6 x 10.Long - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/39143/index/9780521839143_index.pdf · a middle initial, for example ... AGIL. See Parsonsian ... Beck’s paradigm

Index

Isolated instances of words such as peace and psychology have not been indexed.Entries for names represent a name index, not a person index. Thus the entries for two

people whose name appears the same in different publication records will be interfiled; andthe records for one person whose name appears in different ways – perhaps with or withouta middle initial, for example – may be indexed separately, though in some instances recordsthat obviously refer to the same person have been combined.

Aall, Pamela R.: 25, 101Abelson, Robert P.: 51Aber, J. Lawrence: 65, 244abolition of war: 139Abramson, Hillel: 23Abu Nasr, Julinda: 66Abu-Nimer, Mohammed: 173Abu-Saba, Mary Bentley: 40, 166accident, nuclear. See nuclear accidentacid rain: 200Ackerman, Alice: 28, 195Acme-Bolt trucking game: 159action research: 93active listening: 106activities related to conflict

resolution: 127acute exposure: 235Adair, Wendi L.: 105Adams, David: 48Adams, Gerry: 181Adams, Richard E.: 232adaptation level: 22Adelswaerd, Viveka: 104Adler, Alfred: 79Adler, Amy B.: 152, 154, 155, 156adolescents: 55–70, 227, 239adolescents’ beliefs: 76Adorno, Theodore W.: 24, 28advantageous comparison: 224Adwan, Sami: 81, 127affect: 131affective reactions: 72Afghanistan: 178, 184Afifi, Mohamed: 173Africa: 42

age composition: 85aggression: 11, 51, 52, 74, 84, 85aggression in conflict: 85aggressiveness: 59AGIL. See Parsonsian functional analysisagricultural land exhaustion: 200Ahearne, John F.: 200AIDS: 42, 44Aiello, Antonio: 128air pollution: 200Ajzen, I.: 66Ajzen’s theory of planned

behaviour: 146Akimov, V. P.: 188Al Ashhab, B.: 72al-’Azzam, ’Abd al-Majid: 170al-Qaeda: 219Albania: 155Albeck, Joseph H.: 81, 127Alexander, Charles N.: 51, 232Alexander, Jill: 70Alexander, Michele G.: 101alienated individuals: 227alienation: 180Allebeck, P.: 243Allen, Jon G.: 232alliances: 27–8Allon, Y.: 170, 196Allport, Gordon W.: 20, 153Alonso, H.: 39altruism: 47, 51Alvarez, Ann Rosegrant: 35America. See United StatesAmerican Psychiatric Association,

DSM-IV: 217

345

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-83914-3 - Peace Psychology: A Comprehensive IntroductionHerbert H. Blumberg, A. Paul Hare and Anna CostinIndexMore information

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American PsychologicalAssociation: 10, 75, 178

Amir, Sharon: 170Amoo, Samuel G.: 98Amuge, Anne Paulyn: 197anarchic-ideologues: 227Anderman, Eric M.: 76Anders, T.: 215Anderson, Anne: 14, 160Anderson, Norman H.: 49Anderson, Royce: 15Andersson, A. L.: 243Andreyenkov, Vladimir: 176Angelique, H.: 244Angell, R.: 65anger: 32Anglo-American undergraduates: 120Angola: 106, 184Angwaro, Sr Teddy: 197Annan, Jeannie R.: 197Antebi, Dikla: 171anthropological perspectives: 102anthropology: 12antinuclear activism: 75antinuclear activities: 75antinuclear war movement: 145antiterrorism: 230antiwar groups: 175antiwar student activists: 146Antrim, Lance N.: 98, 109apartheid: 69, 182Apfel, Roberta J.: 80Appel, N.: 240applied systems analysis: 113Apprey, Maurice: 190Aquino, Karl: 117Arab adolescents, Israeli: 67Arab educators: 115Arab–Israeli conflict: 113Arabic: 73Arabs: 50, 146, 165, 167, 172, 198Arabs, Muslim: 222Arbatov, Alexei G.: 26arbitration: 11archetypes: 79Argentina: 184Argyrides, Marios: 232Arian, Asher: 105Arias, Ricardo: 74Arias, Rosario Martinez: 107Armageddon theology: 49Armenia: 184Armenian earthquake: 178arms competition: 14arms control: 19, 25–6, 176

arms race: 22Armstrong, Tamara L.: 112Aron, A.: 65Aronoff, Yael S.: 167Arons, Sandrine: 78Aronson, Elliot: 158art therapy: 57Asal, Victor: 108, 138Asch, Solomon: 205Ashford, Mary-Wynne: 41Ashour, Omar: 178Asia: 184Asia, East: 187Asia, South: 196Asia, Southeast: 196Asians: 72Askevis-Leherpeux, Francoise: 73Asmundson, Gordon J. G.: 156Astorino, Allison: 164Astorino-Courtois, Allison: 167atom bomb: 79atomic annihilation: 80atomistic societies: 203attitude change: 21, 205, 209Attitude Scale toward War and Peace: 56attitudes. See also under specific object

such as nuclear warattitudes: 4, 11, 16, 35, 58, 71–8,

92, 167–71attitudes, social constructionist: 58attribution of blame: 225attribution theory: 22, 104, 216Auerbach, Yehudit: 170Auger, Richard W.: 244Augsburger, David W.: 97Aupperle, Kenneth E.: 92, 112Austin, Timothy: 158Australia: 60, 72, 75, 121, 185Austria: 25authoritarian-conformism: 74authoritarian leaders: 130authoritarian personality: 20, 49authoritarianism: 24, 47, 50, 73, 74, 76availability: 201aversive conditions: 222Avery, Patricia G.: 31Axelrod, Lawrence J.: 143–4Azaiza, Faisal: 176Azar, Fabiola: 165

Babbitt, Eileen: 98Bachman, Betty A.: 71Backenroth-Ohsako, Gunnel: 100Bacon, Victoria L.: 232Badekale, Adeola Joy: 45

346 Index






Baha’i Faith: 51Baker, Carol: 117Baker, William D.: 48Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J.: 64Bakker, Arnold B.: 108Balabanis, George: 117balance of power: 104Balance of Power game: 128Bali: 242Balkans: 66Ballif Spanvill, Bonnie: 32Bandura, A.: 51, 214, 223, 224,

225, 231Banks, C.: 225Banks, S. M.: 232Bar, Haviva: 175Bar-On, Dan: 77, 78, 81, 127, 168, 169,

170, 171, 193Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov: 164Bar-Tal, Daniel: 31, 57, 71, 73, 76, 82,

103, 168, 170, 171, 173Barbarin, Oscar A.: 181Barber, James D.: 15bargainer framing: 122bargaining. See also negotiationsbargaining: 9, 19, 22, 97, 131, 156–7bargaining (negotiations): 116–27bargaining – lab experiments and

surveys: 117–26bargaining, simulations: 126bargaining strategies: 130bargaining support (web and

computers): 116Bargal, David: 171, 175Barker, M.: 240Barkic, Jelena: 187Barnaby, Frank: 232Barnes, Bruce E.: 102Baron, Lawrence: 47Baron, R. A.: 51, 227Barrett, Deirdre: 167Barron, Frank: 47Bartholomew, R. E.: 244Bartone, Paul T.: 155, 156Bartos, Otomar J.: 100Baruch, E. H.: 222Bashner, Richard S.: 34, 153Basque country. See also SpainBasque country: 143Bass, Debra D.: 136Bassiouni, M. C.: 214Bast, Cathy: 126Bastian, Maike: 143Bastian, Till: 143Bastien, Betty: 78

BATNA: 122Batres, A.: 156Battegay, Raymond: 23Baum, A.: 232Bazerman, Charles: 143Beale, James M.: 232Beaman, A. L.: 224Beck, A. T.: 84, 87, 225, 226, 229Beck’s paradigm of distortions: 225Becker, Steven M.: 244Bedard, C.: 70Beer, Francis A.: 13, 40, 232Beersma, Bianca: 104Begin, Menachem: 164behaviour: 131behavioural norms: 154behavioural science perspectives: 13behaviourist perspective: 207Behbehani, Jaffar: 167Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin: 169Bekerman, Zvi: 34, 171Belay, Getinet: 105Belgians: 77Bellany, Ian: 26Ben Ari, Eyal: 155Ben-David, Amith: 176Ben Yehuda-Agid, Hemda: 170benevolence: 74Benford, Robert D.: 46, 147Benight, C. C.: 237Bennett, D. Scott: 27, 151Bennett, James: 145Bercovitch, Jacob: 12, 29, 98,

100, 108, 160Beriker, Nimet: 157Beriker-Atiyas, Nimet: 197Berkeley, Terry R.: 33best alternative to the negotiated

agreement: 122Betancourt, Hector: 104Bettencourt, B. Ann: 143Betz, Brian: 20, 123Beyond War: 147bias, self-serving: 29biased perception: 149, 209biases: 23bibliographic databases: 4Bickman, L.: 236Bickmore, Kathy: 58big five. See five-factor theoryBigoness, William J.: 117bilateral reciprocity: 163Binney, Stephen E.: 208biodiversity: 206, 207Bion, W.: 227

Index 347






Bizman, Aharon: 171, 172Bjoerkqvist, Kaj: 98Black fundamentalism: 50black townships (South Africa): 182Blacker, Coit D.: 176Blacks: 72, 77Blair, Tony: 168, 189Blake, Cecil: 102blame, attribution of: 225Blanzieri, E.: 237Blazina, Mary K.: 35Blight, James G.: 50, 151, 178Bluehouse, Philmer: 102Blum, Lawrence A.: 47Blumberg, Herbert H.: 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11,

12, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 36, 47, 49, 50,51, 74, 90, 121, 136, 150, 156, 157,158, 159, 166, 205

Boardman, Susan K.: 101Bobrow, Davis B.: 154Bodine, Richard J.: 31Bodtker, Andrea: 102Boehm, Christopher: 102Boehnke, Klaus: 74, 191Boettcher, William A.: 84Bogo, Victor: 137Bogumil, David D.: 22, 28Bohleber, W.: 221Bolea, Bryan: 232Bollinger, D.: 218Bolton, Elisa E.: 156, 196Bolton, Paul: 78Bonham, G. Matthew: 82, 105Boniecki, Kurt A.: 153Bonta, Bruce D.: 59Boothby, N.: 62, 65, 66Borchgrevink, Carl: 105Bordin, Jeffrey: 147Bores, Johannes: 176, 183Bornstein, Gary: 89, 125Borris, Eileen: 158Bos-Bakx, Miepke: 155Boscarino, Joseph A.: 232Bosnia and Herzegovina: 56Bosnia-Herzegovina: 118, 185Bosnian refugee children: 66Bosnians: 57Boudreau, Thomas: 105Boulding, Elise: 10Boulding, Kenneth: 10Bourne, Lyle E. Jr: 40, 232Bowen, Linda K.: 156Bowlby, J.: 65Bowling, Daniel: 117Boyden, Jo: 62

