4.Giai Doan 2.Phan Tich He Thong - Ch4.Mo Hinh Hoa Qua Trinh Va Du Lieu

8/14/2019 4.Giai Doan 2.Phan Tich He Thong - Ch4.Mo Hinh Hoa Qua Trinh Va Du Lieu

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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 1Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT

Giai on 2

Phn tch h thng

Chng 4M hnh ha

qu trnh v d liu


2/100


M t cc khi nim v cc cng c mhnh ha qu trnh v d liu.

Gii thch phn tch c cu trc m t mtHTTT nh th no.

M t cc k hiu dng trong s dng

d liu v gii thch cc qui tc dng trongs ny.

Gii thch chui cc s dng d liu(DFD), t tng qut n c th.

Gii thch phn mc v cn bng ca cc

DFD.

Ni dung


3/100


Vy cc DFD cho mt HTTT. M t cha ci g v c s dng nh

th no. S dng cc cng c m t qu trnh:

ting Anh c cu trc, bng quyt nh v

cy quyt nh. Gii thch s lin quan gia cc DFD, t

in d liu v m t qu trnh.

M t mi quan h gia cc m hnh lunl v m hnh vt l.

Ni dung


4/100


Giai on phn tch h thng c 3 bcM hnh ha cc yu cu (Chng 3)

Phn tch cc yu cu (Chng 4 & 5)

nh gi cc gii php (Chng 6)

Cc giai on ca SDLC


5/100


6/100


Cc k hiu trong s dng d liu Cc k hiu c bn

Qu trnh (process)

Dng d liu (data flow)

Kho d liu (data store)

Thc th ngoi (external entity)

Phi tun theo cc qui tc kt ni cc k hiuca DFD.

Hai tp k hiu thng dng Gane v Sarson Yourdon

S dng d liu


7/100


S dng d liu

Hnh 4.1. Cc k hiu ca DFD, cch t tn cho cc k hiu, hai tpk hiu Gane-Sarson v Yourdan


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K hiu qu trnh K hiu l mt hnh ch nht trn gc.

Tn ca qu trnh l mt ng t.

Km theo phn m t qu trnh.

Nhn d liu vo v to kt qu ra.

Kt qu c th c ni dung khc v/hocdng thc khc.

Chi tit c trnh by trong phn m t qu

trnh. Trong cc DFD, k hiu qu trnh l mt hp

en, khng cho bit chi tit bn trong.

S dng d liu


9/100


K hiu dng d liu K hiu l mt ng thng c mi tn

cho bit chiu.

Tn ca dng d liu l mt danh t. L ng i ca d liu t thnh phn ny

n thnh phn khc ca h thng.

Biu din mt hoc nhiu phn t d liu.Mi qu trnh phi c t nht mt dng d

liu i vo v mt dng d liu i ra.

Cc kt hp gia qu trnh v dng d liukhng ng s gy ra cc vn : T pht sinh (spontaneous generation)

Len (black hole) L xm (gray hole)

S dng d liu


10/100


S dng d liu

Hnh 4.2. Cc v dng v cc dng d liu v qu trnh


11/100


S dng d liu

T pht sinh

Len

L xm

Hnh 4.3. Cc v d sai v cc dng d liu v qu trnh. ApplyInsurance Premium khng c dng d liu vo. Calculate Gross Paykhng c dng d liu ra. Calculate Grade c dng d liu vokhng th dng to dng d liu ra.


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K hiu kho d liu K hiu l mt hnh ch nht khng c cnh

bn phi.

Tn ca kho d liu l mt danh t.

Biu din d liu c x l sau ny.

Phi ni vi mt qu trnh bng mt dng dliu.

Phi c t nht mt dng d liu i vo v

mt dng d liu i ra.

S dng d liu


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S dng d liu

Hnh 4.4. Cc v dng v cc kho d liu.


14/100


S dng d liu

Hnh 4.5. Cc v d sai v cc kho d liu. Hai kho d liu khng thni vi nhau bng mt dng d liu m khng thng qua mt qu

trnh. Mi kho d liu phi c dng d liu vo v dng d liu ra.


