6 Simple Machines6 Simple Machines

By: Emma DillonBy: Emma DillonMiles TaylorMiles Taylor

Jack Yau Jack Yau Kevin LynchKevin Lynch

Table of ContentsTable of Contents Simple Machines Compound Machines Inclined Plane Wedge Screw Lever Wheel and Axle Pulley More Videos Acknowledgments (resources)

Simple Machines Simple Machines by: Emma

Dillon

There are six basic machines; the inclined There are six basic machines; the inclined plane, wedge, screw, lever, wheel and axle, plane, wedge, screw, lever, wheel and axle, and the pulley.and the pulley.

Simple Machines Video

Back to Table of Contents

Compound Machines Compound Machines by: Miles Taylor

A compound machine is a machine that consists of two or more simple machines.

Example: Bicycle. It has a pulley for the bike chain, two wheels and axles, levers for the hand brakes, and screws to hold it together.

Back to Table of Contents

Inclined Plane Inclined Plane by Emma Dillon • An inclined plane is a flat slanted surface An inclined plane is a flat slanted surface

whose endpoints are at different heights. whose endpoints are at different heights. An inclined plane lets you exert your input An inclined plane lets you exert your input

force over a larger distance. That way, the force over a larger distance. That way, the input force will be less than the output input force will be less than the output force. force.

How to determine the ideal mechanical How to determine the ideal mechanical advantage of an incadvantage of an inclilined plan:ned plan:

Length of incline Length of incline _______________ = ideal mechanical advantage_______________ = ideal mechanical advantage Height of inclineHeight of incline

More InformationBack to Table of Contents

UsesUses:: You use it to lift objects You use it to lift objects

from lower levels to from lower levels to higher levels.higher levels.

An example is a ramp. An example is a ramp.

Values:Values: One value of the One value of the

inclined wedge is that it inclined wedge is that it reduces work due to reduces work due to friction. friction.

You increase the You increase the efficiency of an inclined efficiency of an inclined plane by decreasing the plane by decreasing the friction. friction.

Back to Table of Contents

Wedge Wedge by: Emma Dillon

A wedge is a device that is thick at one end and A wedge is a device that is thick at one end and tapers to a thin edge at the end.tapers to a thin edge at the end.

Wedges are inclined planes two of them back to Wedges are inclined planes two of them back to back that can move.back that can move.

The longer and thinner the wedge, the less input The longer and thinner the wedge, the less input force is required to do the same amount of work.force is required to do the same amount of work.

In a wedge, instead of an object moving along the In a wedge, instead of an object moving along the inclined plane, the inclined plane moves itself.inclined plane, the inclined plane moves itself.

How to determine the mechanical advantage of the How to determine the mechanical advantage of the wedge:wedge:

Length of sloping sideLength of sloping side =mechanical advantage =mechanical advantage Length of thick endLength of thick end

More InformationBack to Table of Contents

Uses:Uses: A wedge uses force to come A wedge uses force to come

between two objects.between two objects. It is used for three different It is used for three different

types of work: types of work: splitting, splitting, connecting, connecting, andand tightening tightening. .

Examples of wedges are Examples of wedges are axes, nails, doorstops, and axes, nails, doorstops, and zippers. zippers.

Values:Values:• There are many values of There are many values of

the wedge.the wedge.• When using a wedge, a When using a wedge, a

small force is multiplied to small force is multiplied to do the job. This is good do the job. This is good because it reduces the because it reduces the amount of the input force, amount of the input force, the force that you have to the force that you have to put in. put in.

Back to Table of Contents

Screws Screws by: Jack Yau A simple machine that is related to the inclined plane.A simple machine that is related to the inclined plane.

It can be thought as an inclined plane wrapped around a It can be thought as an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.cylinder.

When you use a screwdriver to twist a screw into a piece When you use a screwdriver to twist a screw into a piece of wood, you are exerting an input force on the screw.of wood, you are exerting an input force on the screw.

