4E.4NA Chapter 5-Indicators

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Geography ElectiveDevelopment : Indicators

Notes

Name: ______________________ [ ] Class:_________ Date: _________

The World of Uneven Developments The pace of development varies among different countries.

s The difference in pace often leads to a wide gap in development between the DCs and the

LDCs.

s There are several indicators to determine the pace of development.

Income per capitaGross National Product

GNP measures the wealth of country.

Annual GNP refers to the total value of good and services produced by the countryscitizens in a given year.

s GNP per capita GNP per capita means the _____________________________each

citizen earns in the country in a given year.

s It is calculated by dividing the GNP by the ___________________________

Formula

s However GNP per capita is an average figure and does not reflect _____________________________________within a country.

INDICATORS OF DEVLOPMENT

ECONOMIC

DEMOGRAPHIC

Income percapitaEmploymentstructure

Life ExpectancyInfant Mortality

RateUrbanPopulation

*

*

Access to water& sanitation

AdultLiteracyrate

*

SOCIAL

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Classification of countries based on GNP per capita

(US$10 726 more)

(US$876-$10 725)

(US$875 or less)

GNP is affected by:

A DC has a higher proportion of secondary & tertiary industries brings a higher amount

of income.

An LDC has a larger primary industry- generates less profit to the economy.

Why is GNP per capita not an accurate measurement of development?s It is an average figure and does not show individual and regional differences.(1/4 of

Americans are poor)

s It does not take into account the local cost of living.

s It does not reflect the informal economic activities that are not registered with the

government. (tuition services & street hawking)

s It does not take into account the social and environmental cost brought about bydevelopment (income gap, air pollution)

EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURERefers to the distribution of people employed in the three main industries.

s extraction of natural resources directly from the earth[ agriculture, mining, forestry, fishing]

s Industries that convert natural resources into useful products[ petroleum & food processing industries]

s industries that provide services-[tourism, education, banking]

Demographic indicatorsLife Expectancy

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s Refers to the average number of years that a person is expected to live in a particular

country.

s In the DCs- the life expectancy is much longer than those in the LDCs.

s Reflects the access to_________________________.


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Infant Mortality Rate

Urban Population

Level of Urbanisation.Refers to the change from a rural countryside to a city landscape

Developed Countries Less Developed Countries

s High level of urbanisation and

developments Many high value-added industries.

s More wealth is generated

s Further development

s High level of urbanisation does not lead

to higher growth and developments Leads to problems because of lack of

infrastructure to sustain large urban

population.

The percentage of urban population may not be an accurate indicator of development

Reasons:s An emerging ______________________________trend in some DCs (In USA, the

city people are relocating to the suburbs due to congestion & pollution in the cities)

s In the LDCs, more people are moving to the cities because of _____________

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s Refers to the number of deaths of children under the age of one per 1000 live births in

a year.

s DCs- lower IMR due to availability of _______________________and easy

accessibility to ___________________________(Singapore 2 per 1000 live births)

s LDCs higher IMR due to occurrence of _______________________________poor

nutrition, famine and life threatening diseases (Ethiopia- 100 per 1000 live births)

s It refers to the percentage of people living in an urban area. This figure is usually

higher in a DC than a LDC.

Reasonss DCs have financial resources to develop______________________________. A

large % of workers work in __________________________industries in the cities.

s LDCs lower % of people living in urban areas. Large % work in________________

industries.


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_____________________ opportunities. This contributes to rapid growth in urban

population. (In,Mumbai India, 18m people living in an area of less than 500 sq km.)

Social IndicatorsAccess to water & sanitation safe drinking water.

Adult Literacy Rate

Insufficient housing facilities

leads development of slums andsquatters.

Effects of rapid urban growth in the LDCs

Slums

Authorised housing areas that have

deteriorated.

-Poorly maintained housing.

-No access to water and electricity

supplies

Squatters

Areas where people have illegally built

makeshift housing from discarded

cardboards and planks.

-No proper electricity or water supplies-Often next to open sewers and piles of

garbage.

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s Availability of garbage and ______________________________________

s _____________________________________and poor sanitation are the

leading causes of death in many LDCs.

s % of people who have access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation is

generally low in the LDCs.

s Refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 and above who are able to

read, write and understand simple statements.

s DCs have a higher literacy rate. Governments have the __________________tomeet the educational needs of the people (build schools, train teachers and

subsidise the cost of education). Parents have _____________________-can

afford to send children to school.

sLDCs have a lower literacy rate- schools are not readily available, parents are poorand children work in the farms, __________________________limit the accessof females to education.


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Unmeasurable aspects of development

s There are some aspects of development that cannot be measured.

s

These are qualities that define the quality of life.

s They are non-material benefits:

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

HDI combines 3 important development indicators:

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

HDI is calculated by averaging the scores of the 3 indicators.It provides a comprehensivemethod of measuring development because it takes into account :

________________________

_________________________

Generally a higher GDP per capita would contribute to a higher HDI.

A country may be rich in terms of GDP per capita but the accumulated wealth does not

necessarily improve the quality of life of all the people living in the country.

On the other hand, some countries may not be as wealthy as others but their HDI may be higher.

Individual countries HDI values ranges from __________________

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Summary

At the end of this section, complete the table below

Notes prepared by Mdm Roziah Ismail and Mrs Sandra Tan (ChangKat Sec. School)

22nd Jan 2008

Notes edited by Mdm Harn Siow Ping, 2011. (St. Anthonys Canossian Sec. Sch)

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INDICATORS OFDEVELOPMENT

Level of urbanisation

Housing

Education

Transport networks

Life Expectancy

Infant Mortality Rate

Employment

Human Devt Index

GNP per capita

Less DevelopedCountries

DevelopedCountries

Indicators

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4E.4NA Chapter 5-Indicators