Boyer, Mark A.: 45, 126, 154Boyer, Paul: 151Boyes, Edward: 206Bracher, Mark: 81Bradley, Jill C.: 232Bradley, Pamela: 47Bradshaw, Samuel L.: 135Brams, Steven J.: 116Branco, Angela Uchoa: 185Brannan, D. W.: 215Braun, Chaim: 232Brazil: 102, 107, 185Brecke, Peter: 99, 158Breen, John: 193Brehm, Sharon: 205Brenes, Abelardo: 143, 207, 208Breslauer, George W.: 175, 176Bretherton, Di: 121, 185Brett, Jeanne M.: 101, 105Brett, Joan F.: 122Brewer, Marilynn B.: 71Brewer, Paul R.: 73Breyman, Steve: 145Brezhnev, Leonid I.: 176Britain. See Great BritainBritish International Trade

Intermediaries: 117Britt, Thomas W.: 152, 153, 154broaden-and-build theory: 238Brock, S. E.: 136Brock-Utne, Birgit: 34, 38, 39Brody, Eugene B.: 208Bronfenbrenner, Urie: 22Brooks, Susan M.: 40, 45Broughton, Sally: 195Brown, Kendrick T.: 73Brown, M. Mitchell: 156Brown, Roger: 47, 202Brown, Rupert: 146Brown, Scott W.: 105Browne, D.: 234, 235, 240Brubaker, David: 106Bruck, Peter: 46Brunet, A.: 236Brunet, Ariane: 43Bruton, Garry D.: 28Bryant, Shannon: 232Buddhism: 51Budson, Andrew E.: 232Bulgaria: 186Bunch, C.: 39Bunketorp, O.: 243Bunn, George: 232Burgess, Guy: 105Burgess, Heidi: 105

348 Index






Burgin, Eileen: 166Burlingame, Gary M.: 136, 243Burlingame-Lee, Laura: 158burnout: 172Burroughs, Thomas E.: 166Burton, John W.: 14, 33Bush, George W.: 13business studies: 35Butler, John K.: 119Butler, Judith: 139Butler, Michael J.: 142Butovskaya, Marina: 60, 61buyer–seller negotiation: 117Byles, Joanna Montgomery: 81Byrne, D.: 51Byrne, Sean: 117bystanders: 77

Cabaniss, Deborah L.: 232Cabbil, Lila M.: 35Cai, Deborah A.: 118Cairns, Ed: 15, 20, 34, 57, 68, 69,

70, 157, 181, 239, 240, 241Calder, Nigel: 50Caligiuri, Paula M.: 128Callahan, Michael V.: 232Cambodia: 44, 78, 185Campanella, Miriam L.: 83Canada. See also North AmericaCanada: 73, 75Canchola, Erika L.: 244Caprioli, M.: 40Caprioli, Mary: 45care: 57, 201caring society: 201, 209Carlson, Khristopher C.: 43, 44Carment, David: 116Carnevale, Peter J.: 109, 122Carter, April: 141Carter, Jimmy: 166, 178, 198Carter, Neal A.: 181Casmir, Fred L.: 91Caspary, William R.: 164Cassidy, Clare: 178Castano, Emanuele: 22Castro, Carl Andrew: 154, 155Catholics. See Roman CatholicsCederman, Lars Eril: 26censorship: 76Centeno, Miguel Angel: 194Center for the Study and Reduction

of Terrorism (START): 229Central Europe: 186Central Pacific: 102Centre for Conflict Resolution: 229

CFC gases, halted production: 206Cha, Cher Shou: 34Chad: 98Chafetz, Glenn: 23Chaitin, Julia: 169, 193Chamberlain, N.: 190Champagne, Matthew V.: 116Chanowitz, Benzion: 34, 153Chapin, Wesley D.: 128Charny, Israel W.: 78Chase, Jonathan: 203Chataway, Cynthia J.: 110Cheldelin, Sandra: 112chemicals, toxic: 200Chen, H.: 236Chen, J. P.: 236Chen, T.: 236Chen, Teddy: 244Chernobyl: 178child soldiers: 10, 42, 43, 44, 61–3children: 41, 42, 44, 45, 55–70,

140, 204, 235children, effects of ethnopolitical

warfare on: 135children, refugee: 64–6children’s beliefs: 76children’s conceptions: 31children’s fears: 9children’s motivation: 31children’s play: 86Children’s Stressful and Traumatic War

Experiences, questionnaire: 56Chimienti, Giovanni: 66China: 59, 102, 186Chinn, P.: 39Chiozza, Giacomo: 25Chirot, Daniel: 19, 20, 136Chivian, Eric: 176Choi, Ajin: 25Choi, Dong Won: 109Chong, Kim Chong: 47Christian churches: 49Christian fundamentalism: 50Christian Lebanese: 165Christianity: 220Christians: 195, 198, 220Christie, Daniel J.: 9, 10, 13, 14,

15, 29, 31, 35, 49, 59, 70, 86Chung, H.: 236Churchill, Winston: 189Cialdini, R. B.: 204Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio: 25civil liberties: 151Civil War. See United States Civil Warcivil wars: 134

Index 349






Clark, David H.: 24Clark, Howard: 141Clark, Ian: 15Clarke, Bruce B.: 112Clarke, G.: 65Clayton, Claudia J.: 32Cleeton, Natalie: 109clergy, Protestant: 49climate change: 200co-operation: 81co-operative tactics: 74coalition building: 117coalition formation: 27coalitions: 9, 22, 127Coates, Susan: 244Cobb, Sara B.: 100Coch, Lester: 202cognition: 9, 11, 13, 81, 131cognitive approach to understanding

violence: 225cognitive biases: 200cognitive complexity: 82cognitive development: 57cognitive-emotional effects of

terrorism: 237–9cognitive evaluations: 72cognitive gain: 122cognitive mapping: 82, 105, 130cognitive problem: 200cognitive process: 76cognitive processes: 82cognitive representations: 71cognitive traits: 74Cohen, Bertram D.: 21Cohen, Donald J.: 171cohesion: 120, 155Cohn, Carol: 45, 92Cohrs, J. Christopher: 76Colaresi, Michael P.: 25, 138Cold War: 3, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 24,

25, 26, 28, 80, 136, 140, 150,152, 160, 162, 207

Coleman, Peter T.: 31, 99, 100,104, 113, 125

collective identity: 73Collective Self-Esteem Scale (CSES): 180collective unconscious: 79collectivistic culture (CC): 120college. See post-secondaryCollyer, Charles E.: 25Colombia: 63, 69, 187Columbus, Peter J.: 58Colvard, K.: 216, 229Colvin, Jean G.: 206Comas-Diaz, Lillian: 41

communication: 12, 88–93communication and attitude change: 21communication, effective: 29communication, interpersonal: 121communication simulations: 208communication systems, distributed: 90communications media: 205Communism: 186Communist rule: 188community building: 32community mediation: 111, 130community mediators: 97comparison, advantageous: 224competition: 22, 59, 74, 89competitive conflict: 187competitive goals: 101competitive orientations: 124competitors: 123computer-based communication

system: 89computer-mediated communication:

91, 205concepts of the enemy, children’s: 56conciliation: 82confirmatory factor analysis: 75conflict: 72, 85Conflict and Peace Data Bank: 167conflict, avoiding: 158conflict, cooperative and competitive: 187conflict, direct: 9, 46conflict escalation,

motivational-conceptual model: 119conflict, ethnic: 56conflict, ethnopolitical: 19–21conflict frame: 129conflict in small groups: 128–30conflict, indirect (institutionalized): 9, 46conflict, intergroup: 58conflict, international: 58, 82conflict, interpersonal: 58conflict, interstate: 25, 63conflict, levels of: 11conflict life cycles, Eastern and Western: 98conflict management: 100conflict mediation across cultures: 97conflict, political: 58conflict-related strategies: 82conflict resolution: 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11,

12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 21, 32, 33,35, 36, 74, 77, 88, 97–132, 229

conflict resolution, conclusions: 131conflict resolution, cultural variation: 98conflict resolution, graph model: 117conflict resolution model: 106, 186conflict resolution models: 116

350 Index






conflict resolution, nonviolent: 206conflict resolution, overviews: 97–101conflict resolution, research methods: 107conflict resolution training: 106–7conflict styles: 102Conflict Resolution Strategies Checklist: 35conflicts, effects of: 133–40conflicts, ethnic: 207conflicts, intergroup: 130conflicts, intractable: 115conformity: 20, 74confrontation: 100Congo: 43Congress. See United States CongressConlon, Donald E.: 126consequences, disregard for: 225conservatism: 49Constantinople: 191constructive confrontation: 105, 130constructive controversy: 90–1, 93, 111constructive use of conflict: 131constructivist: 100contact: 72contact between members: 71contact hypothesis: 20, 21, 71, 91, 93, 153content analysis: 28contents: 11–13Conway, L. G. III: 202Cooper, James M.: 29cooperation: 11, 21, 34, 81, 89, 92, 203cooperation, international: 178cooperation, mutual: 71cooperative conflict: 187cooperative goals: 101cooperative learning: 32cooperative norms: 126cooperators: 123Cooperrider, David L.: 206Cordova, A.: 242Cornish, Ian M.: 81corporations, multinational: 206correlates-of-war research: 14Coryn, Chris L.: 232Coulter, Stephen: 181counterforce: 50countries (other) alphabetically: 184–97countries, other: 181Covell, Katherine: 56Coy, Patrick G.: 110, 142Crary, Daniel R.: 60Crawford, Donna K.: 31Crenshaw, M.: 215, 216, 217,

223, 228, 231crises: 149–61crises, successive: 138

crisis: 24crisis management: 133–40crisis management, international: 113crisis negotiations: 83Crislip, Mark N.: 27Croatia: 57, 187Croatian children: 56Croatians: 56Croats: 11, 66Crocker, Chester A.: 25Crocker, J.: 180Cronbach, Lee J.: 154cross-cultural analysis: 101cross-cultural fluency: 93Cross, John G.: 116Cuba: 151, 188Cuban missile crisis: 24, 79, 151, 160Cukur, Cem Safak: 124cults: 11cultural diversity: 201cultural fluency: 91cultural perceptions: 170cultural scripts: 117cultural variation in conflict resolution: 98culture: 109, 130culture and conflict management: 101–2culture, collectivistic: 120culture, individualistic: 120Curle, Adam: 187, 188curricula: 33Custance, Deborah M.: 101Cyprus: 110, 188, 206Czaja, Sally J.: 126Czech Republic: 186Czechoslovakia: 188Czerwinski, B.: 44

