6 Bio Ethics

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BiOeTHiCS & BiOTeCHnOLOgY



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Americans United for Life



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i h ach passi g y a , w fac w a d i c asi gly c pl xchall g s h sa c i y f hu a lif . m dical s a ch a d

w bi ch l gi s a adva ci g fa fas ha u s ci y’s hical a dl gal c s ai s su i g h i al us . Wh Ald us Huxl y w

Brave New World in 1932, human cloning was just science ction. Today,hu a cl i g is a ali y.

W hav s x a di a y adva c s i dical s a ch v h pas 10y a s. th c la guishi g a a f s c ll s a ch has su g d lif .ev y day, w a s d v l p d f adul s c lls a b i g us d

a al p pl suff i g f c i cu abl dis as s a d s i us i ju-i s. o h s, whil cu d, hav ad such p g ss ha h i ill ss s

i ju i s l g d i a h i v yday liv s, a d h y c agaigag i lif i a way h y v h ugh p ssibl .

Sci is s hav b abl h lp pa i s suff i g f v 70 diff - dis as s a d i ju i s—i cludi g b ai ca c , l uk ia, ly ph a,

C ’s dis as , Lupus, h a da ag , Pa ki s ’s, Sickl c ll a ia,a d d-s ag bladd dis as —usi g adul s c lls. C v s ly, -ally-p bl a ic b y ic s -c ll s a ch has h lp d a si gl hu-

a pa i .

D spi h p isi g adva c s i adul s -c ll s a ch, a y sci -is s a d p li icia s c i u s k u f d f d (a d u ax d l-

la s) f i al us s f bi ch l gy i h h p f i acl cu s. If w d ac wi h g a u g cy, h abus f asc hu a lif will

become more entrenched and far more dif cult to regulate. Powerful ethi -cal a d l gal li i s a d d p s v a d p c h sa c i y f allhu a lif .

I his s c i , w hav f cus d p vidi g accu a a d up- -dai f a i adva c s i bi ch l gy, i cludi g hu a cl i g, d -s uc iv b y s a ch (Der), a d hical al a iv s Der—suchas adul s c lls, hu a ski c lls, a d c d bl d.

m v , capi alizi g h a i al d ba v h “oc -m ” a d

w

B o th cs & B ot ch olo y



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h hical li i s f assis d p duc i , w h p spa k h ugh ful, sp sibl discussi a d d ba h gula i f assis d p duc iv

ch l gi s (Art), i cludi g in vitro f iliza i (IVF). F xa pl , wa gu i fav f i f d c s f IVF a d li i a i s h u b

b y s ha ay b i pla d du i g a IVF a cycl . W als u g

ha b y ad p i b giv as a p i pa s f IVF-c a d b y s, a d ha such a ad p i b c g iz d u d s a law. I is c i icw p vid a i gful v sigh a d gula i f IVF a d h p duc

iv ch l gi s, as h s -call d l f v b y s i IVF cli ics a u d ha i a a h h a f g i g d ba s v Der a d hu a cl i g.



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“Th B a n wo ld” o B o th cs A survey of federal and state laws

By Ma l r. Sm th

Staff Counsel, Americans United for Life

C i ui g adva c s i bi dical sci-c a d ch l gy a aisi g chal-

l gi g a d p f u d hical issu s—f i di-viduals a d fa ili s, f sci is s a d h al h-ca p f ssi als, a d f h b ad s ci y.ma y i p a hu a valu s a i plica d,a g h h al h a d h li f f suff i g,

sp c f lif a d h hu a p s , hu a

freedom, and human dignity. The ourish -ing eld of modern bioethics arose to explore

h s issu s, a d va i us b di s, i cludi g hU.S. C g ss, s a l gisla u s, l cal s a ch

vi w b a ds, acad ic bi hics i s i u s,a d s v al a i al c issi s, c i u w s l wi h h .

th “bi hics” c ly f s hal qu s i s a d i plica i s ais d by

bi l gical disc v i s a d bi dical adva c-s, a d pa icula ly h s qu s i s ais d byxp i a i livi g hu a b i gs. As

such, the eld covers a variety of scienti c anddical a as, i cludi g d s uc iv b ys a ch, cl i g, assis d p duc i , a d

genetic testing—areas lacking signi cant pro -c iv gula i u d i h f d al s a

law.

ISSUES

Destructive Embryo Research (DER)

ob ai i g b y ic s c lls qui s hd s uc i f a livi g hu a b y . I is

d by aki g a days- ld b y ha hasg w h s v al hu d d-c ll s ag , bi g i apa , a d aki g h c lls f h

b y ’s i ass.1 th s u sp cializ d c llsa h g w a d us d f s a ch.

More than ten years after the rst isolation of b y ic s c lls, h is a si gl di

as ha h s c lls hav b us d cuga dl ss f wh h h c lls b ai d fb y s a c a d h ugh sp a d gg

h ugh cl i g. Sci is s hav b c duci g s a ch us b y ic s c lls f

v 25 y a s a d a s ill u abl cu ic2 r s a ch hu a s ha c ssi a s d si g hu a b y s w uld b pug a vif i l d cu s. H w v , such s a ch hu a s is v u s ly giv h fac

ha his s a ch has a ly (a d v cly) w k d i a i als.

th a succ ssful, hical al a iv s ui g hu a b y s as a s u c f s c llsf s a ch a d h ap u ic pu p s s. o i

p a s u c is u bilical c d bl d—a vich s u c f s c lls. A h is adul s

c lls f va i us ga s. r s a ch s havl g k w , f xa pl , ha b a

ca f i bl d c lls. W w k w ha b - a w c lls ca f i fa , ca ilaga d b issu . A hi d p isi g s u c

u al s c lls. th s s c lls hav bsucc ssfully is la d a d cul u d f livi ghu a u al issu a d v f adul cadav-



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s. m v , s a ch b ak h ughs si c2007 a p i g h d f h p g a -

i g f adul s c lls i h b y ics c ll s a —wi h u h us d s uc i

f hu a b y s.

