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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Brinell

hardnessnum

ber

Annea

led

Martempere

d

Austempered

(soa

kingtime

10min)

Austempered

(soa

kingtime

20min)

Austempered

(soa

kingtime

30min)

Sample

' #SJOFMM IBSEOFTT OVNCFS PG IFBU USFBUFE TBNQMFT

Annea

led

Martempered

Austempere

d

(soa

kingtime

10min)

Austempere

d

(soa

kingtime

20min)

Austempere

d

(soa

kingtime

30min)

Sample

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0

Impactenergy

(J/mm

2

)

' *NQBDU TUSFOHUI PG IFBU USFBUFE TBNQMFT

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Annea

led

Martempered

Austempered

(soa

kingtime

10min)

Austempere

d

(soa

kingtime

20min)

Austempered

(soa

kingtime

30min)

Sample

10.90.80.70.60.50.40.3

0.20.10

A

veragewearrate

' "WFSBHF XFBS SBUF HNJO PG IFBU USFBUFE TBNQMFT JOBCSBTJPO XFBS UFTU

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SFTQFDUJWFMZ BOE BOOFBMFE XIJDI XBT MFBTU IBSE PG BMM "TFYQFDUFE XJUI SFGFSFODF GSPN UIF NJDSPTUSVDUVSF UFTU UIFNBSUFNQFSFE TBNQMF JT UIF IBSEFTU CFDBVTF PG DPOWFSTJPOPG BVTUFOJUF JOUP NBSUFOTJUF TUSVDUVSF "VTUFNQFSFE TBNQMFXIJDI IBT CFFO TPBLFE JO TBMU CBUI NBJOUBJOFE BU

$

GPS NJO IBT DPOWFSTJPO PG BVTUFOJUF JOUP CBJOJUF POMZGPS NJO XJUI UIF SFNBJOJOH DPOWFSUJOH JOUP NBSUFOTJUFBFS RVFODIJOH JO XBUFS "T UIF TPBLJOH UJNF JODSFBTFT UIFDPOWFSTJPO UJNF BOE DPOWFSTJPO PG BVTUFOJUF JOUP CBJOJUFJODSFBTF BOE UIF DPOWFSTJPO PG NBSUFOTJUF EFDSFBTFT BT TVDIUIF IBSEOFTT EFDSFBTFT F BOOFBMFE TBNQMF FYIJCJUT UIFMFBTU IBSEOFTT BNPOH UIF UFTUFE TBNQMFT GPS UIF IBSEOFTT

*NQBDU 4USFOHUI *NQBDU TUSFOHUI PG BMM UIF TQFDJNFOTPCUBJOFE GSPN *[PE JNQBDU UFTU JT TIPXO JO 'JHVSF FNPEFSBUF JNQBDU TUSFOHUI XBT PCTFSWFE GPS BOOFBMFE TBNQMF.BSUFNQFSFE TBNQMF TIPXT MFBTU JNQBDU TUSFOHUI EVF UP GPSNBUJPO PG NBSUFOTJUF "VTUFNQFSFE TBNQMFT JNQBDU TUSFOHUIXBT JNQSPWFE CFDBVTF PG UIF QSFTFODF PG CBJOJUF BOE JU JTPCTFSWFE UIBU JNQBDU TUSFOHUI XBT JNQSPWFE XJUI TPBLJOHUJNF JO BVTUFNQFSJOH

"CSBTJPO 8FBS "FS UIF FYQFSJNFOUT XFSF DPOEVDUFEJO UIF QSFTDSJCFE QSPDFEVSF UIF XFJHIU MPTT GPS FWFSZ SFBEJOHXBT OPUFE UJMM B TUFBEZ PS OFBSFS UP TUFBEZ TUBUF BSSJWFE FXFBS SBUF JT HJWFO CZ XFJHIU MPTT GPS POF NJO 7BSJBUJPO PG

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*43/ 5SJCPMPHZ

Annea

led

Martempere

d

Austempered

(soa

kingtime

10min)

Austempered

(soa

kingtime

20min)

Austempere

d

(soa

kingtime

30min)