D’Andrea, Micheal: 33Dalai Lama: 47Dallin, Alexander: 176Dalton, Russell J.: 92Daly, O. E.: 239Dane, Francis C.: 49Dane, Leila F.: 100, 173Danieli, Yael: 141Daniels, Judy: 33Daniels, Steven E.: 202Dardenne, Benoit: 73David, J. Sky: 28Davidson, John A.: 26, 34, 106Davidson, Jonathan R. T.: 244Davies, John L.: 51Davies, Martin F.: 21, 22, 27, 47,

51, 90, 150, 156, 157, 159, 205Davies, S.: 64

Index 351






Davis, A. H.: 159Davis, David R.: 105Davis, Gerald: 83, 126Davis, Walter A.: 232Dawes, A.: 66Dawes, Andrew: 69Dawes, Andy: 15Dawes, Irene: 75Dayton peace agreement: 197de Cerreno, Allison L. C.: 100de Dreu, Carsten K. W.: 102, 122, 126de-escalation: 14de la Rey, Cheryl: 40, 112, 183De Rivera, Joseph: 85, 102de Souza, Luciana Karine: 15de Soysa, Indra: 24de Valderrama, Blanca Patricia

Ballesteros: 187De Vita, Glauco: 35de Waal, Frans B. M.: 59de Wet, Thea: 181Deaux, Kay: 49debriefing: 243decision makers: 83decision-making: 14, 107, 108, 150decision-making, democratic: 202decision-making, personal: 113decision-making under risk: 83decision reversibility: 137decisions, emergency: 133–40deforestation: 200, 201dehumanization: 225dehumanizing: 33DeKay, Michael L.: 137Della Porta, Donatella: 217Demause, L.: 80, 221Demirel-Pegg, Tijen: 197democracies: 26democracy: 19democratic decision-making: 202democratic leaders: 130democratic nations: 23democratic regimes: 27, 29Democratic Republic of Congo: 43democratic states: 150demonizing: 33demonizing members: 36Denver, Sean: 81Department of Homeland Security,

United States: 229deprivations: 11Der Karabetian, Aghop: 75Derlega, Valerian J.: 124descriptive norms: 204despair work: 13

despair workshops: 136Dess, Nancy: 15destructive instinct: 222deterrence: 19, 25–6, 83, 164Deutsch, A.: 227Deutsch, Morton: 10, 15, 19,

20, 31, 32, 99, 101, 159development, global: 207developmental issues: 55–70developmental psychology: 10, 11Devine-Wright, Patrick: 179Diamond, Dickson S.: 244Diamond, Louise: 188, 206dichotomous thinking: 226Dickson, W.: 236Dickson-Gomez, Julia: 62Diehl, Paul F.: 158, 159Diener, E.: 224Diessner, Rhett: 142diffusion of responsibility: 225Dillbeck, Michael C.: 232Dineen, J.: 224Dioso, J.: 24diplomacy. See also negotiationdiplomacy: 11, 88, 105, 156–7diplomacy, multi-track: 206diplomacy, track two: 110diplomats: 83direct violence: 9, 36, 46disarmament: 5discount rates: 137discourse: 88–93discrimination against outgroups: 135Disneyland Paris: 92displaced people, internally: 65displacement of responsibility: 224disposition: 22disputant ‘ripeness’: 125dispute resolution project: 60disputes – international, national and

intergroup: 97disputes, inter-organization (labour): 117disregard for consequences: 225distinctiveness: 71distortions, Beck’s paradigm: 225distributed communication systems: 89distribution norms: 119Dixon, M. R.: 227Dobkowski, Michael N.: 208Dockett, Kathleen: 51Dodd, Brian: 208Dodds, Josiah: 59Dodge, C.: 63, 65dogmatic militarism: 52dogmatism: 75

352 Index






Dollard, J.: 223domestic violence: 43Dona, Giorgia: 69Donald, Ian: 105Donnellon, Anne: 203Donnelly, M.: 240Donohue, William A.: 105, 117, 173, 105Doob, L.: 223Dorsch, E.: 38Dorussen, Han: 150Doty, Richard G.: 74, 76Doty, Richard M.: 119Dougall, A. L.: 232Dovidio, John F.: 71, 101Downey, Jerrold L.: 232Downie, Bryan M.: 117Downie, Sue: 141Downs, George W.: 25Drake, Laura E.: 118, 126Drapela, Victor J.: 188Drews, David R.: 35Drory, Amos: 126Druckman, Daniel: 23, 26, 101, 103,

105, 107, 112, 116, 126, 157Druckman, James N.: 126Druze: 169, 165DSM-IV, American Psychiatric

Association: 217du Preez, Peter: 77Duarte, C. S.: 240DuBose, Philip B.: 117Duchet, C.: 236, 237Dudley Grant, G. Rita: 51Duffy, Karen G.: 111Dugan, Maire A.: 34Dumont, M.: 238Duncan, Norman: 90, 183Dunlop, Rosemary: 64Dunn, Seamus: 180Dupont, Christophe: 112Dutch. See NetherlandsDutton, Jane E.: 206Dyal, James A.: 145Dyer, Wayne W.: 51Dymond, S.: 227dynamic engagement: 130Dyregrov, Atle: 62, 243Dziegielewski, Sophia F.: 232

Eagles, Munroe: 73Earth Charter: 207East Asia: 187Eastern conflict life cycles: 98Eastern countries: 130Eastern Europe: 59, 188

Eastern perspective: 207Eberle, Rachael A.: 129ecological system framework: 204ecology: 49ecology of families: 201ecology problems: 178economic deprivation: 86economic events: 82economic factors: 19economics: 12Edelman, Lucila: 81, 184Edelstein, Ilana: 81Ediger, Marlow: 32education: 87, 91, 93, 99, 206education about risk: 138education, international problem

solving: 106education, peace. See peace educationEdwards, Todd C.: 144, 147Edwards, V. J.: 243Efraime, B.: 44Egypt: 40, 164, 198, 217Ehlich, Peter: 156Ehteshami, Anoushiravan: 190Eisenhower, D.: 151Ekblad, Solvig: 135Ekehammar, Bo: 100El-Bushra, Judy: 42El Salvador: 44, 62, 189El-Sarraj, Eyad: 67, 220Elbedour, Salman: 66, 67Electronically Activated Recorder

(EAR): 238Elieli, Rina Bar-Lev: 232Ellens, J. Harold: 232Elliott, G. C.: 142Elliott, Jane: 158Ellis, Albert: 80Ellis, Donald G.: 112Elovitz, Paul H.: 197Elron, Efrat: 155Emans, Ben J. M.: 122Ember, Carol R.: 85Ember, Melvin: 85emergencies, humanitarian: 138emergency decisions: 133–40Emmett, Judith D.: 32Emminghaus, Wolf B.: 102emotional effects of terrorism: 237–9emotions: 172empathizing: 201empirical perspective: 207empirical security: 208empiricism: 85Endresen, K.: 224

Index 353






enemies, perceptions of: 82Engelmann, Wilfried: 116England. See also: Great Britain;

United KingdomEngland: 68, 121, 189, 228, 239Engle, Randi A.: 108English, Tony: 29Enloe, Cynthia: 45environmental education: 32environmental issues: 200environmental problems: 75, 200environmental threat: 200environmental views: 205environmentalists: 202equity theory: 50Eraenen, Liisa: 156Eritrea: 190Eros: 78, 80Errante, Antoinette: 183Escalona, Sibylle K.: 10Esler, P. F.: 215Esses, Victoria M.: 112Estonia: 190Estrada, Joseph: 195Etheredge, Lloyd S.: 19, 26ethical behaviour: 91ethical dilemmas: 109ethical matters: 11ethical theory: 208ethics: 46–52, 105ethnic cleansing: 162ethnic conflict: 56ethnic conflicts: 207ethnic groups: 72ethnic issues: 134ethnicity: 131ethnocentric identifications: 24ethnocentrism: 72, 153, 202, 208ethnopolitical conflict: 19–21, 140ethnopolitical warfare: 35, 134–6Ettin, Mark F.: 21euphemistic labelling: 224Eurasia: 190Europe: 40, 59, 75, 190, 230Europe, Central: 186Europe, Eastern: 188European Union: 229Euwema, Martin C.: 108Evan, William M.: 203, 207Everly, G. S.: 232, 242evolutionary basis of ingroups: 203evolutionary models of bargaining: 126exit factors: 230exit pathways: 233expectations, political: 170

Experienced Control Theory: 86expressive narrative writing: 243externalization: 218eye movement desensitization and

reprogramming (EMDR): 243

face maintenance: 102face-work: 88factor analysis: 75fairness: 57Falk, Avner: 173Falla: 65families, ecology of: 201family: 42, 204Fang, L.: 236Fang, Lin: 244Fang, Liping: 107, 117Fang, Tony: 187Fantini, Alvino E.: 203Farnham, Barbara: 190Farwell, Nancy: 189, 190Faure, Guy Olivier: 102, 112fear: 32Fearon, James D.: 104Fedor, Kenneth J.: 28, 202Feeney, Melisah C.: 106Feerick, M. M.: 244Feghali, Ellen Kussman: 175Fein, Steven: 205Feldman, Ofer: 23Feldman, T. B.: 221Felsman, I.: 65Felsman, J. K.: 65feminism: 37–45feminist approaches: 11feminist mothers: 34Feng, Yi: 26Ferguson, N.: 69Ferguson, Neil: 57, 58, 181Fernandez-Dols, Jose-Miguel: 102Feshbach, Seymour: 15, 85Fetherston, Betts: 156Feuerverger, Grace: 175Fidler, Jay W.: 21Figley, Charles R.: 232Firer, Ruth: 33First World War: 222FirstSearch: 15Fischhoff, B.: 238Fischhoff, Baruch: 84Fish, Adam: 45, 184Fishbein, Harold D.: 15Fisher, Roger: 100, 153Fisher, Ronald J.: 35, 81, 106, 110,

113, 120, 188

354 Index






Fisher, S.: 42fisheries exhaustion: 200Fiske, Susan T.: 9, 75Fitzduff, Mari: 160five-factor theory: 23Fivush, R.: 243Flanagan, Constance: 76Flannery, Daniel J.: 32Fletcher, Kitty: 56Flynn, James: 138Flynn, Michael: 78Fogarty, Brian E.: 15Forand, Nicholas: 232Ford, Carol A.: 232Fordham, Benjamin O.: 25foreign affairs: 76foreign policy: 24Foreman, Clay: 156Foresto, Lisa A.: 224Forsyth, Donelson R.: 124Fortgang, Ron S.: 35, 107forums: 182Fossum, Lars Kristian: 156Fowers, Blaine J.: 232Fox, Nathan A.: 70Fox-Cardamone, Lee: 146Foxen, Patricia: 191Fraenkel, Eran: 102frame, conflict: 129France: 25, 165Franchi, Vije: 183Francis, Claire: 206Franke, Volker C.: 154Fraser, S. C.: 224Frederick, Calvin J.: 244Frederick, Howard: 29Fredrickson, B. L.: 238Freeman, Joan: 59Freer, Brian: 151Freire, Ana Maria Araujo: 35Freire, Paulo: 35Fremont, Wanda P.: 232French, Christopher C.: 3, 4, 9, 10, 166French, John R. P.: 202French, Perrin: 136Frenkel-Brunswik, Else: 24, 28Frensch, Peter A.: 101Freud, Sigmund: 78, 222Freudian analysis. See psychoanalysisFreudian psychology. See psychodynamicsFreyaldenhoven, R. W.: 237Freymond, Jean F.: 112Fricks, Shane: 22Friedman, M. J.: 243Friedman, Matthew: 156

