4 Unsaturatedsoil Modelling

8/12/2019 4 Unsaturatedsoil Modelling

1/44

@ uokikbn dluonkoj suri`gb pm`stkgkty hlnbm ilr uos`tur`tbn slkms Tussbmm òn Ef`mkmk

0

@ uokikbn dluonkoj suri`gb pm`stkgkty hlnbm

ilr uos`tur`tbn slkms

@. T. Tussbmmòn O. Ef`mkmk*

Nbp`rthbot li Gkvkm Bojkobbrkoj, Rokvbrskty li Drkstlm, Pubbos Dukmnkoj, Rokvbrskty Z`me,

Drkstlm, DW6 0^T, Roktbn Ekojnlh

* Wgfllm li Gkvkm òn Bovkrlohbot`m Bojkobbrkoj, Rokvbrskty li Obw Wlutf Z`mbs,

Wynoby, OWZ, 4124, @ustr`mk`

Hòusgrkpt `ggbptbn ilr pudmkg`tklo dy

Kotbro`tklo`m Cluro`m ilr Ouhbrkg`m òn @o`mytkg`m Hbtflns ko Jblhbgfòkgs

WRHH@T[

@ uokikbn glostktutkvb hlnbm ilr uos`tur`tbn slkms ks prbsbotbn ko ` grktkg`m st`tb ir`hbwlre

uskoj tfb glogbpts li biibgtkvb strbss òn dluonkoj suri`gb pm`stkgkty tfblry. Glosknbr`tklo ks

jkvbo tl tfb biibgts li uos`tur`tklo òn p`rtkgmb grusfkoj ko tfb nbikoktklo li tfb grktkg`m st`tb.

@ skhpmb ksltrlpkg bm`stkg rumb ks `nlptbn. @ ml`nkoj suri`gb òn dluonkoj suri`gb li tfb

s`hb sf`pb `rb nbikobn uskoj skhpmb òn vbrs`tkmb iuogtklos. ^fb dluonkoj suri`gb òn

bm`stkg rumbs mb`n tl tfb bxkstbogb li ` mkhktkoj ksltrlpkg glhprbssklo mkob, tlw`rns wfkgf tfb

strbss tr`cbgtlrkbs li `mm ksltrlpkg glhprbssklo ml`n p`tfs `pprl`gf. @ olo-`sslgk`tbn imlw

rumb ks `ssuhbn li tfb s`hb jbobr`m ilrh ilr `mm slkm typbs. Ksltrlpkg f`rnbokoj/slitbokoj

lggurs nub tl gfòjbs ko pm`stkg vlmuhbtrkg str`kos `s wbmm `s sugtklo ilr slhb uos`tur`tbn

slkms, bo`dmkoj tfb pfbolhbolo li vlmuhbtrkg glmm`psb uplo wbttkoj tl db `ggluotbn ilr. ^fb

hlnbm ks usbn tl skhum`tb tfb strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur ldsbrvbn ko uos`tur`tbn spbswfktb e`lmkosudcbgtbn tl tfrbb trk`xk`m tbst ml`n p`tfs. ^fb ikt dbtwbbo skhum`tklo òn bxpbrkhbot ks

khprlvbn glhp`rbn tl tf`t li ltfbr glostktutkvb hlnbms nbvbmlpbn uskoj glovbotklo`m G`h-

Gm`y d`sbn pm`stkgkty tfblry òn g`mkdr`tbn uskoj tfb s`hb sbt li n`t`. @msl, tfb hlnbm ks usbn

tl skhum`tb tl ` fkjf nbjrbb li `ggur`gy tfb strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur ldsbrvbn ko uos`tur`tbn

Eurobmm sòn sudcbgtbn tl twl trk`xk`m tbst ml`n p`tfs òn tfb lbnlhbtrkg glhprbssklo ml`n

p`tf. Ilr lbnlhbtrkg glhprbssklo tfblrbtkg`m skhum`tklos konkg`tb tf`t tfb sugtklo w`s olt

suiikgkbotmy m`rjb tl gùsb s`hpmbs tl sbp`r`tb irlh tfb gloikokoj rkoj.


2/44


4

0. KO^TLNRG^KLO

Ros`tur`tbn slkms `rb glhdko`tklos li tfrbb pf`sbs3 slmkn p`rtkgmbs òn `kr òn w`tbr

lggupykoj tfb plrb sp`gb. ^fbkr strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur ks glhpmbx òn ks koimubogbn dy hòy

i`gtlrs kogmunkoj bxtbro`mmy `ppmkbn strbssbs, slkm typb, strugturb, nboskty, òn sugtklo `rkskojirlh suri`gb tbosklo `grlss tfb `kr-w`tbr kotbri`gb wktfko tfb slkm. Hlst olt`dmy, sugtklo

kogrb`sbs tfb sfb`r strbojtf, òn stkiibos tfb slkm sebmbt`m rbsplosb. Rplo wbttkoj, flwbvbr,

tfks kogrb`sb ko tfb stkiiobss li tfb slkm sebmbtlo ks mlst òn h`y db `sslgk`tbn wktf m`rjb òn

olo-rbvbrskdmb vlmuhbtrkg glmm`psb li tfb slkm strugturb. Ros`tur`tbn slkms `rb wknbmy sprb`n

òn tfbsb dbf`vklur`m gf`r`gtbrkstkgs obbn tl db nb`mt wktf ko hòy bojkobbrkoj prldmbhs

kogmunkoj iluon`tklos, p`vbhbots, o`tur`m on h`nb smlpbs.

Wbvbr`m glostktutkvb hlnbms f`vb dbbo nbvbmlpbn ilr uos`tur`tbn ikob jr`kobn slkms (sugf `s

skmts òn gm`ys) uskoj bxtbosklos li G`h-Gm`y typb hlnbms ko ` grktkg`m st`tb ir`hbwlre. ^fb

hlnbms li @mlosl bt `m. U0X, Zfbbmbr òn Wkvèuh`r U4X òn Guk òn Nbm`jb U7X `rb skhkm`r

òn trb`t sugtklo òn bxtbro`mmy `ppmkbn strbss `s konbpbonbot strbss v`rk`dmbs. Kt w`s

obgbss`ry tl kotrlnugb ` ml`n-glmm`psb gurvb tl `ggluot ilr tfb biibgts li sugtklo. Hòy li tfb

h`tbrk`m p`r`hbtbrs, kogmunkoj tflsb tf`t nbikob tfb grktkg`m st`tb, wbrb sugtklo nbpbonòt

hèkoj tfb m`dlr`tlry tbstkoj rbqukrbn tl g`mkdr`tb tfb hlnbms tkhb glosuhkoj. ^fbsb hlnbms

g`pturb hòy li tfb dbf`vklur`m gf`r`gtbrkstkgs li uos`tur`tbn slkms, kogmunkoj tfb

nbpbonbogb li tfb skzb li ykbmn suri`gb lo sugtklo òn vlmuhbtrkg glmm`psb uplo wbttkoj, òn

skhum`tb tfb strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur li slhb m`dlr`tlry tbst rbsumts rb`slo`dmy wbmm. Flwbvbr,

tfby i`km tl rbprlnugb tfb bm`stkg rbsplosb tf`t ilmmlws tfb pm`stkg rbsplosb ko ksltrlpkg`mmy

glhprbssbn slkms sudcbgt tl kogrb`skoj sugtklo. Ol sugf prldmbh surrluons tfb glostktutkvbhlnbm li Mlrbt òn Ef`mkmk U>X, ko wfkgf sugtklo w`s glhdkobn wktf bxtbro`mmy `ppmkbn strbss

kotl ` skojmb strbss v`rk`dmb tbrhbn tfb biibgtkvb strbss. ^fks wlre, òn tf`t li

J`mmkplmk bt `m. U2X, lvbrg`hb lob li tfb gf`mmbojbs i`gkoj tfks `pprl`gf ko tf`t vlmuhbtrkg

glmm`psb uplo wbttkoj w`s `dmb tl db hlnbmmbn. Ko glhp`rkslo, hugf mbss `ttbotklo f`s dbbo

jkvbo tl tfb glostktutkvb hlnbmmkoj li uos`tur`tbn gl`rsb jr`kobn slkms (sugf `s sòns) nbspktb

sugtklo f`vkoj ` skjokikgòt ìibgt lo tfbkr strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur (Nlo`mn U9X5 Mbb bt `m.U:X5

^lwobr òn Gfkmns U6X). Lob hlnbm ks rbplrtbn dy T`hpkol bt `m. U;X wfbrb tfb hlnbm li

Cbiibrkbs U01X w`s `n`ptbn uskoj hòy li tfb ib`turbs li @mlosl bt `m. U0X tl h`tgf tfb

ldsbrvbn strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur li ò uos`tur`tbn skmty sòn. Tb`slo`dmb prbnkgtklos wbrbiluon ilr slhb m`dlr`tlry tbst rbsumts, wfkmb ltfbrs wbrb olt prbnkgtbn `t `mm wbmm.

^fb `kh li tfks p`pbr ks tl nbvbmlp ` glostktutkvb hlnbm tf`t ks suiikgkbotmy jbobr`m sugf tf`t kt

ks suktbn tl ` wknb ròjb li uos`tur`tbn slkms. ^fb hlnbm ks ilrhum`tbn uskoj dluonkoj

suri`gb pm`stkgkty tfblry, nub tl kts vbrs`tkmkty (Nì`mk`s U00X) òn `dkmkty tl `ggur`tbmy

rbprlnugb tfb strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur li hòy slkm typbs tl jlln `ggur`gy (D`rnbt U04X5

Grlugf bt `m. U07X), òn ks ò bxtbosklo li tf`t prlplsbn dy Tussbmm òn Ef`mkmk U0>X. Kt ks

prbsbotbn ko ` grktkg`m st`tb ir`hbwlre uskoj tfb glogbpt li biibgtkvb strbss. ^fb `nvòt`jb li

uskoj tfb biibgtkvb strbss ks tf`t tfb bm`stkg nbilrh`tklo `s wbmm `s tfb mkhktkojsfb`r strbojtf

li tfb slkm gò glhpmbtbmy db bxprbssbn ko tbrhs li ` skojmb biibgtkvb strbss r`tfbr tfò twl

lr tfrbb konbpbonbot strbss v`rk`dmbs (Ef mkmk bt `m. U02X). Dltf prb- òn plst pbè pm`stkgkty


3/44


7

`rb tèbo kotl `ggluot. @ olo-`sslgk`tbn imlw rumb ks `nlptbn òn tfb ksltrlpkg

f`rnbokoj/slitbokoj li tfb slkm h`trkx ks rbm`tbn tl ` gfòjb ko sugtklo `s wbmm `s pm`stkg

vlmuhbtrkg str`ko. Glosknbr`tklo ks jkvbo tl tfb biibgts li uos`tur`tklo ko tfb nbikoktklo li tfb

grktkg`m st`tb òn `msl tl tfb biibgts li p`rtkgmb grusfkoj ko sòns `t fkjf strbssbs. Ilr

skhpmkgkty, trk`xk`m olt`tklos `rb `nlptbn òn fynrùmkg fystbrbsks òn tkhb nbpbonòtpfbolhbo` rb kjolrbn.

^fb hlnbm ks g`mkdr`tbn ilr spbswfktb e`lmko uskoj tfb trk`xk`m glhprbssklo tbst rbsumts ilr

tfrbb ml`n p`tfs prbsbotbn ko Zfbbmbr òn Wkvèuh`r U4X5 òn ilr Eurobmm sòn, `

prbnlhkoòtmy qu`rtz sòn glot`kokoj ol ikobs, uskoj tfb trk`xk`m glhprbssklo òn lbnlhbtrkg

glhprbssklo tbst rbsumts rbplrtbn ko Tussbmm U09X.

4. BIIBG^KYB W^TBWW

Nbikobn `s ` glhdko`tklo li tfb tlt`m strbss òn plrb prbssurbs, tfb biibgtkvb strbss glovbrts `

humtkpf`sb, humtkstrbss st`tb plrlus hbnkuh tl ` hbgfòkg`mmy bqukv`mbot skojmb-pf`sb,

skojmb-strbss st`tb glotkouuh. ^fks bo`dmbs tfb `ppmkg`tklo li tfb prkogkpmbs li glotkouuh

slmkn hbgfòkgs tl imukn-ikmmbn nbilrh`dmb plrlus hbnk` (Ef`mkmk bt `m. U02X). ^fb biibgtkvb

strbss botbrs tfb bm`stkg `s wbmm `s bm`stl-pm`stkg glostktutkvb bqu`tklos li tfb slmkn pf`sb,

`mtflujf ilr tfb m`tbr kt h`y `msl `gglhpòkbn dy ò `nnktklo`m strbss v`rk`dmb, usu`mmy

sugtklo, tl nbsgrkdb slhb `spbgts li f`rnbokoj òn slitbokoj. @ gfòjb ko biibgtkvb strbss ks

mkoebn tl str`kokoj lr òy ltfbr rbmbvòt quòtkty li tfb slkm sebmbtlo (Mlrbt òn Ef`mkmk U>X).

Ilr uos`tur`tbn slkms, tfb biibgtkvb strbss (Dksflp U0:X) ks nbikobn `s3

Ko

s+8 (0)

wfbrb ks tfb biibgtkvb5o

ks tfb tlt`m strbss ko bxgbss li plrb `kr prbssurb (u`) `msl rbibrrbn

tl `s obt strbss5 s ks tfb nkiibrbogb dbtwbbo plrb `kr òn plrb w`tbr prbssurb (u` uw) `msl

rbibrrbn tl `s sugtklo5 òn ks tfb biibgtkvb strbss p`r`hbtbr `tt`kokoj ` v`mub li 0 ilr

s`tur`tbn slkms, òn zbrl ilr nry slkms. Ef`mkmk bt `m.U02X nbhlostr`tbn `ppmkg`tklo li tfb

biibgtkvb strbss `pprl`gf uskoj strbojtf òn vlmuhb gfòjb n`t` ilr ` ròjb li slkm typbs

irlh ilur nkiibrbot m`dlr`tlrkbs.

