Ideas for Reform

Angela Brown

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IMMIGRATION AND BEHAVIOR

Americans linked city problems to immigrants.

They hoped to restore past purity and virtue by keeping immigrants out and controlling behavior.

http://www.usps.com/images/stamps/98/immigrant.jpg

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Nativism – favoring native-born Americans over immigrants

1887 American Protective Association

Teach only American culture and English in schools.

Tighter rules on citizenship/ employment of aliens.

http://www.albany.edu/jmmh/vol3/ellis/ellis-rif_raff.jpg3

1885 victory – Congress repealed Contract Labor Act of 1864 that allowed employers to recruit foreign laborers

1894 Immigration Restriction League – organized by recent Harvard graduates – require immigrants to pass a literacy test

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Prohibition

Temperance movement – organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption1869 prohibition party1874 Women’s Christian Temperance Union1893 Anti-Saloon LeagueProhibition – ban on manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages

http://www.essexheritage.org/usingessexhistory/images/celebratelarge.jpg

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Purity Crusaders

Vice – immoral or corrupt behavior1873 “purity crusaders” – Anthony Comstock NY society for the suppression of vicelaw prohibiting sending obscene materials through the U.S. mail (birth control) – Comstock’s Lawalso fought political machines

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Charity Organization Movement

1882 Charity Organization Society (COS) Josephine Show Lowell –NY

kept detailed files

deemed some worthy and others unworthy

burst into homes of immigrant women

demanded adoption of American middle class standards

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Social Gospel Movement

Apply the gospel of Jesus directly to society.

Focus on charity/justice by seeking labor reform.

1908 – Federal Council of Churches of Christ founded.

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://ihmnew.marywood.edu/OSPIHM/FreshEyes

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Settlement Movement – community centers

Young reformers moved into a house in a poor neighborhood offered social services

Giving money not enough experience shows what poor needed most.

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1889 Charles Hull Mansion – Chicago – Jane Addams/ Ellen Gates Starr began getting to know the people - soon responding to the needs of the community as a whole

Hull House offered cultural events, classes, child-care, legal aid, health-care

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Henry Street Settlement, NY- Lillian Ward began as a nurse’s settlement – expanded

Missionaries founded settlement houses as well.

By 1910 there were more than 400 settlement houses supported by donations and volunteers.

College graduates – women – worked for low wages, free room and board until other employment could be found

http://edison.rutgers.edu/latimer/lathouse.htm

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