Friedman, Raymond A.: 101, 117friendship: 47Fromson, M. E.: 225frustration–aggression hypothesis: 223Fry, Douglas P.: 12, 85, 98Fuhr, Reinhard: 81Fukushima, Osamu: 121Fuld, Kenneth: 137Fullerton, Carol S.: 232, 244functional analysis. See Parsonsian

functional analysisfundamentalism: 49, 52fundamentalism, Black: 50fundamentalism, Christian: 50fundamentalism, White: 50Funes, Maria J.: 143Fung, Hung Gay: 49Funk, Carolyn L.: 35Funk, Nathan C.: 116Furnham, Adrian: 75

Gabriel, Ayala H.: 173Gaerling, Tommy: 100Gaertner, Samuel L.: 71Gaines, Atwood D.: 203gains, psychophysical properties: 122Gal, R.: 237Galanter, M.: 227Galantino, Maria Grazia: 155Galea, S.: 235Gallagher, Tony: 181Galletto, V.: 237Gallois, Cindy: 89Galtung, Johan: 11, 98, 156Gambino, R.: 224game-theoretic model: 164game-theoretical analysis: 116game theory: 22, 101games: 128games, competitive: 59games, interdependence: 9games, mixed-motive: 22games, simulations: 132Gan, Su lin: 171Gandhi, Arun: 142Gandhi, Mahatma: 142Gandhian Personality Scale: 142Gao, Ge: 102Garbarino, J.: 70Garbarino, James: 70Garrett, Banning N.: 187Garrod, A.: 56Gartner, Scott Sigmund: 27, 76, 149Gassenheimer, Jule B.: 117Gates, Scott: 46

Index 355






Gaubatz, Kurt T.: 150Gaza: 67, 219, 220Gaza Strip: 67, 68Gelpi, Christopher: 27, 103, 157gender: 131gender effect: 68gender issues: 37–45, 134gendered perspective: 34, 36general education: 34–6General Health Questionnaire

(GHQ-30): 192genetic factors: 64genocide: 69, 76–8, 79geopolitical factors: 114George, Alexander L.: 176Gerber, Gwendolyn L.: 45German: 116German descendants of Nazi

perpetrators: 127German students: 77German university students: 74, 75Germany: 50, 72, 162, 185, 189,

190, 218, 222Gerner, Deborah J.: 163, 164Gershoff, Elizabeth T.: 244Gerstein, Lawrence H.: 160Gerts, Maria J. J.: 104Geva, Nehemia: 23, 25, 26, 45, 168Ghosh, Dipankar: 126Gibson, Kerry: 81Gidron, Y.: 237, 244Giebels, Ellen: 126Giel, R.: 178Gigerenzer, Gerd: 232Gil, Tsvie: 171Gil-Rivas, Virginia: 244Gilat, Izhak: 171Gilbert, Andrew: 208Giller, J. E.: 42Gillespie, Treena L.: 116Gillibert, Jean: 79girl soldiers: 44girls: 37–45, 135Gittelman, Martin: 232Glad, Betty: 14, 25, 135, 178glasnost: 178Glazier, Jocelyn Anne: 91Gleditsch, Nils Petter: 27, 150Glenn, D. Michael: 196Gleser, Goldine C.: 70global development: 207global education: 32global society: 14global warming: 137, 200, 201goal-attainment: 19

Gobodo-Madikizela, Pumla: 183Goemans, HE.: 25Goenjian, A.: 62Goffman, Erving: 88Golan Heights: 68, 113Gold, Gregg J.: 189Goldblum, Naomi: 78Goldin, Stephen: 66Golding, Natasha L.: 35Goldman, Alan: 117Goldstein: 45Goldstein, Joshua S.: 163Goldstein, Zehava: 70Gomes, Mary E.: 145Gomes de Matos, Francisco: 90Gomez, Monica Novoa: 187Gonzalez, R. M.: 238Gonzalez Posse, Valeria M.: 104Gonzalez-Vallejo, Claudia Barroso: 160Good Friday Agreement: 60Goodman, Lisl Marburg: 48Gorbachev, Mikhail: 176Gordijn, E. H.: 238Gordon, Avishag: 232Gordon, Betsy: 126Gordon, Carol: 105Gordon, H.: 217, 219, 220, 228Goren, Harel: 89, 125Gorman-Smith, Deborah: 244Gould, Madelyn S.: 244government: 9, 13, 19–30government, international: 89government settings: 89Graca Machel Study. See Machel StudyGrace, John S.: 126gradualization: 225graduated reciprocated initiatives

See GRITGraessner, Sepp: 136Granby, Cheryl D.: 142Grant, A.: 40graph model for conflict resolution: 117Graves, Glenn: 81Grawitz, Madeleine: 15Gray, Barbara: 111Gray, Matt J.: 156Great Britain. See also EnglandGreat Britain: 59, 180, 181, 234Greece: 191Greek-Catholics: 169Greek-Orthodox: 169Greek–Turkish relations: 80Greeks: 110Green, Bonnie L.: 70Green, Paula: 10, 49

356 Index






Greenberg, Jeff: 78, 135, 232, 238Greenberg, Melanie: 112Greenberg, N.: 155Greenhalgh, Leonard: 112greenhouse effect: 137, 200Greenstein, Fred I.: 151Gregor, Thomas A.: 185Greig, J. Michael: 125, 208Gremmler-Fuhr, Martina: 81Grieco, Joseph M.: 27grief: 32Grieger, Thomas A.: 232Gries, Peter Hays: 22Griesinger, Tripp: 76Griffiths, Ann L.: 139Griffiths, Franklyn: 176Grillot, Suzette: 23Grimshaw, Allen D.: 107GRIT: 11, 20, 26, 122Grosh, James W.: 111group decision making: 74group dynamics: 21, 22, 202, 227, 233group identity, affirmation of: 130group processes: 21Groupe Islamique Armee (GIA): 228groups, multicultural management: 204groupthink: 24, 113, 120, 150, 181, 227Grove, Andrea K.: 181Grussendorf, Jeannie: 76Guatemala: 110, 191Guelfi, J. D.: 236, 237Guerra, N. G.: 86Gulf War: 70, 72Gulf War, 1991: 68, 74, 76, 80, 81, 150,

166, 167, 171, 172, 198, 240Gurr, Ted Robert: 20Gurris, Norbert: 136Gurwitch, R. H.: 241Gwiasda, Victoria: 156

Habib, Mohammed M.: 116habituation: 244Haddad, Simon: 168, 169Haeggloef, Bruno: 66Haegglund, Solveig: 55, 70Hagendoorn, Louk: 178Haglund, Pamela: 232Haines, Meredith: 121Hakvoort, Ilse: 55, 70Hale, Claudia L.: 126Halevy, Nir: 155Hall, Barbara W.: 178Hall, Bradford J.: 107, 156Hall, Donald P. Jr: 91Halpern, Diane F.: 178

Hamber, Brandon: 183Hamilton, Andrew: 180Hampson, Fen Osler: 25Hand, Kevin: 232Haney, C.: 225Hanley, C. Patricia: 59Hannover, Bettina: 73Hanson, D. Christopher: 23Harak, G. Simon: 143Harari, Carmi: 157Hardaway, Thomas: 244Hardeman, Frank: 138Hare, A. Paul: 20, 21, 22, 27, 32, 47, 51,

72, 77, 90, 98, 110, 136, 150, 153,156, 157, 158, 159, 205

Harel, Gedaliahu H.: 164Harik, Judith Palmer: 163Harinck, Fieke: 104Harleman, Christian: 153, 154harmony: 87, 100Harris, Ian M.: 31, 32Harris, Richard J.: 105, 126Hart, Margaret: 244Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ): 66Haseleu, Julia A.: 146Haslam, Jonathan: 28, 178Haslam, S. Alexander: 72Hassan, Judith: 78Hastings, Tom H.: 145Hatfield, Elaine: 51Hawkes, William G.: 73Hayes, B. K.: 72Healy, Alice F.: 40, 232Hebrew. See also JudaismHebrew: 73Hebron massacre: 171Hecht, Leo: 203Hegre, Havard: 27, 46Heldring, Margaret: 232Helm, Bob: 100Helms, Elissa: 45Helson, Harry: 22Hendershot, Cyndy: 46, 92Henderson, Errol A.: 149Henderson-King, Donna: 232Henderson-King, Eaaron: 232Henry, David B.: 244Henry, P. J.: 232Hensel, Paul R.: 159Hergovich, Andreas: 181Hernandez, Anthony C.: 74Hernandez, Pilar: 63Herr, Charles Fernandez: 75Herrmann, Richard K.: 28, 48, 178Heskin, Ken: 181

Index 357






Hesser, W. Andrew: 200Hetsroni, Amir: 60, 146heuristic-based bias: 201Hewitt, J. Joseph: 138Hewstone, Miles: 20Hiebert, Dennis W.: 49Higgins, Kathryn: 181Hildebrand, Verna: 204Hilgers, Micha: 147Hill, John R.: 171Hill, Peter S.: 185Hinde, Robert A.: 87Hindley, Nick: 232Hindu: 220Hinkle, Steve: 146Hipel, Keith W.: 107, 117Hiroshima: 136, 151Hirshberg, Matthew S.: 72, 82Hislope, Robert: 195historian’s perspective: 82historical events: 160historical interpretations: 46historical matters: 11, 91historical perspectives: 151historical understanding: 133history: 15HIV: 42, 44, 238Hizballah: 163, 198, 220Hjaerpe, Jan: 102Hock, Ellen: 244Hoff, Lee Ann: 48Hoffman, B.: 219, 230, 232Hoffman, David: 117Hoffman, Michael: 172Hoffman, Michael A.: 171Hoffmann, Stanley: 100, 101Hofmann, Stefan G.: 244Hofner Saphiere, Dianne M.: 203Hofstede, G. H.: 197Hogenraad, Robert: 90Hogue, Mary: 146Holen, Are: 156holistic communities 203Holman, E. Alison: 244Holocaust: 64, 77Holocaust survivors: 64, 77, 135Holocaust survivors, Jewish

descendants of: 127Homans, George C.: 47, 155Honda, Sumihisa: 193Hones, Donald F.: 34, 93Honeyman, Catherine: 196Honeyman, Christopher: 112Hoobler, Gregory: 105Hopf, Ted: 176

