4th Year Biomedical Lab Manuals

8/10/2019 4th Year Biomedical Lab Manuals

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EI 8051 BIO MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION LAB

LAB MANUAL

For IV /IV B.Tech (II Seme !er" E. I. E

De#$r!me%! o& E'ec!ro% c ) I% !r*me%!$! o% E%+ %eer %+VELA,A-UDI RAMA RIS NA

SIDD ART A EN,INEERIN, COLLE,E VI A A2ADA3540 00

(AUTONOMOUS"


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INSTRUCTIONS TO BE FOLLO2ED IN MAINTAININ,T E RECORD BOO

The Record should be written nearly with ink on the right hand page only. The lefthand page being reserved for diagrams.

The Recor6 ho*'6 co%!$ %7

1. The date2. The number and name of the experiment3. The aim of the experiment4. haracteristic tables of the circuit!. "n the left hand side# circuit should be designed$. %ndex must be filled in regularly&. 'ou must get your record certified by the concerned staff on the every next class

after completing the experiment(. 'ou must get your record certified by the concerned staff at the end of every

semester

INSTRUCTIONS TO BE FOLLO2ED IN T E LABORATOR

1. 'ou must bring record observations notebook# while coming to the practical classwithout you may not be allowed to the practical.

2. )on*t touch the e+uipment which is not connected with our experiment.3. ,hen the apparatus is issued# you are advised to check their condition.4. 'ou should not leave the laboratory without obtaining the signature of the

concerned lecturer after completing the practical.

No!e7

1. )amaged caused to the property of the laboratory will be recovered.2. %f &!- of the experiments prescribed are not completed the candidate will not be

allowed for attending examinations.


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L ! o& E #er me%!

1. easurement of /lood pressure

2. easurement of /lood 0low

3. easurement of /lood

4. easurement of /lood 2# "2

!. tudy of 5 6

$. tudy of 556

&. tudy of 5 6

(. tudy of /lood ell ounter

7. tudy of pacemaker

1 . tudy of )efibrillator 11. easurement of heart sounds

12. tudy of )ialysis

13. tudy of )iathermy 8pparatus

14. tudy of 9 : ray achine

1!. tudy of omputed Tomography 8pparatus

;/< 8 minimum of 1 =Ten> experiments have to be performed and recorded by the

candidate to attain eligibility for ?niversity practical 5xaminations.


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Experiment N0: 1

BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

AIM: - To measure blood pressure using auscultatory method.

APPARATUS: - Blood pressure monitoring setup.

T !"R#: - Blood pressure is the lateral pressure e$erted by blood onthe %essel &alls &hile 'o&ing through it.

B.P in %arious chambers o( heart ) in the peripherals %ascularsystem* help physician determines the (unctional integrity o( the cardio%ascular system. Blood +irculation is used to transport o , ) othernutrients to the tissues o( the body ) to carry metabolic %aste

product a&ay (rom the cells. or blood to circulate* su/cient pressureshould build up. Systolic Pressure: - It is the ma$imum pressure during contracti%e0

pumping phase o( heart. In a normal adult systolic blood pressure is

&ithin a range o( 12 345mm g &ith 3,5mm g being a%erage.

Systolic pressure indicates

3. The e$tent o( &or6 done by heart*,. orce &ith &hich the heart is &or6ing.

7. The degree o( pressure &hich the Atrial &alls ha%e to &ithstand.

8iastolic Pressure: - It is the minimum pressure during resting0 9llingphase. ormal diastolic pressure ranges (rom ;5mm to 15mm g*


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3. Turn the po&er s&itch to " . All the panel displays &ill appear in the

display

,. ?rap the arm cu= around the upper le(t arm as sho&n in 9gure ,

7. S@uee e rubber bulb rapidly to in'ate the cu= to 75-45mm o( guntil you hear the beeping signal. This can be done automatically incase o( !lectronic BP measuring apparatus.