Adul s c lls hav h lp d pa i s wi h v 70 diff dis as s, wi h b i g c i u-ally add d. th fu u f hu a cu s is id s yi g s hu a s a h s. I is i

hical a s ha a all hu a lif wi hdig i y a d sp c . Bu p p s f b y-

ic s -c ll s a ch hav pu p s ly c a da fals i p ssi

ha b y ic s

c lls hav a p vh ap u ic us , whh y hav i ali y

v h lp d a si glhu a pa i .

I addi i h fac sha 1) i is c ssa y

d s y asc hu-a lif b ai -

b y ic s c lls f s a ch, a d 2) b y ic s -c ll s a ch

has v h lp d a hu a pa i , such -s a ch is als i al b caus h ly way

b ai h hu a ggs c ssa y c a - b y s is xpl i w . A w a ally

ly p duc s w ggs p p duc-iv cycl . t b ai ugh ggs f s a ch,

a w a us ak d ugs ha will caus h sup - vula , l asi g 10-15 ggs a a i ,

a d u d g a i vasiv su gical p c du id i v h . thus, i is si ply

p ssibl b ai ugh ggs f willi gw ad qua ly pu su his s a ch

a p ssibl dis as s ha ay c f a y b ak h ughs usi g b y ic s c lls.3

th U.S. Sup C u has v ul d h l gal s a us f a hu a b y u sid f h h ’s w b. I Augus 2001, P si-

d G g W. Bush a u c d ha f d alfu di g w uld b all w d ly f s a ch

h - xis i g b y ic s -c ll li s. Bu ima ch 2009, P sid Ba ack oba a sig da ex cu iv o d v si g ha p licy.

I is, h f , up h s a s i s i uc iv asu s. Cu ly, s v s a s i h

xp ssly i pli dly ba Der b y sc a d h ughin vitro f iliza i (IVF)

cl d hu a - b y s, a d 19 s a s

ba f al xp i -a i . I addi i h s di c ba s

s a ch, a l as sixs a s s ic fu di g

h us f s a fa-cili i s f Der, a d16 s a s hav pass dl gisla i c u ag-i g h us f adul

s c lls u bili-cal c d bl d a d/ h d a i f u bilicalc d bl d.

AUL has d af d s v al d ls h lp s a scu b i ff c iv , u hical s a ch a d p -

hical s a ch ha is al ady aki g adiff c . th s d ls i clud h “D s uc-

iv e b y r s a ch Ac ” ba i g d s uc-iv b y s a ch; a “P hibi i Public

Fu di g f Hu a Cl i g a d D s uc ive b y r s a ch Ac ”; a d a “egg P vid P c i Ac ,” f cus d p v i g h

pl i a i f w .



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Human Cloning

o f h i h p bl s i usi g b y-ic s c lls i h api s is h p bl f a spla a i . If a a spla d c ll’s DnA

is v s wha diff f h DnA f h p s b i g a d, h b dy usually s sh s c lls as i vad s a d kills h ff— uch lik wha happ s wh wh l - ga

a spla s a j c d b caus f h cipi-’s i u sys sp s . Wi h u h

us f d ugs supp ss h pa i ’s i usys , a spla d issu g ally su viv s

ly a f w h u s days.

t v c his i h p bl , sci is s b ga pu sui g hu a cl i g as a h df b ai i g g ically-c pa ibl c lls f

a spla a i . Hu a cl i g is h p c ssh ugh which a hu a gg is ak f

a w a , h ucl us is v d, a d hi is plac d wi h a ucl us f a pa i ’s

b dy c ll. Usi g l c ical sh ck “ch ical ba h,” h gg is ick d i b li vi g i has b f iliz d, a d i b gi s divid , b c -

i g a hu a b y .

A g al isc c p i xis s ha h aw yp s f hu a cl i g: h ap u ic cl -

i g ( “cl i g-f -bi dical- s a ch”) a dp duc iv cl i g ( “cl i g- -p duc -

child ”). H w v , h s d sig a i s asi ply w diff rationales or justi cations

ff d f h sa p c du , k w di-cally as “s a ic c ll ucl a a sf ,” hu-

a cl i g.

B h a i al s a ally w g b caus both scienti cally begin with the creation of acl d hu a b i g a h b y ic s ag f life. The differing justi cations that one clone

is d s i d b d s y d f i s s ca d h h f i pla a i i a w b dnot—and cannot—change the basic scienti cfac ha h cl d hu a b y s c a d f

h ap u ic p duc iv pu p s s a si ul-

a usly hu a b i gs. F his as ah s, c p h siv ba s hu a cl i g

sh uld b ac d i h 50 s a s a d by hU.S. C g ss.

Cu ly, f d al law ba s hu a cl i gf a y pu p s , a d h U.S. Sup C uhas y sp k h subj c . H w vs v s a s ba hu a cl i g f a y pu

p s , whil igh s a s ba cl i g- -p

duc -child . Fiv s a s hav laws bai g hu a cl i g, bu d p ss ss s a u

which ay b i p d as p hibi i g haful xp i a i IVF-c a d clhu a b y s. C v s ly, a l as s vs a s fu d cl i g b y ic s -c ll s a ch.

