4 Emergency Readiness

Identify causes of emergencies.

Distinguish safety and emergency signs, codes, and symbols.

Summarize how to respond to various disasters.

Summarize fire prevention and fire safety practices.

Demonstrate the appropriate response to an emergency fire situation.

4 Emergency Readiness

Assess what is wrong with an injured or sick person.

Apply knowledge to an initial assessment and a focused exam.

Demonstrate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for the one-rescuer adult, child, and infant and the two-rescuer adult.

Practice responsive and unresponsive foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO) for adult, child, and infant.

Practice 16 first-aid and CPR procedures.

4.1 Emergency Readiness 4.1 Emergency Readiness Topics

0Medical Emergencies0First Aid0Contacting EMS0Safety and Emergency Signs0Bioterrorism and Disasters

4.1 Emergency Readiness

Medical Emergencies

0A medical emergency is any situation in which a person suddenly becomes ill or sustains an injury that requires immediate help by a healthcare professional.

4.1 Emergency Readiness First Aid

0First Aid is the initial help given to a sick or injured person.0First aid may include:0Dialing 9110Providing cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CPR (A series of ventilations (breaths) and chest compressions used on a person who has stopped breathing or whose heart has stopped.)

4.1 Emergency Readiness

Contacting EMS0STEPS 0Speak clearly.0Speak calmly.0Provide all important information.0Do not hang up until the dispatcher gives

you permission to do so.

Contacting EMS Practice 0911 : What is your Emergency?

0What is your location and phone number?

0Which entrance will we go in?

0 Important information:

4.1 Emergency Readiness

Safety and Emergency Signs

0To maintain safety and be prepared for an emergency, it is essential to recognize safety insignia.

0Most healthcare facilities use emergency codes that are defined by color.

4.1 Emergency Readiness Safety and Emergency Signs

4.1 Emergency Readiness Bioterrorism and Disasters0Bioterrorism is the intentional release of a

biologic agent with the intent to cause harm.0A healthcare professional must be familiar

with the steps for responding to all disasters.0A healthcare facility should have evacuation

and shelter-in-place plans.0Maps of the facility with escape routs clearly

marked should be posted.

4.1 Emergency Readiness

What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?

4.1 Emergency Readiness

A series of ventilations (breaths) and chest compressions used on a person who has stopped breathing or whose heart has stopped.

What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?

4.2 Fire Safety

4.2 Fire Safety Concepts

0Fire Triangle0Types of Extinguishers0How to Use a Fire Extinguisher0When a Fire Emergency Occurs0Emergency Fire Rules

4.2 Fire SafetyFire Triangle0Fire can occur in any setting when three

elements are present. The elements necessary for a fire risk to occur are 0fuel (something that will burn), 0heat (a temperature high enough to allow

the fuel to burn), and0oxygen (to feed the fire).

Fire Extinguishers

Class

A (Water)

B (Carbon dioxide)

C (K bicarbonate)

D

ABC (Chemical)

Common combustibles

Flammable liquids

Electrical

Combustible metals (magnesium)

All ABC fires

Application

Types of Extinguishers05 types are available, with ABC being the most

common.

4.2 Fire SafetyHow to Use a Fire Extinguisher

0Remember the key word PASS:0P = Pull the pin.0A = Aim at the base of the fire.0S = Squeeze handle.0S = Sweep nozzle from side to side to

displace oxygen away from the fire.

4.2 Fire SafetyWhen a Fire Emergency Occurs

0Remember the key word RACE:0R = Rescue.0A = Alarm. Assign someone to pull the

alarm.0C = Contain. Close the windows and doors.0E = Evacuate.

3rd Floor Plan

4.2 Fire Safety

Emergency Fire Rules

0Be prepared! Know your responsibilities.

0Know when and how to evacuate.0Know where the fire alarms are

located and how to activate them.0Keep fire extinguishers in plain

view and readily accessible.

4.2 Fire Safety

Emergency Fire Rules (cont.)

0Keep areas uncluttered.0Evacuate ambulatory patients first, then the wheel-

chair bound, then the bed-bound.0 If possible, never leave a patient alone in a fire

emergency.0Never use an elevator in a fire situation.0Never open windows.0Never open a door that feels hot.

4.2 Fire Safety

How should you operate a fire extinguisher?

4.2 Fire Safety

P = Pull the pin.

A = Aim at the base of the fire.

S = Squeeze handle.

S = Sweep nozzle from side to side to displace oxygen away from the fire.

How should you operate a fire extinguisher?

4.3 Basics of First Aid

Basics of First Aid

0Consent0Responsibilities of First-Aid Providers

0 Evaluating the Scene0 The Primary Assessment0 The Secondary Assessment

Basics of First Aid

0First aid is the initial help and care provided to a sick or injured person. It is not a replacement for medical help.

4.3 Basics of First Aid

Consent

0Consent must be obtained before applying first aid to a conscious adult.

0Consent is implied for an unconscious person.

4.3 Basics of First Aid

Responsibilities of First-Aid Providers

0Recognize an emergency based on the patient’s appearance, behavior, or surroundings.

0Make a decision to help.0Call EMS if the situation dictates.

4.3 Basics of First Aid

Responsibilities of First-Aid Providers (cont.)

0Safely gain access to the patient and determine what is wrong.

0Provide first aid.0Stay with the patient until EMS arrives.

4.3 Basics of First Aid

Evaluating the Scene

0Determine the possibility of threats to yourself, the patient, and bystanders.

0Determine the nature or cause of the illness or injury. 0Determine the number of sick or injured. Then call

EMS if necessary, and report your findings.

4.3 Basics of First Aid

4.3 Basics of First Aid

The Primary Assessment

0For a conscious and responsive patient, introduce yourself by name, state that you know first aid, and ask if you can help.