7. OL^@^KLOW

Glovbotklo`m trk`xk`mpqolt`tklo ks usbn, wfbrbpks tfb hbò biibgtkvb strbss òn qks tfb

nbvk`tlr strbss. ^fb glrrbsplonkoj wlre glocuj`tb str`ko v`rk`dmbs `rb tfb slkm sebmbtlo

vlmuhbtrkg (ksltrlpkg) str`ko p òn sfb`r (nbvk`tlrkg) str`ko q . ^fby `rb rbm`tbn tl `xk`m òn

r`nk`m strbssbs òn str`kos ko tfb usu`m w`y, wfbrb3


4/44


>

7

4 70 +8p 70 8q 70 4 +8p ( )70

7

4 8q (4)

òn sudsgrkpts 0 òn 7 nboltb tfb `xk`m òn r`nk`m glhplobots rbspbgtkvbmy. Zktfko tfks

glotbxt, òn dy rbgljokskoj tf`t nbvk`tbs irlh Wrnub tl suri`gb tbosklo biibgts, tfb wlreglocuj`tb ilr os ks rW (Flumsdy U06X), wfbrb o ks tfb plrlskty òn Wr ks tfb nbjrbb li

s`tur`tklo.

Glhprbsskvb strbssbs òn str`kos `rb `ssuhbn plsktkvb òn vlmuhbtrkg str`ko ks mkoebn tl

spbgkikg vlmuhb () `gglrnkoj tl3

8

1

mo

p (7)

wfbrb 8 0 + b, b ks tfb vlkn r`tkl òn 1 ks tfb spbgkikg vlmuhb `t tfb rbibrbogb

gloikjur`tklo. Ko kogrbhbot`m ilrh Bqu`tklo (7) gò db rbwrkttbo `s3

&& 8p (>)

wfbrb ` supbrkhplsbn nlt konkg`tbs ò kogrbhbot. Bm`stkg òn pm`stkg str`ko kogrbhbots suh tl

jkvb tlt`m str`ko kogrbhbots ko tfb usu`m w`y3

+

8

p

q

p

p

b

q

b

p

q

p

&

&

&

&

&

&

(2)

wfbrb tfb supbrsgrkpts b òn pnboltb tfb bm`stkg òn pm`stkg glhplobots rbspbgtkvbmy. ^fb

p`krs li strbssbs òn str`kos `rb `ddrbvk`tbn ko vbgtlr ilrh U X^, qp8 òn U X^, qp 8 .

>. ^FB ROKIKBN DLRONKOJ WRTI@GB QM@W^KGK^[ HLNBM

>.0 Jbobr`m

H`clr `ttr`gtklos li dluonkoj suri`gb pm`stkgkty tfblry (Nì`mk`s, U00X) `rb tf`t kt mbons ktsbmi

tl ` ouhdbr li jbobr`m òn vbrs`tkmb ilrhum`tklos5 b`gf rbhlvkoj tfb `drupt gfòjb irlh

bm`stkg tl bm`stkg-pm`stkg dbf`vklur li typkg`m hlnbms nbvbmlpbn uskoj tfb glovbotklo`m

pm`stkgkty tfblry.

^fb dluonkoj suri`gb pm`stkgkty hlnbm prbsbotbn fbrb ks ò bxtbosklo li tf`t `ppb`rkoj ko

Tussbmm òn Ef`mkmk U0>X, òn w`s koktk`mmy nbvbmlpbn tl nbsgrkdb tfb strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur li

` s`tur`tbn qu`rtz sòn `grlss ` ròjb li strbssbs kogmunkoj tflsb suiikgkbot tl gùsb p`rtkgmb


5/44


2

grusfkoj òn sudcbgtbn tl v`rkbn ml`n p`tfs. Flwbvbr, tfb uonbrmykoj ib`turbs li tfb hlnbm

`rb suiikgkbotmy jbobr`m sugf tf`t kt ks `msl suktbn tl nbsgrkdb tfb strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur li `

wknb ròjb li uos`tur`tbn slkms òn ks tfb ilgus li tfks kovbstkj`tklo.

>.4 Wtrbss-str`ko rbm`tklosfkps

^fb biibgtkvb strbss stbhs irlh bm`stkg (hbgfòkg`m) str`kokoj li tfb slkm sebmbtlo. Kt ilmmlws

tf`t kogrbhbot`m bm`stkg str`kos `rb mkoebn tl tfb kogrbhbot`m strbss kov`rkòt tfrlujf3

bbN && 8 (9)

wfbrb Nbks tfb bm`stkg stkiiobss h`trkx. Ol iurtfbr rbstrkgtklo ks pm`gbn lo tfb biibgtkvb strbss.

Ko i`gt, tfb pm`stkg strbss-str`ko rbm`tklosfkp h`y kogmunb ` sugtklo nbpbonbogb `s wbmm `s ò

biibgtkvb strbss nbpbonbogb wktflut vklm`tkoj tfb glogbpt li biibgtkvb strbss. Kt ks wrkttbo ko

tfb jbobr`m ilrh3

( )ho 0 ^ &&f

p8 (:)

wfbrb U X^, qp oo8o ks tfb uokt olrh`m vbgtlr `t tfb gurrbot strbss st`tb lo tfb ml`nkoj suri`gb

glotrlmmkoj tfb nkrbgtklo li ml`nkoj, U X^, qp hh8h ks tfb uokt nkrbgtklo li pm`stkg imlw `t tfbgurrbot strbss st`tb òn fks tfb f`rnbokoj hlnumus.

^fb bm`stkg-pm`stkg strbss-str`ko rbm`tklosfkp ks ldt`kobn dy glhdkokoj Bqu`tklos (2), (9) òn

(:) òn ks li tfb ilrh3

hNo

NhoNN &&

+8

b

bbb

f^

^

(6)

>.7 ^fb grktkg`m st`tb

^fb grktkg`m st`tb `gts `s ` rbibrbogb glonktklo tlw`rns wfkgf `mm st`tbs `pprl`gf wktfkogrb`skoj pm`stkg sfb`r str`ko. ^fb grktkg`m st`tb tfbrbilrb f`s ò khplrtòt rlmb ko tfb hlnbm

òn glosknbr`tklo hust db jkvbo tl tfb biibgts li uos`tur`tklo ko kts nbikoktklo.

Kt ks litbo `ssuhbn tf`t tfb grktkg`m st`tb mkob (GWM) ks str`kjft ko tfb ~ mopòn q~ppmòbs

ilr dltf s`tur`tbn sòns òn gm`ys. Flwbvbr, tfbrb ks bxpbrkhbot`m bvknbogb tf`t tfb GWM ilr

sòns ko tfb ~ moppmòb h`y olt db str`kjft `s kt ks ìibgtbn dy p`rtkgmb grusfkoj `t fkjf

strbssbs (Dbbo bt `m.U0;X5 Elor`n U41X). Ko tfks stuny tfb GWM ilr s`tur`tbn sòns ks `ssuhbn

tl tèb tfb ilrh li tfrbb mkob`r sbjhbots (kmmustr`tbn ko Ikjurb 0) `s knbotkikbn dy Tussbmm òn

Ef`mkmk U40X tfrlujf ` rbvkbw li sbvbr`m sbts li bxpbrkhbot`m n`t` `grlss ` wknb strbss ròjb.^fb tfrbb mkob`r sbjhbots `rb nbikobn dy tfb skx h`tbrk`m p`r`hbtbrs 1, 1, gr, gr, iòn i.


6/44


9

1òn 1`rb tfb smlpb li tfb koktk`m plrtklo li tfb GWM òn kts spbgkikg vlmuhb `t p8 0eQ`,

rbspbgtkvbmy5 grks tfb spbgkikg vlmuhb `t tfb losbt li p`rtkgmb grusfkoj5 grks tfb smlpb nurkoj

tfb p`rtkgmb grusfkoj st`jb5 òn iòn i`rb tfb spbgkikg vlmuhb `t tfb bon li grusfkoj òn

tfb smlpb li tfb GWM `t bxtrbhbmy fkjf strbssbs, rbspbgtkvbmy. @ shlltf bqu`tklo tf`t gmlsbmy

ikts tfb tfrbb mkob`r sbjhbots w`s prlplsbn dy Tussbmm òn Ef`mkmk U0>X òn nbt`kms `rb jkvboko @ppbonkx @.

^fb bxpbrkhbot`m n`t` prbsbotbn ko Zfbbmbr òn Wkvèuh`r U4X, Guk òn Nbm`jb U7X òn

J`mmkplmk bt `m.U2X ilr s`tur`tbn òn uos`tur`tbn slkms wfbo kotbrprbtbn ko ò biibgtkvb strbss

ir`hbwlre prlvknbs bvknbogb tf`t s koimubogbs tfb mlg`tklo li GWM ko tfb ~ mop pmòb.

Mlrbt òn Ef`mkmk U>, 44X `ttrkdutbn tfks rbsplosb tl sugtklo f`rnbokoj, ò ksltrlpkg f`rnbokoj

pfbolhbolo tf`t glotrlms tfb skzb li tfb ykbmn suri`gb (wfbo uskoj glovbotklo`m pm`stkgkty

tfblry) ko `nnktklo tl pm`stkg vlmuhbtrkg str`kos, òn tfbrbilrb tfb mlg`tklo li tfb GWM.

Ilr s`tur`tbn glonktklos ` jbobr`m nbikoktklo li tfb GWM ko tfb ~ppmòb ks `nlptbn ko tfb

hlnbm ilrhum`tklo ilr skhpmkgkty3

( )pigs 8 (;`)

wfbrbigsks ` iuogtklo uokqub tl ` jkvbo slkm. Jbobr`m nbikoktklo li tfb GWM ko tfb ~pilr

uos`tur`tbn glonktklos tfus tèbs tfb ilrh3

( )spigs , 8 (;d)

^fb GWM ko tfb q~p pmòb wkmm olw db nksgussbn. Ilr s`tur`tbn gm`ys tfbrb ks hugf

bxpbrkhbot`m bvknbogb tf`t tfb strbss r`tkl ( )pq 8 `pprl`gfbs ` glostòt v`mub `t m`rjb

sfb`r str`kos ko trk`xk`m tbsts, òn tfbrbilrb tfb GWM ks mkob`r òn p`ssbs tfrlujf tfb lrkjko.

@nlptkoj tfb Hlfr-Glumlhd i`kmurb grktbrklo kt gò db sflwo tf`t `t tfb smlpb li tfb GWM

(Hgs) ks skhpmy ` iuogtklo li tfb grktkg`m st`tb irkgtklo òjmb (gs) `gglrnkoj tl3

gs

gsgs

tH

88

sko7

sko9 (01)

wfbrb Hgs òn gs`rb h`tbrk`m glostòts, t8 +0 ilr glhprbsskvb ml`nkoj (q? 1) òn t8 -0

ilr bxtboskvb ml`nkoj (q= 1).

Ilr s`tur`tbn qu`rtz sòns Ml òn Tly U47X, M`nb U4>X, Glmmk`t-Nòjus bt `m. U42X, [`h`hurl

òn M`nb U49X òn Tussbmm òn Ef`mkmk U0>X sflwbn tf`t tfb strbss r`tkl `msl `pprl`gfbs `

glostòt v`mub `t m`rjb sfb`r str`kos ilr strbssbs ròjkoj irlh 21eQ` tl 02111eQ`. ^fbrbilrb,kt ks `ssuhbn fbrb tf`t tfb smlpb li tfb GWM ko tfb q~ppmòb ks `msl ` h`tbrk`m glostòt,


7/44


:

krrbspbgtkvb li tfb `hluot li p`rtkgmb grusfkoj tf`t tfb sòn h`y f`vb bxpbrkbogbn.

Bqu`tklo (01) tfbrbilrb `msl `ppmkbs. ^fbrb ks slhb bvknbogb, flwbvbr, tf`t ilr s`tur`tbn

g`mg`rblus sòns gs ks nbpbonòt lo jr`ko skzb òn tfbrbilrb p`rtkgmb grusfkoj (Glmmk`t-

Nòjus bt `m.U42X5 Ml òn Tly U47X).

Iurtfbrhlrb, Ef`mkmk bt `m.U02X rbvkbwbn trk`xk`m glhprbssklo tbst n`t` ilr sbvbr`m s`tur`tbn

òn uos`tur`tbn slkms irlh ilur nkiibrbot m`dlr`tlrkbs. @ppmkg`tklo li tfb biibgtkvb strbss

`pprl`gf w`s nbhlostr`tbn òn, dy `nlptkoj ò `pprlprk`tb rbm`tklosfkp ilr , gsòn Hgs

wbrb iluon tl db h`tbrk`m glostòts ilr s`tur`tbn òn uos`tur`tbn glonktklos.

>.> Bm`stkgkty

@ skhpmb ksltrlpkg bm`stkg rumb ks `nlptbn òn ks tfb s`hb `s tf`t usbn ilr dltf sòns òn gm`ys

ko ltfbr glostktutkvb hlnbms. ^fb bxkstbogb li ` purbmy bm`stkg rbjklo ks kjolrbn sugf tf`t `mm

nbilrh`tklo ks bm`stkg-pm`stkg, tfb slkm ks `mw`ys `t ykbmn òn tfb gurrbot strbss st`tb `mw`ys mkbs

lo tfb ml`nkoj suri`gb. ^fks ks ko jbobr`m `jrbbhbot wktf bxpbrkhbot`m bvknbogb ilr sòns

wfbrb trumy bm`stkg dbf`vklur w`s ldsbrvbn tl bon `t sfb`r str`kos ko tfb lrnbr li 1.11110

(Dbmmlttk bt `m.U4:X). @msl, tfb fystbrbsks glhhlomy ldsbrvbn ko uoml`n-rbml`n gygmbs li gm`ys

(Ikjurbs 7.04 òn 7.07 li Zlln U46X) sujjbsts tf`t nbilrh`tklo ks olt purbmy bm`stkg. @oltfbr

`nvòt`jb li tfb olo-bxkstbogb li ` purbmy bm`stkg rbjklo ks tf`t tfb olo-vbrtkg`m rbsplosb li

uonr`kobn trk`xk`m tbst rbsumts wfbo pmlttbn ko tfb q~ppmòb gò db hlnbmmbn.