Calculation :

3. The unit display the %alues o( Systolic pressure P sCA 8 8iastolicPressure P dC

,. +alculate the pulse pressure PPCusing the (ormula PPD P s-P d

7. +alculate the Mean arterial Pressure MAPC using MAPD3 0 7 PPEPd

Precaution :

3. Rest (or 9%e minutes be(ore ta6ing your Blood Pressure

,. Ta6e your Blood Pressure &hen rela$ed in @uiet room 8o notmo%e your body &hen ta6ing your Blood

7. I( you are &earing a shirt &hich might restrict circulation in yourupper arm* remo%e your shirt be(ore ta6ing your Blood Pressure

4. Since e$ercise* eating* drin6ing* and smo6ing a=ect your bloodpressure reading* a%oid these acti%es be(ore ta6ing your BloodPressure

!mportant Note :

3. Blood pressure reading &ill %ary o%er the course o( day

,. Blood Pressure is lo& in the morning and increases (roma(ternoon to e%ening

7. Blood pressure is lo&er in summer and higher in &inter


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Blood pressure ?a%e (orms:

Cu" Arran#ement $%i#ure & '(

Attach the cu= to your F! T upper arm as sho&nbelo&

Arm +ircum(erence: ,, 7,cm

12 mm g ystolic /lood ressure

( mm g )icrotic )iastolic ;otch /lood pressure

mm g


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>eep the cu= as the same height as your heart position during themeasurement

B)P Mea urin# apparatu $%i#ure &'(:

ormal condition


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S.no Blood pressure Pulse rate Pulsepressure

MeanarterialPressure

MAPC

Systolic

diastolic

1

'*

Under stress


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S.no Blood pressure Pulse rate Pulsepressure

MeanarterialPressure

MAPC

Systolic

diastolic

1

'*

+ue tion : - o& do gender* age and e$ercise e=ect BP measurement.

Gi%e Practical in(erences and physiological reasoning (or the

same.

Experiment N0: '

MEASURE MENT O% BLOOD SPO '

A m< To determine the "xygen saturation and no of beats per minute for arterial blood

A##$r$!* 7

1. ulse oximeter setup

-r %c #'e o& O me!r9 and oxy hemoglobin ="2 b> in glow andnear inferred Aones. "peration principal of the instrument is< photoelectric oxhemoglobinscanning B recording technology so that two beams of different wavelength of lights=$$ nm glow and 71 nm near infrared> can be focused onto human nail tip trough

perspective clamp finger type sensor. Then measured signal can be obtained by a photosensitive element# information ac+uired through# which will be shown on @ )trough treatment in electronic circuit and microprocessor.

C$*! o%7


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The finger should be placed properly or else it may cause inaccurate measurement. The"2 sensor and photoelectric receiving tube should be arranged in a way with the

subCect*s arteriole in a position there between. The "2 sensor should not be used at alocation or limb tied with arterial canal or blood pressure cuff or receiving intravenousinCection . ake sure the optional path is free from any optical obstacles like rubberiAed

fabric. 5xcessive ambient light may affect measuring result. %t includes fluorescent lamp.)ual ruby light# infrared heater# direct sunlight and etc. trenuous action of the subCect or extreme or extreme electro surgical interference may also affect the accuracy. Testedcannot use enamel or other makeup.

O#er$! o% $%6 #roce6*re

2. onnect the electrode leads to 5 6 signal conditiong unit

3. %ndicate the patient details and select the time re+uired paper speed to record 5 6

4. witch "; the power supply of 5 6 signal conditioning unit to record 5 6 wave

form is displayed on the monitor

Re *'! $%6 o= er


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-rec$*! o%7

1. 5lectrodes should should be replaced correctly2. atient should not move while recording 5 6

The e$r!7


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T9# c$' EC, :$


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"rigin< )epolariAation of 8tria and )epolariAation of the ventricles 8mplitude< 1.$ mv )uration< . & to .1sec

T Waves

"rigin< ventricular repolarisation 8mplitude< .1to .!mv )uration< . ! to .1!sec

U3 2$


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@ead elector reampower

8mplifier

EC, Recor6 %+ e!*# # in the broadest sense of the term. Refers to the

measurement of the electrical activity produced by the brain. %n clinical contexts# 556

refers to the recording of the brain*s spontaneous electrical activity in the time : domain

as record from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. %n. neurology the main diagnostic

application on a standard 556 study. 8 secondary clinical use of 556 is in the diagnosis

of coma and encephalopathy. 556 used to be a first : line method for the diagnosis of

tumors# stroke and other focal disorder# but this use has decreased with the advent of

anatomical imaging modalities# such as R% and T.

