Menstrual Cycle

By : Mohamad Syafie & Asrul Hafiz

Definition

• Monthly cycle of changes that occur in female body, associated with ovulation and the discharge of blood

• Take about 28 day for each cycle• Certain cases may be more or less than 28

days

Menstruation

• Mean, the discharge of excess blood and tissues of the endometrium when the uterine lining breaks down during the menstrual cycle

• Last for about 4 to 5 days

• Normal Menstruation– 21- 40 day cycle– 2-8 days of flow– 20-80ml of blood loss

• Menstrual Variations– No flow– Little flow– Irregular– Too much flow

Characteristic by the following structural and physiological

• Changes in ovary associated with the development of follicles and ovulation

• Changes in lining of uterus( endometrium)• Changes in the level of hormones involve in

the menstrual cycle

Importance of menstrual cycle

• Prepare the uterus for the implantation of a zygote

• Occurrence of ovulation• Occurrence of menstruation• To stimulate the secretion of various

hormones

Menstrual Cycle: Egg Maturation, and Endometrial Growth

Figure 26-13: The menstrual cycle

• Follicular phase– Egg matures

• Ovulation– Egg released

• Luteal phase– Corpus luteum– Endometrium – Prepare for blastocyst

• No Pregnancy– Menses

Figure 26-14a,b: Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle

Endocrine Control of Menstrual Cycle: Follicular Phase and Ovulation

• Days 1-14 Follicular Phase• Secretion of estrogen

• Day 14 Ovulatory Phase• Ovulation signaled

• Days 14-28

Luteal Phase • Secretion of

progesterone & estrogen

Three Stage Of Menstrual Cycle

• Menstruation stage(1st day to day 5th )• Follicle development stage (from end of

menstruation to ovulation 6th to 14th day)• Corpus luteum stage (from ovulation to the

beginning menstruation, 15th day to 28th day)

Menstrual Problems

• Painful Periods Cramping Nausea Vomiting

• Heavy Periods Anaemia due to loss of iron

• Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Breast discomfort Bloating Mood swings Food craving• No Period Pregnancy Medical condition

Treating Menstrual Problems

• Medication• Exercise• Proper Diet