Wpbgkikg`mmy, kogrbhbot`m bm`stkg vlmuhbtrkg str`ko `gglhpòkbs ` gfòjb kop`gglrnkoj tl `

mkob`r rbm`tklosfkp dbtwbbo òn mopsugf tf`t tfb bm`stkg dume hlnumus E(`ppb`rkoj ko bN )

ks nbikobn `s3

pE

8 (00)

wfbrb ks ` h`tbrk`m glostòt. Ilr trk`xk`m glonktklos tfb bm`stkg sfb`r hlnumus J (`msl

`ppb`rkoj ko bN ) ks tfbo nbikobn `s3

( )( )

EJ

+

8

04

407 (04)

wfbrb nboltbs Qlksslos r`tkl òn ks `ssuhbn glostòt.

>.2 Ml`nkoj suri`gb, dluonkoj suri`gb òn kh`jb plkot

^fb glogbpt li ` dluonkoj suri`gb ikrst kotrlnugbn dy Nì`mk`s òn Qlplv U4;X ks `ppmkbn

fbrb. Qm`stkg nbilrh`tklo lggurs wfbo tfb gurrbot strbss st`tb, nboltbn uskoj fbrbìtbr, mkbs

lo lr wktfko tfb dluonkoj suri`gb. ^fks ks `gfkbvbn dy nbikokoj tfb pm`stkg hlnumus tl db `nbgrb`skoj iuogtklo li tfb nkstògb dbtwbbo òn ò kh`jb plkot lo tfb dluonkoj suri`gb.


8/44


6

^fb kh`jb plkot ks nboltbn uskoj fbrbìtbr òn ` supbrkhplsbn d`r rbgljoksbs ò

`sslgk`tklo wktf tfb dluonkoj suri`gb.

Ilr skhpmkgkty, ` ml`nkoj suri`gb òn dluonkoj suri`gb li tfb s`hb sf`pb òn flhlmljlus

`dlut tfb lrkjko ko tfb q~p pmòb `rb `ssuhbn. @msl, ` skhpmb r`nk`m h`ppkoj rumb ks`ssuhbn sugf tf`t ` str`kjft mkob tf`t p`ssbs tfrlujf tfb lrkjko òn kotbrsbgts tfb dluonkoj

suri`gb `t . Kt ilmmlws tf`t tfb uokt olrh`m vbgtlrs li tfb ml`nkoj suri`gb òn dluonkoj

suri`gb `t òn `rb tfb s`hb. Wkhpmb òn vbrs`tkmb iuogtklos ilr tfb ml`nkoj suri`gb òn

dluonkoj suri`gb `rb `nlptbn òn `rb li tfb ilrh 1),,( 8 gpqpi òn 1),,( 8 gpqpI , wktf3

( )

8

O

ggsg

T

pppHqtpqpi

0

mo

mo),,( (07`)

( )

8

O

ggsg

T

pppHqtpqpI

0

mo

mo),,( (07d)

wfbrb tfb p`r`hbtbrspgòn gp glotrlm tfb skzb li tfb ml`nkoj suri`gb òn dluonkoj suri`gb,

rbspbgtkvbmy, òn rbprbsbot kotbrgbpts wktf tfb q 8 1 `xks `s kmmustr`tbn ko Ikjurb 4. ^fb

h`tbrk`m glostòt T rbprbsbots tfb r`tkl dbtwbbo p `t tfb kotbrgbpt li tfb ml`nkoj suri`gb

wktf tfb Hgsmkob òn gp , òn tfb r`tkl dbtwbbo p `t tfb kotbrgbpt li tfb dluonkoj suri`gb

wktf tfb Hgs mkob òn gp. Oltb tf`t Hgs h`y db lob li twl glostòts ko Bqu`tklo (01),

nbpbonkoj lo wfbtfbr glhprbsskvb (q? 1) lr bxtboskvb (q= 1) ml`nkoj ks lggurrkoj. ^fb

h`tbrk`m glostòtOglotrlms tfb gurv`turb.

^fb uokt olrh`m vbgtlr `t tfb kh`jb plkot nbikokoj tfb nkrbgtklo li ml`nkoj ks tfbo3

( )

( ) ( )

^

44

0mo

00

,

0mo

00

mo

00

+

+

8

8

++

ppOp

q

t

ppOp

q

ppOp

qt

I

I

gg

g

o (0>`)

Oltb tf`t nub tl tfb flhltbtkg glonktklos oh`y db bxprbssbn ko tbrhs li tfb strbss kov`rkòts

`sslgk`tbn wktf tfb ml`nkoj suri`gb r`tfbr tfò tfb dluonkoj suri`gb `s3


9/44


;

( )

( ) ( )

^

44

0mo

0

0

,

0mo

0

0

mo

00

+

+

8

8

++

ppOp

q

t

ppOp

q

ppOp

qt

i

i

gg

g

o (0>d)

Koskjft kotl sukt`dmb v`mubs liOònTilr ` jkvbo slkm typb `rb j`kobn tfrlujf tfb rbsumts li

glostòt vlmuhb sfb`r tbsts pbrilrhbn lo s`hpmbs wfbo koktk`mmygg

ppp 8 . Ki tfb bm`stkg

str`kos `rb sh`mm tfbo gp nlbs olt gfòjb skjokikgòtmy nurkoj sfb`rkoj òn tfb strbss

tr`cbgtlry ko tfb q~ppmòb gmlsbmy ilmmlws tfb ml`nkoj suri`gb. ^fb olo-vbrtkg`m rbsplosb

òn v`rklus `hluots li gurv`turb òn flle ldsbrvbn ko s`tur`tbn uonr`kobn trk`xk`m tbst

rbsumts pbrilrhbn lo mllsb tl hbnkuh nbosb sòns ko tfb q~p pmòb gò tfbrbilrb db

`ggluotbn ilr. Iurtfbrhlrb, sf`pbs skhkm`r tl tfb ykbmn suri`gbs li ^`tsule` òn Ksfkf`r` U71Xòn Olv` òn Zlln U70X ilr sòns `rb ldt`kobn dy `nlptkoj ` v`mub liOm`rjbr tfò `dlut 4.

@msl, ` sf`pb tfb s`hb `s tfb ykbmn suri`gb li G`h-Gm`y ks ldt`kobn dy `nlptkoj

T8 bxp(0/O) 8 b (b ks tfb o`tur`m ouhdbr) òn ` sf`pb skhkm`r tl tfb bmmkpsb li hlnkikbn G`h-

Gm`y ks ldt`kobn dy `nlptkojT8 bxp(0/O) 8 4.

Glosknbr lo tfb dluonkoj suri`gb `s q `pprl`gfbs 1 irlh tfb plsktkvb sknb sugf tf`t

t8 +0. Ilr tfb g`sb tf`t p `pprl`gfbs gp kt gò db sflwo tf`t3 pi `pprl`gfbs òn

o8 U0,1X^ ilr O? 05 pi `pprl`gfbs Hgs/moT ilr O8 05 òn pi `pprl`gfbs 1 òn

o8 U1,0X^ ilr O = 0. Ilr tfb g`sb tf`t p `pprl`gfbs 1 kt gò db sflwo tf`t pi

`pprl`gfbs - òn o8 U-0,1X^ ilr `mm v`mubs li O. Wkhkm`rmy, `s q `pprl`gfbs 1 irlh tfb

obj`tkvb sknb sugf tf`t t 8 -0 kt gò db sflwo tf`t ilr tfb g`sb tf`t p `pprl`gfbs gp 3

pi `pprl`gfbs - òn o8 U0,1X^ ilr O? 05 pi `pprl`gfbs Hgs/moT ilr O8 05 òn

pi `pprl`gfbs 1 òn o8 U1,0X^ ilr O= 0. Ilr tfb g`sb tf`t p `pprl`gfbs 1 kt gò db

sflwo tf`t pi `pprl`gfbs òn o8 U-0,1X^ ilr `mm v`mubs li O. Ko suhh`ry, ki O? 0

tfbo tfb dluonkoj suri`gb rbh`kos shlltf òn glotkoulus `s kt kotbrsbgts tfb p`xks `t rkjft

òjmbs wfbo gpp 8 (`s oq8 1). Ilr O= 0 tfb dluonkoj suri`gb kotbrsbgts tfb p `xks `t `

tòjbot wfbo gpp 8 (`s op 8 1). ^fbrbilrb, tfb glostr`kot li O ? 0 ks khplsbn ko tfks

kovbstkj`tklo òn bo`dmbs hlnbmmkoj li pm`stkg str`kos nurkoj ksltrlpkg ml`nkoj (q8 1), `

ib`turb m`gekoj irlh tfb hlnbms li Hòz`rk òn Nì`mk`s U74X òn J`cl òn Hukr Zlln U77X.

>.9 Mkhktkoj ksltrlpkg glhprbssklo mkob

Kofbrbot ko tfb nbikoktklos li tfb dluonkoj suri`gb òn bm`stkgkty ks tfb bxkstbogb li ` mkhktkoj

ksltrlpkg glhprbssklo mkob (MKGM) ko tfb ~ moppmòb, tlw`rns wfkgf tfb strbss tr`cbgtlrkbs

li `mm ksltrlpkg glhprbssklo ml`n p`tfs `pprl`gf. Kt ks ilr tfks rb`slo tf`t tfb GWM òn MKGM

hust db glrrbgtmy nbikobn `t fkjf strbssbs wfbrb p`rtkgmb grusfkoj h`y lggur bvbo ki fkjf


10/44


01

strbssbs `rb olt li p`rtkgum`r kotbrbst ko tfb kovbstkj`tklo `t fòn. Ilr s`tur`tbn glonktklos tfb

MKGM ks bxprbssbn `s3

TT

pi

gs

mo

8 (02)

ko wfkgfTrbprbsbots tfb r`tkl dbtwbbo gp òn p `t tfb grktkg`m st`tb.

>.: Qm`stkg pltbotk`m

@ olo-`sslgk`tbn imlw rumb ks `ssuhbn tf`t bosurbs tfb pm`stkg vlmuhbtrkg str`kos `rb zbrl `t

tfb grktkg`m st`tb. Glosknbr`tklo ks jkvbo tl v`rklus pm`stkg nbilrh`tklo hbgfòkshs tf`t

nksskp`tb bobrjy. fb nkm`tògy, n, ks bxprbssbn `s3

( )

+8

88 gsnp

q

p

pHe

qj

pjn 0

&

&

(09)

wfbrb ks tfb st`tb p`r`hbtbr (Dbbo òn Cbiibrkbs U7>X) nbikobn `s tfb vbrtkg`m nkstògb

dbtwbbo tfb gurrbot st`tb òn GWM ko tfb ~ moppmòb. ^fb st`tb p`r`hbtbr ks plsktkvb wfbo

tfb gurrbot st`tb ks `dlvb tfb GWM, ks obj`tkvb wfbo tfb gurrbot st`tb ks dbmlw tfb GWM òn ks

bqu`m tl zbrl wfbo gurrbot st`tb ks `t tfb grktkg`m st`tb. ( ) gsn He+0 glotrlms tfb hluot li

bobrjy nksskp`tklo. Bqu`tklo (09) gò db kotbjr`tbn tl jkvb tfb pm`stkg pltbotk`m j 8 1. h kstfbo nbikobn dy tfb jbobr`m bqu`tklo3

^

44 0,

0

++

8

8++ n

t

n

tn

j

j

h (0:)

Kt ks oltbn tf`t tfb pm`stkg pltbotk`m nlbs olt kotbrsbgt tfb p `xks `t rkjft òjmbs òn `

nksglotkoukty ko tfb smlpb bxksts `s qgfòjbs dbtwbbo smkjftmy plsktkvb òn smkjftmy obj`tkvbv`mubs. ^l `vlkn tfb nbvbmlphbot li pm`stkg nbvk`tlrkg str`kos nurkoj ksltrlpkg glhprbssklo `

shlltf iuogtklo ilr jtf`t kotbrsbgts tfb p`xks `t rkjft òjmbs skhkm`r tl iko Bqu`tklo (07)

glumn db `nlptbn `mtflujf wlumn kotrlnugb `nnktklo`m h`tbrk`m p`r`hbtbrs. Ilr skhpmkgkty,

Bqu`tklo (0:) ks prbibrrbn fbrb òn kt ks `ssuhbn tf`t j ks rluonbn lii ob`r tfb p `xks

(Skboekbwkgz bt `m.U72X, pp047) sugf tf`t U X^1,08h wfbo q8 1.

Dy `ssuhkoj bobrjy ks nksskp`tbn purbmy ko irkgtklo, wktf ` irkgtklo òjmb bqu`m tl tf`t `t tfb

grktkg`m st`tb, kt gò db `ssuhbn tf`t en8 1òn tfb pm`stkg pltbotk`m li G`h-Gm`y ks rbglvbrbn.

Flwbvbr, ltfbr bobrjy nksskp`tklo hbgfòkshs sugf `s p`rtkgmb smknkoj, rlt`tklo òn grusfkojhust `msl db tèbo kotl `ggluot. ^fb lomy rbstrkgtklo lo ( ) gsn He+0 ks tf`t kt hust db bqu`m


11/44


00

tl Hgs `t tfb grktkg`m st`tb. Flwbvbr, ilr slhb slkms, lr wfbo p`rtkgum`rmy fkjf prbgksklo

skhum`tklos `rb olt rbqukrbn, en8 1h`y db ò `nbqu`tb `ssuhptklo.

>.6 F`rnbokoj rumbs

^fb f`rnbokoj hlnumus fks spmkt kotl twl glhplobots3

idfff +8 (06)

wfbrb fd ks tfb hlnumus `t lo tfb dluonkoj suri`gb. fi ks ò `rdktr`ry hlnumus `t ,

nbikobn `s ` iuogtklo li tfb nkstògb dbtwbbo òn . fiks nbikobn sugf tf`t kt `tt`kos `

v`mub li zbrl wfbo 8 .