Hopmann, P. Terrence: 107, 112Horelli, Lisa: 204Horgan, Goretti: 60Horgan, J.: 215Horne, James B.: 135Horner, Carol: 181Horowitz, Sandra V.: 101Horvath, Peter: 146Hoshmand, Lisa Tsoi: 12Hotopf, Matthew: 156Hough, George: 232Houlihan, Margaret M.: 15Houston, Allison: 108Hoven, C. W.: 240Hovland, Carl I.: 205Howard, George S.: 200Howard, Michael: 133Howe, Tasha R.: 35Hubbard, Amy S.: 147Hubert, Don: 15Huckleberry Finn: 152Hudson, Valerie: 23, 25Huesmann, L. R.: 86Huet-Vaughn, Yolanda: 41Hughes, J.: 237Hughes, Sherick A.: 193Hui, Chun: 118, 130, 187Hull, L.: 156human and planetary survival: 207human identity: 209human needs. See needshuman needs theory: 86human rights: 14, 39Human Rights Watch/Africa: 42human welfare: 201humanistic code: 229humanitarian emergencies: 138Humanitarian Law Documentation

Project: 194humanity, unity of: 49Hungary: 186Hunsaker, Melanie D.: 32Hunt, Scott A.: 46, 147Hurlburt, Kris: 138Hurlbut, William B.: 47Hurtado-de-Mendoza, Alejandra: 102Hurwitz, Jon: 73, 76Husbands, Jo L.: 99, 100Hussein, Saddam: 167Hutu: 77

Ibrahim, Abdul H. Safwat: 167identification, ingroup: 19identities of former belligerents,

redefinition: 99

358 Index






identity (group), affirmation of: 130identity, human: 209identity talk: 147Iida, Keisuke: 112Illich, Ivan D.: 35images: 81, 92impact of armed conflict on

children: 63impressionistic perspective: 207India: 66, 192indirect (institutionalized) violence: 9, 46indirect victims: 244individualistic culture (IC): 120individualistic orientations: 124informal workshops. See

problem-solving workshopsinformation exchange (IEX): 123information processes: 14information-processing paradigm:

21, 88, 205ingroup: 71, 72ingroup identification: 19inner peace: 51inoculation communication: 21instinct, destructive: 222instinctual contradiction: 79Institute for the Victims of Trauma: 136institutionalized poverty: 36institutionalized violence: 9integration: 19integrative complexity: 34, 47, 74, 181integrative power: 39integrity: 52inter-organization (labour) disputes: 117interaction, social: 47interactive problem-solving: 11interactive workshops (IPS). See

problem-solving workshopsintercultural communication: 89intercultural contact: 73intercultural level: 9interdependence games: 9interdisciplinary awareness: 12interdisciplinary note: 12intergroup conflict: 58intergroup conflicts: 130intergroup disputes: 97intergroup hostilities: 72intergroup relations: 71, 99intergroup violence: 87intergroup workshops. See

problem-solving workshopsinternally displaced people: 65international agencies: 89international bodies: 19

International Broadcasting Trust: 207international conflict: 58, 82international cooperation: 178International Crisis Behavior: 108International Crisis Group: 194international crisis management: 113international development: 202international disputes: 97international government: 89international law: 29international level: 9international organizations: 28international problem-solving course: 106international relations. See also

political scienceinternational relations: 4, 14,

19–30, 35, 79, 84international security: 73interpersonal communication: 121interpersonal conflict: 58interpersonal relations: 19, 58interpersonal violence: 38interstate conflict: 25interstate disputes: 130interventions: 242–4intifada: 67, 167, 172, 219intractable conflicts: 115intrapsychic conflict: 79intrapsychic mechanisms: 79intrastate conflict: 63Ippolito, Carol A.: 111IRA: 234Iranian hostage rescue: 166Iraq: 163, 166Iraq War 2003: 150Iraqi insurgency: 220Ireland: 180Ireland, Michael J.: 27Irwin, Lois-M.: 146Isaac, Paul: 84, 101Isberg, Steven: 49Ishaq, Waris: 207Islam: 169, 220, 222Islamic approaches: 50Islamic nations: 224Islamic states: 226Islamic terrorists: 221Islamic vocabulary: 102Islamist success: 163Isometsa, E. T.: 216Israel: 34, 40, 41, 50, 60, 68, 73, 74, 76, 81,

113, 118, 127, 146, 162, 163, 164,198, 222, 226, 229, 234, 241, 242

Israeli Arab adolescents: 66Israeli–Arab conflict: 113

Index 359






Israeli Bedouin Arab adolescents: 67Israeli Jew: 73Israeli Jewish adolescents: 67, 240Israeli Jewish students: 72, 73Israeli–Palestinian conflict: 167–76, 198Israeli–Palestinian peacebuilding: 113Israeli, Raphael: 219Israeli students: 74, 77, 240Israelis: 56, 67, 76, 110Isralowitz, Richard: 173Italian students: 237Italy: 61Ito, Hideaki: 145Itzhaky, Haya: 232Itzkowitz, Norman: 80, 191Iversen, A.: 156

Jaarsma, Renske: 73Jaber-Massarwa, Summer: 171Jackofsky, Ellen F.: 122Jackson, James S.: 73Jackson, Jay W.: 72Jackson, Lynne M.: 112Jacobson, Dan: 82Jagodic, Gordana Kuterovac: 56, 171Jamaat e Islami (JI): 195Jamaica: 206James, William: 10, 47Jandt, Fred Edmund: 113Janis, Irving L.: 23, 34, 83, 84, 113, 120,

150, 202, 205, 227Jansen, Mary A.: 41Janssen, Onne: 124Japan: 73, 75, 101, 102, 116, 117, 121,

145, 187, 192Jarvenpaa, Sirkka L.: 90Jayaratne, Toby Epstein: 76Jehel, L.: 236, 237Jehn, Karen A.: 101Jenkins, B. M.: 217Jensen, Jorgen Pauli: 70Jerome, Laurence: 59Jerusalem: 51Jervis, Robert: 13, 24, 73, 83, 99, 177Jew, Israeli: 73Jewish. See also JudaismJewish adolescents, Israeli: 67Jewish descendants of Holocaust

survivors: 127Jewish educators: 115Jewish groups: 226Jewish Israeli students: 72, 73, 77Jewish survivors of the Holocaust: 77Jewish university students: 169Jewish vs. Palestinian teachers: 107

Jews, Orthodox: 172jigsaw classroom: 158Jimenez-de-Lucas, Isabel: 102Jin, Deng Jian: 109Jirasko, Marco: 92Joeng, Ho-Won: 160Johnson, Celia E.: 31Johnson, David W.: 31, 90–1, 111,

112, 157, 159, 187Johnson, M.: 65Johnson, Melissa J.: 39Johnson, P. W.: 221Johnson, Paul E.: 127Johnson, Roger T.: 31, 90–1, 111,

112, 157, 159Johnston, David M.: 138Jonah, James O. C.: 98Jones, Cindy: 123Jones, Edward E.: 23Jones, Lynne: 57Jones, Tricia S.: 84, 102, 130Jordan: 40, 164Joseph, S.: 240Joshi, Aparna: 128Joshi, P. T.: 64Joshi, Paramjit T.: 244Journal of Conflict Resolution:165Jucovy, Milton E.: 78Judaism. See also: Hebrew; JewishJudaism: 220Juergensmeyer, M.: 222Juhasz, Anne M.: 58Jung, Karl: 79just war: 51just world: 50just world beliefs: 58justice: 51justice short of revenge: 99justice, social: 10

K’iche’ Mayan narrative: 191Kaaja, Mirkka: 204Kacen, Lea: 172Kadayifci, Ayse: 108, 160Kagee, Ashraf: 182Kahn, Robert L.: 26, 99Kahneman, Daniel: 83, 200Kaiser, Cheryl R.: 232Kalmanowitz, Debra: 136Kalmykia: 60, 61Kang, Min Ju: 244Kant, Immanuel: 46, 114Kapitan, Lynn: 46Kaplan, Seth A.: 232Kaplowitz, Noel: 82

360 Index






Kapur, Basant: 47Karachi: 195Karakashian, Meline: 184Karasawa, Minoru: 192Karimalis, Grigorios N.: 92, 112Kashima, Yoshihisa: 186Kaslow, Florence W.: 78Kasper, Janel C.: 43, 44Kass, Jared: 12Kassin, Saul: 205Katz, Arthur M.: 136Katz, Michael: 170Kauffman, Amy: 232Kaufman, Joyce: 25Kavka, Gregory S.: 113Keashly, Loraleigh: 128Keating, Mark E.: 129Keinan, G.: 242Kelley, Harold H.: 23, 70, 159, 205Kelloway, E. K.: 156Kelman, Herbert C.: 13–14, 23,

88, 98, 105, 109, 110, 150,156, 173, 174, 189, 206

Kelsey, Elin: 202Keltner, Dacher: 126Kemmelmeier, Markus: 74, 76, 82Kemp, G.: 87Kemp, Graham: 84Kemp, Katherine E.: 126Kendall, Kathleen E.: 89Kendrick, Richard: 143Kennedy, John F.: 79, 151Kent, Adrian T.: 244Kent, M. Valerie: 21, 22, 27, 47, 51, 90,

150, 156, 157, 159, 205Kernberg, O. F.: 81, 232Kersner, Daniel: 81, 184Kersten, Gregory: 116Keynan, Alexander: 100Khan, Nichola: 195Khrushchev, Nikita S.: 79, 151Khuankaew, Ouyporn: 45, 196Kidwell, Brian: 153Kierulff, Stephen: 49Kiesel, Lori: 207Kigamwa, Pius: 244Kilgour, D. Marc: 117Kilpatrick, Rosemary: 70Kim, Do Yeong: 193, 194Kim, Min Sun: 101Kim, Pan Suk: 204Kim, Sung Hee: 99Kimmel, Paul R.: 15, 102, 153King, Daniel W.: 156King, Lynda A.: 156

Kingsbury, Sherman: 105Kingston, Shane: 181Kinsella, D.: 165Kinsella, David: 114Kinzie, J. D.: 65Kirby, Daria C.: 73Kirkland, Faris R.: 155Kissinger, Henry: 176Klandermans, Bert: 143, 145, 147Kleiboer, Marieke: 101Kleidman, Robert: 147Kleinman, Marjorie: 244Kleinman, S. B.: 244Klineberg, Otto: 15Klingman, A.: 240Klingman, Avigdor: 68, 70Kloep, Marion: 72Klomp, Richard W.: 244Klotz, Audie: 157Knox, Colin: 160, 179Kobrick, Felice R.: 166Koches, Kurt: 232Kodama, Yoshio: 173Koenigs, R. J.: 23Kogan, J.: 10Koh, Tommy: 98Kohr, Heinz Ulrich: 82, 84Kool and Sen’s Nonviolence Test: 142Kool, Vinod K.: 141Koopman, Cheryl: 24, 73, 177Kordon, Diana: 81, 184Korea: 101, 193Koren-Silvershatz, Leah: 76Korol, Mindy: 70Korper, Susan H.: 115Korzenny, Felipe: 88Kosovo: 194, 197Kotler, Jennifer A.: 244Kovach, Kenneth: 203Kowalewski, David: 35Kowalski, Robin M.: 73Kozan, M. Kamil: 100Kozminski, Andrew K.: 206Kraft, Robert Nathaniel: 78Kramer, Bernard M.: 3, 9Kramer, Roderick M.: 26, 83, 112, 126Krampen, Guenter: 92Kraus, Sarit: 116Krauss, B. J.: 238Krauss, R. M.: 10, 159Krebs, Dennis L.: 47Kremenyuk, Victor A.: 116Kremer, Jurgen W.: 78Kressel, G. M.: 72Kressel, Neil J.: 23, 24, 25

