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l b dh 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem Central Limit Theorem

5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

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Page 1: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

l b d h5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit TheoremCentral Limit Theorem

Page 2: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Sampling DistributionsSampling Distributions

• A sampling distribution is the probability of aA sampling distribution is the probability of a sample statistic that is formed when samples of size n are repeatedly taken from aof size n are repeatedly taken from a population.

Page 3: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Properties of Sampling Distributions of lSample Means

• The mean of the sample means is equal to the p qpopulations mean

• The standard deviation of the sample means is equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of n.divided by the square root of n.

• The standard deviation of the sampling p gdistribution of the sample means is called the standard error of the mean

Page 4: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

A Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

You write the population values (1 3 5 7) on slips of paper and put them in a boxYou write the population values (1,3,5,7) on slips of paper and put them in a box.  Then you randomly choose two slips of paper, with replacement.  List all possible samples of size n = 2 and calculate the mean of each.  Find the mean , variance, and standard deviation of the sample means.  

Sample Sample Mean

1 1 1

Sample Sample Mean

5 1 31,1 1

1,3 2

1,5 3

5,1 3

5,3 4

5,5 5

1,7 4

3,1 2

3,3 3

5,7 6

7,1 4

7,3 5

3,5 4

3,7 5

7,5 6

7,7 7

Page 5: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

1 11 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 3

6 2

7 1

Page 6: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

1 1 0 06251 1 0.0625

2 2 0.1250

3 3 0.1875

4 4 0.2500

5 3 0.1875

6 2 0.1250

7 1 0.0625

Page 7: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

1 1 0 0625 0 06251 1 0.0625 0.0625

2 2 0.1250 0.2500

3 3 0.1875 0.5625

4 4 0.2500 1.0000

5 3 0.1875 0.9375

6 2 0.1250 0.7500

7 1 0.0625 0.4375

Page 8: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

1 1 0 0625 0 06251 1 0.0625 0.0625

2 2 0.1250 0.2500

3 3 0.1875 0.5625

4 4 0.2500 1.0000

5 3 0.1875 0.9375

6 2 0.1250 0.7500

7 1 0.0625 0.4375

Page 9: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

1 1 0 0625 0 0625 31 1 0.0625 0.0625 ‐3

2 2 0.1250 0.2500 ‐2

3 3 0.1875 0.5625 ‐1

4 4 0.2500 1.0000 0

5 3 0.1875 0.9375 1

6 2 0.1250 0.7500 2

7 1 0.0625 0.4375 3

Page 10: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

1 1 0 0625 0 0625 3 91 1 0.0625 0.0625 ‐3 9

2 2 0.1250 0.2500 ‐2 4

3 3 0.1875 0.5625 ‐1 1

4 4 0.2500 1.0000 0 0

5 3 0.1875 0.9375 1 1

6 2 0.1250 0.7500 2 4

7 1 0.0625 0.4375 3 9

Page 11: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

1 1 0 0625 0 0625 3 9 0 56251 1 0.0625 0.0625 ‐3 9 0.5625

2 2 0.1250 0.2500 ‐2 4 0.5000

3 3 0.1875 0.5625 ‐1 1 0.1875

4 4 0.2500 1.0000 0 0 0

5 3 0.1875 0.9375 1 1 0.1875

6 2 0.1250 0.7500 2 4 0.5000

7 1 0.0625 0.4375 3 9 0.5625

Page 12: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

1 1 0 0625 0 0625 3 9 0 56251 1 0.0625 0.0625 ‐3 9 0.5625

2 2 0.1250 0.2500 ‐2 4 0.5000

3 3 0.1875 0.5625 ‐1 1 0.1875

4 4 0.2500 1.0000 0 0 0

5 3 0.1875 0.9375 1 1 0.1875

6 2 0.1250 0.7500 2 4 0.5000

7 1 0.0625 0.4375 3 9 0.5625

Page 13: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

1 1 0 0625 0 0625 3 9 0 56251 1 0.0625 0.0625 ‐3 9 0.5625

2 2 0.1250 0.2500 ‐2 4 0.5000

3 3 0.1875 0.5625 ‐1 1 0.1875

4 4 0.2500 1.0000 0 0 0

5 3 0.1875 0.9375 1 1 0.1875

6 2 0.1250 0.7500 2 4 0.5000

7 1 0.0625 0.4375 3 9 0.5625

Page 14: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

A Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

You write the population values (2 6 10 14) on slips of paper and put them in aYou write the population values (2 ,6, 10, 14) on slips of paper and put them in a box.  Then you randomly choose two slips of paper, with replacement.  List all possible samples of size n = 2 and calculate the mean of each.  Find the mean , variance, and standard deviation of the sample means.  