15/100


K hiu thc th ngoi K hiu l hnh ch nht, thng c bng

m.

Tn ca thc th ngoi l mt danh t.

Biu din mt ngi, t chc hoc h thngkhc c cung cp d liu v/hoc nhn ktqu t h thng.

Cc thc th ngoi c gi l i tng ktthc (terminator).

ch (nhn d liu t h thng)

Ngun (cung cp d liu cho h thng)

S dng d liu


16/100


S dng d liu

Hnh 4.6. Cc v dng v cc thc th ngoi


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S dng d liu

Hnh 4.7. Cc v d sai v cc thc th ngoi. Mt thc th ngoi

phi kt ni vi mt qu trnh thng qua mt dng d liu v khngkt ni trc tip vi mt kho d liu hoc mt thc th ngoi khc.


18/100


S dng d liu

Dng d liu kt ni ng Sai

Mt qu trnh vi mt qu trnh khc Mt qu trnh vi mt thc th ngoi Mt qu trnh vi mt kho d liu Mt thc th vi mt thc th khc Mt thc th vi mt kho d liu Mt kho d liu vi mt kho d liu khc

Hnh 4.8. Cc qui tc kt ni gia cc qu trnh, cc kho d liu v

cc thc th ngoi.


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S ng cnh context diagram

Ci nhn mc cao nht cho thy cc phm vica h thng.

Trnh by cc kt qu ca vic tm hiu thct.

Mt k hiu qu trnh biu din ton b hthng, nh s 0, c v chnh gia.

Cc dng d liu ni qu trnh vi cc thcth.

Cc k hiu vn tt c thc dng ch

nh cc thc th.

S dng d liu


20/100


S dng d liu

Hnh 4.9. S ng cnh DFD ca H thng im


21/100


S dng d liu

Hnh 4.10. S ng cnh DFD ca H thng t hng


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Hnh 4.11. S ng cnh DFD ca H thng sn xut


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Cc qui c dng cho DFD S ng cnh phi trn trn 1 trang.

Tn ca qu trnh trong s ng cnh nnl tn ca HTTT (danh t).

S dng cc tn khc nhau trong cc tp khiu.

Cc ng v khng c ct nhau.

S dng cc danh hiu ngn gn.

S dng ch s duy nht cho mi k hiu qutrnh.

S dng d liu


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Trnh by chi tit hn s ng cnh. Cho thy cc thc th, cc qu trnh chnh,

cc dng d liu v cc kho d liu.

Cc c im khc C th cha cc dng d liu phn k

(deverging data flow). Phn r ca qu trnh 0.

c gi l s tng qut (overview

diagram) hoc s mc 0. S mc 0 l con ca s ng cnh cha.

C th cha cc qu trnh nguyn t(functional primitive).

S dng d liu - Mc 0


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Hnh 4.12. S ng cnh v s mc 0 ca H thng im

S d d li M 0


26/100


S dng d liu - Mc 0

Hnh 4.13. S mc 0 ca H thng t hng

S d d li M th


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Cc s mc thp Cho thy chi tit hn.

Khi thit k phi quan tm n:

Phn mc

Cn bng

Cc kho d liu Phn mc

leveling

Qu trnh v cc s cng chi tit hn.

Cn c gi l phn tch hoc phn r(exploiding, partitioning, decomposing).

S dng d liu - Mc thp

S d d li M th


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Cn bng balancing

Duy tr tnh nht qun gia ton b cc DFD.

Cc dng d liu vo v dng d liu ra cas cha c bo ton trong s con.

Kho d liu C th khng xut hin trong cc DFD mc

cao hn.

c ch ra trong s DFD mc 0 nu ct hai qu trnh s dng kho d liu ny.


S d d li M th


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Hnh 4.14. S DFD mc 1, chi tit ca Fill Orderca H thng t hng

S d d li M th


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Hnh 4.15. S DFD mc 1, chi tit caApply Payment, ca H thng t hng

S dng d liu Mc thp


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Cc chin lc pht trin DFDMc tiu chnh l bo m m hnh chnh xc

v d hiu.