Index 361






Krippner, Stanley: 134Kristensen, Henrik: 100Kristiansen, Connie M.: 75Kroth, Jerry: 81Krug, R. S.: 241Kuang, Jenny C.: 124Kugler, Jacek: 26Kuipers, Ilona: 196Kumar, Rajesh: 117Kuoch, Theanvy: 78Kuokkanen, Rauna: 78Kurogi, Atsuko: 102Kushner, H.: 227Kutz, I.: 244Kuwait: 40, 166Kyle, K.: 244Kytta, Marketta: 204

La Farge, Phyllis: 32lab experiments of bargaining: 117–26labelling, euphemistic: 224Labianca, Giuseppe: 128Labor Party, Israel: 167laboratory-based studies: 22laboratory experiments: 132labour disputes, inter-organization: 117Lachkar, Joan: 113, 173, 221LaCroix, Jessica: 116Lacy, Dean: 116Lagadec, Patrick: 139Lagos, Dario: 81, 184Lai, Brian: 27Lamerson, C. D.: 156Lampen, John: 141Landau, Simha F.: 169, 174Lang, Janet M.: 151, 178Langer, Ellen J.: 34, 153Langholtz, Harvey J.: 152, 153Langley, Winston E.: 70Langlois, Catherine C. P.: 106Langlois, Jean Pierre P.: 106language: 12, 88–93language, dehumanizing: 13Lanir, Zvi: 34Laor, Nathaniel: 171Lapidus, Leah Blumberg: 75Lapsley, Daniel K.: 49Larin, Lauren: 12Larkin, G. R.: 238Larsen, Knud S.: 75Larsen, Paul D.: 113Larson, Deborah Welch: 22, 176Latin America: 194Lau, Richard R.: 107laughter and joking, functions of: 104

Lavee, Yoav: 176Lavie, Chaim: 175Lavoy, Peter R.: 176law: 35law, international: 29Law, Kenneth S.: 187Lawrence, Jeanette A.: 75, 108Layne, C. M.: 243Leach, Colin Wayne: 179Leach, Mark M.: 202leaders, democratic and authoritarian: 130leadership: 23Leal, Jose Antonio: 196learned helplessness: 136learning: 12Leatherman, Janie: 133Leavitt, Lewis A.: 70Lebanese Christians: 168Lebanon: 40, 51, 66, 163, 165,

175, 198, 220LeBaron, Michelle: 106Lebow, Richard Ned: 28Lee, Courtland C.: 204Lee, Donald C.: 208Leeds, Brett Ashley: 28, 105Leentjes, Peter: 152Leftoff, Sondra: 102, 109legal systems: 11Leidner, Dorothy E.: 90Lemak, David J.: 200Leng, Russell J.: 21, 104Lenin, Vladimir: 177Leong, F.: 65Leppanen, Katarina: 45, 204Lerner, J. S.: 238Lerner, Melvin J.: 50Lerner, Pesia: 70LeShan, Lawrence: 133, 135Leung, Kwok: 81, 101, 185, 187Lev-Wiesel, Rachel: 113Levant, R. F.: 231levels of conflict: 11Levin, Brian: 151Levin, Lilian: 66Levin, S.: 232Levine, Robert A.: 176Levinger, George: 14, 101, 105Levinson, Daniel J.: 24, 28Leviton, Daniel: 78Levy, B.: 37Levy, Jack S.: 84, 107Levy, Mary Ann: 232Levy, Sheldon G.: 76, 78Levy, Shilomit: 169Lewin, Isaac: 241

362 Index






Lewin, Shulamit M.: 244Lewis, Christopher: 59Lewis, Christopher Alan: 15, 181Leyden-Rubenstein, Lori: 51Liau, Albert: 32Liberation Tigers: 220Liberia: 44, 194Lieberfeld, Daniel: 183Liebrand, Wim B.: 124life-supporting systems, irreversible

changes: 200lifestyles, peaceful: 13Lifton, Robert Jay: 81, 197Likud Party: 167Lilly, Bryan S.: 129Lim, Rodney G.: 122, 126Lin, Chong de: 59Lin, Sung ling: 120Lindner, Evelin Gerda: 113linguistic similarity: 73Linn, Ruth: 48, 176Linssen, Hub: 178Lipschutz, Ronnie D.: 101, 113, 156Lipton, Judith Eve: 137Lira, Elizabeth: 20Littlefield, Lyn: 106, 116Litvak-Hirsch, Tal: 169Litz, Brett T.: 156, 196, 244Liverant, Gabrielle I.: 244Livingston, J.: 38Ljungberg, Thomas: 61Llanos, Raimundo Abello: 69Lloyd, Bobby: 136Lobel, Thalma E.: 171Local Ethnic Conciliation Program: 186locations, specific: 13logical-positivist attitudes: 58Lohmann, Susanne: 114Long, Andrew G.: 28Long, William J.: 99, 158Lonnqvist, J. K.: 216Lootsma, F. A.: 107Lopez, Wilson: 187Los Alamos: 151losses, psychophysical properties: 122Lotto, D.: 239Lounsbery, Marie Olson: 192Louw, Johann: 184Love, Anthony: 106, 116Lovrich, Nicholas P.: 92Lowenstein, Ludwig F.: 143Lowery, Christine T.: 61Lubell, Keri: 244Luhtanen, R.: 180Lukov, V. B.: 188

Lumsden, Malvern: 110Lunardini, Antonella: 61Lundberg, Kirsten: 107Lundeberg, Jan-Erik: 135, 156Lustig, S. L.: 65Luther, Catherine A.: 73Lutz, Wilma J.: 244Lyengar, Sheena S.: 81Lykes, B.: 65Lykes, M. Brinton: 159Lyner, Olwen: 181

Maaz, Hans Joachim: 191Macapagal, Maria Elizabeth J.: 195Macedo, Donaldo P.: 35Macedonia: 102, 195Machel, Graca: 63Machel Study: 41, 42, 43, 61, 63Mack, John E.: 24Macksoud, Mona S.: 62MacNair, Rachel: 13Macnamara, Jim B.: 90Macy, Joanna Rogers: 20, 136Maerli, Morten Bremer: 232Mahantdori: 78‘Maharishi’ effect: 51Majeski, Stephen J.: 22Major, Brenda: 232majority influence: 205Malachi, Esther: 78Malin, Adam M.: 232management groups, multicultural: 204Manchanda, Rita: 196Mandela, Nelson: 63, 182, 183Mandell, Brian S.: 106Mandell, D. J.: 240Mandic, Nikola: 187Manila: 196Manley, Michael: 206Mann, L.: 150Mann, Leon: 83, 113, 142Mannix, Elizabeth A.: 119Manson, S.: 65Maoz, Ifat: 77, 107, 112, 170, 171, 174Maoz, Zeev: 164, 168, 189Marburger, Daniel R.: 117Marks, John: 102Maronite: 165Maronites: 169Marsella, Anthony J.: 232Marshall, R. D.: 243Martin, Dominique: 202Martin, Jennifer: 103Martin-Baro, I.: 63, 189Martini, Massimo: 92

Index 363






Maruyama, Geoffrey M.: 67, 101Marx, Karl: 177mass media: 92Masserman, Christine H. McGuire: 99Masserman, Jules Hymen: 99Mastors, Elena: 181Matei, Sorin Adam: 90Matheson, Kimberly: 75Mattaini, Mark A.: 61, 141Mauro, Jason Isaac: 152Maxwell, John W.: 208May, S.: 90Mayans: 191Mayer, Jochen: 165Mayhar, James: 25Mays, Vickie M.: 203Mayton, Daniel M.: 75, 142Mazen, Abdelmagid M.: 173Mazor, Aviva: 78Mazurana, Dyan E.: 37, 39, 43, 44McAdam, Doug: 143McAlister, Alfred: 76McAuley, James W.: 181McCarthy, G.: 64McCartney, Tony: 157McCauley, C.: 229McCollam, P.: 240McConnell, Stephen: 70McCormick, G. H.: 232McCrae, R. R.: 241McCreary, Donald: 156McDermott, Matt: 181McDermott, Rose: 24, 73, 83,

166, 177McDonald, John W.: 206McElrath, Karen: 181McEvoy, Kieran: 181McFarland, Robert B.: 150, 151McFarlane, Alexander C.: 136McGarty, Craig: 72McGillicuddy, N. B.: 21, 111McGinnis, Michael D.: 138McGuire, Charles B.: 25McGuire, William J.: 21, 205McInerney, Audrey: 83, 178McIntosh, Roger G.: 244McIntyre, Alice: 93McIntyre, Teresa M.: 57, 134McIvor, M.: 241McKay, Susan A.: 10, 37, 38, 39,

40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45McKenzie, Anne: 60McKenzie-Mohr, Doug: 75, 145,

200, 205McLarney, Cam: 203

McLernon, Frances: 57, 68, 70McLoughlin, John G.: 145McManus, Martha M.: 152McMurray, Pamela J.: 166McRae, Rob: 15McVeigh, Timothy: 226, 228, 236McWhirter, L.: 62McWilliams, M.: 43meaning: 19Mechelse, Lonneke: 102media: 244media and victims of terrorism: 241media, communications: 205media exposure: 130media presentations: 134mediation: 11, 12, 29, 97, 130, 138mediation, community: 111mediation environment: 108mediation, international: 98mediation – international,

intergroup: 108–11mediation, techniques in

international: 109mediator: 73, 82Mehl, M. R.: 238Melton, Gary B.: 64Melville, M.: 65men: 41Mendelsohn, Michaela: 61Mennuti-Washburn, J.: 243mental health: 16, 235mental-health research: 10Merari, A.: 214, 220, 227Merry, Sally Engle: 143Merskin, Debra: 232Mertz, C. K.: 138Meschi, Pierre Xavier: 203Mesquida, Christian G.: 85metaphors: 92methodology, terrorism research: 215Metzger, Janet G.: 113Mexico. See also North AmericaMexico: 85, 118, 126, 206Meyer, Mary K.: 113Meyers, Jason: 28Meyerson, Debra: 83, 126Miall, Hugh: 29, 99, 207Michela, J. L.: 23Mickley, G. Andrew: 137Middle East: 13, 35, 40, 41, 66–8,