-roce6*re7

1. lace the electrode on the surface of the patient*s scalp at suitable locations2. onnect the electrode leads to 556 signal conditioning unit3. %ndicate the patient details and select the time re+uired# paper speed to record 556


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4. witch "; the power supply of 556 signal conditioning unit to record the 556 ofa patient

!. The record 556 wave form is displayed on the monitor

Re *'! $%6 O= er


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2. These are recorded from the parietal and temporal regions of the scalp of children3. These also occur in some adults during disappointment and frustration

3 2$


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Experiment N0: -

STUD. O% EM/

Aim:

To obser%e the !MG o( a Patient

APPARATUS :

3. P+ based !MG Signal conditioning unit,. Adhesi%e tape !MG !lectrodes &ith lead &ires

T eor : The bioelectric potentials associated &ith muscle acti%ity

constitute the electromyogram* abbre%iated !MG. These potentials

may be measured at the sur(ace o( the body near a muscle o( interestor directly (rom the muscle by penetrating the s6in &ith needleelectrodes. Since most !MG measurements are intended to obtain anindication o( the amount o( acti%ity o( a gi%en muscle* or group o( muscles* rather than o( an indi%idual muscle 9ber* the pattern isusually a summation o( the indi%idual action potentials (rom the 9bersconstituting the muscle or muscles being measured. As &ith the !!G*!MG electrodes pic6 up potentials (rom all muscles &ithin the range o(


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the electrodes. This means that potentials (rom nearby large musclesmay inter(ace &ith attempts to measure the !MG (rom smallermuscles* e%en though the electrodes are placed directly o%er the smallmuscles. ?here this is a problem* needle electrodes inserted directlyinto the muscle are re@uired.

The action potential o( a gi%en muscle or ner%e 9berC has a9$ed magnitude* regardless o( the intensity o( the stimulus thatgenerates the response. Thus* in a muscle* the intensity &ith &hich themuscle acts does not increase the net height o( the action potentialpulse but does increase the rate &ith &hich each muscle 9ber 9res andthe number o( 9ber that are acti%ated at any gi%en time. Theamplitude o( the measured !MG &a%e(orm is the instantaneous sum o( all the action potentials generated at any gi%en time. Because theseaction potentials occur in both positi%e and negati%e polarities at agi%en pair o( electrodes* they sometimes add and sometime cancel.

Thus* the !MG &a%e(orm appears %ery much li6e a random- noise

&a%e(orm* &ith the energy o( the signal a (unction o( the amount o( muscle acti%ity and electrode placement. Typical !MG &a%e(orms aresho&n in 9gure.


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Precaution :

3. !lectrodes should be placed correctly,. Patient should not mo%e &hile recording !MG

Experiment N0: 5

ST D OF CARDIAC -ACEMA ER

A m< To study the operation of cardiac pacemaker system=)emo version apparatus>

A##$r$!* < )emo type pacemaker system

Theor97 The pacemaker is an electronic stimulator that produces periodic pulses. That pulse is to electrodes located on the surface =externally> of the heart. The stimulus thusconducted to the heart and heart contractH this electric stimulation effect can be used indisease states in which the heart is not stimulated at a proper rate on its own.

8n asynchronous pacemaker is one that is free running. %ts electric stimulationappears at a uniform rate regardless of what is going on in the heart or the rest of the

body. %t therefore gives a fixed heart rate.

%nternal pacemaker is packaged in metal packages. Titanium and stainless steelare commonly used for the package. pecial electron beam or laser welding techni+ueshas been used to seal these packages with out damaging the electronic circuit and power source. These metal packages take up less volume.


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,hen the natural pacemaker fails to generate the electrical impulses# or the pulses

are blocked completely or intermittently# an electronic pacemaker must be implanted to perform this function. This electronic pacemaker works in much the same manner as thenatural pacemaker. The implanted pacemaker produces an electrical impulse at a fixed

rate# to stimulate the heart muscle and caused it to contract.

O#er$! o% o& #$cem$;er 9 !em < The demo type external pacemaker is mains : powered pacemaker designed for internal as well as external temporary cardiac pacingmodalities. The amplitude of output current is separately adCustable using internal andexternal switch. 0or a demand operation# sensing occurs via 5 6 sync input terminal. %nfixed mode# the instrument keeps on pacing the heart spontaneously at the rate act usingthe rate control. "n demand mode# when the R : to : R interval exceeds the pacemaker escape interval a ventricular output pulse is emitted# if the patient R : to : R interval is

shorter than the escape interval of the pacemaker the output is inhibited# and theacemaker produces no output pulseThe first block consists of a constant current source# which charges the generator

capacitor linearly to obtain linear and stable rates. The rate generator generates a pulse ata rate# set heart : rate control .This pulse enters at pace pulse generator and is shaped toget a pulse of 1.2ms. This is a standard pulse. This pulse is now amplified by currentamplifier and then coupled through air isolation transformer to the %nternalI5xternal

pacing block. ere the level of the output current pulse is controlled. This output is thentaken to the output sockets. The react circuit receives the 5 6 sync pulse from the

patient monitor and resets the capacitor of the rate generator. %f escape interval is morethan R : to : R interval it produces no pacing pulse. The second 5 6 sync pulse ismonitored using green @5). %f the escape interval is less than R : to : R interval the rategenerator generates a pulse and pace pulse is generated. The generated pace pulse ismonitored using the pace pulse indicator yellow @5). The isolation transformer isolatedthe patient from the ground and protects the patient from the life : threatening leakagescurrent

