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8/6/2019 5 - Hydro Power Plants
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Hydro power plants
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Hydro power plants
Tail water
Draft tube gate
Draft tube
Turbine
Main valve
Penstock
Air inlet
Inlet gate
Surge shaft
TunnelSand trap
Trash rack
Self closing valve
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The principle the water conduits of
a traditional high head power plant
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Ulla- Frre
Original figur ved Statkraft Vestlandsverkene
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Intake gate
Intake trashrack
Headrace tunnel
Anchor block
Surge tank
Penstock inletValve
Tunnel Inlettrashrack
Tunnel Inlet
Anchor block
Exp. joint
Shaddle
Power house
Tailrace
IV G
SC
DTR
DT end gate
Desilting basin
gate hoist
IV -inlet valveR -turbine runnerSC -spiral caseG -generator
Typ ica l Pow er House w i th Franc is Turb ine
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Arrangement of a small
hydropower plant
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H = 39 mQ = 513 m3/sP = 182 MW
Drunner=7,5 m
Ligga Power Plant, Norrbotten, Sweden
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Borcha Power Plant, Turkey
H = 87,5 m
P = 150 MWDrunner=5,5 m
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Slab concrete dam
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Arc dam
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Gates in Hydro Power Plants
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Types of Gates
Radial Gates Wheel Gates
Slide Gates
Flap Gates
Rubber Gates
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Radial Gates at lvkarleby, Sweden
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Slide Gate
Jhimruk Power Plant, Nepal
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Circular gate
Jhimruk Power Plant, Nepal
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Trash Racks
Panauti Power Plant, Nepal
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Materials
190Steel, St.42
206Steel, St.52
~ 400~5Concrete
80~5Wood
320Max. D: 1,4 m.2,4Max. p = 160 m.GUP
5160~ 1,0PE
150Steel, St.37
[MPa][m][m]
Max.
Stresses
Max.Pressure
Max.Diameter
Material
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Calculation of the change of length
due to the change of the temperature
LTL =Where:
L = Change of length [m]L = Length [m] = Coefficient of thermal expansion [m/oC m]
T = Change of temperature [o
C]
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ExampleCalculation of the head loss
=
DcRe
Power Plant data:H = 100 m Head
Q = 10 m3/s Flow Rate
L = 1000 m Length of pipeD = 2,0 m Diameter of the pipeThe pipe material is steel
Where:c = 3,2 m/s Water velocity
= 1,30810-6 m2/s Kinetic viscosityRe = 4,9 106 Reynolds number
g2
c
D
L
fh
2
f =
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0,013
Where:Re = 4,9 106 Reynolds number = 0,045 mm RoughnessD = 2,0 m Diameter of the pipe
/D = 2,25 10-5
Relative roughnessf = 0,013 Friction factorThe pipe material is steel
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Calculation of maximum pressure Static head, Hgr (Gross Head)
Water hammer, hwh Deflection between pipe supports
Friction in the axial direction
Hgr
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E l
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Example
m61Tg
L2chC
maxwh =
=
L = 300 [m]TC = 10 [s]cmax = 10 [m/s]
g = 9,81 [m/s2]
L
C=10m/s
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Example
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ExampleCalculation of the pipe thickness
m009,0Crpt
tL2CpDL
t
si
tsi
==
=
MPa57,1hHgp whgr =+=
Where:
L = 0,001 m Length of the pipeDi = 2,0 m Inner diameter of the pipet = 206 MPa Stresses in the pipe material = 1000 kg/m3 Density of the waterCs = 1,2 Coefficient of safety
Hgr = 100 m Gross Head
hwh = 61 m Pressure rise due to water hammer
ri
t
p
t t
Based on:
Material properties
Pressure from:
Water hammer
Static head
Calculation of the economical
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Calculation of the economical
correct diameter of the pipe
Diameter [m]
Cost[$
]
Installationcosts,Kt
Costsforhydrauliclosses,Kf
Totalc
osts,Ktot
( )
0dD
KKd
dD
dK tftot
=
+
=
Example
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ExampleCalculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipe
Hydraulic Losses
Where:PLoss = Loss of power due to the head loss [W] = Density of the water [kg/m3]
g = gravity [m/s2
]Q = Flow rate [m3/s]hf = Head loss [m]f = Friction factor [ - ]L = Length of pipe [m]
r = Radius of the pipe [m]C2 = Calculation coefficient
52
42
2
fLoss
r
C
rg2
Q
r2
LfQghQgP =
==
Power Plant data:H = 100 m HeadQ = 10 m3/s Flow Rate
plant = 85 % Plant efficiencyL = 1000 m Length of pipe
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Example
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Example
Calculation of the economical correct diameter of the pipeCost for the Pipe Material
21mmm rCL
rpr2Ltr2Vm =
===
Where:m = Mass of the pipe [kg]m = Density of the material [kg/m3]V = Volume of material [m3]r = Radius of pipe [m]
L = Length of pipe [m]p = Pressure in the pipe [MPa] = Maximum stress [MPa]C1 = Calculation coefficientKt = Installation costs []
M = Cost for the material [/kg]
21t rCMmMK ==
NB:
This is a simplificationbecause no othercomponent then the pipe
is calculated
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Calculation of the forces acting on
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Calculation of the forces acting on
the anchors
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Principle drawings of valvesOpen position
Closed position
Spherical valve Gate valve
Hollow-jet valve Butterfly valve
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Bypass system
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Pelton turbines
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Pelton turbines
Large heads (from
100 meter to 1800meter)
Relatively small flow
rate Maximum of 6
nozzles
Good efficiency overa vide range
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