84, 98, 107, 162, 163–76, 198,206, 213, 222, 226

Middle East peace process: 74Midgley, James: 201MIGR. See Parsonsian functional analysis

364 Index






Mijuskovic, Ben: 203Mikolic, Joseph M.: 129, 130Mikula, Gerold: 48Milani, Feizi M.: 185Milburn, Thomas W.: 76, 84, 101Milgram, Stanley: 205Miliora, Maria T.: 232militarism: 11, 50, 52militaristic attitudes: 76Militarized Interstate Dispute dataset: 40militarized interstate disputes: 104military events: 82military-industrial complex: 93military strategy: 104, 130Miller, Arlene Michaels: 232Miller, K.: 65Miller, Kenneth E.: 64, 65, 66Miller, Laurence: 224Miller, N.: 223Miller, Richard A.: 78mindfulness: 36mindfulness training: 34Minix, D. A.: 227minority: 76minority influence: 205, 209Mintu-Wimsatt, Alma: 117Mintz, Alex: 26, 168mirror-image perceptions: 22Mishal, Shaul: 170misogynists: 221Mitchell, Christopher: 105, 110Mitchell, Gregory: 25Mitchell, J. T.: 242Mitchell, James M.: 31Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin: 28, 46Mitchels, Barbara: 188mixed-motive games: 22Miyahara, Akira: 101models for resolving conflict: 116Moerk, Ernst L.: 143, 149Moeschberger, Scott L.: 12, 160Moghadam, A.: 232Moghaddam, Fathali M.: 99, 232Molander, Earl A.: 143Moldjord, Christian: 156Mollov, Ben: 175Molyneux, Maxine: 45Monge, Peter: 90Mongol: 60Monroe, Kristen R.: 24, 25Monteiro, Carlinda: 62, 184Montiel, Cristina Jayme: 102,

158, 159, 184Moore, Michael: 73Moore, Will H.: 113

Mor, Naomi: 78Morag, Nadav: 170moral disengagement: 76, 223, 233moral equivalent of war: 10moral justification: 224moral theory, feminist: 39Morales, J. Francisco: 196Morgan, Sandra: 164Morgan, Valerie: 180Moriarty, Dahlie S.: 81Mork, Gordon R.: 78Morrell, Robert: 34Morris, Michael W.: 81Morris, Vivian Gunn: 31Morrison, Mary Lee: 31Morrison, Theodore C.: 76Moschner, Barbara: 76Mosco, Vincent: 93Moscovici, Serge: 205Moss, D.: 221motivation: 12, 19, 131motivation, children’s: 31motivational-conceptual model of

conflict escalation: 119motives: 24Motta, Robert W.: 232Mousseau, Michael: 156Mowlana, Hamid: 89Mowle, Thomas S.: 24Mowrer, O. H.: 223Moyer, Robert S.: 3, 9Mozambique: 43, 63, 183Muldoon, Orla T.: 68, 69, 70, 239Mullen, John D.: 100, 108Muller-Brettel, Marianne: 3, 9, 57Mullet, Etienne: 165multicultural education: 33, 34, 36multicultural management groups: 204Multidimensional Scales of

Nonviolence: 142multinational corporations: 206multi-track diplomacy: 206Mumcu, Ozlem: 181Munfakh, Jimmie Lou Harris: 244Munich: 189Munier, Bertrand R.: 101, 123Murphy, Bianca C.: 35Murray, Shoon Kathleen: 28muscular armouring: 158Muskin, Philip R.: 136Muslim Arabs: 222Muslim extremists: 226Muslim groups: 226Muslim Lebanese: 165Muslims: 198, 219, 220

Index 365






Muslims, Sunni: 220Mussano, Silvia Dorina: 100Mustakova-Possardt, Elena: 51Mustonen, Anu: 158Muttahida Quami Movement

(MQM): 195mutual cooperation: 71Myers, Krista M.: 232Myers-Bowman, Karen S.: 56, 69Myers-Walls, Judith A.: 56, 69

Nachtwey, Jodi: 40, 50, 76Nadler, Arie: 113Nagasaki: 136, 151, 192Naidoo, Anthony V.: 182Nail Bomber: 228Nan, Susan Allen: 103narcissism: 218narcissistic fiction: 74narcissistic injuries: 80Nario Galace, Jasmin: 195Narvaez, Darcia: 49Nath, Raghu: 207nation building: 204Nation, Tim: 32national disputes: 97National Identity Scale: 192National Resistance Army: 63national stress, health during: 169nationalism: 85nationalist-separatists: 227Native Americans: 75Natlandsmyr, Jan Halvor: 118natural resources, sustainable use: 206Nazi Germany: 162Nazi perpetrators, German

descendants of: 127Nazi perpetrators: 77needs, basic human: 39needs, basic: 33needs, human psychological: 86needs, human: 39needs theory, human: 40negotiating objectives, types of: 103negotiation. See also diplomacynegotiation: 11, 14, 35, 74, 82, 97, 100,

130, 131, 156negotiation, counter-intuitive

implications: 105negotiation, global: 101negotiation – international,

intergroup: 103–8negotiation, task side: 121negotiation, techniques in international:

105–6

negotiation, track one: 110negotiations. See also bargainingnegotiations, web-based support: 116Neill, Alexander Sutherland: 32Nelson, Alan T.: 142Nelson, Linden L.: 35, 76Nemiroff, Lisa S.: 75Nepstad, Sharon Erickson: 51Neria, Yuval: 155Nesdale, Drew: 20Netanyahu, B.: 167, 168Netherlands: 55, 107, 124, 145, 147Nevin, J. A.: 229Nevin, John A.: 137, 207Nevo, Baruch: 31, 33New South Wales: 60New York City: 235, 236, 240New York Times: 143New Zealand: 59Newcomb, Michael D.: 39, 74Newman, Margaret: 26Newman, Martin: 232news coverage, exposure to: 76Newton, James W.: 143–4NGO frameworks: 174NGOs: 207Nicholls, P. J.: 244Niens, Ulrike: 20Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna: 43Nikolopoulos, Andreas G.: 116nine eleven. See September 11, 2001ningensei: 117Niou, Emerson M. S.: 116Nishizaki, Ichiro: 116Nissani, Moti: 28Nissim-Sabat, Denis: 178Nixon, Richard: 176Nixon, S. J.: 236, 241Njenga, Frank G.: 244Noble, Jason: 92Nomura, Soichiro: 156, 173Nonami, Hiroshi: 205non-governmental organizations.

See NGOsnonviolence: 12, 13, 46, 141–2, 148nonviolence, principled: 11Nonviolence Test: 142nonviolent conflict resolution: 206nonviolent dispositions, measures of: 142nonviolent persons, values/

dispositions: 142nonviolent problem-solving: 11nonviolent societies: 59Nordstrom, Carolyn: 84, 197norms, descriptive/prescriptive: 204

366 Index






Noronha, Sunil: 116Norsworthy, Kathryn L.: 45, 196North America. See also: Canada;

Mexico; United StatesNorth America: 145North Americans: 57North, C. S.: 244North Korea: 193Northern Ireland. See also United

KingdomNorthern Ireland: 20, 34, 43, 57, 58, 60,

68, 69, 81, 118, 127, 162, 178–81,223, 229, 234, 239, 240, 241

Norway: 118Norwood, Ann E.: 232, 244nuclear accident: 50nuclear annihilation: 80nuclear arms: 75Nuclear Attitudes Questionnaire

(NAQ): 74nuclear disarmament: 35nuclear proliferation: 50nuclear risks: 73nuclear threat: 80nuclear war: 50, 58, 74–5, 99, 136nuclear warfare: 5, 135nuclear waste: 200nuclear weapons: 49, 58, 59, 75, 200number of parties: 130Nyamai, Caroline: 244

O’Connor, Kathleen M.: 123O’Donnell, D. A.: 64O’Mahony, David: 181Oakes, Penelope: 72Oberklaid, Frank: 87object relational conflict: 79OCLC: 7, 15Odom, Sue: 100Oeberg, Britt Marie: 104Oegema, Dirk: 147Offerman-Zuckerberg, J.: 81Ogasawara, Tsuneyuki: 173Ognjenovic, Vesna: 81Oh, Hye Jung: 193Ohbuchi, Ken-ichi: 100, 121Ohlde, Carroll D.: 135Ohta, Yasuyuki: 192Okasha, Ahmed: 171Oklahoma City bombing: 234, 236Oklahoma City Federal Building: 226Olbrich, Andreas: 181Olczak, Paul V.: 111, 115Olekalns, Mara: 105Oliner, Pearl M.: 47, 201

Oliner, Samuel P.: 47, 201Olonisakin, Funmi: 194Olson, Marie: 134Olszanska, Justyna: 109Olszanski, Robert: 109Olweean, Steve S.: 81Oneal, John R.: 24, 48Operation Desert Storm: 166Opotow, Susan: 101Oppenheimer, Louis: 31, 55, 160, 196optimal distinctiveness: 71Orange parades: 179Ordonez, Alicia: 12Organization of African Unity (OAU): 98orientations, competitive: 124orientations, individualistic: 124Orme-Johnson, David W.: 51, 232Orr, Emda: 171Orsillo, Susan M.: 156, 196Orthodox: 165Osgood, Charles E.: 10, 20Osijek: 187Oskamp, Stuart: 49, 73, 144, 147,

199, 200, 207Oslo peace agreements: 173Oslo peace talks: 107Ostrove, Joan M.: 147Ottoman: 25Ottoman Empire: 191Ottosen, Rune: 92outgroup: 71, 76outgroup hostility: 72outgroups: 22, 33overconsumption: 200over-discounting the future: 200, 209over-generalization: 226Owens, Ingrid: 183Owens, Rocky W.: 142Oyama, Susan: 45ozone layer loss: 200

Pacific: 102Pacific component, World War Two: 150Pacific Northwest: 202Pacific Rim: 187Pacifism Scale: 142pacifists: 41Padayachee, Anshu: 184Pagani, Fabrizio: 101Pahre, Robert: 105, 126Paicheler, Genevieve: 205Paige, Glenn: 25Pakistan: 66, 195Palestine: 34, 40, 60, 81, 127, 163,

164, 220, 222, 234, 239

Index 367






Palestinian: 73Palestinian Arab adolescents: 66Palestinian groups: 229Palestinian identity: 219Palestinian–Israeli conflict: 167–76, 198Palestinian–Israeli peacebuilding: 113Palestinian Liberation Organization

