LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMESOUTCOMES

To state what menstruation is,To state what menstruation is, To relate menstruation to the To relate menstruation to the

menstrual cycle,menstrual cycle, To state the importance of the To state the importance of the

menstrual cycle,menstrual cycle, To state the hormones involved in To state the hormones involved in

the menstrual cyclethe menstrual cycle

Discharge of Discharge of unfertilised ovumunfertilised ovum, uterus lining , uterus lining (endometrium wall) and blood through (endometrium wall) and blood through vagina.vagina.

The breakdown of The breakdown of the lining of the uterus the lining of the uterus wallwall & its discharge through the vagina with & its discharge through the vagina with some blood, cells, tissue fluid & glandular some blood, cells, tissue fluid & glandular secretions.secretions.

Girls experience Girls experience menstruationmenstruation when reach when reach pubertypuberty..

•After menstruation, the thickening of endometrium begins again Menstrual cycle.

•The first day of your menstrual period is considered Day 1 of your cycle.

•1 cycle = 28 days

To provide a favourable environment for the development of zygote in the uterus.

Enables production of the female gamete propagation of species.

Precisely coordinates & synchronises growth of the endometrium & follicular development ovulation occurs ovum is released.

Reduces the chances of development of a defective zygote.

Hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

Hormone involved in Hormone involved in menstrual cyclemenstrual cycle

Location of Location of secretessecretes

Gonadotrophin-Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone releasing hormone (GnRH)(GnRH)

HypothalamusHypothalamus

Follicle-stimulating Follicle-stimulating HormoneHormone

Anterior Anterior pituitary lobepituitary lobe

Luteinising Hormone Luteinising Hormone (LH)(LH)

Anterior Anterior pituitary lobepituitary lobe

OestrogenOestrogen Follicle cellFollicle cell

Progesterone Progesterone Corpus luteumCorpus luteum

HORMONESHORMONES FUNCTIONFUNCTION

Follicle-Follicle-stimulating stimulating

hormone hormone (FSH)(FSH)

Stimulates the Stimulates the development of egg development of egg follicle in the ovary.follicle in the ovary.

OestrogenOestrogen Stimulates the repairing Stimulates the repairing & thickening of & thickening of endometriumendometrium

Luteinising Luteinising hormone (LH)hormone (LH)

Stimulates ovulation & Stimulates ovulation & the formation of corpus the formation of corpus

luteumluteum

ProgesteroneProgesterone Maintain the thickening Maintain the thickening of the endometrium.of the endometrium.

To relate To relate hormonal levelshormonal levels to the to the development of follicles, the development of follicles, the process of ovulation, & the process of ovulation, & the formation of the corpus luteum,formation of the corpus luteum,

To relate hormonal levels to To relate hormonal levels to changes in thickness of the changes in thickness of the endometrium,endometrium,

Explain the role of hormones in Explain the role of hormones in regulating the menstrual cycle, regulating the menstrual cycle,

LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMESOUTCOMES

MENSTRUAL CYCLEMENSTRUAL CYCLEThe typical menstruation cycle occurs regurlarly The typical menstruation cycle occurs regurlarly over 28 days. It isover 28 days. It is consist of 4 stages consist of 4 stages 1-5 (stage 1) 1-5 (stage 1) menstruation menstruation

6-10(stage 2) 6-10(stage 2) Rebuilding the thickening of the Rebuilding the thickening of the uterus lininguterus lining

11-17(stage 3) 11-17(stage 3) Ovulation period. Release of an Ovulation period. Release of an ovum from the ovary.ovum from the ovary.

18-28(stage 4) 18-28(stage 4) Continued thickening of the Continued thickening of the uterus lining by increasing of blood and tissue.uterus lining by increasing of blood and tissue.

The beginning….The beginning….

Day 1-5Day 1-5 : : endometrium will be sloughed off endometrium will be sloughed off

((menstruationmenstruation)) One of the primary follicles developsOne of the primary follicles develops

Day 6-14Day 6-14 : : The primary follicles becomes Graafian The primary follicles becomes Graafian

follicle.follicle. Graafian follicle releases its ovum Graafian follicle releases its ovum

(secondary oocyte) around day 14 (secondary oocyte) around day 14 ovulationovulation

In progress….In progress…. Day 15-28 :Day 15-28 :

The remains of the Graafian follicle The remains of the Graafian follicle becomes a yellowish body becomes a yellowish body corpus corpus luteum.luteum.

