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7/28/2019 4 Ellis InterconnectionStandards
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7/28/2019 4 Ellis InterconnectionStandards
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GeneratorInterconnection
Standards Establishuniformtechnicalandprocedural
requirementsforinterconnectionofgenerationontheelectricgrid
Interconnectionstandardsaredrivenby
Safety(peopleandproperty)
Gridreliability,performance
Costconsiderations
Fairness(justandreasonable,andnotundulydiscriminatoryorpreferential)
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WhatInterconnection
StandardsandProceduresApply?
Distribution System Guidelines
IEEE 1547, PUC/PRC
IEEE, ANSI, IEC
NEC
Bulk System Guidelines
NERC, FERCIEEE, ANSI, IEC
NESC
Plenty of technical andjurisdictional overlap,
confusion, contradiction
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Applytogenerators,participatinginwholesalemarket,
regardlessofsizeandinterconnectionlocation TSO/DSOfollowproforma proceduresviaOATT
Proceduresandrequirementsgenerallybasedonsize
LargeGeneratingFacilities(>20MW):LGIP/LGIA
SmallGeneratingFacilities(SGF)(
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Applytogeneratorsuptoacertainsize,connectedto
thegrid,butnot participatinginwholesalemarket NetMetering,PURPAorsimilararrangementforsale of
electricitytothehostutilityonly
TypicallycoverREandotherDG,allcustomerclasses Proceduresandstandardsvarybystate
GenerallyconformwithFERCSGIP,butsomehave
significant
differences Technicalstandardsfocusedonthedistribution
systemandDER
StateJurisdictional
InterconnectionStandards(PUC/PRCRule)
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StateJurisdictional
InterconnectionStandards
State policy
www.dsireusa.org / July 2009
*Standard only applies to net-metered systems
WA: 20,000
OR: 25/2,000*
CA: no limit
MT: 50*
NV: 20,000
UT: 25/2,000*
NM: 80,000
WY: 25*
HI: no limit
CO: 10,000
MN: 10,000
LA: 25/300*
AR: 25/300*
MI: no limit
WI: 15,000
MO: 100*
IN: no limit
IL: 10,000
FL: 2,000*
KY: 30*
OH: 20,000
NC: no limit
VT: no limit
NH: 100*
MA: no limit
37 states +DC & PR
have adopted aninterconnection
policy
Notes: Numbers indicate system capacity limit in kW. Some state limits vary by customer type (e.g., residential/non-residential).No limit means that there
is no stated maximum size for individual systems. Other limits may apply. Generally, state interconnection standards apply only to investor-owned utilities.
CT: 20,000
PA: no limitNJ: 2,000*
DC: 10,000
MD: 10,000
NY: 2,000
VA: 20,000
SC: 20/100*
GA: 10/100*
PR: no limit
TX: 10,000
NE: 25*
KS: 25/200*
SD: 10,000
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InterconnectionRequirements
forSGF(FERCOrder2006)
FastTrackProcessforSGFthatpasscertainscreens
SGFcapacity
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TypicalDERInterconnectionProcess
Example:
CPUCRule21
Interconnection
Process
Source: California Interconnection Guidebook
http://www.energy.ca.gov/distgen/interconnection
/guide_book.html
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TypicalDERInterconnectionProcess
Example:
CPUCRule21Initial
TechnicalReview
Methodology
Source:
http://www.energy.ca.gov/distgen/interconnection
/application.html
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IEEE1547StandardFamily(AppliestoDERnolargerthan10MVA)
No. Title Status
1547StandardforInterconnectingDistributedResourceswithElectric Power
Systems 2003
1547.1StandardforConformanceTestsProceduresforEquipment
InterconnectingDistributedResourceswithElectricPowerSystems2005
1547.2ApplicationGuideforIEEE1547StandardforInterconnecting
Distributed
Resources
with
Electric
Power
Systems
2008
1547.3GuideForMonitoring,InformationExchange,andControlofDistributed
ResourcesInterconnectedwithElectricPowerSystems2007
1547.4DraftGuideforDesign,Operation,andIntegrationofDistributed
ResourceIslandSystemswithElectricPowerSystemsPending
1547.5 DraftTechnicalGuidelinesforInterconnectionofElectricPower Sources
Greaterthan10MVAtothePowerTransmissionGridPending
1547.6DraftRecommendedPracticeForInterconnectingDistributedResources
WithElectricPowerSystemsDistributionSecondaryNetworksPending
1547.7
DraftGuidetoConductingDistributionImpactStudiesforDistributed
ResourceInterconnection Pending
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InterconnectionStandards
forDistributedEnergyResources
IEEE1547VoltageandFrequencyTolerance
Additionaldisconnectionrequirements CeasetoenergizeforfaultsontheAreaEPScircuit
Ceasetoenergizepriortocircuitreclosure
Detectislandconditionandceasetoenergizewithin2secondsoftheformationofanisland(antiislanding)
(*) MaximumclearingtimesforDER 30kW;
DefaultclearingtimesforDER>30kW
VoltageRange(%Nominal) Max.ClearingTime(sec)*
V
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50% < V > 88%
V < 50%
110% < V > 120%
V > 120%
InterconnectionStandards
forDistributedEnergyResources
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InterconnectionStandards
forDistributedEnergyResources
Otherapplicablecodesandstandards(not