Kt ks `ssuhbng

p uonbrjlbs ksltrlpkg f`rnbokoj wktf gfòjbs ko s `s wbmm `s pm`stkg

vlmuhbtrkg str`kos, skhkm`r tl tfb `ssuhptklos li Mlrbt òn Ef`mkmk U>, 44X. Ilr glmm`pskdmb

slkms, sugtklo f`rnbokoj lggurs `s ` rbsumt lig

p kogrb`skoj `t ` i`stbr r`tb tfò p nurkoj ò

kogrb`sb ko s (Ef`mkmk bt `m. U02X). ^fbo s`tksiykoj tfb gloskstbogy glonktklo li tfb dluonkoj

suri`gb, kt ilmmlws tf`t3

+

8

I

hs

s

pp

p

If

p

p

p

g

p

p

g

g

d &

& (0;)

Hlrb spbgkikg`mmy, kt ks `ssuhbn tf`t tfb MKGM uonbrjlbs ` sugtklo nbpbonòt sfkit ( )s `mloj

tfb mkob ko tfb ~ppmòb `s kmmustr`tbn ko Ikjurb 7. ( )s ks plsktkvb, f`s uokts li strbss, òn

sudcbgt tl ( ) 18s wfbo ssb, wfbrb sb ks tfb sugtklo v`mub sbp`r`tkoj s`tur`tbn òn

uos`tur`tbn st`tbs. Kt ks oltbn tf`t f`rnbokoj rumbs h`y db `nlptbn sugf tf`t s f`s `

humtkpmkg`tkvb biibgt lr glhdkobn `nnktkvb òn humtkpmkg`tkvb biibgt lo tfb f`rnbokoj

p`r`hbtbr (Mlrbt òn Ef`mkmk U44X). Flwbvbr, ò `nnktkvb rumb ks prbibrrbn fbrb nub tl tfb b`sb

li kts khpmbhbot`tklo òn skhpmkgkty li tfb glrrbsplonkoj f`rnbokoj iuogtklo. Ko tfks g`sb, dyrbg`mmkoj tf`t tfb s`tur`tbn MKGM ks nbikobn dy Bqu`tklo (02), ò bxprbssklo ilr tfb

uos`tur`tbn MKGM ks3

( )( )

8

sp

pT

T

spigs

mo (41)

^fb sfkit li tfb uos`tur`tbn MKGM ks `gglhpòkbn dy ` sfkit li tfb uos`tur`tbn GWM,

`ssuhkojTks ` h`tbrk`m glostòt, òn tfb uos`tur`tbn GWM (Bqu`tklo ;d) ks bxprbssbn `s3


12/44


04

( ) ( )

( )

88

Tsp

p

T

spispi gsgs

mo

, (40)

Rskoj tfb prlgbnurb lutmkobn dy Mlrbt òn Ef`mkmk U>, 44X kt gò db sflwo tf`t tfb bxprbssklo

mkoekoj tfb pm`stkg vlmuhbtrkg gfòjb (p) tf`t lggurs `s tfb f`rnbokoj p`r`hbtbr hlvbs

irlh tfb s`tur`tbn MKGM ( 0gp ) tl tfb uos`tur`tbn MKGM ( 4gp ) ks3

( ) ( )

8

0

4mog

gp

p

sp (44`)

( )sppp

gg

+

8

bxp04 (44d)

wfbrb ks tfb smlpb li ` str`kjft mkob ko tfb ~ moppmòb tf`t gloobgts tfb plkots0g

p òn

( )spg 4 lo tfb s`tur`tbn MKGM. Ko tfb mkhkt, Bqu`tklo (44) dbglhbs3

( )

( )

8

sp

sp

g

gp

p

&&

& (47`)

( )( ) ( ) sssspp

p

p

g

g &&&

+

8

(47d)

wfbrb ks tfb smlpb li tfb s`tur`tbn MKGM ko tfb ~ moppmòb `t ( )spg .

ks tfbrbilrb

konbpbonbot li ( )s .

@s konkg`tbn prbvklusmy, fih`y tèb òy `rdktr`ry ilrh prlvknbn kt ks bqu`m tl zbrl `t 8 .

Ko tfb prbsbot stuny fiks `ssuhbn tl db li tfb ilrh3

( )

( )p

pef

g

hi

8

h`x

(4>)

wfbrb

pp

g

pp

g s

s

pp

&

&

+

8 (42)


13/44


07

ònh`xòn `rb tfb nkstògbs irlh tfb gbotrb li flhlmljy mlg`tbn `t 188 qp òn tl

, rbspbgtkvbmy, `s sflwo ko Ikjurb 4. Oltkgb tf`t ki (h`x- ) 1 tfbo fi8 òn ki 8 1

tfbo fi8 1. @msl, eh1 ks ` sg`mkoj p`r`hbtbr glotrlmmkoj tfb stbbpobss li tfb rbsplosb ko tfb

q~ qpmòb. Ilr slhb slkms, lr ilr ` mkhktbn ròjb li koktk`m glonktklos, ehh`y db ` h`tbrk`m

glostòt. Ilr ltfbr slkms, lr wfbo p`rtkgum`rmy fkjf prbgksklo skhum`tklos `rb rbqukrbn, ehh`ydb nbikobn `s ` iuogtklo li koktk`m glonktklos lr gfòjkoj st`tb, d`sbn lo tfb koktk`m smlpb li

tfb nbvk`tlrkg rbsplosb ko tfb q~ q pmòb. ^fb knb` li nbikokoj p`r`hbtbrs ko tfb fi

glhplobot li tfb f`rnbokoj hlnumus tl nbpbon lo koktk`m glonktklos lr gfòjkoj st`tb ks olt

ò uoglhhlo ib`turb li dluonkoj suri`gb pm`stkgkty hlnbms (D`rnbt U04X5 Grlugf bt `m. U07X).

^fb r`tkl ( ) h`x

h`y db wrkttbo ko tfb `mtbro`tb ilrh ( )ggg

ppp nub tl r`nk`m

syhhbtry li tfb ml`nkoj òn dluonkoj suri`gbs. ^fb r`tklg

p kotrlnugbs tfb skhkm`rkty

dbtwbbo fi òn fdwfkmb pprlvknbs ` iurtfbr sg`mkoj biibgt òn jkvbs fi tfb nkhbosklo li

strbss. Kt gò db sbbo tf`t fiks plsktkvb uotkm kt dbglhbs zbrl `t gg pp 8 . @msl, dy nboltkoj

( )gsn He+0 `sH, kt gò db sflwo tf`t fdks plsktkvb ilr 0=H , obj`tkvb ilr 0?H òn

zbrl wfbo 8H.

Kt ks plsskdmb ilr ftl dbglhb zbrl `t slhb plkot wfbo 0?H wfbrb fiòn fd`rb bqu`m ko

h`joktunb òn f`vb lpplsktb skjo. @t tfks plkot tròsktklo irlh f`rnbokoj tl slitbokoj

lggurs. Wugf ` sktu`tklo ks ldsbrvbn ko tfb nr`kobn strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur li nbosb sòns lr

fb`vkmy lvbr-gloslmkn`tbn gm`ys. Flwbvbr, ki fdòn frbh`ko plsktkvb, f`rnbokoj wkmm lggur

`t `mm tkhbs. Wugf ` sktu`tklo ks ldsbrvbn ko tfb nr`kobn strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur li mllsb sòns

òn olrh`mmy lr mkjftmy lvbr-gloslmkn`tbn gm`ys. @nnktklo`mmy, fwkmm dbglhb zbrl wfbo tfbtwl rbqukrbhbots 8H 8 Hgs òn gg pp 8 `rb s`tksikbn skhumtòblusmy. ^fks sktu`tklo

lggurs `t tfb grktkg`m st`tb.

Wugtklo f`rnbokoj rumbs li tfb typb `nlptbn fbrb `rb `dmb tl `ggluot ilr vlmuhbtrkg glmm`psb

uplo wbttkoj `s nbt`kmbn dy Mlrbt òn Ef`mkmk U>, 44X. Ko jbobr`m tbrhs, wbttkoj gùsbs `

rbnugtklo ko sòn tfb f`rnbokoj p`r`hbtbr ks ilrgbn tl rbtrb`t tl tfb MKGM glrrbsplonkoj tl

tfb mlwbr v`mub li s. Ronbr ` mkhktkoj gloikokoj prbssurb, tfks rbtrb`t ks `gglhpòkbn dy `

rbnugtklo ko .

>.; Glupmkoj tfb slmkn, `kr òn w`tbr pf`sbs

Ki sks glostòt nurkoj slkm nbilrh`tklo, tfb vlmuhb li w`tbr ko tfb s`hpmb wkmm v`ry, `s wkmm

tfb vlmuhb li `kr. Glovbrsbmy, s wkmm v`ry nurkoj nbilrh`tklo ki bktfbr tfb `kr lr w`tbr

vlmuhbs `rb fbmn glostòt. Kt ks tfbrbilrb obgbss`ry tl glupmb s wktf tfbsb vlmuhbs. ^fb

prlgbnurb ilr glupmkoj tfb tfrbb pf`sbs li ò uos`tur`tbn h`tbrk`m ko ò biibgtkvb strbss

ir`hbwlre ks nbt`kmbn dy Ef`mkmk bt `m.U79X òn tfb d`skg ib`turbs `rb rbpb`tbn fbrb. Oltb tf`t

w8 Wrbks tfb spbgkikg plrb w`tbr vlmuhb òn 8 (0 - Wr)bks tfb spbgkikg plrb `kr vlmuhb.

Dy `nlptkoj Dbttks rbgkprlg`m rumb kt gò db sflwo tf`t ilr ` h`tbrk`m wktf koglhprbsskdmb


14/44


0>

jr`kos (Ef`mkmk bt `m.U79X)3

U Xsggh

w&

&&4

+8 ( ) U Xsgg

h

`&

&&+8

40

(49)

wfbrb ( )o

pg 8 ks tfb nr`kobn glhprbsskdkmkty li tfb slkm sebmbtlo (0/E) wfbo 18s& ,

( ) sgh

8 ks tfb glhprbsskdkmkty li tfb slkm sebmbtlo wktf rbspbgt tl s wfbo 18o

p& ,

gh ks tfb glhprbsskdkmkty li tfb w`tbr pf`sb wktf rbspbgt tl s òn ks nbpbonòt lo tfb

`ssuhbn slkm w`tbr gf`r`gtbrkstkg gurvb (WZGG) òn ( ) ss 8 .

2. HLNBM G@MKDT@^KLO ILT ROW@^RT@^BN WQBWZFK^B E@LMKO

^fb rbsumts li ` sbrkbs li ksltrlpkg glhprbssklo òn trk`xk`m sfb`r tbsts lo glhp`gtbnspbswfktb e`lmko ko s`tur`tbn òn uos`tur`tbn st`tbs `s rbplrtbn dy Zfbbmbr òn

Wkvèuh`r U4X `rb usbn ko tfb hlnbm g`mkdr`tklo fbrb. ^fbsb p`rtkgum`r tbsts rbsumts f`vb `msl

dbbo usbn dy Mlrbt òn Ef`mkmk U>X tl g`mkdr`tb ` glovbotklo`m pm`stkgkty hlnbm òn `spbgts li

tfb g`mkdr`tklo prlgbnurb `nlptbn ko tf`t kovbstkj`tklo `s wbmm `s slhb li tfb h`tbrk`m

p`r`hbtbrs `rb `msl `nlptbn fbrb. Wpbgkikg nbt`kms li bxpbrkhbot`m prlgbnurbs òn s`hpmb

prbp`r`tklo `rb jkvbo ko Zfbbmbr òn Wkvèuh`r U4X òn lomy tfb d`skg ib`turbs `rb nksgussbn

fbrb.

2.0 ^bst prljr`h

W`hpmbs 21hh ko nk`hbtbr òn 011hh ko fbkjft wbrb prbp`rbn dy glhp`gtkoj tfb slkm `t `

hlksturb glotbot li 42% kotl ` hlumn ko ; bqu`m m`ybrs. B`gf m`ybr w`s st`tkg`mmy glhp`gtbn

`t ` r`tb li 0.2hh/hko uotkm ` vbrtkg`m strbss li >11eQ` w`s `gfkbvbn. ^fb glhp`gtklo

prlgbnurb rbsumtbn ko 8 4.401 òn Wr8 1.2>.

^fb s`hpmbs wbrb tfbo tròsibrrbn tl ` trk`xk`m `pp`r`tus g`p`dmb li suppmykoj u`tl tfb tlp li

tfb s`hpmb òn uwtl tfb dlttlh li tfb s`hpmb. @ fkjf `kr botry ikmtbr w`s mlg`tbn dbtwbbo tfb

dlttlh li tfb s`hpmb òn plrb w`tbr suppmy. Wugtklo w`s konugbn ko ` s`hpmb uskoj tfb `xks

tròsm`tklo tbgfokqub `s lrkjko`mmy lutmkobn dy Fkmi U7:X, ko wfkgf ` uw sh`mmbr tfò u`w`s

`ppmkbn, òn tfb fkjf `kr botry ikmtbr prlvknbn ò `kr-w`tbr kotbri`gb.

