4 Sustainable Planning Concepts at the Beginning of 21st

8/2/2019 4 Sustainable Planning Concepts at the Beginning of 21st

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Sustainable planning concepts at

the beginning of 21st century


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Although the process of growing of the cities cant be

stopped the measures must be taken to minimize the energy

consumption.

Architecture and town planning must become instruments

for creating harmony between cities and natural environment.


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Interest in ecological problems is increasing and worldscientists from different fields of knowledge are discussing

about global world perspective.

Different proposals are given for the future town

development. UN report Our Common Future proposed the

conception of sustainable development and it became the main

conceptual trend in modern town planning.


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Sustainability has the biggest potential in the urbanized

territories where most part of consumption and pollution by

world civilization is taking place. There are 4 main concepts of

sustainable development and different combinations of these

concepts. The best matching with sustainable development is

the Compact City concept (Table 1).


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SEVEN CRITERIA OF SUSTAINABLE

URBAN FORM


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1. COMPACTNESSCompactness of the built environment is a widely acceptablestrategy through which more sustainable urban formsmight be achieved.

Compactness also refers to urban contiguity(and connectivity), which suggests that future urbandevelopment should take place adjacent to existing urbanstructures

For many planners and scholars, compactness is the crucial

typology to be implemented to achieve sustainability.


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2. Sustainable TransportTransport is arguably the single biggest issue for environmentaldebates relating to urban form

The form of our cities reflects, to a largeextent, the transport technologies that were dominant at differentstages of their development

sustainable urban transportation system limits emissionsand waste to within the areas ability to absorb; is powered

by renewable energy sources, recycles its components,and minimizes the use of land; provides equitable access forpeople and their goods and helps achieve a healthy and desirablequality of life in each generation; and is financiallyaffordable, operates at maximum efficiency, and supports avibrant economy.


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3. DensityDensity is a critical typology in determining sustainable urban forms.

It is the ratio of people or dwelling units to land area.

The relationship between density and urban characteris also based on the concept of viable thresholds: at certaindensities (thresholds), the number of people within a givenarea becomes sufficient to generate the interactions neededto make urban functions or activities viable.


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POPULATION DENSITY IN NEGHBOURHOODS (R. Rogers, 2005)


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4. Mixed Land UsesThere is a general consensus among planners and scholarsthat mixed land use has an important role in achievingsustainable urban form.

Mixed-use or heterogeneous zoning allows compatible land uses tolocate in close proximity to one another and thereby decrease thetravel distances between activities.


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5. DiversityDiversity of activity is essential to the sustainability of cities.

Lack of concentrated diversitycan put people into automobiles for almost all their needs.

There are some similarities between diversity and mixedland uses; however, diversity is a multidimensional phenomenon

It promotes further desirable urban features, including greater varietyof housing types, building densities, household sizes, ages, cultures,

and incomes

diversity represents the social and cultural contextof the urban form.


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6. Passive Solar DesignGenerally, the idea of this design is to reduce thedemand for energy and to provide the best use of passiveenergy in sustainable ways through specific design measures.This design affects the form of the built environment

through, for example, the orientation of buildings and urbandensities

Compared to open country, built urban siteshave larger areas of exposed surfaces per unit area of groundcover. Because of the larger area, potentially more solar radiation

can be collected on a built urban site than on a flat,open terrain, especially in winter. In the city, a surfaces exposureto the sun at any given time is largely determined by thebuilt form, as well as the street widths and orientation.


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7. GreeningGreening of the city, orgreen urbanism, appears to be animportant design concept for the sustainable urban form.

There are many other benefits from greening urban spaces :

(1) contributions to maintenance of biodiversity through theconservation and enhancement of the distinctive range of urbanhabitats(2) amelioration of the physical urban environment by reducingpollution, moderating the extremes of the urban climate, andcontributing to cost-effective sustainable urban drainage systems

(3

) Contributions to sustainable development to improve the image ofthe urban area;(4) improvement of the urban image and quality of life(5) increasing the economic attractiveness of a city and fosteringcommunity pride. Greening also has health benefits and aneducational function as a symbol or representation of natureFinally greening aims also to preserve and enhance the ecologicaldiversity of the environment of urban places.


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4 CATEGORIES OF SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS


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Yra daug poiri ir bd, kaip siekti urbanistini form darnos.

Skirtinguose poiriuose atsispindi koncepcij vairov ir vien arkit aspekt svarbos irykinimas.

Be to, planuotojai ir mokslininkai, siekdami pltros darnumo, sukuria

skirtingas planavimo princip kombinacijas, vienu metu laikydamiesikeli koncepcij.

iuolaikines darnios pltros koncepcijas literatroje priimta skirstyti keturias kategorijas.


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1) Neotraditional Development

Traditional built environments have inspired plannersand architects to seek better urban forms based on some oftheir physical qualities, in a movement called neotraditionaltown planning.

The new urbanism is the best known among the neotraditionalapproaches to planning.

New urbanism advocates design-based strategies basedon traditional urban forms to help arrest suburban sprawland inner-city decline and to build and rebuild neighborhoodsand cities.


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1) Neotraditional Development (continued)

Neotraditional development, or the new urbanism,emphasizes certain concepts of sustainable urban form. Intransport, neotraditional development suggests pedestrian

orientation and walkable villages. In density, it promoteshigher residential densities than typical suburbs. In mixedland uses, it suggests a mix of residential, commercial, and

civic uses.