When you turn the screw into the wood, the screw exerts When you turn the screw into the wood, the screw exerts an output force on the wood.an output force on the wood.

The mechanical advantage of a screw can be found by The mechanical advantage of a screw can be found by dividing the circumference of the screw by the pitch of dividing the circumference of the screw by the pitch of the screw.the screw.

Back to Table of Contents

Levers Levers by: Jack Yau

A lever is a rigid bar that is free to pivot, or rotate, A lever is a rigid bar that is free to pivot, or rotate, about a fixed point.about a fixed point.

The fixed point that a lever pivot around is called The fixed point that a lever pivot around is called the fulcrum.the fulcrum.

Think about a lever like a paint can opener, the Think about a lever like a paint can opener, the opener is resting against the edge of the can acts, as opener is resting against the edge of the can acts, as a fulcrum. The tip f the opener is under the lid of a fulcrum. The tip f the opener is under the lid of the can. You push down on the opener, exerting an the can. You push down on the opener, exerting an input force, and the opener pushes the lid up, input force, and the opener pushes the lid up, exerting an output force on the lid.exerting an output force on the lid.

To calculate the To calculate the ideal mechanical advantage ideal mechanical advantage , you , you have to divide the distance from fulcrum to input have to divide the distance from fulcrum to input force by distance from fulcrum to output force.force by distance from fulcrum to output force.

Back to Table of Contents

History of WheelsHistory of Wheels by: Kevin

Lynch

The English word The English word wheel comes from the comes from the Proto-Indo-European * *kkwwekekwwlo-lo-,,[1] which was an which was an extended form of the root *extended form of the root *kkwwel-el- meaning "to revolve, meaning "to revolve, move around". This is also the root of the move around". This is also the root of the Greek κυκλος κυκλος kukloskuklos, the , the Sanskrit chakra, and , and Persian charkhcharkh, all meaning "circle" or "wheel",, all meaning "circle" or "wheel",[2] and also in and also in Lithuanian, , suktisukti means "to rotate". The Latin word means "to rotate". The Latin word rota is from the Proto-Indo-European * is from the Proto-Indo-European *rotā-rotā-, the , the extended o-grade form of the root *extended o-grade form of the root *ret-ret- meaning "to meaning "to roll, revolve".roll, revolve".[3]

Back to Table of Contents History of Axle

History of Axle History of Axle by: Kevin Lynch

An axle is a central shaft for a An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. In some cases the axle may be fixed in position with a bearing or bushing sitting inside the hole in the wheel or gear to allow the wheel or gear to rotate around the axle. In other cases the wheel or gear may be fixed to the axle, with bearings or bushings provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported. Sometimes, especially on bicycles, the latter type is referred to as a spindle.

Back to Table of Contents

Wheels (cont.)Wheels (cont.)

Ideal MA= radius of wheel/ radius of axle

Actual MA= R/E actual

Screwdrivers, doorknobs, windmills, gears, and Chain Falls are all examples of the wheel and axle.

Back to Table of Contents

History of levers History of levers by: Kevin Lynch

First class levers: A first-class lever is a lever in which the fulcrum is located in between the input effort and the output load.

Second class levers: In a second class lever the input effort is located at one end of the bar and the fulcrum is located at the other end of the bar, opposite to the input, with the output load at a point between these two forces.

Third class levers: It is to be noted that for this class of levers, the input effort is higher than the output load, which is different from the first-class and second-class levers.

Back to Table of Contents History of the Axle

Facts About LeversFacts About Levers

Lever: In physics, a lever (from French lever, "to raise", c.f. a levant) is a rigid object that is used with an appropriate fulcrum or pivot point to multiply the mechanical force that can be applied to another object. This is also termed mechanical advantage, and is one example of the principle of moments. A lever is one of the six simple machines.

Back to Table of Contents More on Wheels

The PulleyThe Pulley by: Miles Taylor

The pulley is a machine that consists of one or more wheels with grooves, and rope.

