months the limbs come to feel part of one’snatural self. The first hesitation about how to do aparticular thing gradually lessens, and soon coordinationbetween mind and limb becomes automatic. Findingthe easiest, quickest, and most efficient ways of doingdifferent things with the limbs is a gradual process,mostly of trial and error. For instance, in performingone’s toilet, is it better to wash first and then shave, orvice versa One way round would perhaps save havingto put on an appliance twice over. Then the properplacing of the appliances in the bathroom can be themeans of establishing a quicker routine. All thesesmall points are worth studying by the double amputeewho wants to get the best out of the mechanical aids.A new form of appliance which greatly simplifies the

toilet consists of two rubber sleeves called gauntlets(fig. 1), which are shaped to the stump and held on thelimb by suction.At the end ofeach gauntlet a

metal nipple ismounted on a ball-

spring. This metalnipple slips intoa recess in therounded rubber

pads which are

Fig. I-Rubber gauntlet withflexible metal nipple forattachment of toothbrush,shaving-brush, &c., eachmounted on rubber pad.

attached to one’s ordinary razor, shaving-brush, tooth-brush, comb, &c. There is also an attachment for holdinga face-flannel, with which almost every part of the bodycan be reached when bathing. I wash my face with a

sponge hollowed out to fit over my stump or the gauntlet,

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but a face-flannel made into a bag is just as effective.Advantages of the gauntlets are that water cannot harmthem, whereas the ordinary appliances are apt to getrusty, and that the feeling of artificiality is considerablyless with them than with the limbs.When dressing I always put my trouser braces over

(i.e., outside) the harness of the limbs ; this keeps theharness from riding up and, together with having zipfasteners on the fly of my trousers, facilitates’visits tothe w.c. I have a special appliance for holding thetoilet paper, but an ordinary split hook will do as well.

I have the sleeves of my jackets cut a little wider thannormal to allow an easy passage for my arms, but noother alterations have been made to my clothes. Some

amputees use large press-studs to fasten their clothes,but when the button-holes have been used a little I canfasten and unfasten them quite easily with my hands,provided the buttons are not too small.My work is clerical; I have charge of a small depart-

ment in a large public organisation, which entails writing,typing, using telephones, and general pmce work. Forthis I use only one appliance, and that is when type-writing. To dial telephone numbers I use the thumbof the left hand, ’holding the phone with my right ;I can hold the phone with either hand and so can makenotes while phoning if necessary. I hold a pen or pencilquite easily with the right hand, the pen being grippedbetween the thumb and index finger at the normalangle, while the first articulated finger is pushed forwardto steady the pen and the top of the pen rests against thebase of the hand.

For typewriting I use two curved metal projectionswith rubber tips on the end, held on the thumbs by steel

spring clips (fig. 2).Only a two-fingerstyle of typing is

possible, but with

practice a fair speedcan be attained. I

put papers in themachine in thenormal way, and

experience no diffi-culty in using it.The articulated

Fig. 2-Metal appliancewith rubber tip fortypewriting.

fingers of the right hand have many uses, especially whenfiling or card-indexing. When not required they canbe pushed out of the way into the palm.

Normally, for eating, the hands are removed and apush-in type of knife, fork, or spoon is attached,but I have cutlery of my own design which I use inconjunction with the hands (fig. 3). These are held onthe thumbs in a similar manner to the typewritingappliances, and I find them highly efficient and far morenatural and easy to carry about than the standard issue.In picking up a cup I grip the handle with the thumb andindex finger and steady it at the base with the articulatedfingers. But if I am using the eating appliances I drinkthrough a tube of glass or plated steel. As the hands canrotate on the limb it is important to know at what angle °to set the hand in relation to the size and fullness of thecup. This comes with experience-usually after youhave spilled one or two cups of coffee down the girl friend’sbest dress. After a time putting the hand at the bestangle becomes automatic whether you are going to pickup a matchstick from the floor or a large object from ashelf. Incidentally, I find little difficulty in openingthe average kind of door, either of key or handle type.

Almost everything that a normal person does in anormal day can be done by a double amputee, providedhe can do them in his own way and time. Three thingswhich I have not yet learnt to do are to put on my collarand tie (though I am experimenting with this), to laceup shoes, and to take coins or other small articles from

Fig. 3-Feeding appliances: knife of push-in type, for use without hands,and spoon and knife mounted on thimbles to clip on thumbs.

my pockets. I carry fares for bus or tube journeysready in my hands, and if necessary I can carry thefares for three separate journeys by using the articulatedfingers and still leave my operated thumb free for smokingor picking up things.Odd jobs about the home are well within one’s scope,

whether it is cleaning shoes or nailing up the fence.Fig. 4-Claws (with universal

joint) and split hook forholding spade or cricketbat ; ; the claws have a

winged screw for closingthe grip.

1 cleanshoes witha b o o t -brush heldon an exten-sion whichhas a lateraland rotarymovement,while toknock in a

nail I holdit in a pair of tweezers (similar to the split hook) and hitit with a hammer of the push-in type. Paint brushes,saws, chisels, and almost all kinds of tools normallyfound in the home can be held either in a universalholder or with the hand. I have another appliance (fig. 4)which can grip the handle of a fork or spade, or-formore pleasant pursuits-a cricket bat. I spend muchof my leisure doing pen and ink sketches and water-colourpainting, holding the pen and brush in the hand aspreviously described.

Most amputees have their own ways of doing thingsand approach the same problem from different angles,some preferring appliance A while others get betterresults with,B. We all have our pet theories and ideasand an exchange of views can be of benefit to all.

Public Health

Inoculation against Plague and TyphusTHE WHO Expert Committee on International Epi-

demic Control decided on April 17 to ask the executivesecretary of the Interim Commission to make known tonational health authorities the following :

" The committee strongly emphasised the fact that, what-ever its value as a measure of individual protection within thearea of a plague epidemic, anti-plague vaccination had noplace as a quarantine measure in the international control ofthe disease. -

" The committee was strongly of opinion that vaccinationagainst typhus, although it conferred considerable protectionto the individual, was not justified as an internationalquarantine measure."In fact the committee agreed that the use of insecticideswith residual action should be the chief measure ofinternational action against these diseases.

This coincides with the opinion expressed on Oct. 16,1947, by the WHO Expert Committee on Quarantine.This committee’s views, endorsed by the Interim Com-mission, are as follows :

" The committee stressed the fact that inoculation againstplague or typhus cannot be required under existing conventionsland observed that such measures had little value for the

protection of countries receiving travellers from infected areas." In its opinion disinsectisation of the travellers and their

belongings by means of D.D.T. or other efficient insecticideswould be more efficacious in preventing the importation ofthese diseases."