Accordingly, the ideal neotraditional town wouldbe self-contained, tightly clustered, walkable, and patternedon the American small town of preWorld War II. It wouldhave mixed land uses, as well as higher densities; street patterns

that allow drivers and pedestrians a variety of pathoptions (encouraging people to walk from place to place);distinct traditional architectural characters; and the encouragementof street life through such features as narrowerstreets, front porches, and public open space


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2)Urban Containment

During the 1970s and 1980s, more than

95 percent of U.S. and western Europe population growth took placein suburban areas outside cities. In the United Statestoday, more people live and work in suburbs than in cities.

Thus, sprawl, which is characterized as a chaotic mess oflow-density housing and commercial strip development created

by and dependent on extensive automobile use, hasemerged as the dominant development pattern

Recognition of the costs of sprawl has prompted policymakers in the United States, other developed countries, and afew developing countries to create urban containment policies

that impose geographical constraints on urban growth to containsprawl and restrain urban growth.


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2)Urban Containment (continued)

urban containment

prevents the outward expansion of the urban fieldand forces the development market to look inward.

It seeks to employ an array of public policy tools to manipulate pushand pull factors so that the metropolitan area will take a particularand desirable geographical form.

The goals of containmentpolicy vary widely and include preservation of naturalland, as well as farmland and resource extraction land, whoseeconomic value will not be able to compete with urbandevelopment; cost-efficient construction and use of urban

infrastructure; reinvestment in existing urbanized areas thatmight otherwise be neglected; and the creation of higher-densityland use patterns that encourage a mix of uses and patronageof public transit, leading to a more efficient utilization ofland in urbanized areas


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2)Urban Containment (continued)

Urban containment policies include the enactment of

regulatory urban growth boundaries, limiting utility extensionsto outlying areas, delineation and acquisition of greenbelts,controls on pattern and density of development,restricting new residential development in agricultural areas,pacing new development to match development of new infrastructure,restricting the numbers of new residential permits

issued, land preservation programs, tax incentives, and avariety of other measures

In general, urbancontainment policies seek to use at least three different typesof tools to shape metropolitan growth. Greenbelts and urban

growth boundaries are used to affect the push factors, whileurban service areas are used to affect the pull factors.


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3)Compact City

The popularization of sustainable development has contributedto the promotion of the urban compactness idea by

enhancing the ecological and environmental justificationsbehind it. Since the 1990s, research has generally led to theadvocacy of cities that are spatially compact, with a mix ofuses.

Compact cities are also favored because urban land can be reused,

while rural land beyond the urban edge is protected.Ultimately, it is argued that a good quality of life can besustained, even with high concentrations of people.


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3)Compact City (continued)

The European Commissions Green Paper (Commissionof European Communities 1990) advocates very strongly thecompact city, assuming that it makes urban areas more environmentallysustainable and improves quality of life. Thecompact city is being promoted in the United Kingdom andthroughout Europe as a component of the strategy formed to

tackle the problem of unsustainability. It is proposed that inmore compact cities, travel distances are reduced (thus lesseningfuel emissions), rural land is saved from development,local facilities are supported, and local areas become moreautonomous

The main focus has been on the impacts of different urbanforms on travel behavior and transport provision, resource efficiency,social equity, accessibility, and economic viability.


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4)The Eco-City

The eco-city is an umbrella metaphor that encompasses awide range of urban-ecological proposals that aim to achieveurban sustainability. These approaches propose a wide rangeof environmental, social, and institutional policies that aredirected to managing urban spaces to achieve sustainability.This type promotes the ecological agenda and emphasizesenvironmental management through a set of institutionaland policy tools.

The distinctive concepts of the eco-city are greening andpassive solar design. In terms of density and other concepts,the eco-city might be conceived as a formless city or an

ecoamorphouscity. There are some approaches that emphasizethe passive solar design, such as the Ecovillage, Solar Village


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4)The Eco-City (continued)

It is remarkable that the core of many approaches is themanagement of the city, rather than the suggesting of any specific

urban form; it is believed that not the physical shape ofthe city and its built environment that is important; it is howthe urban society is organized and managed that countsmost.

Therefore, the city is managed to achieve sustainabilitythrough different land use, environmental, institutional,social, and economic policies

In practice, many local governments, planning consultants,

landscape architects, and so on are grappling muchmore specifically with aspects of ecological, pedestrianoriented,or otherwise sustainable urban form.


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1. The main arguments for the compact city are:2. Higher level of control over urban processes, reuse of

previously developed facilities and derelict land, bigger

urban vitality, rational city form and preserved outskirts of

the towns.

3. Effectiveness of public transport and decreased fuel

consumption, lower pollution per person.

4. Possibility of mixed use development due to higher

population density.

5. Savings of energy in heating and other facilities as the resultof dense urban fabric.

6. Possibility of social mix when different tenure and comfort

level tenements are close together.


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COMPACT CITY MODEL

DISTRICTS TOWNS CITIES


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Different types of buildings an the same territory to build the same 75 tenements

(R. Rogers and partners studio)

TYPES OF BUILT UP TERRITORIES


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INTEGRATED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN

COMPACT CITY (Wright, 2003)

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4 Sustainable Planning Concepts at the Beginning of 21st