Sample

0.09

0.08

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.030.02

0.01

0

Ave

ragewearrate

' "WFSBHF XFBS SBUF HNJO PG IFBU USFBUFE TBNQMFT JO ESZTMJEJOH UFTU

XFJHIU MPTT GPS FBDI NJOVUF XJUI DPOTUBOU TQFFE PG SPUBUJPOJT NFBTVSFE BOE BWFSBHF XFJHIU MPTT JT DBMDVMBUFE 'SPNXFJHIU MPTT XFBS SBUF GPS FBDI NJOVUF BOE BWFSBHF XFBS SBUFBSF DBMDVMBUFE BOE QSFTFOUFE JO 'JHVSF F SFTVMU DMFBSMZJOEJDBUFTUIBU UIF NBSUFNQFSFE TBNQMF IBTUIF MFBTU XFBS SBUFF BVTUFNQFSFE TBNQMF XJUI TPBLJOH UJNF PG NJO IBT UIFOFYU MFBTU XFBS SBUF GPMMPXFE CZ NJO TPBLFE BOE NJOTPBLFE "OOFBMFE TBNQMF IBT UIF NPSF XFBS SBUF DPNQBSFEUP PUIFS TBNQMFT JT TIPXT UIBU UIF NBSUFNQFSFE TBNQMFJT IBWJOH HPPE XFBS SFTJTUBODF GPMMPXFE CZ UIF BVTUFNQFSFETBNQMFT JT BMTP JOEJSFDUMZ JOEJDBUFT UIF IBSEOFTT BDRVJSFE

CZ UIF TBNQMF JO UIF IFBU USFBUNFOU QSPDFTT

%SZ 4MJEJOH 8FBS F XFJHIU MPTT PG IFBU USFBUFE TBNQMFTXJUI SFTQFDU UP UJNF JO ESZ TMJEJOH UFTU JT NFBTVSFE FBWFSBHF XFBS SBUF PG IFBU USFBUFE TBNQMFT XJUI SFTQFDU UPUJNF JO ESZ TMJEJOH UFTU JT QSFTFOUFE JO 'JHVSF F CBSHSBQI DMFBSMZ JOEJDBUFT UIBU UIF NPTU FFDUFE QJO JT BOOFBMFEXIFO DPNQBSFE UP BMM UIF QJOT BOE UIF MFBTU FFDUFE JTNBSUFNQFSFE F BOOFBMFE QJO IBE B CVSS GPSNBUJPO BU UIFFOE XIJDI XBTLFQU PO UIF UVOHTUFO EJTD JT JOEJDBUFT UIBU BMPU PG IFBU XBT GPSNFE BU UIF FOE XIJDI EFGPSNFE UIFQPSUJPOPG UIBU FOE QMBTUJDBMMZ "MTP UIJT TVHHFTUT UIBU UIF NBUFSJBM XBTNPSF EVDUJMF UIBO UIBU PG UIF SFNBJOJOH TBNQMFT

F QJO PO EJTD FYQFSJNFOU XBT EPOF UJMM TUFBEZ GSJDUJPOWBMVF XBT PCUBJOFE "FS FWFSZ SFBEJOH UIF GSJDUJPO WBMVFGPS FBDI TBNQMF XBT NFBTVSFE BOE BMTP UIF BWFSBHF GSJDUJPODPFDJFOU WBMVF 'JHVSF XBT DBMDVMBUFE *U JT PCTFSWFE UIBUBWFSBHF GSJDUJPO WBMVF JT MFTT GPS BOOFBMFE POF BOE JODSFBTFEJO NBSUFNQFSFE BOE BVTUFNQFSFE TBNQMFT

$PODMVTJPO

"*4* TUFFM XBT TVCKFDUFE UP WBSJPVT IFBU USFBUNFOUT GPSFOIBODJOHUIF NBUFSJBM QSPQFSUJFT 'SPN UIF QSFTFOU TUVEZ UIFGPMMPXJOH DPODMVTJPOT BSF ESBXO

Annea

led

Martempere

d

Austempere

d

(soa

kingtime

10min)

Austempere

d

(soa

kingtime

20min)

Austempere

d

(soa

kingtime

30min)

Sample

C

oefficiento

ffriction

0.38

0.37

0.36

0.35

0.34

0.33

' "WFSBHF GSJDUJPO DPFDJFOU PG EJFSFOU IFBU USFBUFETBNQMFT

J "OOFBMFE TBNQMFT IBWF MFTT DBSCJEF JO NJDSP TUSVDUVSF BOE BSF MFBTU IBSE XIFSFBT NBSUFNQFSFE TBN

QMFT IBWF EFOTF DBSCJEF JOEJDBUJOH IJHIFTU IBSEOFTT)BSEOFTT JODSFBTFE UISFF UJNFT XJUI NBSUFNQFSJOHQSPDFTT

JJ "VTUFNQFSFE TBNQMFT IBWF IJHIFTU JNQBDU TUSFOHUIUIF MFBTU CFJOH NBSUFNQFSFE TBNQMFT F JNQBDUTUSFOHUI JODSFBTFE XJUI TPBLJOH UJNF JO BVTUFNQFSFETBNQMFT VQ UP DFSUBJO MFWFM JNQSPWFNFOU JTPCTFSWFE XJUI BVTUFNQFSJOH QSPDFTT