0Based on the patient’s response, you can perform an initial assessment.

4.3 Basics of First AidThe Primary Assessment (cont.)

0Form an impression of the patient by asking yourself the following questions:0 How does the patient look?0 How is the patient behaving?0 Does the patient appear to be in distress or pain?0 Do you see any bleeding?0 What color is the patient?

4.3 Basics of First AidThe Primary Assessment (cont.)

0For an unresponsive patient, follow these steps:0 Assuming no neck or back injuries, position the patient

on his or her back.0 Check for responsiveness by lightly tapping the patient

on the shoulder and speaking to him or her. If no response, continue with the ABCs.

4.3 Basics of First AidThe Primary Assessment (cont.)

0ABCs of an initial assessment0 A – make sure the airway is open.0 B – check for breathing.0 C – check circulation by taking pulse.

4.3 Basics of First AidThe Primary Assessment (cont.)

0Airway – check by using the head tilt-chin lift method. For suspected neck or back injury use the jaw thrust maneuver.

0Breathing – check for breathing using the look, listen, and feel method.

0Circulation – check for signs of circulation.

4.3 Basics of First Aid

Secondary Assessment

0Conduct a focused exam unless the patient requires resuscitation.

0The focused exam immediately follows the initial assessment.

0Focused exams need not be performed on patients with minor injuries or illness.

0NEVER move a patient with suspected neck or back injuries.

4.3 Basics of First Aid

Secondary Assessment (cont.)

0Have someone hold the patient’s head, then perform the following steps:0 Head – look at and feel for deformities,

bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling.

4.3 Basics of First Aid

Secondary Assessment (cont.)

0 Eyes – gently open the eyes and compare the pupils. They should be the same size.

0 Neck – look and feel for deformities, bruises, depressions, open wounds, tenderness, and swelling. Check for a medical alert necklace.

Secondary Assessment (cont.)

0 Chest – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling.

0 Abdomen – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling.

4.3 Basics of First Aid

Secondary Assessment (cont.)

0 Pelvis – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling.

0 Legs – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling. Compare the skin color, temperature, and size of both legs.

4.3 Basics of First Aid

Secondary Assessment (cont.)

0 Arms – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling. Compare the skin color, temperature, and size of both arms.

0 Back – slide your hand under the back as far as it will go, without moving the patient. Look and feel for bleeding, deformities, bruises, open wounds, depressions, tenderness, and swelling.

4.3 Basics of First Aid

4.3 Basics of First AidObtaining Information From a Patient

0 Use the memory aid SAMPLE to gather information relating to the patient’s symptoms and medical history.0 S = Signs and Symptoms: “What seems to be bothering you today?” or “What

is wrong?”0 A = Allergies: “Are you allergic to any medications?” “What are they?”0 M = Medications: “What prescription or over-the-counter medications,

vitamins, or herbal remedies are you taking?”0 P = Pertinent Past Medical History: “Have you ever had this problem before?”

“What was it?” “What other medical problems or conditions do you have?”0 L = Last Oral Intake: “When was the last time you ate or drank something?”

“What was it?”0 E = Event preceding: “What were you doing when this happened?” “How did it

happen?”0 If possible, write down the findings of your primary and

secondary assessments and history to give to EMS providers when they arrive.

4.3 Basics of First Aid

When should you move a patient with a neck or back injury?

4.3 Basics of First Aid

NEVER move a patient when you think that the patient has a neck or back injury.

When should you move a patient with a neck or back injury?

4.4 Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationCardiopulmonary Resuscitation

0The Chain of Survival0Using Barrier Devices and Face Masks0Using a Bag-Valve Mask0Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation0Foreign Body Airway Obstruction

4.4 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

The Chain of Survival

0Sudden cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating.

0Ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurs when the heart stops beating and just quivers.

4.4 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

The Chain of Survival (cont.)

0Five links in the chain of survival:0 Early access to EMS.0 Early CPR with an emphasis on chest compressions.0 Rapid defibrillation.0 Effective advanced life support.0 Integrated post-cardiac arrest care.

4.4 Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationUsing Barrier Devices and Face Masks

0Follow appropriate infection control procedures, including use of latex or vinyl gloves and barrier devices.

4.4 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Using a Bag-Valve Mask

0A bag-valve mask (BVM) consists of a self-inflating bag and a one-way valve attached to a face mask.

0A BVM is most effective when two first-aiders work together and use supplemental oxygen.

4.4 Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationCardiopulmonary Resuscitation

0Three “red flags” for victims of sudden cardiac arrest:0 No response when spoken to or touched.0 No signs of circulation such as coughing, movement, or

pulse.0 No breathing or inadequate breathing.

4.4 Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationForeign Body Airway Obstruction

0Foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO) can occur in patients of all ages.

0Perform abdominal thrusts or chest thrusts until object is expelled.

4.4 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Name the five links in the chain of survival.

4.4 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

1. Early access to EMS.

2. Early CPR.

3. Rapid defibrillation.

4. Effective advanced live support.

5. Integrated post-cardiac arrest care.

Name the four links in the chain of survival.

• Injuries to bones, joints, and muscles

• Diabetic emergencies

• Heat emergencies

• Cold-related emergencies

• Poisons

• Heart attack• Stroke• Minor wounds• External bleeding• Internal bleeding• Shock• Anaphylaxis• Burns

4.5 First Aid for Specific Emergencies

Emergencies

0The most common types of emergencies are:

4.5 First Aid for Specific Emergencies

What are four signs or symptoms of an injured extremity?

4.5 First Aid for Specific Emergencies

1. Deformity

2. Pain and tenderness

3. Swelling

4. Bruising

What are four signs or symptoms of an injured extremity?

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