1. Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates:

A) the just-world phenomenon.B) scapegoating.C) the fundamental attribution error.D) the reciprocity norm.E) In-group bias.

2. The view that human emotions are universal has been supported by studies of

(A) facial expressions(B) body language(C) linguistic structures(D) hedonic relevance(E) biological symmetry

3. In 1942, reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when:

A) they fail to realize their actions are morally wrong.

B) their victims are distant and depersonalized.

C) they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.

D) they derive personal satisfaction from destructive acts.

E) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is effective.

4. Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude:

A) “Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble.”

B) “Patricia's brakes must have failed.”

C) “They need to improve the visibility at that corner.”

D) “Patricia's children probably distracted her.”

E) “The road must have been wet and slippery.”

5. Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between

(A) primary and secondary drives

(B) instinctive and derived drives

(C) intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

(D) positive and negative reinforcement

6. After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, a crowd of fans throws bottles and begins to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of:

A) obedience.

B) the bystander effect.

C) deindividuation.

D) social facilitation.

7. Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates:

A) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

B) social facilitation.

C) group polarization.

D) the mere exposure effect.

8. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates:

A) social loafing.

B) deindividuation.

C) group polarization.

D) social facilitation.

9. Which of the following types of test is designed to measure an individual's knowledge of a subject?

(A) Achievement(B) Attitude(C) Aptitude(D) Projective

10. When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in:

A. the mere exposure effect.B. the fundamental attribution error.C. social loafing.D. the bystander effect.

11. According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves

(A) retrieval(B) storage(C) rehearsal(D) encoding

12. An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of:

A) deindividuation.B) ingroup bias.C) the bystander effect.D) the just-world phenomenon.E) the mere exposure effect.

13. According to the Stanford-Binet formula for an intelligence quotient (IQ), the IQ of a year old child with a mental age of eight and a half years is:

(A) 85(B) 95(C) 100(D) 105

14. A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby’s action shows development of:

(A) conservation of mass(B) reversibility(C) object permanence(D) logical thinking

15. Which of the following research methods is being used if the same subjects are tested at two, four, and six years of age:

(A) cross-cultural(B) longitudinal(C) cross-sectional(D) correlational

16. Which of the following personality disorders is characterized by behavior that includes dishonesty, repeated trouble with authority figures, and an absence of remorse for these types of conduct?

(A) Antisocial(B) Histrionic(C) Passive-aggressive(D) Borderline

17. Processing every possible combination of the letters DBRI to arrive at the word BIRD is an example of the use of

(A) an algorithm(B) an expert system(C) an inference rule(D) a hypothesis (E) a heuristic

18. For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the

(A) right cerebral hemisphere (B) left cerebral hemisphere(C) occipital lobe(D) corpus callosum(E) cerebellum

19. Contemporary definitions of abnormal behavior typically characterize such behavior as all of the following EXCEPT

(A) atypical(B) maladaptive(C) inappropriate(D) due to inappropriate child-rearing

practices

20. A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stages of development?(A) Industry vs. inferiority(B) Identity vs. role confusion(C) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt(D) Integrity vs. despair (E) Trust vs. mistrust

21. A normally functioning 65-year-old who cannot solve abstract logic puzzles as quickly as he did when he was younger is experiencing a

(A) phenomenon that is uncommon for people of his age

(B) phenomenon predicted by Erik Erikson as part of the eight stages of psycho-social development

(C) decrease in his crystallized intelligence

(D) decrease in his fluid intelligence

(E) difficulty with concrete operational thinking

22. The basic purpose of the DSM-IV is to(A) provide a set of diagnostic categories

for classifying psychological disorders

(B) provide a clear distinction between neurosis and psychosis

(C) describe the psychoanalytic approach to psychological disorders

(D) describe internal personality factors that are involved in psychological disorders

(E) identify childhood experiences that contribute to psychological disorders

22. An individual survives a period of captivity and exhibits behaviors that include anxiety, inability to concentrate, depression, edginess, and the reexperience of stressful events. These symptoms illustrate which of the following disorders?

(A) Generalized anxiety(B) Major depression(C) Hypochondriasis(D) Posttraumatic stress

23. A two-year-old child is frightened by a small dog. A few weeks later the same child sees a cat and IS frightened. The child's reaction is most likely an example of which of the following?

(A) Stimulus discrimination(B) Stimulus generalization(C) Spontaneous recovery (D) Sensory preconditioning

24. A test that fails to predict what it is designed to predict lacks

(A) standardization(B) norms(C) fairness(D) validity (E) reliability

25. Keisha was able to roll over at two months, crawl at five months, and walk at ten months. This sequence of development is most likely due to

(A) egocentrism(B) social context(C) maturation(D) attachment (E) assimilation

26. For a language test with normally distributed scores, the mean was 70 and the standard deviation was 10. Approximately what percentage of test takers scored 60 and above?