Mt s khng nn c nhiu hn 9 k hiuqu trnh.



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Hnh 4.16. S mc 0 ca Hthng sn xut.

S dng d liu Mc thp


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Hnh 4.17. Cc li sai no trong s DFD mc 0 ny?

S dng d liu lun l


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S dng d liu lun l

S dng d liu lun l cho thy: Hot ng nghip v nh th no.

Cc qu trnh no tn ti m khng quan tm

n h thng c thc hin nh th no. Cc s kin nghip v xy ra, cc d liu cn

thit v c to ra bi mi s kin, khngcho thy lun l ca chng trnh v ccbc x l.

S dng d liu lun l


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S dng d liu lun l

u im Ngi s dng d hiu cc s dng d

liu lun l.

H thng c n nh hn v thit kcda vo mt khung thc nghip v (businessframework).

Hiu nghip v mt cch d dng. H thng c tnh linh ng cao v d bo tr.

Loi b d tha.


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S dng d liu vt l


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S dng d liu vt l

Hnh 2.18. Ni dung ca s dng d liu vt l.

Contents of Physical Data Flow Diagrams

Manual processes Processes for adding, deleting, changing, and updating records

Data entry and verifying processes

Validation processes for ensuring accurate data input

Sequencing processes to rearrange the order of records

Processes to produce every unique system output

Intermediate data stores

Actual file names used to store data Controls to signify completion of tasks or error conditions


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Hnh 4.19. Cc s dng d liu lun l v vt l.

S dng d liu lun l v vt l


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Design Feature Logical Physical

What the model

depicts

How the business

operates.

How the system will be implemented (or

how the current system operates).

What the processes

represent

Business activities. Programs, program modules, and manual

procedures.

What the data stores

represent

Collections of data

regardless of how

the data are stored.

Physical files and databases, manual files.

Type of data stores Show data storesrepresenting

permanent data

collection.

Master files, transaction files. Anyprocesses that operate at two different

times must be connected by a data store.

System controls Show business

controls.

Show controls for validating input data, for

obtaining a record (record found status),for ensuring successful completion of a

process, and for system security

(example: journal records).

Hnh 4.20. Xy dng s dng d liu lun l v vt l.

S dng d liu lun l v vt l

T in d liu


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T in d liu (DD Data Dictionary)dng phn tch cc dng d liu v cckho d liu ca h thng hng d liu.

Tin d liu cha cc siu d liu (dliu v d liu).

T in d liu nh ngha cc thut ngd liu, s lin h gia chng v nghaca chng i vi nhng ngi s dng

khc nhau.

Tin d liu

T in d liu


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Tin d liu dng : Cung cp ti liu.

Loi b d tha.

Kim tra hp l s dng d liu.

Xy dng cc mn hnh v cc bo co.

Pht trin chi tit ca cc qu trnh (m tqu trnh) trong DFD.

Tin d liu

T in d liu


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Tin d liu cha cc thng tin v: Cc dng d liu

Cc kho d liu

Cc thc th ngoi

Cc qu trnh

Cc phn t d liu (mc d liu, vng tin) Cc mu tin (cu trc d liu)

Tin d liu


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Hnh 4.21. Ni dung ca tin d liu, gm dng d liu, kho d liu,cu trc d liu, mu tin, phn t d liu, thc th ngoi v qu trnh.

Tin d liu


44/100


Lp ti liu cho cc phn t d liu data element

Mi phn t d liu phi c nh ngha

bao gm thng tin m t, kiu d liu vchiu di, cc iu kin hp l v gi tr mcnhin.

Mi phn t d liu chc nh ngha mtln trong tin d liu.

C th s dng biu mu chun hoc cngcCASE.

C sn nhiu cng c khc nhau. V d: Visible Analyst

Tin d liu


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Lp ti liu cho cc phn t d liu Cc thuc tnh ca phn t d liu:

M ID. Mc t ty chn cho php ngi phn

tch xy dng cc mc t tng trong tind liu.