Sample Sample Mean

2 2 2

Sample Sample Mean

10 2 62,2 2

2,6 4

2,10 6

10,2 6

10,6 8

10,10 10

2,14 8

6,2 4

6,6 6

10,12 12

12,2 8

12,6 10

6,10 8

6,14 10

12,10 12

12,12 14

Page 15: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

2 12 1

4 2

6 3

8 4

10 3

12 2

14 1

Page 16: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

2 1 0 06252 1 0.0625

4 2 0.1250

6 3 0.1875

8 4 0.2500

10 3 0.1875

12 2 0.1250

14 1 0.0625

Page 17: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

2 1 0 0625 0 1252 1 0.0625 0.125

4 2 0.1250 0.500

6 3 0.1875 1.125

8 4 0.2500 2

10 3 0.1875 1.875

12 2 0.1250 1.500

14 1 0.0625 .875

Page 18: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

2 1 0 0625 0 1252 1 0.0625 0.125

4 2 0.1250 0.500

6 3 0.1875 1.125

8 4 0.2500 2

10 3 0.1875 1.875

12 2 0.1250 1.500

14 1 0.0625 .875

Page 19: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

2 1 0 0625 0 125 62 1 0.0625 0.125 ‐6

4 2 0.1250 0.500 ‐4

6 3 0.1875 1.125 ‐2

8 4 0.2500 2 0

10 3 0.1875 1.875 2

12 2 0.1250 1.500 4

14 1 0.0625 .875 6

Page 20: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

2 1 0 0625 0 125 6 362 1 0.0625 0.125 ‐6 36

4 2 0.1250 0.500 ‐4 16

6 3 0.1875 1.125 ‐2 4

8 4 0.2500 2 0 0

10 3 0.1875 1.875 2 4

12 2 0.1250 1.500 4 16

14 1 0.0625 .875 6 36

Page 21: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

2 1 0 0625 0 125 6 36 2 252 1 0.0625 0.125 ‐6 36 2.25

4 2 0.1250 0.500 ‐4 16 2

6 3 0.1875 1.125 ‐2 4 0.75

8 4 0.2500 2 0 0 0

10 3 0.1875 1.875 2 4 0.75

12 2 0.1250 1.500 4 16 2

14 1 0.0625 .875 6 36 2.25

Page 22: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

2 1 0 0625 0 125 6 36 2 252 1 0.0625 0.125 ‐6 36 2.25

4 2 0.1250 0.500 ‐4 16 2

6 3 0.1875 1.125 ‐2 4 0.75

8 4 0.2500 2 0 0 0

10 3 0.1875 1.875 2 4 0.75

12 2 0.1250 1.500 4 16 2

14 1 0.0625 .875 6 36 2.25

Page 23: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Find the Mean, Variance, and Standard D i tiDeviation

2 1 0 0625 0 125 6 36 2 252 1 0.0625 0.125 ‐6 36 2.25

4 2 0.1250 0.500 ‐4 16 2

6 3 0.1875 1.125 ‐2 4 0.75

8 4 0.2500 2 0 0 0

10 3 0.1875 1.875 2 4 0.75

12 2 0.1250 1.500 4 16 2

14 1 0.0625 .875 6 36 2.25

Page 24: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

The Central Limit Theorem

Page 25: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

The Central Limit TheoremThe Central Limit Theorem

• You can use the central limit theorem if the nYou can use the central limit theorem if the nis greater than or equal to 30

• Or if the population itself is normallyOr if the population itself is normally distributed.

• The standard deviation of the sampling• The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is also called the standard error of the mean.the standard error of the mean.