AUL has d af d a “Hu a Cl i g P hibi-i Ac ” assis s a s s ki g ba hu

cl i g f all pu p s s. A d as p vi uslyi d, AUL has als d af d a d l bill

p hibi i g h public fu di g f such u hical s a ch.

Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)

In vitro f iliza i (IVF) is h f ilizaf a hu a gg by a hu a sp u sid a

w a ’s b dy, i a lab a y. th “as-

sis d p duc iv ch l gy” (Art) c - pass s b h IVF as w ll as h w f

f Art. D spi h i c asi gly wid -sp adus f h s p duc iv ch l gi s, his a lack f c -s s gula i f h s

p c du s a b h h f d al a d s a l



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this lack f gula i has sul d i h s -ag f ha 400,000 c y p s v d (f -z ) hu a b y s i lab a i s ac ss hU i d S a s.

I 2004, h P sid ’s C u cil Bi hicsissu d a p , Reproduction & Responsibil-ity, u li i g h lack f gula i f Art. As

h C u cil’s p p i su , “[ ]h is ly f d-

al s a u ha ai s a hgula i f assis d p -

duc i : h ‘F ili y Cli icSuccess Rate and Certi ca -

i Ac f 1992’ (s i s

call d h ‘Wyd Ac ’),”a d i ly s v s w pu -

p s s: 1) p vidi g c su -s wi h i f a i ab u

h ff c iv ss f Arts vic s, a d 2) p vidi g s a s wi h a d lcerti cation process for embryo laboratories. 4 Addi i ally, h “Cli ic Lab a y I p v -

A d s f 1988” g v quali y as-su a c a d c l i cli ical lab a i s i -

cludi g h s i v lv d i Art, a d h C sf Dis as C l a d P v i (CDC) hasa u c d a w a i al Art Su v illa cSys . th s gula i s pal i c pa is

h s i plac i G a B i ai , G a y,Sw d , Swi z la d, a d a y h eu -

p a a i s, wh , f xa pl , h u b f b y s a sf d p p duc iv cycl

is li i d by law.

th C u cil’s ma ch 2004 p fu h c -rmed that ART is little regulated by the states.

I fac , as h p d, “[ ]h vas aj i yf s a s a u s di c ly c c d wi h assis -d p duc i … a c c d s ly wi hh qu s i f acc ss such s vic s.”5 F

xa pl , a l as 14 s a s add ss i su a cc v ag f Art.

m a whil , a s all u b f s a s hav va i-us p visi s p vidi g ha ly physicia s

ay p f Art, placi g li i s assis dinsemination procedures, de ning the legalstatus of the child created by ART, de ning

h l gal s a us f h pa d , gula i g h us

f public fu ds facili i sf Art, a da i g i f dc s f Art, g v -i g h a f hu a

b y s.

r sp sibl s a a d f d algula i is c ssa y f

s v al as s:

• Assis d p duc iv ch l gi s, p i a ily IVF, a h ga way allfu u g ic gi i g. th cu -

lack f gula i p s hc a i a d d s uc i f xc ss -

b y s a d, if ad qua ly sp d d, p s c di i s c duciv f

hu a cl i g a d h i al x- p i a i hu a lif i i s a -li s f s.

• th h al h f w u d g i g IVF,wh a f i j c d wi h h s

ha ay caus ca c a d h dis-as s, ay b c p is d, a d sub-

s qu ly-b child ay suff g ic da ag f h p c du s.

• th a i c asi g u b s f ul-ipl bi hs (wi h ass cia d h al h a d

saf y c c s), as w ll as h us



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f s -call d s l c iv duc i s (i.e.,ab i s) f u b child .

AUL has d af d d l l gisla i , i l d h“Assis d r p duc iv t ch l gi s Discl -

su a d risk r duc i Ac ,” ai d a su -i g uly i f d c s by c upl s u d -g i g Art p c ss s as w ll as gula i g h

u b f b y s ha ca b a sf d i asi gl p duc iv cycl .

Embryo Adoption

th lack f Art gula i has l f hu d dsf h usa ds f b y s f z i i . Bu

h ugh b y ad p i , c upl s ca ad ps -call d l f v b y s f h c upl swh hav al ady u d g IVF. this p -c ss p s s a gi g al a iv htraditional options left to IVF parents: inde -

i c y p s va i , d a i a y us p s s, d a i f s a ch.

n ly d s b y ad p i all w pa s ch s a al a iv h ha d s uc i

f s a ch, bu i als ff s a a ac ivp i ha d a i . Wh h b y s a

d a d h c upl s, as pp s d ad p -d by h , h p c ss is a y us a d h

plac is usually d i d by h f ili ycli ic’s physicia . r c ivi g c upl s usuallyu d g ly basic dical sc i g a d psy-ch l gical c u s li g.

Wh b y s a ad p d, h h ha d,

h p c ss is ypically uch p . thad p i g fa ily will lik ly hav acc ss hchild’s his y, a p ial a ch f fu u -ga d a i , a d h p ssibili y f a la i -ship wi h h placi g fa ily. P g a s suchas the Snow ake Embryo Adoption Program

qui ad p i g c upl s u d g xscreening, such as ngerprinting, backgroundch cks, h s udi s, i fa CPr, a d pa -

i g class s. Placi g fa ili s a d ad p ivfa ili s p pa i f a i al p f li s ab

h s lv s—d ssi s i cludi g v y hif ph g aphs i f a i ga di

ligi us backg u ds. Lik bi h hg ic pa s us his i f a i chad p iv pa s b a a d ais h i

b y s.