Tn ca phn t d liu, c tnh m t v duynht. L phn t c s dng trong nhiu chng

trnh.

Cc b danh, l cc tn ng ngha hoc cc tn

khc nhau ca phn t d liu c s dngtrong cc h thng khc nhau.

M t vn tt ca phn t d liu.

Tin d liu


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Phn t c bn hoc phn t dn xut

Phn t c bn (base element) l phn t ca vo h thng.

Phn t dn xut (derived element) l phn tc to bi mt qu trnh, thng l kt qu tnh

ton. Chiu di ca phn t d liu. Dng d liu nhp hoc xut, dng cc k hiu:

Z - S 0 v ngha b loi b 9 S X K t X(8) - 8 k t . , - Du chm thp phn, du phy, du gch ni

Tin d liu


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Cc iu kin kim tra tnh hp l.

Loi phn t: Ri rc, bao gm cc gi tr cnh.

- Cc phn t ri rc c kim tra bi cc gi tr

trong chng trnh hoc trong mt bng. Lin tc, bin thin trong mt min tr.

- Cc phn t lin tc c kim tra trong mtmin tr thng qua gi tr nh nht v ln nht.

Gi tr mc nhin. Gi tr mc nhin c hin th trn cc mn hnh

nhp, mn hnh GUI.

Gim s lng phm nhn

Tin d liu


48/100



Min tr.

c lit k trong danh sch x xung (drop-downlist).

c chn t nhm nt ty chn (option group).

Ghi ch. c dng cho bit dng thc ngy, cc kim

tra c bit, phng php k s kim tra (check-digit method),


49/100


Hnh 4.22a. Visible Analystm t phn t d liu Social Security Number.


50/100


Hnh 4.22b. Visible Analystm t phn t d liu Social Security Number.

Element Description Form

ID:


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Hnh 4.23. Mu ghi m t phn t d liu.

ID: _______________________________________________________________

Name: Customer Number

Alias: Client NumberAlias: Receivable Account Number

Description: Uniquely identifies a customer who has made any business

transaction within the last five years.

Length: 6 Dec. Pt:

Inout format: 9(6)

Output format: 9(6)

Default value:

Continuos or

Discrete

Comment: The customer number must pass a modulus-11 check digit test. It is

derived because it is computer generated and a check digit is added.

Element Characteristics

Alphabetic Alphanumeric Date Numeric Base or Derived

Validation Criteria

Continuous

Upper Limit: < 999999

Lower Limit: > 0

Discrete Value Meaning

--------------------- ----------------------------------------

--------------------- ----------------------------------------

Tin d liu


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Lp ti liu cho cc cu trc d liu data structure, record

Cu trc d liu (mu tin) l mt tp hp bao

gm nhiu cu trc hoc phn t nh hn. K hiu i s c dng biu din cu

trc, gm c: Du =, ngha l gm c. Du +, ngha l v.

Du { }, ngha l mt hoc nhiu phn tc

lp li. Du [ | ], ngha l chn mt phn t trong mt

danh sch (loi tr ln nhau).

Du ( ), ngha l phn t ty chn.

Tin d liu


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Lp ti liu cho cc cu trc d liu Nhm lp li c th c:

Cc iu kin.

Mt s ln lp li c xc nh. S ln lp li t nht v nhiu nht.

C th s dng biu mu chun hoc cng

cCASE.

Tin d liu


54/100


Hnh 4.24. V d v cu trc d liu.

Customer Order = Customer Number +

Customer Name +

Address +

Telephone +

Catalog Number +Order Date +

{Order Items} +

Merchandise Total +

(Tax) +Shipping and Handling +

Order Total +

Method of Payment +

(Credit Card Type) +

(Credit Card Number) +

(Expiration Date)

Hnh 4 25 Visible Analyst m


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Hnh 4.25. Visible Analystmt mu tin Credit Status.1. Visible Analyst nh nghacu trc d liu l mt nhmcc phn t d liu lin quanvi nhau c tham chiu

nh l mt mu tin.2. K hiu PK (Primary Key)chnh Customer Numberlkha chnh.

