5.4 Ideas for Reform

Angela Brown

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IMMIGRATION AND BEHAVIOR

Americans linked city problems to immigrants.They hoped to restore past purity and virtue by keeping immigrants out and controlling behavior.

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Nativism – favoring native-born Americans over immigrants1887 American Protective Association Teach only American culture and English in schools.Tighter rules on citizenship/ employment of aliens.http://www.albany.edu/jmmh/vol3/ellis/ellis-rif_raff.jpg

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1885 victory – Congress repealed Contract Labor Act of 1864 that allowed employers to recruit foreign laborers1894 Immigration Restriction League – organized by recent Harvard graduates – require immigrants to pass a literacy test

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Prohibition

Temperance movement – organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption1869 prohibition party1874 Women’s Christian Temperance Union1893 Anti-Saloon LeagueProhibition – ban on manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages

http://www.essexheritage.org/usingessexhistory/images/celebratelarge.jpg

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Purity Crusaders

Vice – immoral or corrupt behavior1873 “purity crusaders” – Anthony Comstock NY society for the suppression of vicelaw prohibiting sending obscene materials through the U.S. mail (birth control) – Comstock’s Lawalso fought political machines

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Charity Organization Movement

1882 Charity Organization Society (COS) Josephine Show Lowell –NYkept detailed filesdeemed some worthy and others unworthyburst into homes of immigrant womendemanded adoption of American middle class standards

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Social Gospel Movement

Apply the gospel of Jesus directly to society.Focus on charity/justice by seeking labor reform.1908 – Federal Council of Churches of Christ founded.

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Settlement Movement – community centers

Young reformers moved into a house in a poor neighborhood offered social servicesGiving money not enough experience shows what poor needed most.

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1889 Charles Hull Mansion – Chicago – Jane Addams/ Ellen Gates Starr began getting to know the people - soon responding to the needs of the community as a wholeHull House offered cultural events, classes, child-care, legal aid, health-care

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Henry Street Settlement, NY- Lillian Ward began as a nurse’s settlement – expandedMissionaries founded settlement houses as well.By 1910 there were more than 400 settlement houses supported by donations and volunteers.College graduates – women – worked for low wages, free room and board until other employment could be found

http://edison.rutgers.edu/latimer/lathouse.htm

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