(A) 34(B) 68(C) 84 (D) 95

27. Which of the following would be used to measure the relationship between age and reaction time?

(A) Correlation(B) Central tendency(C) A histogram(D) Standard deviation

28. Which component of the limbic system has an essential role in the formation of new memories?

(A) Amygdala(B) Hippocampus(C) Pituitary gland(D) Hypothalamus (E) Thalmus

29. The human vestibular sense is most closely associated with the

(A) skin(B) semicircular canals(C) taste buds(D) olfactory bulb (E) rods and cones

30. A central nervous system depressant that produces a false feeling of well-being and efficiency and results in slower reaction time to stimulation is

(A) cocaine(B) marijuana(C) alcohol(D) nicotine

31. A researcher dabs color on a 16-month-old child's face and places the child in front of a mirror. Which of the following developmental milestones has been reached if the child realizes that there is something wrong with its face?(A) Visual discrimination(B) Recognition of a human form(C) Recognition of self(D) Identification of the gender of the image

32. Which of the following is a possible reason why cats can see better at night than can humans?

(A) Cats have a higher proportion of rods to cones.

(B) Cats' pupils can contract to a smaller opening.

(C) Cats have a smaller blind spot.(D) Cats have a larger optic nerve tract.

33. Which of the following reflects the inborn and stable rudiments of personality, such as excitability?

(A) Imprinting(B) Social referencing(C) Individuation(D) Temperament(E) Accommodation

34. After seeing her parents give her brother a dollar for cleaning his room, Sarah begins cleaning her own room. According to social-learning theorists, Sarah's behavior is an example of which of the following?

(A) Classical conditioning(B) Spontaneous recovery(C) Stimulus generalization(D) Discrimination training (E) Observational learning

35. In Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, living up to one's potential and striving for personal fulfillment is referred to as

(A) biological needs(B) belonging needs(C) physiological needs(D) self-actualization needs

36. The technique of assessing personality by asking a person to make up a story based on a picture presented by the researcher is an example of which of the following types of tests?

(A) Trait/type(B) Projective(C) Forced choice(D) Personality inventory

37. Solomon Asch's findings on conformity might best be used to explain why

(A) members of a family all like the taste of bananas

(B) adolescents follow fads in dress and hairstyle

(C) people are less likely to accept blame for their failures than to accept credit for their successes

(E) performance is enhanced in the presence of others

38. The human brain differs from the brains of most other animals by the relative amount of brain mass devoted to which of the following?

(A) The occipital lobe(B) The cerebellum(C) The cerebral cortex(D) The homunculus (E) The pituitary gland

39. Which of the following structures of the brain has been linked with the regulation of hunger and thirst?(A) Hippocampus(B) Hypothalamus(C) Thalamus(D) Pons (E) Medulla

40. Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

(A) Ty cannot recall the face of the thief he saw running from the scene of the crime.

(B) Alberto is unable to remember anything since the accident that destroyed portions of his hippocampus.

(C) Katie attributes her poor performance on a standardized test to the fact that she took the exam in a room other than the one in which she learned the material.

(D) Alyse cannot remember any details of what happened right before her car accident.

41. According to the psychoanalytic view, depression is caused by

(A) a neurotransmitter imbalance(B) self-defeating thoughts(C) prolonged exposure to stressors over

which the individual has limited control(D) unresolved experiences of loss from

childhood (E) alcohol or other substance abuse

42. Which of the following sets of scores has the greatest standard deviation?

(A) 5, 7, 9, 12(B) 2, 7, 9, 22(C) 25,27,29,32(D) 50,51,52,53

43. A 14-month-old toddler is placed in an unfamiliar situation with the child's mother, who then leaves the room for a time. When the mother returns, the child squirms and tries to get away from the mother when picked up, but also seems distressed when placed back on the floor. Mary Ainsworth would consider this evidence of which of the following?

(A) Hyperactivity

(B) Narcissistic personality type

(C) An insecure or ambivalent attachment style

(D) Disorganized behavior

(E) Avoidance

44. The two components of Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion are

(A) love and anger(B) instinct and motivation(C) instinct and brain activation(D) physiological arousal and cognitive

assessment (E) physiological arousal and behavior

45. The minimum intensity at which a stimulus can be detected at least 50 percent of the time is known as the

(A) visual cliff

(B) just noticeable difference

(C) perceptual set

(D) receptor potential

(E) absolute threshold

46. Remembering how to roller skate involves which of the following kinds of memory?

(A) Semantic(B) Episodic(C) Priming(D) Procedural (E) Prospective

47. A teacher taught her students to take turns by giving them stars to trade for snacks at the end of the day. This technique is called

(A) systematic desensitization(B) token economy(C) classical conditioning(D) rational-emotive therapy (E) free association

48. Which Piagetian stage of cognitive development is characterized by mastery of conservation tasks?

(A) Sensorimotor(B) Preoperational(C) Concrete operations(D) Formal operations

49. Which of the following is NOT a Gestalt principle of perceptual organization?

(A) Proximity

(B) Similarity

(C) Closure

(D) Intensity

(E) Continuity

50. The evolutionary perspective argues that

(A) humans are motivated by a desire to maintain optimum hormonal levels

(B) humans are genetically programmed to ensure that there is a new generation of the species

(C) humans strive to minimize inconsistent thoughts and actions

(D) there is a relationship among task difficulty, physical arousal, and task performance

(E) conditioning explains most human behavior