W`hpmbs wbrb tfbo sudcbgtbn tl po8 21eQ` òn v`mubs li s8 011eQ`, 411eQ` òn 711eQ`

wbrb bst`dmksfbn ko tfb s`hpmbs. w kogrb`sbn nurkoj tfks st`jb konkg`tkoj tf`t s w`s m`rjbr

tfò 711eQ` khhbnk`tbmy ilmmlwkoj glhp`gtklo. @ ouhdbr li s`hpmbs wbrb `msl drlujft tl `

s`tur`tbn st`tb (s8 1) dy suppmykoj ` mlwbr u` tfò uw rbsumtkoj ko tfb upw`rn imusfkoj li

w`tbr tfrlujf tfb s`hpmb. Nurkoj tfks st`jb, po rbnugbn irlh 21eQ` tl 42eQ`. Iko`mmy,

s`hpmbs wbrb ksltrlpkg`mmy glhprbssbn vbry smlwmy tl ` ròjb li pov`mubs wfkmb flmnkoj s

glostòt, nurkoj wfkgf tkhb rbnugbn `s nkn w konkg`tkoj tf`t tfb slkm w`s uonbrjlkojnrykoj. ^fb s`hpmbs wbrb tfbo sfb`rbn uskoj ` ròjb li ml`n p`tfs.


15/44


02

WZGGs wbrb olt prbsbotbn dy Zfbbmbr òn Wkvèuh`r U4X `mtflujf Ef`mkmk òn

Ef`dd`z U76X wbrb `dmb tl usb tfb sfb`r strbojtf n`t` `t tfb grktkg`m st`tb tl d`ge g`mgum`tb tfb

sugtklo v`mub sbp`r`tkoj s`tur`tbn irlh uos`tur`tbn glonktklos `s nksgussbn dbmlw.

2.4 H`tbrk`m p`r`hbtbrs

@ s`tur`tbn GWM tf`t gmlsbmy ikts ` skojmb mkob`r sbjhbot ko tfb ~ mop pmòb nbikobn dy

18 1.042 òn 18 4.266 (Ikjurb 0) w`s iluon tl db suiikgkbot ilr spbswfktb e`lmko. @msl,

Ikjurb > prbsbots tfb strbssbs q òn p `t tfb bon li tfb tbsts wfbrb grktkg`m st`tb glonktklos

wbrb `pprl`gfbn, ko wfkgf tfbrbm`tklosfkp li Ef`mkmk òn Ef`dd`z U76X3

22.1

8

bs

s

(4:)

w`s usbn tl bxprbss strbssbs `s biibgtkvb. Ko tfks rbm`tklosfkp sb rbprbsbots tfb sugtklo v`mub

sbp`r`tkoj s`tur`tbn irlh uos`tur`tbn glonktklos, òn hlrb spbgkikg`mmy h`y db nboltbn uskoj

s`b(`kr botry v`mub) ilr ` nrykoj p`tf òn sbx(`kr bxpumsklo v`mub) ilr ` wbttkoj p`tf. @ v`mub

li sb8 s`b8 62eQ` (`s d`ge g`mgum`tbn dy Ef`mkmk òn Ef`dd`z U76X irlh sfb`r strbojtf n`t`),

òn Hgs8 1.62 (gs8 40.;1) wbrb iluon tl ikt tfb Zfbbmbr òn Wkvèuh`r U4X n`t` ilr dltf

s`tur`tbn òn uos`tur`tbn glonktklos, Ikjurb >. Kt ks oltbn tf`t Bqu`tklo (4:) w`s bst`dmksfbn

uskoj sugtklo r`tkls (s/sb) mbss tfò 04. ^fb v`mknkty li tfks rbm`tklosfkp ilr ikob jr`kobn slkms

`t m`rjbr sugtklo r`tkls f`s olt dbbo tbstbn. ^fb bm`stkg p`r`hbtbrs wbrb iluon tl db 8 1.102

òn v8 1.>2. ^fb mlg`tklo li MKGMs ko tfb ~ mop pmòb òn tfbkr nbpbonbogy lo swbrb

nbtbrhkobn obxt. @ ouhdbr li ksltrlpkg glhprbssklo tbst rbsumts irlh Zfbbmbr òn

Wkvèuh`r U4X `rb rbprlnugbn fbrb ko tfb ~ mop pmòb ko Ikjurb 2. @msl sflwo `rb tfb

grktkg`m st`tb n`t` plkots glovbrtbn tl tfbkr glrrbsplonkoj v`mub lo tfb MKGMs. ^l nl tfks tfb

pv`mub `t b`gf plkot w`s humtkpmkbn dy slhb v`mub li Tòn sfkitbn `mloj tfb mkob ko tfb

~ mop pmòb. ^fb v`mub li T w`s `ncustbn uotkm tfb glovbrtbn grktkg`m st`tb n`t` plkots

pmlttbn lvbr tfb ksltrlpkg glhprbssklo mkobs (MKGMs). @ v`mub li T8 0.9 w`s iluon tl db

sukt`dmb. ^l kmmustr`tb tfks iurtfbr glosknbr tfb lpbo nk`hlon syhdlm ko Ikjurb 2 wktf

gllrnko`tbs (067, 4.09). ^fks ks lob li tfb grktkg`m st`tb n`t` plkots ilr s8 411eQ`. ^fb plkot

w`s sfkitbn `mloj tfb mkob tl tfb glovbrtbn gllrnko`tb (4;7, 4.027). ^fks w`s nlob ilr `mm

tfb ltfbr n`t` plkots ilr s8 411eQ`, òn tfb dlmn glotkoulus mkob tf`t (`pprlxkh`tbmy) p`ssbs

tfrlujf tfbsb plkots òn ilrhs ò uppbr mkhkt tl tfb ksltrlpkg glhprbssklo tbst rbsumts ilr

s8 411eQ` dbglhbs tfb MKGM.

^fb sugtklo nbpbonòt sfkit li tfb uos`tur`tbn MKGMs irlh tfb s`tur`tbn MKGM ko tfb ~ mop

pmòb ko Ikjurb 2 w`s nbikobn dy3


16/44


09

( )

=

8

011ilr011

2.046

011ilr7>

mo00.>2

42.0

sss

ss

ss

s

b

b

b

(46)

konkg`tkoj tf`t prbsbogb li sugtklo f`rnbokoj. @ v`mub li O8 0.> w`s iluon tl db `pprlprk`tb

`s kt bo`dmbn ` p`rtkgum`rmy jlln ikt dbtwbbo tfb ml`nkoj suri`gb òn rbsumts li tfb glostòt

vlmuhb tbsts li Zfbbmbr òn Wkvèuh`r U4X ko tfb q ~p pmòb. ^fbsb p`rtkgum`r glostòt

vlmuhb tbst rbsumts gmlsbmy ilmmlw tfb ml`nkoj suri`gb òn `rb tfbrbilrb p`rtkgum`rmy sbosktkvb

tlO`s tfb koktk`m st`tbs li s`hpmbs `rb vbry gmlsb tl tfb MKGM òng

p nbvk`tbs lomy smkjftmy

irlhg

p . @ sukt`dmb bxprbssklo ilr en ko tfb pm`stkg pltbotk`m w`s iluon dy trk`m òn brrlr tl

db li tfb ilrh3

( ) ( )0bxp0

:.0

1

+

8

gg

np

s

p

se

(4;)

^fb syhdlm ks usbn sugf tf`t xx 8 wfbo 1?x òn 18x wfbo 1x . ^fb trk`m òn

brrlr prlgbnurb kovlmvbn ikttkoj hlnbm skhum`tklos tl bxpbrkhbot`m rbsumts, `mdbkt ilr lomy

mkjftmy lvbr-gloslmkn`tbn h`tbrk`m. Kt ks `msl oltbn tf`t tfb iuogtklo ilr enjkvbo fbrb h`y v`ry

ilr nkiibrbot slkms. Ilr slhb sktu`tklos, sugf `s wfbo fkjf prbgksklo skhum`tklos `rb olt

bssbotk`m, kt h`y db `ggbpt`dmb tl nbikob entl db ` h`tbrk`m glostòt lr bqu`m tl zbrl.

^fb ehp`r`hbtbr li tfb f`rnbokoj hlnumus, `j`ko iluon dy trk`m òn brrlr, w`s nbikobn `s3

8 74.1>2.0mlj

1

1

01

g

hp

Tpe (71)

^fb sudsgrkpt 1 nboltbs tfb koktk`m glonktklo li tfb sudsgrkptbn v`rk`dmb. Ilr slhb slkms, lr `

mkhktbn ròjb li koktk`m glonktklos, ehh`y dbglhb ` h`tbrk`m glostòt.

Kt ks `msl oltbn tf`t enòn ehwbrb sbmbgtbn sugf tf`t strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur typkg`mli fb`vkmy

lvbr-gloslmkn`tbn h`tbrk`m gò db skhum`tbn, `mtflujf iurtfbr tbst rbsumts òn glhp`rkslos

wktf hlnbm skhum`tklos wlumn db rbqukrbn tl gloikrh tfb sukt`dkmkty li Bqu`tklos (4;) òn

(71) ilr sugf glonktklos.


17/44


0:

2.7 ^bst rbsumts òn tfblrbtkg`m skhum`tklos

^fb dluonkoj suri`gb pm`stkgkty hlnbm f`s dbbo usbn tl skhum`tb slhb trk`xk`m tbst rbsumts `s

sflwo fbrb ko Ikjurbs 9-6. ^fb ikt dbtwbbo skhum`tklo òn bxpbrkhbot ks ` skjokikgòt

khprlvbhbot glhp`rbn tl tf`t `gfkbvbn ko ltfbr kovbstkj`tklos (rbibr tl tfb p`pbrs li

Zfbbmbr òn Wkvèuh`r U4X òn Mlrbt òn Ef`mkmk U>X) kovlmvkoj tfb nbvbmlphbot liglostktutkvb hlnbms uskoj glovbotklo`m G`h-Gm`y d`sbn pm`stkgkty tfblry òn g`mkdr`tbn uskoj

tfb s`hb sbt li n`t`. ^fb khprlvbn ikt fkjfmkjfts tfb vbrs`tkmkty li dluonkoj suri`gb pm`stkgkty

tfblry. ^fb khprlvbhbots `rb `ttrkdutbn tl tfb nbikoktklo li ` hlrb rb`mkstkg ml`nkoj nkrbgtklo

(glotrlmmbn dy tfb ml`nkoj suri`gb) òn pm`stkg pltbotk`m `s glhp`rbn tl tflsb ldt`kobn irlh

tfb glovbotklo`m G`h-Gm`y d`sbn pm`stkgkty.

@s tfb tbst rbsumts skhum`tbn fbrb `rb ilr mkjftmy lvbr-gloslmkn`tbn s`hpmbs ` ouhdbr li

hlnbm skhum`tklos ilr s`tur`tbn fb`vkmy lvbr-gloslmkn`tbn s`hpmbs `rb prbsbotbn ko Ikjurb ;.

^fb rbsplosbs ldt`kobn `rb typkg`m li tflsb ldsbrvbn ilr fb`vkmy lvbr-gloslmkn`tbn gm`ys.

Olt`dmy, tfb pbè ko tfb sfb`r rbskstògb ilr tfb hlst fb`vkmy lvbr-gloslmkn`tbn s`hpmbs

(1 8 0.:6 ko Ikjurb ;) ks olt bxgbsskvbmy m`rjb, òn tfb dluonkoj suri`gb pm`stkgkty hlnbm

tfbrbilrb lvbrglhbs lob li tfb h`clr mkhkt`tklos li tfb G`h-Gm`y typb hlnbms.

9. HLNBM G@MKDT@ KLO ILT ROW@^RT@^BN ERTOBMM W@ON

^fb hlnbm w`s g`mkdr`tbn ilr s`tur`tbn Eurobmm sòn dy Tussbmm òn Ef`mkmk U0>X uskoj `

sbrkbs li nr`kobn òn uonr`kobn trk`xk`m nbvk`tlrkg tbsts, `s wbmm `s ksltrlpkg òn lbnlhbtrkg

glhprbssklo tbsts glonugtbn `t strbss mbvbms suiikgkbot ilr p`rtkgmb grusfkoj tl lggur, ròjkoj

irlh 01eQ` tl 02111eQ`. Eurobmm sòn ks prbnlhkoòtmy qu`rtz glot`kokoj ol ikobs òn f`s

tfb konbx prlpbrtkbs N218 1.70hh, Gu8 0.67, Js8 4.92, bhko8 1.91 òn bh`x8 1.;4.

Qrbsbotbn fbrb ks ò bxtbosklo li tfks g`mkdr`tklo ilr uos`tur`tbn Eurobmm sòn. Wpbgkikg

nbt`kms li bxpbrkhbot`m prlgbnurbs òn s`hpmb prbp`r`tklo `rb jkvbo ko Tussbmm U02X. Lomy tfb

d`skg ib`turbs `rb nksgussbn fbrb.

9.0 ^bst prljr`h

W`hpmbs 21hh ko nk`hbtbr òn 20hh ko fbkjft wbrb prbp`rbn dy pmuvk`tklo li tfb nry slkm

kotl ` hlumn. Y`mubs li ròjkoj irlh 0.92 tl 0.:6 wbrb `gfkbvbn dy `ncustkoj tfb nrlpfbkjft. ^fb s`hpmbs wbrb tfbo s`tur`tbn òn tròsibrrbn tl ` trk`xk`m `pp`r`tus g`p`dmb li

suppmykoj u`tl tfb tlp li tfb s`hpmb òn uwtl tfb dlttlh li tfb s`hpmb. Bom`rjbn mudrkg`tbn

bon pm`tbos wbrb usbn. @ fkjf `kr botry gbr`hkg nksg (0202eQ`) w`s mlg`tbn dbtwbbo tfb

dlttlh li tfb s`hpmb òn plrb w`tbr suppmy. Wugtklo w`s konugbn ko ` s`hpmb uskoj tfb `xks

tròsm`tklo tbgfokqub skhkm`r tl tf`t nbsgrkdbn prbvklusmy. Hlrb spbgkikg`mmy, tfb gbmm prbssurb

òn uw wbrb kogrb`sbn wfkmb h`kot`kokoj ` nkiibrbogb li `dlut 01eQ` uotkm gbmm prbssurb

rb`gfbn 911eQ`. ^fb uwgloobgtbn tl tfb tlp li tfb s`hpmb w`s tfbo rbpm`gbn wktf ò bqu`m

u`. ^fb uw gloobgtbn tl tfb dlttlh li tfb s`hpmb w`s tfbo rbnugbn tl `gfkbvb tfb nbskrbn

h`joktunb li s. Y`mubs li po ròjkoj irlh >1eQ` tl 011eQ` òn v`mubs li s ròjkoj irlh

21eQ` tl >01eQ` wbrb `gfkbvbn.