Tin d liu


56/100


Lp ti liu cho cc dng d liu data flow

Mi dng d liu phi c nh ngha vi

thng tin m t v cc phn t hoc cu trcd liu. C th s dng biu mu chun hoc cng

cCASE. Cc thuc tnh ca dng d liu:

M ID

Nhn, l tn ca dng d liu xut hin trong

DFD. M t ca dng d liu. Ngun ca dng d liu

C th l mt thc th ngoi, mt qu trnh hocmt dng d liu t mt kho d liu.

Tin d liu


57/100


Lp ti liu cho cc dng d liu Cc thuc tnh ca dng d liu:

ch ca dng d liu

Loi dng d liu: Mt mu tin vo hoc ra t mt tp tin.

Cha bn bo co, mu nhp hoc mn hnh.

Bn trong - c dng gia cc qu trnh. Tn ca cu trc d liu hoc cc phn t

d liu.

Khi lng trong mt n v thi gian. C th l s lng mu tin trong mt ngy hoc

trong mt khong thi gian.

Cc ghi ch v k hiu v dng d liu.


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Hnh 4.26. M t dngd liu Commission.

Tin d liu


59/100


Hnh 4.27. Mu ghi m t dng d liu.

Data Flow Description Form

ID: _______________________________________________________________

Name: Customer Order

Description: Contains customer order information and is used to update the

customer master and item files and to produce an order record.

Source: Customer

Data Structure Traveling with the Flow

Order Information

Type of Process

File Screen Report Form Internal

Comment: An order record information for one customer order. The order maybe received by mail, by FAX, or by the customer telephoning the order

processing department directly.

Destination: Process 1

Volume / Time

10 / hour

Tin d liu


60/100


Lp ti liu cho cc kho d liu data store

Kho d liu cha tt c cc phn t c bn

v cc phn t dn xut. Kho d liu cha thng tin ca mi thc th

d liu khc nhau: ngi, v tr, s vt,


Cc phn t c bn ca dng d liu cgom nhm li v kho d liu c to chomi nhm ring bit.

Tin d liu


61/100


Lp ti liu cho cc kho d liu Dng d liu ch l mt phn ca d liu

c thu thp, do cn phi xc nh hp

l vic gom nhm cc phn t c bn. Cc thuc tnh ca kho d liu:

M ID

Tn kho d liu, c tnh m t v duy nht. B danh ca tp tin

M t vn tt ca kho d liu

Loi tp tin, lu tr bng giy t hoc trong mytnh.

Nu lu tr trong my tnh, chnh dng thc catp tin.

Tin d liu


62/100


Lp ti liu cho cc kho d liu Cc thuc tnh ca kho d liu: S lng mu tin ti a ca tp tin hoc s

lng mu tin trong mt n v thi gian (nm). Gip cho ngi phn tch c lng kch thc

ca vng lu tr trn a t. Tn bng hoc tn tp tin ca kho d liu. Tn cu trc d liu ca kho d liu trong t

in d liu. Kha chnh v cc kha th cp (l cc phn t

trong cu trc d liu).

Xc nh cc kho d liu bng cch phn tchcc dng d liu. Mi kho d liu bao gm cc phn t ca cc

dng d liu c lin quan lun l vi nhau(chng m t cng mt thc th).


63/100


Hnh 4.28. VisibleAnalystm t kho dliu Products.1. Cc phn t dliu trong kho d liu.

Kho d liu ny c 2tn (b danh) khc.2. nht qun, tnca cc phn t dliu phi c chunha trong ton b tin d liu.3. iu quan trng lghi nhn cc clng ny v chngs nh hng ncc quyt nh thitk trong cc giaion SDLC tip theo.

Data Store Description Form

ID: D1

Name: Customer Master File

Alias: Client Master File


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Hnh 4.29. Mu ghi m t kho d liu.

