4 Unit 1 Chapter 4. 4 Unit 1 groups of cells with common role 4 basic types: Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous

4

Uni

t 1

TissuesTissuesTissuesTissues

Chapter 4

4

Uni

t 1

TissuesTissuesTissuesTissues

•groups of cells with common role

• 4 basic types:•Epithelial•Connective•Muscular•Nervous

4

Uni

t 1

EpithelialEpithelial Tissue TissueEpithelialEpithelial Tissue Tissue

• Cells close together – continuous sheets• Cover surfaces & line cavities- always a

free surface =Apical surface• Basement membrane of connective

tissue• No blood vessels- avascular• Have a nerve supply

• High capacity for cell division.

4

Uni

t 1

Categories- Table 4.1Categories- Table 4.1Categories- Table 4.1Categories- Table 4.1

• Simple epithelium = 1 layer of cells

• Stratified Epithelium= more than 1 layer of cells

• Cell Shapes = squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional (change shape)

4

Uni

t 1

Simple EpitheliumSimple EpitheliumSimple EpitheliumSimple Epithelium

• Squamous= single layer of flat cells.

• Important for filtration (kidneys) or diffusion (lungs & capillaries)

• Called endothelium when lining heart, blood and lymphatic vessels

• Called mesothelium when in serous membranes

4

Uni

t 1

Simple Squamous Epithelium

single layer of flat cells



4

Uni

t 1





4

Uni

t 1





4

Uni

t 1

Simple Cuboidal Epitheliumcube shaped cells, rounded nucleiSimple Cuboidal Epitheliumcube shaped cells, rounded nuclei

4

Uni

t 1

Simple Cuboidal Epitheliumcube shaped cells, rounded nucleiSimple Cuboidal Epitheliumcube shaped cells, rounded nuclei

4

Uni

t 1

Simple Columnar EpitheliumMay be ciliated or non-ciliated


4

Uni

t 1



4

Uni

t 1



4

Uni

t 1



4

Uni

t 1

Pseudostratified Columnar appears stratified: nuclei at

various levels


various levels

4

Uni

t 1


various levels


various levels

4

Uni

t 1

Stratified Squamous Stratified Squamous EpitheliumEpithelium

Stratified Squamous Stratified Squamous EpitheliumEpithelium

• Apical layer cells are flat

• Deep layers vary from cuboidal to columnar

• Cells in the basal layer divide and move upward toward apical surface

• Found in areas of surface wear & tear

Table 4.1f figure 1Table 4.1f figure 1


4

Uni

t 1

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

rare


rare

4

Uni

t 1


rare


rare

4

Uni

t 1

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

rare


rare

4

Uni

t 1


rare


rare

4

Uni

t 1

Transitional Epitheliumvariable in appearance—cells can

stretch


stretch

4

Uni

t 1


stretch


stretch

4

Uni

t 1

Glandular Epithelium-Endocrine


4

Uni

t 1



4

Uni

t 1



4

Uni

t 1



4

Uni

t 1

Connective TissueConnective TissueConnective TissueConnective Tissue

• Most abundant tissue type• small cells far apart• large amount of extracellular

material (matrix)• Often good blood supply

– Found between other tissues

• Classified using matrix characteristics

4

Uni

t 1

Connective Tissue CellsConnective Tissue Cellsvary with tissue typevary with tissue type

Connective Tissue CellsConnective Tissue Cellsvary with tissue typevary with tissue type

• Fibroblasts- present in several tissuessecrete fibers & ground substance

• Macrophages- from monocytesEngulf bacteria & cell debris by phagocytosis

• Plasma cells- develop from B lymphocytesMake antibodies

4

Uni

t 1

Connective Tissue CellsConnective Tissue CellsConnective Tissue CellsConnective Tissue Cells

• Mast cells- near blood cellspart of reaction to injury- histamine

• Adipocytes= fat cells or adipose cellsStore triglycerides (fat)