18/44


06

Nr`kobn (glostòt s) tbsts wbrb pbrilrhbn `t ` str`ko r`tb li 1.112hh/hko, suiikgkbotmy smlw

ilr w`tbr tl botbr lr bxkt tfb s`hpmb òn h`kot`ko glostòt s. Ronr`kobn (glostòt w) tbsts

wbrb glonugtbn dy tbstkoj `t ` str`ko r`tb li 1.42hh/hko. Hlst tbsts wbrb pbrilrhbn dbylon

q8

1.> tl ldt`ko glonktklos `s gmlsb `s plsskdmb tl tfb grktkg`m st`tb. Glrrbgtklos wbrb h`nbilr tfb dbnnkoj brrlr `sslgk`tbn wktf tfb mudrkg`tklo m`ybr lo tfb bom`rjbn bons. @msl

glrrbgtklos wbrb h`nb tl tfb gbmm vlmuhb gfòjb hb`surbhbots tl `ggluot ilr grbbp li tfb

Qbrspbx trk`xk`m gbmm òn nkspm`gbhbot li tfb ml`nkoj pm`tbo. ^fb biibgts li hbhdròb

pbobtr`tklo wbrb glosknbrbn ko tfb kovbstkj`tklo li Tussbmm òn Ef`mkmk U0>X. Hbhdròb

biibgts wbrb iluon tl db skjokikgòt lomy ilr tfb uonr`kobn trk`xk`m tbsts pbrilrhbn lo

s`tur`tbn sòns. Ko i`gt, ` p`rtk`m nr`ko`jb glonktklo bxksts ilr tfbsb tbsts r`tfbr tfò ò

uonr`kobn glonktklo. ^fks ks gùsbn dy gfòjbs ko tfb `hluot li hbhdròb pbobtr`tklo

rbsumtkoj irlh gfòjbs ko biibgtkvb strbss `grlss tfb hbhdròb. ^fb gfòjbs ko hbhdròb

pbobtr`tklo `rb gluotbr`gtbn dy gfòjbs ko slkm vlmuhb òn plrb w`tbr prbssurb òn wbrb

`ggluotbn ilr (Tussbmm òn Ef`mkmk U0>X). Flwbvbr, tfb biibgts li hbhdròb pbobtr`tklo `rb

koskjokikgòt ilr uonr`kobn trk`xk`m tbsts pbrilrhbn lo uos`tur`tbn sòns `s tfb slkm vlmuhb ks

`dmb tl gfòjb nurkoj sugf tbsts. Kt ks lomy tfb plrb w`tbr vlmuhb tf`t ks fbmn glostòt. ^fb

gfòjkoj hbhdròb pbobtr`tklo tf`t lggurs ks vbry sh`mm glhp`rbn tl gfòjbs ko slkm

vlmuhb.

^fb lbnlhbtrkg glhprbssklo tbsts lo uos`tur`tbn s`hpmbs wbrb pbrilrhbn uskoj `

glovbotklo`m irlot ml`nkoj lbnlhbtbr òn ` gustlh nbskjobn òn dukmt ikxbn rkoj prbssurb

gbmm. B`gf s`hpmb rbh`kobn s`tur`tbn wfkmb ` hbgfòkg`m `xk`m ml`n w`s `ppmkbn ko stbps uotkm

` v`mub li 2:.>eQ` w`s `gfkbvbn. ^fks w`s tfbo fbmn glostòt wfkmb uww`s kogrb`sbn `t tfbs`hb r`tb `s tfb gf`hdbr `kr prbssurb. uww`s tfbo rbnugbn òn `kr prbssurb fbmn glostòt tl

grb`tb ` sugtklo ko tfb s`hpmb. Nkspm`gbn plrb w`tbr p`ssbn tfrlujf tfb plrlus nksg òn kts

vlmuhb w`s hloktlrbn wktf tkhb `s w`s tfb vbrtkg`m nkspm`gbhbot li tfb ml`nkoj ylme tl

nbtbrhkob wfbo ` st`tb li bqukmkdrkuh f`n dbbo rb`gfbn ko tfb s`hpmb. ^fks tlle `dlut sbvbo

n`ys. ^fb hbgfòkg`m ml`nkoj w`s tfbo kogrb`sbn ko 4>eQ` stbps bvbry twl n`ys.

^fb WZGG w`s nbtbrhkobn uskoj tfb prbssurb pm`tb òn ikmtbr p`pbr tbgfokqubs. W`hpmbs

wbrb prbp`rbn ilr tbstkoj tl t`rjbt v`mubs li òn tlmbrògbs li 0.96 1.107, 0.:4 1.102

òn 0.:6 1.106 ilr dltf tbsts. ^fb prlgbnurb nbt`kmbn ko @W^H N4742-96 ilr usb li tfbprbssurb pm`tb w`s jbobr`mmy ilmmlwbn ko tfks kovbstkj`tklo. Y`mubs li s `s fkjf `s 0>11eQ`

wbrb `ppmkbn. @ pbrkln li sbvbo n`ys w`s `mmlwbn ìtbr `ppmkg`tklo li silr s`hpmbs tl rb`gf

bqukmkdrkuh. Ilr tfb ikmtbr p`pbr tbsts, st`ges li tfrbb lvbo nrkbn Zf`thò Ol. 4 ikmtbr p`pbrs

wbrb pm`gbn lo tlp li b`gf s`hpmb òn ` sh`mm wbkjft w`s pm`gbn lo tfb st`ge tl h`kot`ko

jlln glot`gt dbtwbbo kt òn s`hpmb `s rbglhhbonbn dy Ww`rdrkge U7;X. @o `kr tkjft mkn w`s

tfbo pm`gbn lo tfb hlumns òn wbrb tfbo pm`gbn ko ` tbhpbr`turb òn fuhknkty glotrlmmbn

bovkrlohbot ilr ` pbrkln li sbvbo n`ys. ^fb hlumns wbrb tfbo lpbobn òn tfb hlksturb

glotbot li tfb hknnmb ikmtbr p`pbr li tfb st`ge w`s tfbo nbtbrhkobn. ^fbo, uskoj ` g`mkdr`tklo

gurvb tf`t dbst ikts tflsb prlplsbn ko I`wgbtt òn Glmmks-Jblrjb U>1X, F`hdmko U>0X òn

Gfònmbr bt `m.U>4X, tfb sko tfb ikmtbr p`pbr òn tfbrbilrb tfb sko tfb s`hpmb wbrb koibrrbn.


19/44


20/44


41

nrykoj òn sbx8 >.2eQ` òn srw 8 9.>eQ` ilr wbttkoj. Oltb tf`t ` smkjft fystbrbsks bxksts

dbtwbbo nrykoj òn wbttkoj p`tfs `mtflujf tfb khpmkg`tklos li tfks f`vb olt dbbo bxpmlrbn ko

tfks kovbstkj`tklo.

^fb bon plkots li tfb uos`tur`tbn nr`kobn trk`xk`m tbsts `rb prbsbotbn ko tfb moq~ moppmòb koIkjurb 00, `mloj wktf ` mkob li smlpb Hgs8 0.>:2 òn tfb bon plkots li tfb s`tur`tbn trk`xk`m

tbsts irlh Tussbmm òn Ef`mkmk U0>X. Kt gò db sbbo tf`t tfb uos`tur`tbn trk`xk`m n`t` mkbs wktfko

tfb s`hb sg`ttbr `s tfb s`tur`tbn n`t`, gloikrhkoj gs8 79.71tl db ` h`tbrk`m glostòt suktbn

tl s`tur`tbn òn uos`tur`tbn glonktklos. @s gò db sbbo ko Ikjurb 04, tfb tr`cbgtlrkbs ilr tfbsb

tbsts `pprl`gf tfb s`tur`tbn GWM ko tfb ~ moppmòb, konkg`tkoj tf`t tfb GWM ks uokqub ilr

s`tur`tbn òn uos`tur`tbn glonktklos òn tf`t ol sugtklo f`rnbokoj lggurs, k.b. 18 spg

òn ( ) 18s . Oltkgb tf`t ko prbsbotkoj tfb n`t` ko Ikjurbs 00 òn 04 tfb biibgtkvb strbssbs

wbrb g`mgum`tbn d`sbn lo tfb rbm`tklosfkp prlplsbn Ef`mkmk òn Ef`dd`z U76X dut wktf ò

bxtbosklo tl `ggluot ilr m`rjb sugtklo r`tkls (s/sb). Wpbgkikg`mmy, Ef`mkmk òn Ef`dd`z U76Xglosknbrbn n`t` plkots `t sugtklo r`tkls mbss tfò 04 ko bst`dmksfkoj tfb rbm`tklosfkp ilr .

Flwbvbr, ko sòns tfb v`mub li sbgò db vbry sh`mm glhp`rbn tl smb`nkoj tl sugtklo r`tkls

m`rjbr tfò 04. Ko ikttkojHgstl tfb n`t` kt w`s iluon tf`t obbnbn tl db gfòjbn ilr sugtklo

r`tkls m`rjbr tfò 42 `gglrnkoj tl3

?

8

42ilr42

42ilr

0

>2.1

22.1

bb

bb

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

(7>)

Obvbrtfbmbss, iurtfbr m`dlr`tlry tbsts rbsumts lo skmts òn gm`ys `t sugtklo r`tkls jrb`tbr tfò 04

`rb rbqukrbn tl bst`dmksf tfb sukt`dkmkty li tfb bxtbonbn rbm`tklosfkp ko (7>) ilr ` ròjb li slkm

typbs.

9.7

^bst rbsumts òn tfblrbtkg`m skhum`tklos^fb h`tbrk`m p`r`hbtbrs jkvbo `dlvb ilr s`tur`tbn glonktklos bo`dmb vbry `ggur`tb

prbnkgtklos li tfb strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur li Eurobmm sòn sudcbgtbn tl glostòt p òn

glostòt 7 nr`kobn trk`xk`m glhprbssklo, uonr`kobn trk`xk`m glhprbssklo, ksltrlpkg

glhprbssklo òn lbnlhbtrkg glhprbssklo `grlss ` wknb ròjb li strbssbs kogmunkoj tflsb

suiikgkbot tl gùsb p`rtkgmb grusfkoj. ^fb rb`nbr ks rbibrrbn tl Tussbmm òn Ef`mkmk U0>X ilr

nbt`kms. Lomy prbnkgtklos li uos`tur`tbn tbsts `rb prbsbotbn ko tfks kovbstkj`tklo.

Ikjurbs 07-09 sflw tfb uos`tur`tbn nr`kobn trk`xk`m tbst rbsumts òn tfblrbtkg`m skhum`tklos ko

q~ q òn p~ qpmòbs. Ikjurbs 0:-41 sflw tfb uos`tur`tbn uonr`kobn trk`xk`m tbst rbsumtsòn tfblrbtkg`m skhum`tklos ko q~ q òn p~ q pmòbs. ^fbrb ks ` vbry jlln ikt dbtwbbo


21/44


40

skhum`tklo òn bxpbrkhbot. @msl, tfb strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur ks ò`mljlus tl tf`t li s`tur`tbn

nr`kobn sòns koktk`mmy nbosbr tfò grktkg`m. Wpbgkikg`mmy, f`rnbokoj lggurs up tl ` pbè ko tfb

sfb`r rbskstògb, `gglhpòkbn dy koktk`m vlmuhbtrkg glotr`gtklo ilmmlwbn dy vlmuhbtrkg

bxpòsklo. Wlitbokoj tlw`rns tfb grktkg`m st`tb mkob ks ldsbrvbn ìtbr rb`gfkoj tfb pbè òn ks

`gglhpòkbn dy vlmuhbtrkg bxpòsklo. Oltb tfb hugf mbss prloluogbn pbè ks ldt`kobn irlhtfb usb li bom`rjbn mudrkg`tbn bons.

Ikjurb 40 sflws tfb lbnlhbtrkg glhprbssklo tbst rbsumts koo0

mo~ òn0

mo~ pmòbs. @

pmlt li 7o/0o~ mo0 ks `msl prlvknbn ko Ikjurb 44 ilr tfb lbnlhbtrkg glhprbssklo tbsts.

@j`ko, ` jlln ikt ks ldsbrvbn dbtwbbo skhum`tklo òn bxpbrkhbot. Oltb tf`t kt w`s obgbss`ry

tl `ssuhb koktk`m v`mubs ko tfb skhum`tklos `s tfb GWM ks nbikobn ko ` sbhk-mlj`rktfhkg pmòb

wfbrb zbrl strbss mbvbm ks uonbikobn. Wpbgkikg`mmy, bm`stkg str`kos òn 7/08 v/(0 - v) 8 1.>4;

wbrb `ssuhbn irlhp8 1 tlp18 01eQ`.

@o khplrtòt plkot rbj`rnkoj lbnlhbtrkg ml`nkoj li uos`tur`tbn slkms w`s h`nb dy

Ef`mkmk bt `m.U02X. Kt ks plsskdmb tf`t s, wfkgf `gts ksltrlpkg`mmy wktfko tfb slkm, h`y db

suiikgkbotmy m`rjb sugf tf`t 7o dbglhbs zbrl, hbòkoj tf`t tfb slkm sbp`r`tbs irlh tfb

gloikokoj rkoj òn tfb glonktklo li zbrl r`nk`m str`ko nlbs olt `ppmy. ^fks w`s gfbgebn

tfrlujf tfblrbtkg`m skhum`tklo òn, `s gò db sbbo ko Ikjurb 44, 7oks `mw`ys m`rjbr tfò 1

sugf tf`t tfb zbrl r`nk`m str`ko li lbnlhbtrkg glhprbssklo `mw`ys `ppmkbs. Flwbvbr, tfks

dbf`vklur h`y olt db ldsbrvbn ki sw`s `ppmkbn `t mlwbr v`mubs li 0o, `s 7oh`y dbglhb

zbrl `t wfkgf plkot tfb s`hpmb wlumn sbp`r`tb irlh tfb gloikokoj rkoj.