Cu ly, h w v , b y s a usuals a d d i a s f l gal a ’s-la d. ma yc u s a luc a classify b y s as p

y, bu h y als d cha ac iz hhu a b i gs. Laws ga di g b y d a-

i a d ad p i a , a b s , u s l d. thare no federal laws which speci cally address

h s issu s, bu h s a s hav p vig al guida c f b y d a i a d al w f b y ad p i .

AUL has c af d a d l bill, i l d h“e b y Ad p i Ac ,” f s a s i s

i xplici ly p i i g b y ad p i a b i gi g i u d h auspic s f h i xisad p i laws.

Genetic Testing and Discrimination

G ic s i g is cu ly availabl f 1,5dis as s, a d s s f hu d ds f h s cu ly b i g d v l p d.6 Bu , as wi h ha as f bi ch l gical succ ss, hical is-

su s hav a is wi h h adva c f gic s i g. F xa pl , ca h al h i su

a c c pa i s us h sul s f g ic i g i g a i g d yi g c v ag ? o ca

pl y s sc h g ic i f a i p ial pl y s b f aki g hi i g



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p i d cisi s?

D yi g h al h i su a c c v ag h ba-sis f g ic dis as is w. I h 1970s,s i su a c c pa i s d i d c v ag

cha g d high p iu s Af ica A i-ca s wh ca i d h Sickl c ll a ia g .m c ly, y u g child w d i dh al h i su a c b caus h y ca i d a -c ssiv g ic dis as . I a h xa pl ,

h h al h i su a c c v ag f a y u g b ywi h F agil X Sy d (a i h i d f f

al a da i ) was d pp d; h c pa yclai d h sy d was a p - xis i g c -di i . o h pl y f , w k s f

Bu li g n h Sa F rail ad ws d f g ic p disp si i ca pal u -l sy d .

I 2008, C g ss k a i i ial s p wa d p c i g pa i s agai s such disc i i a i by passi g h “G ic I f a i n dis-c i i a i Ac ” (GInA). GInA p hibi s -

pl y s a d h al h i su s f disc i i a -i g agai s p s s h basis f h i g ic

i f a i .

Bu his is ly a i i ial s p. GInA ly p -c s agai s disc i i a i by pl y s a d

h al h i su s—i d s p hibi disc i i-a i by lif , disabili y, l g- ca i -

su s. Fu h , cu f d al law U.S.Sup C u p c d add ss s h issu

f p a al s i g a d h p p us f hsul s f g ic s i g p f d h u -

b . th f , i is up h s a s suha h i ci iz s a disc i i a d agai s by h al h, lif , disabili y, a d l g- cai su s.

S s a s al ady add ss p a al s i g i

one way or another—either by af rming life, sadly, by c u agi g ab i . Whil s

s a s a d h Dis ic f C lu bia c u aglif by p hibi i g disc i i a i by i su a cc pa i s, h a a u b f s a s ha

c u ag h “p v i ” (i.e., ab i ) f bi h d f c s h ugh h us f a i c sisa d p a al s i g. A l as 14 s a s c uag such g ic s i g all w disc i i a-

i by i su a c c pa i s.

KEY TERMS

• Adult stem cells —s i-sp cializ dc lls ha c a h d-s ag c lls

ha d h w k f h b dy. P s- h ugh u lif , h y c i ually

w k plac dyi g d-s ag c lls.There are no ethical dif culties asso -cia d wi h usi g h s c lls as ha wi h b y ic s c lls. S -

i s f d as “ ul ip sc lls,” ha 70 diff dis as shav b a d wi h h s c lls.

•

Cloning — h c a i , by wha vch iqu , f a i y g ically

id ical a h i y al ady ixis c . th ugh cl i g, h w

i y has ly g ic pa , w as i al p duc i .

Cloning-for-biomedical-research• — h c a i f a w hu a b i g ah b y ic s ag f lif g ically

id ical a si gl pa , wi h h i -i f ha v s i g h cl ’s sc lls f xp i a i , h by sul i g i h d s uc i f h cl dhu a b i g.



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Cloning-to-produce-children• — hc a i f a w hu a b i g a h

b y ic s ag f lif g icallyid ical a si gl pa , wi h hi i ha h cl d hu a b -

i g will b i pla d i a w b a d b .

• Cord blood stem cell —a adul sc ll f u d i h u bilical c d bl d

f wb i fa s. U bilical c ds,which a u i ly disca d d, wdisc v d hav a u usually highc c a i f adul s c lls whicha v y asy b ai a d a capabl

f a i g a h s f dis as s. I 2006,C g ss pass d l gisla i ha willc a a a i al u bilical c d bl d

ba k si ila h a i al b a -w sys f h public.

• Embryo —a i y ha , h ughwha v a s ( al p duc-

i , cl i g, h h d), has afull c pl f DnA a d, wi h h

p p vi a d u i i a du l ss h wis i up d, will d -v l p al g h a u al c u s f p -g ssi f ha sp ci s i fu h s ag s f d v l p u il a u ald a h.

• Embryonic stem cell —a a ly-s ags c ll b ai d by d s yi g -

b y s f h sa sp ci s. e b y ic

s c lls ca b c vi ually a yyp f c ll i h b dy, bu ly if p p ly di c d i h i d v l p .this a u ally happ s i h ga iz dhu a b y , bu is s hi g hasci is s hav y l a h w c -

l. th p i a y hical issu s ass ci-a d wi h usi g h s c lls a ha cu ly qui h d s uc ilivi g hu a b y a d ha us f such c lls i dical s a ch c s i-

u s u hical xp i a i whh has b ad qua s a

usi g a i als. S i s f d as “plu ip s c lls,” h is a si gl dis as ha sci is s ca wi h h s c lls.