Alias: Client Master File

Description: Contains a record for each customer.

Data Store Characteristics

File Type: Computer ManualFile Format: Database Indexed Sequential DirectRecord size (Characters): 200 Block size: 4000

Percent Growth per Year: 6% Average: 42,000

Data Set Name: Order Information

Copy Member: Custmast

Data Structure: Customer Record

Primary Key: Customer Number

Secondary Keys: Customer Name

Zip

Year-to-Date Amount Purchased

Comment: The Customer Master file records are copied to a history file and

purged if the customer has not purchased an item within the past five years. A

customer may be retained even if he or she has not made a purchase by

requesting a catalog.

Tin d liu


65/100


Lp ti liu cho cc thc th ngoi external entity

Phi lp ti liu cho mi thc th ngoi.


Tt cc im chnh phi c ghi nhn vm t.


66/100


Hnh 4.30. VisibleAnalyst m t thcth ngoi

Warehouse.1. Thc th ngoic th c mt tnkhc (b danh).

2. nht qun, tnca cc thc thngoi phi cchun ha trongton b t in dliu.

Tin d liu


67/100


To tin d liu1. Thng tin t cc bui phng vn v cc

bui hp JAD c tng hp vo trong

cc mu phn tch nhp v xut. iu ny to cch thc tng hp d liu ca

h thng v cc d liu ny c s dngnh th no.

2. Mi cu trc d liu hoc nhm cc phnt d liu c phn tch.

Tin d liu


68/100


To tin d liu3. Mi phn t d liu s c phn tch

bng cch hi cc cu hi sau y: C nhiu vng tin khng?

Nu c, chnh vng tin no c lp li bngk hiu { }.

C cc phn t d liu loi tr ln nhau? Nu c, bao cc vng tin ny bng k hiu [ | ].

Vng tin no l ty chn? Nu c, bao vng tin ny bng k hiu ( ).

Tin d liu


69/100


To tin d liu4. Tt c d liu c a vo h thng uphi c lu tr. To mt bng c s d liu hoc mt tp tin

cho mi loi d liu khc nhau c lu tr.

Thm vng kha duy nht vo mi bng.

Tin d liu


70/100


S dng tin d liu To cc mn hnh, cc mu nhp, cc bn

bo co.

S dng cc nh ngha ca cc phn t d liu to cc vng tin.

Sp xp cc vng tin trong cc mn hnh, munhp v bn bo co sao cho d xem v p.

Mt nhm phn t tr thnh cc ct.

Mi nhm lp li tr thnh mt hng.

To m lnh ca chng trnh my tnh. Phn tch bn thit k h thng v pht hin

cc li sai trong thit k.

Tin d liu


71/100


Phn tch tin d liu T in d liu c dng kt hp vi ccs dng d liu phn tch bn thit k,pht hin cc li sai trong thit k v cc vn

cn c lm r. Lu cc phn tch:

Tt c cc phn t c bn ca dng d liu ra

phi c trong dng d liu i vo qu trnh tora dng d liu xut ny. Cc phn t c bn c nhp vo v khng

c to bi mt qu trnh.

Phn t dn xut nn l dng d liu ra t tnht mt qu trnh v n khng c nhp vo. Cc phn t c trong dng d liu vo hoc

dng d liu ra ca mt kho d liu phi c

cha trong kho d liu ny.


72/100

Tin d liu v DFD cc mc


73/100


Cc cu trc d liu c dng cc s dng d liu mc trung gian.

Cc phn t d liu c dng cc s

mc thp nht.

Tin d liu v DFD cc mc


74/100


Hnh 4.31. Cc s dng d liu v cc mc t tng ng.

Cc cng c m t qu trnh


75/100


M t qu trnhprocess specification

M t qu trnh c dng cho cc qu trnh

nguyn t v mt s qu trnh mc caohn trong s dng d liu.

M t qu trnh dng m t mt chc nng

c bn. M t qu trnh lin kt mt qu trnh trong s

dng d liu vi tin d liu.