-roce6*re71. onnect the instrument to the mains# ut all knobs at Aero position

2. %nstrumentation "; by mains witch

3. ;ow switch on digital storage oscilloscope

4. ;ow connect the R" to the 5lectrodes output terminals!. heck the ground# if not proper make arrangement for that

$. ode switch on %nt. or .5xt

&. 0or measurement %nt. onnect 1 J resistance and 5xt.1 J Resistance

(. Fary the Rate and 8mp pots and measure the output


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Experiment N0: 6

STUD. O% De73rillator

A m< To study the operation of )efibrillator system (Demo !9#e 6e& =r ''$!or A##$r$!* "

A##$r$!* 7

1. )efibrillator system2. )ummy patient3. addle shape electrodes

Theor9 < The rapid spread of action potentials over the surface of the atria causes the twochambers of the heart to contract together and pump blood through the twoatrioventricular valves into the ventricles. 8fter a critical time delay# the powerfulventricular muscles are synchronously activated to pump blood through the pulmonaryand systemic circulatory system. 8 condition in which this necessary synchronism is lost

is known as fibrillation. )uring fibrillation the normal rhythmic contractions of either theatria or the ventricles are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular wall.0ibrillation of 8trial muscles is called atrial fibrillationH fibrillation of the ventricles isknown as ventricular fibrillation. ?nder conditions of atrial fibrillation# the ventricles canstill function normally# but they respond with an irregular rhythm to the no synchroniAed

bombardment of electrical stimulation from the fibrillating atria.


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Fentricular fibrillation is far more dangerous# for under this condition theventricles are unable to pump bloodH and if the fibrillation is not corrected# death willusually occur within a few minutes. ?nfortunately# fibrillation# once begun# is not selfKcorrecting. 8lthough mechanical methods =heart message> for defibrillating patients have

been tried over the years# the most successful method of defibrillation is the application

of an electric shock to the area of the heart. %f sufficient current to stimulate allmusculature of the heart simultaneously is applied for a brief and then released# all theheart muscle fibers enter their refractory period together# after which normal heart actionmay resume 8pplying a brief = .2! to 1 sec> burst of $ : G ac at an intensity of around$ 8 to the chest of the patient through appropriate electrodes. This application of anelectrical shock to resynchroniAe the heart is sometimes called countershock .%f the

patient does not respond# the burst is repeated until defibrillation occurs. This method of countershock was known as ac defibrillation.

Farious schemes and waveforms were tried until# in late 17$2# /ernard lown of thearvard school of public health and peter /ent /righam ospital developed a new

method of dc defibrillation that has found common use today. %n this method# a capacitor is charged to a high dc voltage and then rapidly discharged through electrodes across thechest of the patient it was found that dc defibrillation is not only more successful thanthe ac method in correcting ventricular fibrillation# but it can also be used successfully for correcting 8trial fibrillation and other types of arrhythmias. The dc method re+uiresfewer repetitions and is less likely to harm the patient. 8 typical dc defibrillator circuitshown fig use.

)epending on the defibrillator energy setting# the amount of electrical energydischarged by the capacitor may range between 1 and 4 w :sec# or Coules. Theduration of the effective portion of the discharged is approximately ! msec. The energydelivered is represented by the typical waveform shown figure as a time plot of thecurrent forced to flow through the thoracic cavity. The area under the curve is

proportional to the energy delivered. %t can be seen that the peak value of current is nearly2 8 and that the wave is essentially monophonic# since most of its excursion is abovethe baseline .8n inductor in the defibrillator is used to shape the wave in order toeliminate a sharp# undesirable current spike that would otherwise occur at that beginningof the discharge

-roce6*re71. onnect the ). )efibrillator to the mains2. ut all control knobs at Aero position B ake the mains switch ";# ilot lamp

lighted.3. onnect the 5lectrode pads at electrodes socket4. elect the mode as '; or %;T

L %nst ode


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%nst @5) ";# press charged and adCust the energy by energy control .Theenergy meter shows the energy .;ow apply the electrode on the demo patient. ressthe hand switch and energy to the patient.

L ync ode

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4th Year Biomedical Lab Manuals