4

Uni

t 1

Extracellular MatrixExtracellular MatrixExtracellular MatrixExtracellular Matrix

• Fluid, gel or solid plus protein fibers• Ground substance-between cells and fibers• Fibers- 3 types• Collagen fibers: very strong & flexible• Elastic fibers: smaller stretch and return to

original length• Reticular fibers: provide support & strength

found in basement membranes & organ support

Figure 4.2Figure 4.2

4

Uni

t 1

Loose Connective TissueLoose Connective TissueLoose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue

• Areolar

• Adipose

• Reticular

Table 4.2a figure 1Table 4.2a figure 1

Table 4.2a figure 2Table 4.2a figure 2

Table 4.2b figure 1Table 4.2b figure 1

Table 4.2b figure 2Table 4.2b figure 2

Table 4.2c figure 1Table 4.2c figure 1

Table 4.2c figure 2Table 4.2c figure 2

4

Uni

t 1

ClassificationClassificationClassificationClassification

• Dense Connective tissueDense regularDense irregularElastic

Table 4.2d figure 1Table 4.2d figure 1

Table 4.2d figure 2Table 4.2d figure 2

Table 4.2e figure 1Table 4.2e figure 1

Table 4.2e figure 2Table 4.2e figure 2



4

Uni

t 1

CartilageCartilageCartilageCartilage

• Dense network of collagen & elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate

• stronger than dense fibrous• Cells = chondrocytes • Occur singly or in groups• Found in spaces called lacunae• Surrounded by perichondrium• No blood vessels or nerves

4

Uni

t 1

Classification - CartilageClassification - CartilageClassification - CartilageClassification - Cartilage

• 3 types•Hyaline- fibers not easily visible•Fibrocartilage- fibers visible• Strongest type. E.g. in vertebral

discs•Elastic- chondrocytes in

threadlike network e.g. ear cartilage

Table 4.2g figure 1Table 4.2g figure 1

Table 4.2g figure 2Table 4.2g figure 2

Table 4.2h figure 1Table 4.2h figure 1

Table 4.2h figure 2Table 4.2h figure 2

Table 4.2i figure 1Table 4.2i figure 1

Table 4.2i figure 2Table 4.2i figure 2

4

Uni

t 1

Bone = Osseous TissueBone = Osseous TissueBone = Osseous TissueBone = Osseous Tissue

• More dense matrix includes Calcium & phosphorus salts

• Details in Chapter 6

4

Uni

t 1

Liquid Connective TissueLiquid Connective TissueLiquid Connective TissueLiquid Connective Tissue

• Blood- matrix = plasma More in chapter 14

• Lymph- matrix like blood but with less proteinMore in chapter 17

4

Uni

t 1

Muscular TissueMuscular TissueMuscular TissueMuscular Tissue

• large, elongated cells• contractile cells • Skeletal muscle tissue -named

for location• Cardiac muscle tissue- forms wall

of heart• Smooth muscle tissue –found in

walls of hollow organs

4

Uni

t 1

Neural TissueNeural TissueNeural TissueNeural Tissue

• Nerve cells & neuroglia•Neurons- convert stimuli into

nerve impulses and conduct them

•Neuroglia –do not generate nerve impulses.

• Serve supportive functions

4

Uni

t 1

• 4 types of body (not cell) membranes• Mucous Membranes –line body

cavities opening to exteriorSecrete mucus

• Serous Membranes- surround moving organsSecrete serous fluid

• Synovial Membranes- line cavities of some joints.Secrete synovial fluid

Body MembranesBody MembranesBody MembranesBody Membranes

4

Uni

t 1

Tissue RepairTissue RepairTissue RepairTissue Repair

• New cells from stroma or parenchyma • Epithelial cells originate from stem cells

in defined areas of tissue layer• Bone regenerates readily, cartilage

poorly• Muscular tissue can replace cells but

slowly• Nerve tissue is poorest at replacement

although some stem cells seem to be available.

• Replacement from stroma –> scar tissue & functional loss.

Documents

4 Unit 1 Chapter 4. 4 Unit 1 groups of cells with common role 4 basic types: Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous