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GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
• The feasibility studies on GPS is begun in 1960’s bythe Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS), andfirst satellite launched in 1978, while the systemdeclared fully operational in April, 1995. The system is made up from 26 satellites (24
functioning & 2 spares). Each satellite is 20,000 kmhigh (from earth’s surface) in a fixed position. Orbits are planned so that at least 4 satellites are
always in view. The location of the objects on earth isdetected by distance-distance intersection.
Now a days GPS become more popular as we find itsway into car, boats, planes, construction equipments,farm machinery, laptop and computer etc…, so now itsbecome almost as basic as telephone. The global positioning system is comprised of three
segments: Space segment Operational control segment User equipment segment
User segment GPS antennas & receiver/processors Position Velocity Precise timing Used by Aircraft Ground vehicles Ships Individuals
POSITIONING USING SATELLITE SIGNALS
A position is based on real-time satellite tracking andit’s defined by a set of coordinates.
A position represents only an approximation of thereceiver’s true location.
A position is not static. It changes constantly as theGPS receiver moves (or wanders due to randomerrors).
A receiver must be in 2D or 3D mode (at least 3 or 4satellites acquired) in order to provide a position fix.
3D mode dramatically improves position accuracy.
Application of GPS Technology
Location - determining a basic position Navigation - getting from one location to another Tracking - monitoring the movement of people and
things Mapping - creating maps of the world Timing - bringing precise timing to the world
Private and recreation Traveling by car Hiking, climbing, biking Vehicle control
Mapping, survey, geologyAgriculture General and commercial Spacecraft
Maritime
REMOTE SENSING
INTRODUCTION Remote means far away and sensing means acquiring
some information. So, remote sensing meansacquiring information of objects from a very largedistance. In the remote sensing, whole the data of the earth
surface are captured and then used for generating amap. Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining
information about an object, area or phenomenonthrough an analysis of the data acquired by a devicewhich is not in contact with the object underinvestigation.
So, it consists collecting and interpreting informationabout an object without being in physical contact withthem. The remote sensing use electromagnetic energy as
means of detecting and measuring targetcharacteristics. The data collection of the remote sensing is carried
out by highly sophisticated sensors like camera,multispectral scanner, radar etc… and the databasically consists of wave length intensityinformation. The sensors are located at so high that they can make
images of a very large area, and now a days remotesensing is mainly done from space using satellites.
CLASSIFICATION OF REMOTE SENSING
Remote sensing is broadly classified into twocategories:a) Passive remote sensingb) Active remote sensing
a) Passive remote sensing It uses sun as a sources of EM energy and records
the energy that is naturally radiated and /orreflected from the objects, and the photographs aretaken on a clear bright days.
b) Active remote sensing It uses its own source of EM energy, which is
directed towards the object and return energy ismeasured. So, this system utilizes man-madesources of energy for data collection.
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING
Remote sensing has a very broad application whichproves very useful for accurate and continuousmonitoring of the earth’s natural and other resourcesand of determining the impact of man’s activities onair, water and land. Remote sensing data can be used for taking sound
decisions for planning many human developmentactivities. It is also possible to take preventive action as in the
case of forest fires and natural disasters.
Some of the major application of remote sensing areas under: Agriculture Forestry Environment Coastal mapping Marine application Urban environment Land and water resources development Geology Land use/ land cover Information
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
The Geographical Information System (GIS) consistsof two distinct disciplines, geography and informationsystem. It is the data management system thatprovides many facilities for surveyors and planners. GIS is a computer based system which collects and
stores spatially referenced data with other relevantattributes and enables us to manipulate, analysis anddisplay in suitable formats. GPS and RS are sources of input data for a GIS. A GIS
provides for storing and manipulating GPS and RSdata.
Objectives of the GIS
The basic objectives of the GIS are as follows:a) To collect, analyses and manipulate spatial data.b) To produce maps and other products in
standardized formats for different uses.c) To supply information in useful formats for logical
decision making for planners.d) To support research activities using spatial as well
as non spatial data.
DEFINATION
The GIS has been defined in many ways:
GIS may be defined as a computer based informationsystem which attempts to capture, store, manipulate,analyze and display spatially referenced andassociated attribute data for solving complexresearch, planning and management problems. GIS is a systematic integration of computer hardware,
software and spatial data for capturing, storing,displaying, updating, manipulating and analyzing inorder to solve complex management problems.
GIS is defined as an information system that is usedto input, store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze andoutput geospatial data or geographically referenceddata, in order to support decision making forplanning and management of land use, naturalresources, transportation, urban facilities,environment and other administrative records.
Key components of GIS
The GIS consists of five key components as under:
Hardware Software Procedure Data Users
Function of GIS
What would happen if . . .A chemical leaked into a river?
Where does . . .The Green Belt exist in relation to the City?
Has . . .Population changed over the last ten years?
Is there a spatial pattern related to . . .Car ownership in our area?
GIS APPLICATIONS
Surveying and mapping are the primary area of GISapplication. The following are the major applicationof GIS: Engineering mapping Automated photogrammetry Highway mapping Utility/facility mapping/management Land use management Natural resources management Routing – highway, pipeline.. Urban and regional planning