If no fertilisation : the corpus luteum If no fertilisation : the corpus luteum eventually degenerates & the whole eventually degenerates & the whole process is repeated.process is repeated.

The Role of The Role of HormonesHormones

The menstrual cycle is controlled by The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormoneshormones..

After menstruation, the pituitary After menstruation, the pituitary gland produces the gland produces the follicle-follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the development of egg stimulates the development of egg follicle in the ovary.follicle in the ovary.

The developing egg follicles secrete The developing egg follicles secrete another hormone called another hormone called oestrogenoestrogen stimulates the stimulates the repairing & thickening of repairing & thickening of endometriumendometrium..

Level of oestrogen rises, the Level of oestrogen rises, the endometrium becomes thicker.endometrium becomes thicker.

High level of oestrogen is detected by the High level of oestrogen is detected by the pituitary gland pituitary gland secretes the secretes the luteinising luteinising hormone (LH)hormone (LH) stimulates stimulates ovulation & ovulation & the formation of corpus luteumthe formation of corpus luteum,,

Corpus luteum secretes Corpus luteum secretes progesteroneprogesterone to to maintain the thickening of the maintain the thickening of the endometriumendometrium..

If fertilisation does not occur, the If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates & the level corpus luteum degenerates & the level of progesterone falls of progesterone falls the the endometrium disintegrates & is shed endometrium disintegrates & is shed as menstruation.as menstruation.

To state what premenstrual syndrome To state what premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is,(PMS) is,

To state the menopause is.To state the menopause is.

LEARNING LEARNING OUTCOMESOUTCOMES

Premenstrual Syndrome Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)(PMS)

A few days before menstruation.A few days before menstruation.

Caused by Caused by changes in the levels of oestrogen changes in the levels of oestrogen & progesterone& progesterone leads to accumulation of leads to accumulation of salt & water in the body tissues salt & water in the body tissues causes causes discomfort.discomfort.

Emotional disturbances, nervousness, Emotional disturbances, nervousness, irritability, headache, appetite changes & irritability, headache, appetite changes & depressiondepression..

Disappears soon after menstruation begins.Disappears soon after menstruation begins.

MenopauseMenopause The time in a woman’s life when the ovaries The time in a woman’s life when the ovaries

cease to produce ova & menstruation stopscease to produce ova & menstruation stops the woman is no longer able to bear any the woman is no longer able to bear any children.children.

Between 45-55 years.Between 45-55 years.

Her ovaries become less receptive to FSH & Her ovaries become less receptive to FSH & LH & follicular development slows down LH & follicular development slows down the level of oestrogen & progesterone fall as the level of oestrogen & progesterone fall as well.well.

Causes the production of ova & the Causes the production of ova & the thickening of endometrium decreased thickening of endometrium decreased menopause occurs gradually.menopause occurs gradually.

The menstrual cycle becomes longerThe menstrual cycle becomes longer Menstruation occurs less frequently.Menstruation occurs less frequently. Eventually, it stops altogether.Eventually, it stops altogether.

Due to the low level of oestrogen, some Due to the low level of oestrogen, some women who have undergone menopause women who have undergone menopause may suffer from some health & emotional may suffer from some health & emotional problems.problems.

Headache, giddinessHeadache, giddiness NauseaNausea Abdominal painAbdominal pain Frequent urinationFrequent urination Hot flushes & night sweatHot flushes & night sweat Dry skinDry skin AnxietyAnxiety InsomniaInsomnia Inflammation of the jointsInflammation of the joints Decreased concentration & memory Decreased concentration & memory

powerpower

Women who have undergone Women who have undergone menopause are at a higher risk of menopause are at a higher risk of contracting cancer of the uterus, contracting cancer of the uterus, osteoporosis & heart diseases osteoporosis & heart diseases medical check-up at least once a medical check-up at least once a year.year.

Hormone replacement therapy Hormone replacement therapy can can slow down the symptoms (pills @ skin slow down the symptoms (pills @ skin patches)patches)