Genetic discrimination— • disc i i a-i which “ ccu s if p pl a ad u fai ly b caus f diff c s i

h i DnA ha i c as h i cha cf g i g a c ai dis as . F

a pl , a h al h i su igh fus giv c v ag a w a wh has aDnA diff c ha ais s h dds g i g b as ca c . e pl y s alsc uld us DnA i f a i d cidwhether to hire or re workers.” 7

Genetic testing• — s i g “d v l p

to nd DNA differences that affectu h al h.”8 I h w ds, h s a

s s which “l k f al a i s i p s ’s g s cha g s i h l vof key proteins coded for by speci cg s.”9 I is b li v d ha h al hca

p vid s will b abl u iliz “i fa i ab u ach p s ’s DnA

d v l p i dividualiz d ways f d c i g, a i g a d p v i g

as .”10

• Somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT) —a yp f cl i g. A pc ss i which h ucl us (a d hf h igi al DnA) is v d



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f a gg a d disca d d, h ucl usf a s a ic ( b dy) c ll c ai i gh g ic a ial f a h i y is

a spla d i h gg, a d a l c-ic sh ck ch ical s lu i is us d

ick h gg i b li vi g i has b f iliz d. th gg, c ai i ga h i y’s DnA, b gi s dividi gas a y h a ly b y .

• Zygote —a -c ll b y . Fhis c ll will a is v y c ll i h

b dy. S i s f d as a f -iliz d gg “ ip c ll.”

MYTHS & FACTS

Myth: e b y ic s -c ll s a ch s aclose to nding cures for a host of terrible dis -

as s, lik ca c , diab s, a d u l gicaldis d s such as Pa ki s ’s.Fact: e b y ic s c lls a u abl cua y f a y hi g. I s ad, us f h c lls ihu a s d s li l g d a d ca d g a ha .Adul s -c ll s a ch is h lpi g cu a

ha 70 dis as s, wi h w k b i g p pa d f cu ly i cli ical ials.

Myth: e b y ic s -c ll s a ch, i clud-i g h d s uc i f b y s f h i pa s,is ally a d hically acc p abl .Fact: ev if b ak h ughs usi g b y-

ic s c lls d ccu , i is s ill u hical d s y hu a b y s f h i “pa s.”

Regardless of the perceived or real bene t of

d s yi g hu a b y s, h is hi-cal justi cation for destroying nascent humanlif ga dl ss f i s igi s. I is v igh i i ally kill i c hu a lif sava h ’s lif , sp cially i such a sys a ic

a .

Myth: Cl d hu a b y s a allyhu a .Fact: This would mean that Dolly, the rst

a al cl , was a sh p, d spi hfac sh was c a d usi g a sh p gg a d

sh p DnA a d af bi h l k d a d ac dlik a sh p. If cl d hu a b y s a hu a , h wha a h y? th ly l gicala sw is ha a cl d hu a b y is fullyhu a .

Myth: W d w a igh lif cl db y s. th y a a u a u al ab a i .

Fact: r ga dl ss f h hical issu s su -u di g h c a i f hu a cl s why

a cl was c a d, if c a d i sh uld bf bidd liv . W d qui h ds uc i f hu a lif wh c a d h ugh

h u hical a s (e.g ., ap ). Lawsagai s c a i g cl d b y s sh uld -qui h cl ’s d s uc i .

Myth: A ba d s uc iv hu a b yresearch or human cloning will sti e scien -ti c research or economic development in my

s a .Fact: F w c pa i s v d his s a ch, i

pa b caus h a f s abl cu s hwill c up h d lla s d d f i v sA d, if b y ic s -c ll s a ch ds up

p duci g cu s, c pa i s ay su -vive long enough to produce any bene t.

Myth: e b y s l f v f in vitro f il-iza i (IVF) p c du s a jus g i g di

anyway. We should get some bene t fromh .Fact: I is c ssa ily h cas ha -

b y s l f v f IVF p c du s will bd s y d. S pa s cha g h i i da d d cid i pla h b y s giv



Defending Life 2010

353

h a cha c a su vival. I c asi gly, i f -il c upl s a ad p i g b y s ha w uld

h wis b d s y d la guish i c y - p s va i . ev if h s b y s w uld bd s y d, i d s giv us h igh us

h f s a ch a ial.

Myth: Y u ca c pa a clu p f c llss all ha h ip f p cil a xis i g hu-

a b i g wh is suff i g a d ay di wi h-u his s a ch.

Fact: I is y u siz l ca i ha giv sy u valu a d dig i y; a h , i is y u s a usas a b f h hu a ac . ev y hu a

b i g, wh h as s all as h ip f a p cil

as la g as a su w s l , d s v s h p -c i s acc d d all h hu a b i gs. If

w d cid ha s b s f h hu aac sh uld c iv h s p c i s, h

w a all a isk if h ich, p w ful, a si - pl aj i y d cid s s f us a l g w hy f lif .

Myth: Adul s c lls a as capabl asb y ic s c lls.

Fact: Whil i is g ally ag d ha b y-onic stem cells are more exible in becomingdiff issu yp s ha adul s c lls,

h id a ha adul c lls a as capabl asb y ic c lls f us i a s is pu

sp cula i . Cu ly, adul c lls a uch capabl f a i g hu a b i gs ha

b y ic c lls, which hav y cu a si -gl dis as .

Myth : P i g b y ad p i will li ih availabili y f b y s f s a ch a dwill h f p v us f disc v i g i -

p a cu s f d bili a i g dis as s.Fact : th vas aj i y f b y s i s ag( v 80 p c ) a s v d f h g ic

pa s’ p ssibl fu u us . e c u agi g b y ad p i will si ply l ss h u b fembryos that remain inde nitely suspended inf z s ag , a d fu h all w l vi g fali s b a a d ais child .