:. GLOGMRWKLOW

^fks p`pbr prbsbots ` skhpmb dluonkoj suri`gb pm`stkgkty hlnbm ko ` grktkg`m st`tb ir`hbwlre

tf`t ks suktbn tl nbsgrkdb tfb strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur li ` wknbr ròjb li uos`tur`tbn slkms. ^fks

w`s h`nb plsskdmb dy uskoj tfb glogbpt li biibgtkvb strbss òn `nlptkoj suiikgkbotmy jbobr`m

òn vbrs`tkmb nbikoktklos ilr tfb d`skg hlnbm kojrbnkbots. Hlrb spbgkikg`mmy, ` skhpmb ksltrlpkg

bm`stkg rumb w`s `nlptbn. Ybrs`tkmb iuogtklos ilr tfb ml`nkoj suri`gb òn dluonkoj suri`gb

wbrb nbikobn tf`t `rb `dmb tl nbsgrkdb tfb v`rkbn ml`nkoj nkrbgtklos li nkiibrbot slkms. @ pm`stkg

pltbotk`m w`s `nlptbn tf`t ks li ` jbobr`m ilrh suktbn tl ` ròjb li slkm typbs. @ f`rnbokoj

hlnumus w`s nbikobn tf`t kogmunbs lob glhplobot ilr ksltrlpkg f`rnbokoj nub tl gfòjbs ko

pm`stkg vlmuhbtrkg str`kos òn sugtklo òn òltfbr glhplobot tf`t ks `rdktr`rkmy nbikobn ilr

òy p`rtkgum`r slkm.

^fb hlnbms vbrs`tkmkty w`s fkjfmkjftbn dy kts `dkmkty tl skhum`tb tl fkjf `ggur`gy tfb

strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur li uos`tur`tbn spbswfktb e`lmko sudcbgtbn tl tfrbb trk`xk`m tbst ml`n

p`tfs òn tfb strbss-str`ko dbf`vklur li uos`tur`tbn Eurobmm sòn sudcbgtbn tl twl trk`xk`m tbst

ml`n p`tfs òn tfb lbnlhbtrkg glhprbssklo ml`n p`tf.


22/44


44

^fb biibgtkvb strbss p`r`hbtbr nbikobn ilr Eurobmm sòn h`y wbmm db ` jbobr`m nbikoktklo ilr `

wknbr ròjb li slkm typbs `mtflujf rbqukrbs v`mkn`tklo ilr ikob jr`kobn slkms òn sugtklo r`tkls

m`rjbr tfò 04.

@QQBONKV @

@ shlltf òn glotkoulus iuogtkloigstf`t gmlsbmy ikts tfb tfrbb mkob`r sbjhbots li tfb GWM ko

Ikjurb 0 ks li tfb ilrh3

( )U X ( ) ( ) 40mo0mo0motò 470 IhIpEhIpCIpngd` +++++++8 (@0)

wfbrb4

igr

` +

8 5

igr

d

8 5( )

+

8

gr

igrgr

igr

gr

g

4

41

1 5

d

n gr8 5

n

gh8 5

7

1

4

1

> h

h

C gr

i

8 5

hE

i

>

1

8 5 7 Igrgr

+8 5

> Iii

+8 5 òn I0, I4, I7 òn I> `rb ikttkoj p`r`hbtbrs.

Kt ilmmlws tf`t tfb uos`tur`tbn GWM òn MKGM `rb nbikobn dy3

GWM

( ) ( )

( )

( )

+

+

+

+

+

+

+8

Tsp

pIhI

T

spE

hIT

spCIT

spngd`

g

g

g

gggs

mo40mo

0mo0motò

4

7

0

(@4)

MKGM

( ) ( )

( )

( )

+

+

+

+

+

+

+8

sp

pTIhI

T

spE

hI

T

spCI

T

spngd`

g

gg

gg

mo40mo

0mo0motò

4

7

0

MKGM

(@7)


23/44


47

TBIBTBOGBW

0. @mlosl BB, Jbos @, Cls` @. @ glostktutkvb hlnbm ilr p`rtk`mmy s`tur`tbn slkms.

Jbltbgfokqub0;;15 >1(7)3>12->71.

4. Zfbbmbr WC, Wkvèuh`r Y. @o bm`stl-pm`stkg grktkg`m st`tb ir`hbwlre ilr uos`tur`tbnslkm.Jbltbgfokqub0;;25 >2(0)372-27.

7. Guk [C, Nbm`jb Q. [kbmnkoj òn pm`stkg dbf`vklur li ò uos`tur`tbn glhp`gtbn skmt.

Jbltbgfokqub0;;95 >9(4)34;0-700.

>. Mlrbt D, Ef`mkmk O, @o biibgtkvb strbss bm`stkg-pm`stkg hlnbm ilr uos`tur`tbn plrlus

hbnk`.Hbgfòkgs li H`tbrk`ms41145 7>3;:-009.

2. J`mmkplmk N, Jbos @, Wf`rh` T, Yùo`t C. @o bm`stl-pm`stkg hlnbm ilr uos`tur`tbn slkm

koglrplr`tkoj tfb biibgts li sugtklo òn nbjrbb li s`tur`tklo lo hbgfòkg`m dbf`vklur.

Jbltbgfokqub41175 27(0)3047-072.

9. Nlo`mn KD. Wfb`r strbojtf hb`surbhbots ko uos`tur`tbn olo-glfbskvb slkms wktf

obj`tkvb plrb prbssurbs. Wbglon @ustr`mk`-Obw Sb`mòn Gloibrbogb lo Wlkm Hbgfòkgs

òn Iluon`tklo Bojkobbrkoj, Gfrkstgfurgf 0;295 411-41>.

:. Mbb EM. Wbbn FD, Nuomlp Q. Biibgt li hlksturb lo tfb strbojtf li ` gmbò sòn.

Cluro`m li tfb Wlkm Hbgfòkgs òn Iluon`tklos Nkvksklo, @WGB 0;9:5 ;7(WH9)30:->1.

6. ^lwobr JN, Gfkmns BG. ^fb hbgfòkg`m strbojtf li uos`tur`tbn plrlus jròum`r

h`tbrk`m.Cluro`m li Wlkm Wgkbogb0;:45 47(>)3>60->;6.

;. T`hpkol G, Hògusl G, Yko`mb I. Bxpbrkhbot`m dbf`vklur òn hlnbmmkoj li ò

uos`tur`tbn glhp`gtbn slkm. Gò`nkò Jbltbgfokg`m Cluro`m41115 7:3:>6-:97.

01. Cbiibrkbs HJ. Olr-sòn3 ` skhpmb grktkg`m st`tb hlnbm ilr sòn. Jbltbgfokqub 0;;75

>7(0)3;0017.00. Nì`mk`s [I. Dluonkoj suri`gb pm`stkgkty. 3 H`tfbh`tkg`m iluon`tklo òn

fyplpm`stkgkty.Cluro`m li Bojkobbrkoj Hbgfòkgs, @WGB0;695 004(;)3;99;6:.

04. D`rnbt CQ. Dluonkoj suri`gb pm`stkgkty hlnbm ilr s ons. Cluro`m li Bojkobbrkoj

Hbgfòkgs, @WGB0;695 004(00)300;6040:.

07. Grlugf TW, Zlmi CQ, N i`mk`s [I. Rokikbn grktkg`m-st`tb dluonkoj-suri`gb pm`stkgkty

hlnbm ilr slkm.Cluro`m li Bojkobbrkoj Hbgfòkgs, @WGB0;;>5 041(00)3442044:1.

0>. Tussbmm @T, Ef`mkmk O. @ dluonkoj suri`gb pm`stkgkty hlnbm ilr sòns bxfkdktkoj

p`rtkgmb grusfkoj. Gò`nkò Jbltbgfokg`m Cluro`m(411>)5 >0(9)3 00:;00;4.

02. Ef`mkmk O, Jbksbr I, Dmkjft JB. Biibgtkvb strbss ko uos`tur`tbn slkms, ` rbvkbw wktf obwbvknbogb.Kotbro`tklo`m Cluro`m li Jblhbgfòkgs411>5 >(4)3002-049.

09. Tussbmm @T. G`vkty bxpòsklo ko uos`tur`tbn slkms. QfN tfbsks, ^fb Rokvbrskty li Obw

Wlutf Z`mbs, @ustr`mk`(411>).

0:. Dksflp @Z. ^fb prkogkpmb li biibgtkvb strbss. ^beokse Rebdm`n0;2;5 019(7;)362;-697.

06. Flumsdy J^. ^fb wlre koput tl ò uos`tur`tbn jròum`r h`tbrk`m. Jbltbgfokqub0;;:5

>:(0)30;70;9.

0;. Dbbo E, Cbiibrkbs HJ, F`gfby C. ^fb grktkg`m st`tb li sòns. Jbltbgfokqub 0;;05

>0(7)3792760.

41. Elor`n CH. Wòn st`tb irlh glob pbobtrlhbtbr tbsts3 ` ir`hbwlre glosknbrkoj jr`ko

grusfkoj strbss. Jbltbgfokqub0;;65 >6(4)3410402.


24/44


4>

40. Tussbmm @T, Ef mkmk O. Nr`kobn g`vkty bxpòsklo ko sòns bxfkdktkoj p`rtkgmb grusfkoj.

Kotbro`tklo`m Cluro`m ilr Ouhbrkg`m òn @o`mytkg`m Hbtflns ko Jblhbgfòkgs 41145

4937477>1.

44. Mlrbt D, Ef`mkmk O. @ tfrbb-pf`sb hlnbm ilr uos`tur`tbn slkms.Kotbro`tklo`m Cluro`m ilr

Ouhbrkg`m òn @o`mytkg`m Hbtflns ko Jblhbgfòkgs411154>

36;7-;4:.47. Ml E[, Tly H. Tbsplosb li p`rtkgum`tb h tbrk`ms `t fkjf prbssurbs. Wlkms òn

Iluon`tklos0;:75 07(0)390:9.

4>. M`nb QY. Bm`stl-pm`stkg strbss-str`ko tfblry ilr glfbsklombss slkm wktf gurvbn ykbmn

suri`gbs.Kotbro`tklo`m Cluro m li Wlmkns òn Wtrugturbs0;::5 073010;0172.

42. Glmmk`t-Nòjus CM, Nbsrubs C, Ilr`y, Q. ^rk`xk m tbstkoj li jròum r slkm uonbr bmbv`tbn

gbmm prbssurb. @nvògbn ^rk`xk`m ^bstkoj li Wlkm òn Tlge, @W^H W^Q ;::5 Nlo`jfb

T^, Gfòby TG, Wkmvbr HM. (Bnktlrs) 0;665 4;1701.

49. [`h`hurl C@, M`nb QY. Nr`kobn sòn dbf`vklur ko `xksyhhbtrkg tbsts `t fkjf

prbssurbs.Cluro`m li Jbltbgfokg`m Bojkobbrkoj, @WGB0;;95 044(4)301;00;.

4:. Dbmmlttk T, Jfkloo` Y, C`hklmelwsek H, Tldbrtslo QE, Qbtbrslo TZ. Kotbrprbt`tklo li

hlnumk irlh sbmi-dlrkoj prbssurbhbtbr tbsts ko sòn. Jbltbgfokqub 0;6;5 7;(4)349;

4;4.

46. Zlln NH. Wlkm dbf`vklur òn grktkg`m st`tb slkm hbgfòkgs. G`hdrknjb Rokvbrskty

Qrbss, 0;;1.

4;. Nì`mk`s [I, Qlplv BQ. @ hlnbm ilr olomkob`rmy f`rnbokoj h tbrk`ms ilr glhpmbx

ml`nkoj.@gt` Hbgfòkg` 0;:25 4030:7-0;4.

71. ^`tsule` I, Ksfkf`r` E. [kbmnkoj li sòn ko trk`xk`m glhprbssklo. Wlkms òn Iluon`tklos

0;:>5 0>(4)397-:9.

70. Olv` T, Zlln NH. @o bxpbrkhbot`m prljr`hhb tl nbikob tfb ykbmn iuogtklo ilr sòn.Wlkms òn Iluon`tklos0;:65 06(>)3::-69.

74. Hòz`rk H^, Nì`mk`s [I. @ grktkg`m st`tb twl-suri`gb pm`stkgkty hlnbm ilr sòns.

Jbltbgfokqub0;;:5 >:(4)34224:4.

77. J`cl @, Hukr Zlln N. Wbvbro^rbot sòn3 ` ekobh`tkg-f`rnbokoj glostktutkvb hlnbm3

tfb qpilrhum`tklo. Jbltbgfokqub0;;;5 >;(2)32;290>.

7>. Dbbo E, Cbiibrkbs HJ. @ st`tb p`r`hbtbr ilr sòns. Jbltbgfokqub0;625 72(4)3;;-004.

72. Skboekbwkgz LG, Gfò @FG, Q`stlr H, Wgfrbimbr D@, Wfklhk ^. Glhput`tklo`m

jblhbgfòkgs wktf spbgk`m rbibrbogb tl b`rtfquèb bojkobbrkoj. Clfo Zkmby & Wlos,

Bojmòn, 0;;;.

79. Ef`mkmk O, Ef`dd`z HF, Y mmk`ppò W. @o biibgtkvb strbss d`sbn ouhbrkg`m hlnbm ilr

fynrl-hbgfòkg`m ò`mysks ko uos`tur`tbn plrlus hbnk`. Glhput`tklo`m hbgfòkgs

41115 4930:>-06>.

7:. Fkmi CZ. @o kovbstkj`tklo li plrb-w`tbr prbssurb ko glhp`gtbn glfbskvb slkms.

^bgfokg`m Hbhl 92>, Nbovbr3 RW Durbù li Tbgm`h`tklo, 0;29.