Page 26: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Interpreting the Central Limit TheoremInterpreting the Central Limit Theorem

Phone bills for residents of a city have a mean of $64 and a standard deviation of $9.  Random samples of 36 phone bills are drawn from this population and the mean ofRandom samples of 36 phone bills are drawn from this population, and the mean of each sample is determined.   Find the mean and the standard error of the mean of the sampling distribution.

You can use the Central Limit Theorem because n is greater than 30.  The mean of the sampling distribution is equal to the mean of the population, and the standard error of the mean is equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of n.

Page 27: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Interpreting the Central Limit TheoremInterpreting the Central Limit TheoremSuppose a random sample of 100 are drawn from the population in the previous example. Find the mean and standard error of the mean of the samplingexample.  Find the mean and standard error of the mean of the sampling distribution.

Page 28: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Interpreting the Central Limit TheoremInterpreting the Central Limit TheoremThe heights of fully grown white oak trees are normally distributed, with a mean of 90 feet high and a standard deviation of 3.5 feet.  Random samples of 4 trees are drawn from this population, and the mean of each sample is determined.  Find the mean and standard error of the mean of the sampling distribution.

You can use the Central Limit Theorem because the population is normally distributed.

Page 29: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Probability and the Central Limit hTheorem

Z‐score with a sample mean

Page 30: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Finding Probabilities for Sampling bDistributions

The average time spent driving each day for drivers of ages 15 – 19 is 25 minutes g p g y gwith a standard deviation of 1.5 minutes.  You randomly select 50 drivers ages 15 –19.  What is the probability that the mean time they spend driving each day is between 24.7 and 25.5 minutes?

Find the z‐scores than use the table to determine the probability

About 91.23% of the samples of 50 will have a mean driving time between 24.7 and 25.5 minutes.

Page 31: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Finding Probabilities for Sampling bDistributions

The mean room and board expense per year at a four‐year college is $5850.  You p p y y g $randomly select 9 four‐year colleges.  What is the probability that the mean room and board is less than $6180?  Assume that the room and board expenses are normally distributed, with a standard deviation of $1125.

You can use the Central Limit Theorem because the population is normally distributed.

81.06% of samples of 9 will have a mean less than $618081.06% of samples of 9 will have a mean less than $6180

Page 32: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Finding Probabilities for a Random bl d lVariable and a Sample Mean 

A bank auditor claims that credit card balances are normally distributed, with a mean 0f $2870 and a standard deviation of $900.1) What is the probability that a randomly selected credit card holder has a credit card balance less than $2500?2) You randomly select 25 credit card holders. What is the probability that their mean2) You randomly select 25 credit card holders.  What is the probability that their mean credit card balance is less than $2500?3) Compare the two results and interpret the auditor’s claim

For 1 you figure out a z‐score for a random variable and use the chart for the probability.

Page 33: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Finding Probabilities for a Random bl d lVariable and a Sample Mean 

A bank auditor claims that credit card balances are normally distributed, with a mean 0f $2870 and a standard deviation of $900.1) What is the probability that a randomly selected credit card holder has a credit card balance less than $2500?2) You randomly select 25 credit card holders. What is the probability that their mean2) You randomly select 25 credit card holders.  What is the probability that their mean credit card balance is less than $2500?3) Compare the two results and interpret the auditor’s claim

For 2 you figure out a z‐score for a sample mean and use the chart for the probability.

Page 34: 5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem · You write the population values (1357) ... 12,12 14. Find the Mean ... Finding Probabilities for Sampling Distributions

Finding Probabilities for a Random bl d lVariable and a Sample Mean 

A bank auditor claims that credit card balances are normally distributed, with a mean 0f $2870 and a standard deviation of $900.1) What is the probability that a randomly selected credit card holder has a credit card balance less than $2500?2) You randomly select 25 credit card holders. What is the probability that their mean2) You randomly select 25 credit card holders.  What is the probability that their mean credit card balance is less than $2500?3) Compare the two results and interpret the auditor’s claim

There is a 34 % chance that an individual will have a balance less than $2500, and there is less that a 2% chance that a sample of 25 credit card holders will have a balance less than $2500.  So either the sample is unusual or the auditor’s claim that the mean is $2870 is incorrect.