Myth : n w ha h f d al g v h pass d GInA, pa i s a fully p c d.Fact : GInA d s c v v y . F

xa pl , GInA d s c v b s f h ili a y. I addi i , GInA ly p ai

pl y s a d h al h i su s. I d s p hibi disc i i a i by lif , disabili y, l g- ca i su s. Fu h , GIis ly a i i u s a da d f p c i ha

us b i all s a s. S a s a f laws p vidi g p c i a d s ic i s h us f g ic i f a ii su s a d h s.

Myth : A ica s wh p ss ss c ai g iai s a al ady p c d u d h “A

ca s wi h Disabili i s Ac ” (ADA).Fact : Whil i is u ha h ADA p hi s pl y s f disc i i a i g agai s dis-

abl d p s s wh a capabl f p f i gh i du i s wi h as abl acc da i

a d h equal e pl y opp u i i sC issi (eeoC) has s a d ha h al hy

p s s wi h g ic p disp si i s a das fall wi hi h sc p f h ADA, his cai s w igh wi h i su a c c pa i s, wh

a h ld acc u abl h eeoC i hd cisi s f wh a d wh i su . thus,GInA a d s a laws a c ssa y p

i dividuals f such disc i i a i h pa f i su a c c pa i s.

Myth : my s a ad qua ly p c s agaig ic disc i i a i .Fact : Whil a l as 40 s a s a d h Dis



354


f C lu bia p hibi disc i i a i i h al hi su a c p lici s bas d up h sul s f g ic s i g, h d g f p c i dif-fers. For example, some states speci cally

p hibi h al h i su s f qui i g s i g,

whil h s all w h al h i su s c sid h sul s f s s ly if h pa i s v lu -a ily sub i fav abl sul s. o h h

ha d, s s a s ac ually c u ag g ics i g all w disc i i a i i c ai yp s

f h al h i su a c p lici s. thus, s a s ac u ag d ac fu h s ic i s li i -

i g h us f g ic i f a i by all i su -a c c pa i s.

Endnotes1 micha l J. Schla b . al., Derivation of pluripotent stemcells from cultured human primordial germ cells , PRoc . n at ’L a caD . s ci . usa 95:23, 13726-731 (1998).2 S m. J. eva s & m. H. Kauf a , Establishment in cultureof pluripotential cells from mouse embryos , n atuRe 292, 154–56(1981).3 See David P ic ,Under the Microscope: A Scientifc Look at Cloning, f aMiLy PoLicy 15:3. See also W sl y J. S i h, Lessons

From the Cloning Debate: The Need for a Secular Approach ,i h uMan D ignity in the Biotech c entuRy 194-96 (Cha l s W.C ls & nig l m. d S. Ca , ds. 2004) ( xplai i g hai is physi l gically p ssibl b ai ugh ggs adis as h ugh s c ll s a ch a d hu a cl i g).4 P sid ’s C u cil Bi hics, Reproduction & Responsibil-ity (ma ch 2004).5 Id . a 51.6 G ic & Public P licy C f J h s H pki s U iv si y,Genetic Privacy & Discrimination (upda d ma ch 2009), avail-abl a h p://www.d ap licy. g/p licy.p ivacy.php (las visi dJuly 17, 2009).7 na i al Hu a G r s a ch I s i u ,Genetic Discrimi-nation Fact Sheet: Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Lawof 2008 (upda d Ja ua y 9, 2009), availabl a h p://www.g -

.g v/10002328 (las visi d July 17, 2009).8

Id .9 na i al Hu a G r s a ch I s i u , Frequently Asked Questions About Genetic Testing (F b ua y 5, 2009), availabl ah p://www.g .g v/19516567 (las visi d July 17, 2009).10 na i al Hu a G r s a ch I s i u , Genetic Dis-crimination Fact Sheet: Genetic Information Nondiscrimination

Law of 2008 , supra .



Defending Life 2010

355

La s r lat d to Huma Clo

S v s a s ba cl i g f a y pu p s , i cludi g b h cl i g- -p duc -childa d cl i g-f -bi dical- s a ch: Ar, In, mI, nD, oK, SD, a d VA.

eigh s a s all w hu a cl i g f d s uc iv b y s a ch(cl i g-f -bi dical- s a ch) bu p hibi a p i g b i g a cl d child

(cl i g- -p duc -child ): CA, Ct, IL, IA, mA, mo, mt, a d rI.

Five states have no speci c law on human cloning, but have other statutes that either xp ssly i plici ly ba d s uc iv hu a b y s a ch IVF-c a d

b y s a d p ssibly cl d hu a b y s: LA, me, mn, nm, a d PA.

o s a p i s d s uc iv xp i a i b h cl d hu a b y s a dcl d hu a f us s up liv bi h: nJ.



356


La s r lat d to D st uct emb yo r s a ch

S v s a s i h xp ssly i plici ly ba d s uc iv hu a b ys a ch IVF-c a d b y s a d/ cl d hu a b y s: LA, me, mn,

nm, oK, PA, a d SD.

o s a xp ssly p i s d s uc iv xp i a i IVF-c a db y s: mI

o s a p i s d s uc iv xp i a i b h cl d hu a b y sa d cl d hu a f us s up liv bi h: nJ



Defending Life 2010

357

fu d o Clo &D st uct Huma emb yo r s a ch

S v s a s us s a ax d lla s fu d d s uc iv hu a b y s a ch:CA, Ct, IL, mD, mA, nJ, a d WI.