76. Ef`mkmk O, Ef`dd`z HF. @ uokqub rbm`tklosfkp ilrilr tfb nbtbrhko`tklo li tfb sfb`r

strbojtf li uos`tur`tbn slkms. Jbltbgfokqub0;;65 >63960-96:.

7;. Ww`rdrkge JB. Hb`surbhbot li slkm sugtklo uskoj tfb ikmtbr p`pbr hbtfln. Qrlgbnkojs

li tfb 0stKotbro`tklo`m Gloibrbogb lo Ros`tur`tbn Wlkms0;;25 927-926.


25/44


42

>1. I`wgbtt TJ, Glmmks-Jblrjb O. @ ikmtbr-p`pbr hbtfln ilr nbtbrhkokoj tfb hlksturb

gf`r`gtbrkstkgs li slkm. @ustr`mkò Cluro`m li Bxpbrkhbot`m @jrkgumturb òn @okh`m

Fusdònry0;9:5 :3094-09:.

>0. F`hdmko @Q. Ikmtbr-p`pbr hbtfln ilr rlutkob hb`surbhbot li ikbmn w`tbr pltbotk`m.

Cluro`m li Fynrlmljy0;60527

3722-791.>4. Gfònmbr TC, Grkmmy HW, Hlotjlhbry-Whktf J. @ mlw-glst hbtfln li `ssbsskoj gm`y

nbskgg`tklo ilr mlw-rksb dukmnkojs. Gkvkm Bojkobbrkoj, KGB0;;45 ;4364-6;.


26/44


49

Ikjurb 0. @ jbobr`m grktkg`m st`tb mkob ilr s`tur`tbn sòns ko tfb ~ moppmòb.

Ikjurb 4. Ml`nkoj suri`gb, dluonkoj suri`gb òn r`nk`m h`ppkoj mkob ko tfb q~ppmòb.

1

gr

i

0.1eQ`

1-0

bgr

bi

Hbò biibgtkvb strbss (mlj sg`mb)

Ylkn

r`tkl,

b

@

D

NG

Hbò biibgtkvb strbss (mlj sg`mb)0.1eQ`

W

pbgkikgvlmuhb,80+b

1

gr

i

Hgsilr q? 1

Hgsilr q= 1

pg

o

o

pq 1

T`nk`mh`ppkoj mkob

Gbotrb liflhlmljy

Ml`nkoj suri`gb

Dluonkoj suri`gbh`x

Tpg

Tpg

gp


27/44


4:

Ikjurb 7. W`tur`tbn òn uos`tur`tbn GWMs òn MKGMs ko tfb ~ moppmòb.

pGWM1 pMKGM1 pGWM pMKGM 8 pMKGM1+ (s)

moT moT

MKGM

(s`tur`tbn)

GWM 8igs(p)(s`tur`tbn)

GWM

(uos`tur`tbn)

MKGM

(uos`tur`tbn)

mop

80

+b


28/44


46

Ikjurb >. Bon plkots li ` ouhdbr li trk`xk`m sfb`r tbsts (pbrilrhbn dy Zfbbmbr òn

Wkvèuh`r U4X) pmlttbn ko tfb q~p pmòb nurkoj wfkgf grktkg`m st`tb glonktklos wbrb

`pprl`gfbn, glonugtbn `t glostòt sugtklo, ilr spbswfktb e`lmko.

Ikjurb 2. Tbsumts li ksltrlpkg glhprbssklo tbsts, glovbrtbn grktkg`m st`tb n`t` plkots (irlh

Zfbbmbr òn Wkvèuh`r U4X) òn MKGMs `s `nlptbn ko tfb hlnbm (glotkoulus dlmn mkobs)

pmlttbn ko tfb ~ moppmòb.

1

21

011

021

411

421

711

721

>11

>21

1 21 011 021 411 421 711 721 >11 >21 211

Hbò biibgtkvb strbss,p'(eQ`)

Nbvk`tlrstrbss,q(

eQ`)

s 8 1

s 8 011eQ`

s 8 411eQ`

s 8 711eQ`

q 8 1.62p'

0.:

0.6

0.;

4

4.0

4.4

4.7

01 011 0111

Hbò biibgtkvb strbss,p' (eQ`)

Wpbg

kikgvlmuhb,

80+b

s 8 711eQ`

s 8 411eQ`

s 8 011eQ`

s 8 1

s 8 711eQ`s 8 411eQ`

s 8 011eQ`

s 8 1

s 8 411eQ`

s 8 711eQ`

Ros` tur`tbn MKGMss 8 011eQ`W`tur`tbn MKGM

Glovbrtbn

grktkg m st`t b

n`t` plkots

Ksltrlpkg

glhprbssklo

tbst rbsumts

@ grktkg`m st`tbn`t` pl kot ilr

s 8 411eQ`s 8 1eQ`


29/44


4;

Ikjurb 9. Bxpbrkhbot`m rbsumts òn hlnbm skhum`tklos ilr trk`xk`m glhprbssklo tbsts lo

spbswfktb e`lmko ko wfkgf òn s wbrb fbmn glostòt Koktk`m glonktklos3 po18 411eQ`,

s18 411eQ` òn 18 4.19: (4`)5 ònpo18 021eQ`, s18 411eQ` òn 18 4.04: (>`).

1

21

011

021

411

1 21 011 021 411 421 711 721

p'(eQ`)

q(

eQ`)

>`

4`

1

21

011

021

411

1 1.14 1.1> 1.19 1.16 1.0 1.04q

q(

eQ`)

>`

4`


30/44


71

Ikjurb :. Bxpbrkhbot`m rbsumts òn hlnbm skhum`tklos ilr ` trk`xk`m glhprbssklo tbst lo

spbswfktb e`lmko ko wfkgf po òn s wbrb fbmn glostòt. Koktk`m glonktklos3 po18 011eQ`,

s18 411eQ` òn 18 4.0:1 (9d).

1

21

011

021

411

421

1 1.12 1.0 1.02 1.4 1.42 1.7

q

q(

eQ`)

9d

1

21

011

021

411

4 4.12 4.0 4.02 4.4

q

(eQ`)

9d


31/44


70


spbswfktb e`lmko ko wfkgf 78o

pq òn s w`s fbmn glostòt. Koktk`m glonktklos3

po18 011eQ`, s18 411eQ` òn 18 4.061 (;g)5 po18 011eQ`, s18 711eQ` òn 18 4.066

(0:g) onpo18 :2eQ`, s18 1eQ` òn 18 4.161 (49g).

1

21

011

021

411

421

711

721

1 1.12 1.0 1.02 1.4 1.42 1.7 1.72 1.>

q

q(

eQ`)

49g

;g

0:g

0.;

0.;2

4

4.12

4.0

4.02

4.4

p'(eQ`)

21 >11411011

0:g

;g

49g


32/44


74

Ikjurb ;. Hlnbm skhum`tklos ilr s`tur`tbn nr`kobn trk`xk`m glhprbssklo tbsts sudcbgtbn tl

glost`ot 7wktf koktk`m glonktklosp18 :2eQ`, 18 4.16, 0.;6, 0.66 `on 0.:6.

1

1.4

1.>

1.9

1.6

0

0.4

0.>

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.>

q

q/p'

18 0.;6

18 0.6618 0.:6

18 4.16

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.14

1.1>

1.19

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.>

q

p


33/44


77

Ikjurb 01. WZGG ilr Eurobmm sòn ko tfb moWr~ mospmòb. Dlmn syhdlms `rb ilr nrykoj òn

flmmlw syhdlms `rb ilr wbttkoj.

1.110

1.10

1.0

0

0 01 011 0111 01111 011111

s (eQ`)

Nbjrbblis`tur`tklo,

Wr

Ikmtbr p`pbr

Qrbssurb pm`tb

1.110

1.10

1.0

0

0 01 011 0111 01111 011111

s (eQ`)

Nbjrbblis`tur`tklo,

Wr

Ikmtbr p`pbr

Qrbssurb pm`tb


34/44


7>

Ikjurb 00. ^rk`xk`m sfb`r tbst rbsumts ilr Eurobmm s`on `t grktkg`m st`tb.

Ikjurb 04. Wtrbss ^r`cbgtlrkbs li uos`tur`tbn nr`kobn trk`xk`m sfb`r tbsts ilr Eurobmm s`on.

0

0.4

0.>

0.9

0.6

4

01 011 0111 01111 011111


Wpbgkikgvlmuhb,

80+b

W`tur`tbn GWM

01

011

0111

01111

01 011 0111 01111


Nbvk`tlrstrbss,q

(eQ`)

W`tur`tbn nr`kobn trk`x k`m tbst

W`tur`tbn uonr`kobn t rk`xk`m tbst

Ros`tur`tbn nr`kobn trk`xk`m tbst

q 8 0.>:2p'


35/44


72


Eurobmm sòn ko wfkgf 78o

pq òn sw`s fbmn glostòt. Koktk`m glonktklos3 po18 21eQ`,

s18 20eQ` òn 18 0.::1 (2121M-N)5 ònpo18 014eQ`, s18 20eQ` òn 18 0.926 (01121M-

N).

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

01121N-N 2121M-N

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

01121N-N 2121M-N

-1.0>

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.14

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p

-1.0>

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.14

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p


36/44


79

Ikjurb 0>. Bxpbrkhbot`m rbsumts òn hlnbm skhum`tklos ilr trk`xk`m glhprbssklo tbsts lo



s18 011eQ` òn 18 0.:97 (21011M-N)5 òn po18 011eQ`, s18 011eQ` òn 18 0.96:

(011011M-N).

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

011011N-N 21011M-N

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

011011N-N 21011M-N

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.141 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.141 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p


37/44


7:




s18 0;6eQ` òn 18 0.:61 (21411M-N)5 òn po18 010eQ`, s18 411eQ` òn 18 0.9;:

(011411M-N).

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

011411N-N 21411M-N

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

011411N-N 21411M-N

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.14

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.14

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p


38/44


76




s18 >11eQ` òn 18 0.:9> (21>11M-N)5 òn po18 011eQ`, s18 >11eQ` òn 18 0.997

(011>11N-N).

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

011>11N-N 21>11M-N

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

011>11N-N 21>11M-N

-1.0>

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.14

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p

-1.0>

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.14

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p


39/44


7;

Ikjurb 0:. Bxpbrkhbot`m rbsumts òn hlnbm skhum`tklos ilr trk`xk`m glhprbssklo tbsts lo


pq òn ww`s fbmn glostòt. Koktk`m glonktklos3po18 21eQ`,

s18 21eQ` òn 18 0.::0 (2121M-R)5 ònpo18 011eQ`, s18 21eQ` òn 18 0.9:9 (01121N-

R).

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

2121M-R 01121N-R

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

2121M-R 01121N-R

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.14

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.14

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p


40/44


41/44


>0

Ikjurb 0;. Bxpbrkhbot`m rbsumts òn hlnbm skhum`tklos ilr trk`xk`m glhprbssklo tbsts lo


pq òn ww`s fbmn glostòt. Koktk`m glonktklos po18 >;eQ`,

s18 410eQ` òn 18 0.:>: (21411M-R)5 òn po18 011eQ`, s18 0;;eQ` òn 18 0.966

(011411N-R).

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

21411M-R 011411N-R

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

21411M-R 011411N-R

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.14

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.14

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p


42/44


>4



pq òn ww`s fbmn glostòt. Koktk`m glonktklos po18 >1eQ`,

s18 >01eQ` òn 18 0.::0 (>1>01M-R)5 òn po18 ;9eQ`, s18 >17eQ` òn 18 0.967

(011>11N-R).

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

>1>01M-R 011>11N-R

1

011

411

711

>11

211

911

1 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

q

(eQ`)

>1>01M-R 011>11N-R

-1.0>

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.141 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p

-1.0>

-1.04

-1.0

-1.16

-1.19

-1.1>

-1.14

1

1.141 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.> 1.2

q

p


43/44


>7

Ikjurb 40. Bxpbrkhbot`m rbsumts òn hlnbm skhum`tklos ilr lbnlhbtrkg glhprbssklo tbsts lo

Eurobmm sòn ko wfkgf sw`s fbmn glostòt. ^bst glonktklos3 18 0.964, p18 01eQ` òn s

kogrb`sbn irlh 1 tl 911eQ` `t 0o8 2:.>eQ` (0N-RW-N0)5 òn 18 0.997,p18 01eQ` òn s

kogrb`sbn irlh 1 tl 411eQ` `t 0o8 2:.>eQ` (0N-RW-N4).

0.9

0.94

0.9>

0.99

0.96

0.:

01 011 0111

'0

80+b

0N-RW-N4 0N-RW-N0

0.9

0.94

0.9>

0.99

0.96

0.:

01 011 0111

'0

80+b

0N-RW-N4 0N-RW-N0

0.9

0.94

0.9>

0.99

0.96

0.:

01 011 01110o

80+b

0N-RW-N4 0N-RW-N0

0.9

0.94

0.9>

0.99

0.96

0.:

01 011 01110o

80+b

0N-RW-N4 0N-RW-N0


44/44


Ikjurb 44. Hlnbm skhum`tklos ilr lbnlhbtrkg glhprbssklo tbsts lo Eurobmm sòn ko wfkgf s

w`s fbmn glostòt. ^bst glonktklos 18 0.964,p18 01eQ` òn skogrb`sbn irlh 1 tl 911eQ`

`t 0o8 2:.>eQ` (0N-RW-N0)5 òn 18 0.997,p18 01eQ` òn skogrb`sbn irlh 1 tl 411eQ`

`t 0o8 2:.>eQ` (0N-RW-N4).

1

1.0

1.4

1.7

1.>

1.2

1.9

1 011 411 711 >11 211 911

'0

7o/0o

0N-RW-N0

1

1.0

1.4

1.7

1.>

1.2

1.9

1 011 411 711 >11 211 911

'0

7o/0o

0N-RW-N4

bYlkn

`tkl,

Hbò

iibgtkvb

trbss

ibgrb-010.1eQigr1

Documents

4 Unsaturatedsoil Modelling