To operate the pulley, put the rope in the groove and hang the wheel on something. Now apply downward pressure, or pull on the rope. The rope on the other side should raise, along with whatever it is attached to.

There are many different kinds of pulleys- fixed pulleys, movable pulleys, and compound pulleys. Fixed pulleys are when the wheel doesn’t move, a movable pulley is when the wheel does move, and a compound pulley is when there are multiple wheels.

The mechanical advantage of the fixed pulley is 1. The machanical advandahe of the movable pulley is 2 For compound pulleys, add the multiple for each wheel. For

instance. 2 wheels: 2. 3:3. 4:4 and so on…

Back to Table of Contents

More VideosMore Videos

http://youtube.com/watch?v=C-UXry70iXM

http://youtube.com/watch?v=sOikTpFgi3Y

Back to Table of Contents

Information ResourcesInformation Resources

Science Explorer; Motion, Forces, and Energy Science Explorer; Motion, Forces, and Energy ---(information ---(information on the wedge and inclined plane)on the wedge and inclined plane)

http://www.fi.edu/pieces/knox/automaton/wedge.htm --- --- (information on the wedge)(information on the wedge)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedge_(mechanics) ) ------(information on the wedge’s mechanical advantage)(information on the wedge’s mechanical advantage)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel#History_of_the_wheel_and_axle

Back to Table of Contents Picture Resources

Picture ResourcesPicture Resources Inclined plane:Inclined plane:

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApphttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Mechanics/Inclined_Plane/ebay1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://aratus/Mechanics/Inclined_Plane/ebay1.JPG&imgrefurl=http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Mechanics/Inclined_Plane/physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Mechanics/Inclined_Plane/Inclined_Plane.html&h=325&w=450&sz=20&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=Jb2q2NrInclined_Plane.html&h=325&w=450&sz=20&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=Jb2q2Nrei7LfCM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinclined%2Bplaneei7LfCM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinclined%2Bplane%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den

Second Inclined Plane:Second Inclined Plane: http://www.blueberryforest.com/images/Images_ct/kinderkram-40513-ramp-http://www.blueberryforest.com/images/Images_ct/kinderkram-40513-ramp-389.jpg389.jpg

Wedge Picture:Wedge Picture:http://www.ed.uri.edu/SMART96/ELEMSC/SMARTmachines/images/wedge.jpg

Zipper Picture:Zipper Picture: http://www.wpclipart.com/clothes/zipper_2.pnghttp://www.wpclipart.com/clothes/zipper_2.png

Ax and Nail Picture: Ax and Nail Picture: Clip ArtClip Art

Back to Table of Contents

More Resources

Picture Resources (Cont.)Picture Resources (Cont.) Screw Picture: Screw Picture: http://www.artestuff.com/images/screw-standard.jpg

Lever Picture: Lever Picture: http://www.sciencebyjones.com/Firce_class_lever_drawing.gif Bike Picture: Bike Picture: http://weightweenies.starbike.com/images/lightbike/bike.jpghttp://weightweenies.starbike.com/images/lightbike/bike.jpg

Simple Machines Pictures:Simple Machines Pictures:

Pulley; Pulley; http://www.indiainnovates.com/images/products/pulley_stopper.jpg

Wedge; Wedge; http://www.brantacan.co.uk/WedgeActionMW.gif

Inclined Plane; Inclined Plane; http://dots.physics.orst.edu/graphics/image_maps/inclined_plane.gif

Lever; Lever; http://www.techsploration.com/Lever2.JPGhttp://www.techsploration.com/Lever2.JPG

Screw; Screw; http://faq.f650.com/FAQs/Photos/ChainPhotos/ChainGuardScrew.jpg Wheel Wheel and Axle;and Axle; http://www.ed.uri.edu/SMART96/ELEMSC/SMARTmachines/images/logo.gif http://www.ed.uri.edu/SMART96/ELEMSC/SMARTmachines/images/logo.gif

Back to Table of Contents