Six s a s s ic fu di g us f s a facili i s f hu a cl i g a d/ d s uc iv hu a b y s a ch: AZ, In, KS, LA, mn, a d ne.

o s a s ic s fu di g f hu a cl i g a d/ d s uc iv b y s aa d p hibi s l a s f i i s c duc i g d s uc iv hu a b y s a ch,

bu als all ws ax i c iv s f d s uc iv hu a b y s a ch by p vidiha s a ch quip is ax d: VA



358


eth cal r s a ch Alt at s

A l as 16 s a s p c u ag h us f u bilical c d c lls a d/ h f s f adul s c lls f s a ch: AZ, Co, FL, GA, mD, mA, mo, ne,

nJ, nm, nY, nC, oK, tn, tX, a d VA.



Defending Life 2010

359

Oth r st ictions on Cloning &D st uctiv Human emb yo r s a ch

ni s a s c i u ba s -call d f al xp i a i (h w v , f u fc u s hav i valida d h s a s’ f al xp i a i laws): FL, KY, LA, me,mA, mn, mt, ne, nm, nD, oH, oK, PA, rI, SD, tn, tX, Ut, a d WY.



360


La s r lat d to Ch m as

o s a p hibi s h c a i f hu a -a i al hyb ids: LA.





362


Oth Stat r ulat o s o ArT/ivf

At least ve states regulate the types of healthcare providers that can performArt/IVF: Ar, Ct, ID, nH, a d or

tw s a s gula g s a i al su gacy: FL a d nY

A l as w h s a s p vid i i al gula i f Art/IVF: SD a d tX



Defending Life 2010

363

La s r a d L & Pa thood ArT/ivf

Only one state by law de nes an embryo conceived through ART/IVF as a “juridical( l gal) p s ”: LA

tw s a s gula h us a d a f ga s, a s, b y s, fmI a d SD

A l as six s a s i a pa al igh s/ sp sibili i s f d s hg v h l gal s a us f child c c iv d h ugh h us f Art/IVF: AL, CA,Ct, De, FL, a d nD



364


La s r lat d to emb yo Do at o & Adopt o

F u s a s hav laws i ff c p vidi g s g al guida c f b yd a i : CA, oH, oK, a d tX.

th s a s hav laws i ff c p vidi g s g al guida c f b yd a i a d all w f b y ad p i : FL, GA, a d LA.



Defending Life 2010

365

f h basic f u da i s f A i-ca s ci y is ha hu a b i gs hav

i h dig i y a d, h f , a always b a d as ds a d v ly as a s

a d. C s qu ly, v h bl g alf h ali g p pl us b achi v d by h

i al a s f d s yi g h hu a b -

i gs, i cludi g h s a h b y ic s agf lif . of all hu a b i gs, b y s a hs d f s l ss agai s abus . th i i -

al d s uc i f s hu a b i gs f hall g d g d f h hu a b i gs is always

ally w g. th f , d s yi g hu ab y s ha v s h i s c lls sh uld b

l gally p sc ib d, as sh uld all f s f hu-a cl i g.

U f u a ly, h g i g l gisla iv d ba si s a h us s a u d h a i v a-su s p sc ib supp s c ll s a chand human cloning are lled with hyperbolea d isi f a i . th f ll wi g is jus asa pli g f i p a i f a i all f

issi g wi hh ld f c ucial public discus-si s v h d si abili y a d ali y f -s a ch a d xp i a i hu a b i gsa h a li s s ag s f lif :

• th A ica p pl a d h i l c dp s a iv s sh uld b cau i us f

h s duc iv clai s f dical u piamade by biotech research rms whohave a strong nancial interest in us -

i g hu a b i gs as c di i s.Bi ch c pa i s adv ca i g f hl galiza i a d g v fu di

f b y ic s -c ll s a ch usually gl c i f h public h

b y ic s a ch is fa sup c di succ ssful cu applica i s by

h s d iv d f hical s a p i cipally ha i v lvi g adul sc lls.

• Ba s dical s a ch ha d shu a lif a i s a li s s ag s c a s hu a lif f fu h s a

xp i a i (i.e., hu a cl -ing) would have the indirect bene t of all wi g s a ch y a d ff

b di c d h al ady p duceld of adult stem-cell transplantation

a d s a ic c ll g h api s. th s p c du s a f f h hicall as ass cia d wi h d s uc ivhu a b y s a ch.

• I p a ly, adul s c lls hav a p v c d f ff c iv cli

di s, which ca b said f - b y ic s c lls. t da , sci ishav b abl h lp pa i s suf i g f v 70 diff dis asa d i ju i s—i cludi g b ai ca cl uk ia, ly ph a, C ’s dis as ,Lupus, h a da ag , Pa ki s ’s,

O

2009 Stat L slat S ss o s r :Bioethics & biotechnology

By Ma l r. Sm th

Staff Counsel, Americans United for Life



366


Sickl c ll a ia, a d d-s ag blad-d dis as —usi g adul s c lls.

n cli ical us f hu a b y ics c lls has y b publish d ithe scienti c literature.

A g al isc c p i xis s ha•

h a w yp s f hu a cl -i g—“cl i g- -p duc -child ”a d “cl i g-f -bi dical- -s a ch.” I u h, h s d sig a i sa si ply w diff a i al sor justi cations offered f h sa

p c du , k w dically as “s -a ic c ll ucl a a sf ,” hu a

cl i g. B h a i al s a allywrong because scienti cally both be -gi wi h h c a i f a cl d hu-

a b i g a h b y ic s ag f life. The differing justi cations that

cl is d s i d f i pla a ii a w b a d h h is d s i d

b d s y d f i s s c lls d—a d ca —cha g h basic

scienti c fact that the cloned human

b y s c a d f b h p duc iv h ap u ic pu p s s a si ul a -

usly hu a b i gs.