JJJ "OOFBMFE TBNQMFT IBWF UIF IJHIFTU XFBS XIJMFNBSUFNQFSFE TBNQMFT IBWF UIF MFBTU XFBS "QQSPYJNBUFMZ o XFBS SFTJTUBODF JT JODSFBTFE XJUINBSUFNQFSJOH QSPDFTT

JW 'SJDUJPO DPFDJFOU JT JODSFBTFE XJUI CPUI UIF IFBUUSFBUNFOU QSPDFTTFT

#BTFE PO UIF GVODUJPOBM SFRVJSFNFOU UIF DIPJDF DBO CF NBEFBNPOH UIF IFBUUSFBUFE "*4* TUFFMT

3FGFSFODFT

( ,SBVTT 4UFFMT )FBU5SFBUNFOUBOE 1SPDFTTJOH 1SJODJQMFT"4.*OUFSOBUJPOBM .BUFSJBMT 1BSL 0IJP 64"

8 ' 4NJUI 4USVDUVSF BOE 1SPQFSUJFT PG &OHJOFFSJOH "MMPZT.D(SBX)JMM /FX :PSL /: 64" OE FEJUJPO

) $IBOEMFS )FBU 5SFBUFST (VJEF 1SBDUJDFT BOE 1SPDFEVSFT GPS

*SPOT BOE 4UFFMT "4. *OUFSOBUJPOBM .BUFSJBMT 1BSL 0IJP 64"

) 8FCFS BOE 8 + -BJSE i.BSUFNQFSJOH PG TUFFMw JO "4..FUBMT )BOECPPL QQ o "4. *OUFSOBUJPOBM .BUFSJBMT1BSL 0IJP 64"

' "CCBTJ " + 'MFUDIFS BOE " # 4PPNSP i" DSJUJDBM BTTFTTNFOU PG UIF IBSEFOJOH PG TUFFM CZ NBSUFNQFSJOHw *OUFSOBUJPOBM+PVSOBM PG 1SPEVDUJPO 3FTFBSDI WPM OP QQ o

. ) 4IBFSJ ) 4BHIBBO BOE 4 ( 4IBCFTUBSJ i&FDUTPG BVTUFNQFSJOH BOE NBSUFNQFSJOH QSPDFTTFT PO BNPVOU PGSFUBJOFE BVTUFOJUF JO $S.P TUFFMT '.6 VTFE JO NJMMMJOFSw +PVSOBM PG *SPO BOE 4UFFM 3FTFBSDI *OUFSOBUJPOBM WPM OP QQ o

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*43/ 5SJCPMPHZ

% .BOEBM . (IPTI + 1BM FU BM i&FDU PG BVTUFNQFSJOHUSFBUNFOU PO NJDSPTUSVDUVSF BOE NFDIBOJDBM QSPQFSUJFT PGIJHI4J TUFFMw +PVSOBM PG .BUFSJBMT 4DJFODF WPM OP QQo

+ .BD*FKFXTLJ BOE $ 3FHVMTLJ i'SBDUVSF BTTFTTNFOU PGNBSUFNQFSFE BOE RVFODIFE BOE UFNQFSFE BMMPZ TUFFMw +PVSOBMPG 'BJMVSF "OBMZTJT BOE 1SFWFOUJPO WPM OP QQ o

: 4 -FSOFS BOE( 3 ,JOHTCVSZ i8FBS SFTJTUBODF QSPQFSUJFT PGBVTUFNQFSFE EVDUJMF JSPOw +PVSOBM PG .BUFSJBMT &OHJOFFSJOH BOE1FSGPSNBODF WPM OP QQ o

4 +FUMFZ i.BSUFNQFSJOH UP JNQSPWF XFBS QSPQFSUJFT PG BJSDSBCSBLF TUFFM SPUPSTw +PVSOBM PG *OEVTUSJBM 5FDIOPMPHZ WPM OP QQ o

# # #BSUIB + ;BXBE[LJ 4 $IBOESBTFLBS BOE 5 / 'BSSJTi8FBS PG IBSEUVSOFE "*4* TUFFMw .FUBMMVSHJDBM BOE.BUFSJBMT 5SBOTBDUJPOT " WPM OP QQ o