exhaustive) RequirementVoltageRegulation MaintainservicevoltagewithinANSIC84RangeA(+/5%)
Voltagecontrol Notpermitted(IEEE1547)
Flicker MaximumBorderlineofIrritationCurve(IEEE1453)
Harmonics
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InterconnectionStandards
forTransmissionConnectedSystems
SomekeydifferencescomparedtoDER
NeedtoconsidersomeoftheseforPVassystemsize&penetrationincrease
Requirement
VoltageTolerance Ridethrough3phasefaultPOIforupto150ms
FrequencyTolerance Basedoninterconnectionrequirements
PowerFactorCapability +/ 0.95pf(orhigherdependingonstudyresults)
VoltageControlPowerfactor,reactivepowerorvoltagecontrolatthe
discretionoftransmissionoperator
Synchronization,
Protection
Dedicatedswitchingandprotectionequipment
requiredfortransmissionconnectedsystems
SCADA/EMSintegration Requiredinallcases
PowerControlEmergingforhighpenetrationwind. Mayneedhandle
withmarketinstrumentsinsomecases
Other NERCFAC/TPL/MOD/PRC/VARstandards
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FrequencyandVoltage
ToleranceStandards(BulkSystem)
FrequencyRange(Hz)
Max.ClearingTime(sec)*
59.4 60.5 N/A
59.4 58.5or
60.6 61.5 3min
58.4 57.9or
61.6 61.730sec
57.8 57.4 7.5sec
57.3 56.9 45cycles
56.8 56.5 7.2cycles
61.7instantaneous
WECCOffNominalFrequencyTolerance VoltageTolerance(LVRT)
Tolerate
bolted
fault
(0
volts)
at
POI
for
upto9cycles(150ms)
FERCOrder661A:appliestowind
generators>20MVA
WECCLVRTcriterion:appliestoall
generators
>10
MVA
FrequencyTolerance Forexample,WECCONFstandard,
whichappliestoallgenerators
RulesstillevolvingintheUSand
elsewhere
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FrequencyandVoltage
ToleranceStandards(BulkSystem)
Proposed NERCPRC024
Wouldapplytoallgenerators20MVAorlarger,andstationswithmultiple
unitswithtotalcapacityof75MVAor
more
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EmergingPowerControl
forHighPenetrationWindP
kan
Pbr
Pkan
Pbr
Pkan
Pbr
Absolute power limit
Power ramp limit
Delta power limit
Source: Energinet.dk
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MediumVoltageStandard
inGermany(10kVto110kV)
FaultTolerance
AppliestoPVasof2011 Invertersmustcomplywithboundaryline2
Mustprovidereactivesupportduringfault(voltagecontrol)
Source: E. Troester, New German Grid
Codes for Connecting PV to the Medium
Voltage Power Grid, 2nd International
Conference on Concentrating
Photovoltaic Power plant
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MediumVoltageStandard
inGermany(10kVto110kV)
StaticVoltageSupport
Providecapabilityof+/ 0.95pfatfulloutput(impactsequipmentrating) Dispatchcouldbeconstantpf,constantVar,Var supportbasedon
poweroutput(seeexamplebelow)orVar supportbasedonvoltage
AppliestoPVasof2010
Source: E. Troester, New German Grid
Codes for Connecting PV to the Medium
Voltage Power Grid, 2nd International
Conference on Concentrating
Photovoltaic Power plant
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MediumVoltageStandard
inGermany(10kVto110kV)
ActivePowerControl
Reducepoweroutputwhenfrequencyisabove50.2Hz AppliestoPVasof2010
Source: E. Troester, New German Grid
Codes for Connecting PV to the Medium
Voltage Power Grid, 2nd International
Conference on Concentrating
Photovoltaic Power plant
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AFewObservations WindandPVinterconnectionstandardsondifferenttracks,but
converging NorthAmericanapproachtobulksystemstandardstendstobe
technologyneutral
Itmakestechnicalsensetoapplydifferentrequirementstodifferent
technologies(e.g.,Europeanapproach) Difficulttoreachconsensus,longprocess
IEEE1547providesgreatfoundationforDER
Somefuturecapabilitiesshouldbemandatedbystandards;
someshouldbeincentivized bymarkets
E.g.,primaryfrequencysupport
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WhereareWeGoing? Reconciledistribution/transmissionstandards
Voltage/frequencytolerance
Reactivepowercapability,volt/var control SCADAintegration
Power/Frequencycontrol
Specialcases(e.g.,islands)orfuture veryhighpenetration?
Harmonizationisimportantforefficiencyandcost
Severalactiveeffortsunderway
IEEE1547.4,1547.5,1547.6,P2030(SmartGrid)
(http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547/1547_index.html)
US:NERCIVGTF(http://www.nerc.com/filez/ivgtf.html)
Europe:Mediumandlowvoltagegridcodes(GR,SP,FR,IT)
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QuestionsandDiscussionQuestionsandDiscussion
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Codes&StandardsSpecifictoPV
Source DocumentsIEEESCC21 StandardsCoordinatingCommitteeonFuelCells,Photovoltaics,
DispersedGeneration,andEnergy
Storage
IEEE1547series(DERupto10MVA)
StandalonePVsystems,batteries(several)
P2030 (SmartGrid Newinitiative)
UnderwritersLaboratoriesInc.(UL)PV
StandardsTechnicalPanels UL1703(PVmodules)
US1741(Inverters,chargecontrollers)
NFPA NEC,Article690(solarPhotovoltaicSystems)
ASTME44.09 TechnicalCommitteeon
PhotovoltaicElectricPowerConversion
SeveraladdressingPVmoduleandarray
testing
IECTC82 Solarphotovoltaicenergy
systems
Severaladdressingmeasurement,safety,
testprocedures