76/100


M t qu trnhM t qu trnh s dng 3 cu trc lun l

Cu trc tun t (sequence)

Cu trc chn (selection) Cu trc lp (iteration)



77/100


Hnh 4.32. Cu trc tun t

Hnh 4.33. Cu trc chn

Hnh 4.34. Cu trc lp



78/100


M t qu trnh bao gm cc thng tin:M qu trnh, l ID ca qu trnh trong s

dng d liu.

Tn qu trnh, ging vi tn ca k hiu qutrnh trong s dng d liu.

M t vn tt cho bit qu trnh thc hin

iu g. Danh sch cc dng d liu nhp v dng d

liu xut, ging vi cc dng d liu trong

s dng d liu. Cc tn d liu c s dng trong cng

thc phi c trong tin d liu.



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M t qu trnh bao gm cc thng tin: Loi qu trnh: b, trc tuyn hoc lm bng

tay.

Tt c cc qu trnh trc tuyn cn phi c thitk mn hnh. Tt c cc qu trnh lm bng tay phi c xc

nh r rng cho nhn vin thc hin cc cngvic ca cc qu trnh ny.

Nu qu trnh c m lnh th ch ra tn cachng trnh thc hin qu trnh ny.



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M t qu trnh bao gm cc thng tin:M t lun l ca qu trnh.

Pht biu chnh sch v cc qui tc nghip v.

Cc nh ngha ca cc thut ng nghip v. Cc hnh ng v cc iu kin ca nghip v.

Cc rng buc ton vn.

Cc lut suy din lun l.

Chui cc x l

Cc mi quan h gia cc s kin ca nghip v.

Khng phi l m gi hoc ngn ng lp trnh.

M t lun l ca qu trnh mc chi titbng ting Anh c cu trc, bng quyt nhhoc cy quyt nh.



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M t qu trnh bao gm cc thng tin: Lit k cc vn cha gii quyt.

Cc vn ny l c st cc cu hi dng

trong cuc phng vn sau ny. Cn bng ngang

horizontal balancing

Cn bng ngang c ngha l tt c cc dngd liu ra phi da vo dng d liu vohoc c m t trong lun l qu trnh.

Cn bng ngang dng kim tra mi qutrnh c cc mc t trong tin d liu, cccng thc hoc cch tnh to dng d liu

ra.



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Cn bng ngang Cc qui tc ca cn bng ngang: Tt c cc phn t c bn ca dng d liu ra

phi c trong dng d liu vo. Tt c cc phn t dn xut ca dng d liu ra

phi: C trong dng d liu vo, hoc

c to bi mt qu trnh.

Process Specification FormNumber: 1.3

Name: Determine Quantity Available

Description: Determine if an item is available for sale. If it is not available, create a

backordered item record. Determine the quantity available.


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Input Data FlowValid item from Process1.2

Quantity on Hand from Item Record

Output Data Flow

Available item (Item Number + Quantity Sold) to Processes 1.4 & 1.5

Backordered Item to Inventory Control

Type of Process

Online Batch ManualSubprogram / Function Name

Process Logic

IF the Order Item Quantity is greater than Quantity on Hand then

Move Order Item Quantity to Available Item Quantity

Move Order Item Number to Available Item NumberELSE

Subtract Quantity On Hand from Order Item Quantity giving Quantity Backordered

ENDIF

Refer to: Name ____________________________________________________________

Structured English Decision Table Decision TreeUnresolved Issues: Should the amount that is on order for this item be taken into account?

Would this, combined with the expected arrival date of goods on order, change how the

quantity available is calculated?

Hnh 4.35. Mu ghi m t qu trnh.


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Hnh 4.36. VisibleAnalyst m t qu trnhVerify Order.

1. S hiu ca qu trnhdng nhn bit qutrnh ny. Cc qu trnhcon c nh s 1.1,1.2, 1.3

2. Cc dng d liu nys c m t ring ni khc trong t ind liu.



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Ting Anh c cu trc SE - Structured English Tp con ca ting Anh chun.