I 2009, l gisla s i 31 s a s c sid d ha 95 asu s la d bi ch l -

gi s. this l v l f ac ivi y p s s a al s20 p c i c as f 2008. ov h lasseveral years, however, we have seen a signi -ca d w wa d d i l gisla i c c i g

h s c i ical a d gi g a as. thus, vwi h h i c as i bi hics- la d l gis-la i i 2009, his l v l f ac ivi y d s c pa fav ably h 500 bills i duc di 2005.

Human Cloning

A l as 11 s a s—i cludi g Alaba a, G -gia, michiga , mi s a, m a a, n wm xic , n w Y k, oklah a, o g , t xas,

a d W s Vi gi ia—c sid d asu s la -d hu a cl i g.

m a a ac d a asu ha ba s cl i gf p duc iv pu p s s (cl i g- -pduc -child ), bu i d s ba cl i g f all pu p s s.

oklah a ac d a asu ha p hibi s hu-a cl i g f all pu p s s (b h cl i g- -

p duc -child a d cl i g-f -bi dical-s a ch).

Destructive Embryo Research

A l as 12 s a s—i cludi g Alaba a, Cali-f ia, G gia, Illi is, ma yla d, michiga ,mi s a, mississippi, n w m xic , n wY k, oklah a, a d o g —c sid d

asu s ba i g p i g d s uc iv

b y s a ch. I addi i , W s Vi gi iac sid d a asu p hibi i g h us f “u b child ” i s a ch xp i s.

oklah a ac d a asu which p hibi sh ap u ic s a ch ha d s ys hu a

b y s subj c s b y s isk f i ju y d a h.

Ethical Forms of Research

A l as s v s a s—Illi is, mai , michi-ga , mi s a, n h Ca li a, ohi , a dt xas—c sid d asu s p i g hicalf s f s c ll s a ch, i cludi g h us

f adul s c lls a d u bilical c d bl d.



Defending Life 2010

367

n h Ca li a ac d l gisla i qui i gh D pa f H al h a d Hu a S vic s

ak publica i s availabl h publicga di g u bilical c d s c lls a d u -

bilical c d bl d ba ki g. th w law als

qui s ha h D pa c u ag h al h-ca p f ssi als p vid h publica i s

h i p g a pa i s.

State Funding of Biotechnology

Fu di g asu s a h ga u i 2009, f p hibi i g axpay fu di g f d s uc iv - b y s a ch a d/ cl -i g, fu di g hical f s

f s a ch, fu di g d -s uc iv b y s a ch.I all, igh s a s c sid dfu di g asu s la d

bi ch l gi s.

F u s a s—mi s a,miss u i, n w Y k, a dt xas—c sid d a-su s p hibi i g li i i g

h us f public fu di g f hu a cl i g d s uc iv b y s a ch.mi s a ac d a asu p hibi i g hfu di g f hu a cl i g.

th s a s—mai , n b aska, a d okla-h a—c sid d asu s fu di g hicalf s f s a ch. n b aska ac d a a-su ha fu ds p g a s ac d i 2008 hasupp hical s a ch, a d oklah a di c -

d fu di g wa d hical s a ch.

o ly s a , o g , c sid d l gisla ifu di g d s uc iv b y s a ch.

Chimeras

o ly h s a s—G gia, L uisia a, amichiga —c sid d asu s p hibi i g

h c a i f hu a -a i al hyb ids, wi h

L uisia a ac i g i s bill.

Assisted Reproductive Technology

A l as 19 s a s c sid d asu s la assis d p duc iv ch l gi s (Art

i cludi g in vitro f iliza i (IVF). As usual,s f h s bills i v lv d acc ss —

gula i f— h Art i -dus y.

A l as 11 s a s—i cludiA ka sas, G gia, Illi is,K ucky, ma yla d, massa-chus s, michiga , missis-sippi, miss u i, o g , a drh d Isla d—c sid d

asu s b ad i g i sua c c v ag f assis

p duc iv ch l gi s

A l as igh s a s—i cludi g CalifG gia, Hawaii, michiga , mi s a, mis-s u i, n w Y k, a d oklah a—c sid d

asu s gula i g ( va yi g d g s) Art i dus y. miss u i’s bill w uld hav li -i d h u b f b y s a physicia c uldi pla i a w a p p duc iv cycl .

A ha dful f s a s—i cludi g G gia, I wa,

n w Y k, n h Dak a, a d oklah a— c sid d asu s la d pa

n h Dak a ac d a law i v lvi g Arta d i h i a c igh s.

n b aska c sid d a asu calli g f a



368

i i s udy xa i in vitro f iliza i .

Embryo Adoption

Whil ly s a c sid d a asu -

lated to embryo adoption in 2008, ve states— G gia, massachus s, mississippi, okla-h a, a d t ss —c sid d such a-su s i 2009.

Georgia enacted a law changing the de nitionf “child” i clud a hu a b y a d p -

viding speci c procedures for embryo adop -i .

Human Egg Donation

A l as h s a s—Calif ia, Fl ida, a dmi s a—c sid d l gisla i gula i g

h d a i f s lici a i f hu a ggs.

Genetic Discrimination

C l ad ac d a asu p vidi g f li-abili y a d li i a i s discl su f g ic

i f a i a d p v i g g ic i f a-i f b i g us d d y acc ss h al h-

ca i su a c m dica suppl al i -su a c c v ag .

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6 Bio Ethics