M t qu trnh bng ting Anh c cu trc lmt k thut thch hp cho vic phn tch hthng khi cc quyt nh khng phc tp.

M t lun l ca qu trnh Ch s dng cc cu trc tun t, cu trc chn

v cu trc lp chun.

S dng dng tht u hng dc. S dng mt s t vng.

Ting Anh c cu trc



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g

Tin d liu dng to m t bng tingAnh c cu trc:

Cc chui mc t trong tin d liu tr thnhcc pht biu ting Anh c cu trc.

Cc ty chn [ | ] tr thnh cc pht biuIF...THEN...ELSEENDIF.

Cc mc t lp li { } tr thnh cc pht biu DOWHILEENDDO, FORDO, REPEATUNTIL.



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Chng 4. M hnh ha qu trnh v dliu 2006 87Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTTHnh 4.37. V d v ting Anh c cu trc.


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Hnh 4.38. M t

qu trnh VerifyOrder ghi nhncc quy tc lunl v cc bc xl.



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Hnh 4.39. V d v m t qu trnh dng ting Anh c cu trc.Ting Anh c cu trc l mt cch hu hiu dng m t cc tcv trn d liu. V d ny m t cch tnh tin hoa hng.


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Bng quyt nh



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Bng quyt nh gip cho ngi phn tchbo m tnh y v tnh chnh xc.

Ngi lp trnh c th s dng bng quytnh vit m lnh.

Bng quyt nh c chia thnh 4 vng:

Gc trn bn tri m t cc iu kin (condition) Gc trn bn phi l cc gi tr chn la cho cc

iu kin.

Gc di bn tri l cc tc v (action). Gc di bn phi l cc chn la tc v.



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Hnh 4.40. Cu trc ca bng quyt nh



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Hnh 4.41. Bng quyt nh da vo cch tnh tin hoa hng cm t bng ting Anh c cu trc. V d nu tng tin tr ln hn50.000 nhng khng c thng thm th cng 1% vo phn trmhoa hng v xut k tc bit cho i din bn hng.

Bng quyt nh



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Cc vn chnh c th xy ra khi xy dngbng quyt nh:

Tnh khng y . Cc tnh hung khng th c.

Cc mu thun.

Tnh d tha.



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Hnh 4.42. Kim tra d tha v mu thun trong bng quyt nh.

Cy quyt nhd i i t



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decision tree

Cy quyt nh l mt k thut biu din

ha cho thy cc iu kin, tc v v qui tcca bng quyt nh.

Cu trc lun l c trnh by ngang.

D hiu v d xy dng. Bng quyt nh s tt hn trong cc trng

hp phc tp.


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Hnh 4.43. M t cy quyt nh. Tng t bng quyt nh, cyquyt nh cho thy thc hin tc v da vo cc iu kin no .Cy quyt nh ny da vo cch tnh tin hoa hng c m tbng ting Anh c cu trc. V d nu tng tin tr ln hn 50.000nhng khng c thng thm th cng 1% vo phn trm hoa

hng v xut k tc bit cho i din bn hng.

Chui cc m hnhM h h t l h th h th

M hnh lun l v m hnh vt l


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M hnh vt l cho thy cc yu cu h thngc thc hin nh th no.

To m hnh vt l ca h thng hin ti. Pht trin m hnh lun l ca h thng hin

ti.

Sau khi hiu h thng hin ti, to m hnhlun l ca h thng mi.

Cch tip cn bn m hnhM hnh t l ca h thng hin ti

M hnh lun l v m hnh vt l


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M hnh vt l ca h thng hin ti

M hnh lun l ca h thng hin ti

M hnh lun l ca h thng miM hnh vt l ca h thng mi

u im chnh l nm c cc chc nng

ca h thng hin ti trc khi thay i. Nhc im chnh l tn thi gian v chi ph

pht trin m hnh lun l v m hnh vtl ca h thng hin ti.


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4.Giai Doan 2.Phan Tich He Thong - Ch4.Mo Hinh Hoa Qua Trinh Va Du Lieu