(PLO): 167, 173Palestinian refugee camps: 217Palestinian university students: 72, 169Palestinian vs. Jewish teachers: 107Palestinians: 56, 67, 76, 110Palmer, Glenn: 28Palmer, Ian: 81Palmer, Laura L.: 58Paloutzian, Raymond F.: 50Pandiani, J. A.: 232Pantanella Shish-Mahal: 128Papayoanou, Paul A.: 116Pappas, James D.: 81Paris: 237Park, Yong Hee: 24Parker, John C.: 130Parlee, M. B.: 38Parshin, P. B.: 188Parsons, Talcott: 10, 20Parsonsian functional analysis

(MIGR): 19, 29, 32, 51,144, 153, 154

Parsonsian functional theory(MIGR): 21, 201

participatory action research: 93partisans: 134Partners for Democratic Change: 186Partnership for Peace: 155Pasto, Luigi: 155Pastor, Larry H.: 224, 232, 244Patchen, Martin: 28, 87Paterniti, S.: 236patriarchal assumptions: 37Patrikis, Peter C.: 90patriotism: 73, 85Pauwels, Noel: 138Pavlov, Ivan P.: 9peace activists’ motivation/

experience: 145–7Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace

Psychology: 6, 10peace, ascribed meaning of: 88Peace Brigades: 110, 130Peace Brigades International: 110peace education: 11, 12, 31–6peace groups, women’s: 39peace initiatives: 173peace movements: 12, 142–5

Peace Now: 175peace power: 61peace process: 101peace protests: 148peace psychologists: 160peace psychology taxonomy: 7–9peace-science: 15peace studies: 9, 12, 99peace test: 76peace treaty: 40, 67peacebuilding: 10, 12, 13, 39, 60,

85, 104, 113, 135, 159–60, 166peaceful lifestyles: 13peaceful society: 63peacekeepers: 141peacekeeping: 9, 10, 13, 29, 43, 152–6, 157peacekeeping soldiers: 43peacemakers: 59peacemaking: 9, 10, 13, 15, 59, 157–9peacemaking education: 32Pearn, J.: 61Pearson, Frederic S.: 134, 192Pearson, Landon: 178Pearson, Virginia M. S.: 102Pecjak, Vid: 92Peck, Connie: 106, 113, 116Pedahzur, A.: 232Pedersen, Paul: 102, 113, 158Pedlar, David: 156peer counselling: 32peer mediation program (PMP): 60Peffley, Mark: 73, 76Peirce, R. S.: 21Peirce, Robert S.: 126Pelled, Lisa Hope: 114Penn, Michael L.: 207Pennebaker, J. W.: 238people power: 13People Power: 195perceived power motivation: 82perceived threat: 82perception: 81perception, biased: 149, 209perception of security: 208perceptions, cultural: 170perceptions of enemies: 82perceptions of risk: 137perceptual biases: 11perceptual distortions: 82Peres, S.: 167, 168, 170perestroika: 178performance: 129Perl, S.: 241Perliger, A.: 232Persian Gulf War. See Gulf War

368 Index






personal decision-making: 113personality: 11, 19, 21–3, 81personality, terrorist: 218personality traits: 64, 73perspective taking: 82Persson, Lars Ake: 66persuasion: 209Peters, Danya J.: 142Peters, Ellen: 138Peters, William: 158Peterson, Bill E.: 74, 76, 119Peterson, Candida C.: 75Pettigrew, Thomas F.: 25Pevehouse, Jon C.: 99, 163Pfefferbaum, B.: 236, 241, 242, 244Pfefferbaum, Betty: 244Phatak, Arvind V.: 116Philippines: 102, 195Phillips, Deborah: 244Phillips, Stephen T.: 81philosophical matters: 11, 91philosophical understanding: 133philosophy: 46–52physical trauma. See traumaPick, Thomas M.: 179, 188Pierce, John C.: 92Pilisuk, Marc: 4, 12, 27, 85, 199Pinel, Elizabeth C.: 147Pines, Ayala M.: 172Pinkley, Robin L.: 122, 129Pitta, Dennis A.: 49Piven, Jerry S.: 232pivotal power: 27Piza Lopez, Eugenia: 42planetary survival: 207Plante, Thomas G.: 244Platform For Action (PFA): 39Poland: 107, 189political action: 23political conflict: 58political conservatism: 49political decision-making: 83political developments: 57political effects of structural violence: 86political events: 82political expectations: 170political factors: 19political processes: 22political psychology: 15, 35, 82political-religious dimension: 50political science. See also international

relationspolitical science: 11, 127political violence: 43, 56Polkinghorn, Brian: 117

pollution of air and water: 200Polyson, James A.: 35Pomerantz, J.: 218Popal, Rona: 45, 184Popov, N.: 176population growth: 200Porter, Thomas W.: 129positivist: 100post-Cold War. See Cold Warpost-secondary education: 34–6post-traumatic nightmares: 167post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): 67,

217, 235, 236, 237, 240, 241, 243post-traumatic stress disorders: 135post-traumatic stress reactions: 62Post, Jerrold M.: 77, 217, 218, 219,

221, 227, 230Post, Stephen G.: 47poverty: 36, 63, 159Powell, Dayle E.: 113Powell, Larry: 232power: 24, 119power asymmetry: 103, 115power relations: 131Pozgain, Ivan: 187practical suggestions (environmental

issues): 204Pratto, F. J.: 232pre-negotiation. See negotiationpregnancy: 42prejudice: 34, 36prescriptive norms: 204Prieto, Jose M.: 107primary school education: 31–2Prince, Shantay: 224Princen, Thomas: 98, 209principled nonviolence: 11Prinz, R. J.: 244Prior, Margot: 87Prisoner’s Dilemma Game: 22, 89, 114,

125, 126, 131prisoners of hate: 226pro-environmental goals: 153pro-peace individual: 74problem-solving: 13, 34, 107problem-solving workshops: 11, 14,

98, 109, 130, 156, 161, 174projective method: 74proliferation, nuclear. See nuclear

proliferationprolonged exposure therapy: 243prosocial attitudes: 62prosocial behaviour: 47prosocial value orientations: 124prospect theory: 83–4, 101, 166, 237

Index 369






Pross, Christian: 136protection motivation theory: 144Protestant clergy: 49Protestants: 58, 68, 81, 179–81Provenzano, Danielle: 244proximity: 47Pruitt, Dean G.: 12, 21, 99, 101,

111, 115, 118, 126, 129, 130, 197Pschernig, Elke: 171psycho-logic, terrorist: 218psychoanalysis. See also psychodynamicspsychoanalysis, feminist: 39psychoanalysts: 191psychoanalytic approach: 221–2psychoanalytic contributions: 78psychoanalytic framework: 80psychoanalytic interpretation: 74psychoanalytic theory: 78, 79psychodiagnostic projective method: 74psychodynamic matters: 13psychodynamic perspective: 207, 239psychodynamic principles: 21psychodynamic research: 10psychodynamics. See also psychoanalysispsychodynamics: 9, 11, 16, 78–81, 92psychohistory: 151Psychological Abstracts: 142psychology’s contribution to terrorism

reduction: 229psychopathology: 79psychopathology of terrorism: 216–18psychophysical properties, gains

and losses: 122psychopolitical theory: 82psychosocial needs: 39psychosocial recovery programmes: 62psychosocial trauma. See traumapsychosomatic effects: 137psychotherapy: 42PsycINFO: 4–6, 7, 15PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorderpublic opinion: 14public policy: 13public policy planning: 35public truth telling: 99Punamaki, Raija Leena: 67, 239Punjab: 66Purdy, Jill M.: 111Putnam, Linda L.: 105Pynoos, R. S.: 62Pyszczynski, Tom: 78, 135, 232, 238Pythagoras: 9

Qin, J.: 237Qouta, Samir: 67

Qualter, Anne: 206Quester, George H.: 135, 149Quinn, David: 108, 138Quintana, Stephen M. A.: 81, 192Quirk, Padraic: 160Qureshi, Sajda: 89

Rabin, Y.: 167, 168, 173Rabkin, R.: 227Rabow, Jerome: 74race: 115racism: 159Racy, J.: 220Radford, K. Jim: 107Radloff, Sarah: 184Raeder, Hans Georg: 82Rahav, G.: 68, 240Rahim, M. Afzalur: 100Raiffa, Howard: 113Rakos, Richard F.: 178Ramberg, Bennett: 105Ramesh, Closepet: 105Ramirez, J. Martin: 86Ramsbotham, Oliver: 29, 207Randle, Michael: 141Rangell, Leo: 79Rankin, J.: 38Rao, Mohan Penubarti: 26Rao, Mukunda: 202rape: 42, 44Rapoport, Anatol: 100Rath, B.: 65rational choice theory: 223Rational Emotive Therapy (RET): 80Raundalen, Magne: 62, 64Raven, Bertram H.: 72, 189Raviv, Alona: 76, 173Raviv, Amiram: 31, 76, 173Ravlo, Hilde: 150Rawson, Richard: 173Reagan, Patricia: 153Reagan, Ronald: 176Reardon, B.: 39reciprocity, bilateral: 163reconciliation: 61, 77, 87, 99, 103, 157Redfearn, J. W. T.: 79Reed, Richard: 200refugee camps: 219refugee camps, Palestinian: 217refugee children: 64–6refugee communities: 41refugees: 65, 134regulative conflict management: 100Rehfeldt, R. A.: 227Reich, K. Helmut: 50

370 Index






Reich, W.: 213, 215, 233Reich, Wilhelm: 158Reid, W. H.: 231Reilly, Isobel: 181Reissman, Dori B.: 244Reiter, Dan: 26, 27, 104relational frame theory: 227relative deprivation theory: 223religion: 46–52, 233religion and terrorism: 219–20religiosity: 50religious dimension: 50religious matters: 11religious/social authoritarianism: 76religious understanding: 133Remland, Martin S.: 84, 130Rempel, Martin W.: 120research growth: 4–7research methods, conflict resolution: 107resistance groups, women’s: 41resources: 19responsibility, displacement of: 224Reuveny, Rafael: 208reversibility of decisions: 137Rhodesia: 113Rhyno, Shelley R.: 203Ribas, Denys: 80, 203Richardson, D. R.: 227Richardson, Deborah S.: 86Richman, Alvin: 73, 178Richmond, Oliver: 15, 232Richter, H. E.: 81Richter, Linda: 181Rihs-Middel, Margret: 92ripeness, disputant: 125Ripley, Brian: 24risk-acceptant bias: 13risk assessment: 137–9, 140risk, decision-making under: 83risk-decision model: 137risk education: 138Ritchie, Heather: 142Ritov, Ilana: 126Roach, Colleen: 48, 92Roberto, Anthony J.: 117Roberts, B.: 38Roberts, Walter B. Jr: 244Robinson, John P.: 176Robinson, Robert J.: 126, 182Roche, B.: 227Rodgers, Paula: 60Roe, Michael D.: 10Roemer, Lizabeth: 196Rofe, Yacov: 241Rogers, James R.: 232

Rogers, John D.: 197Rogers, Rita R.: 101, 178Rognes, Jorn K.: 105, 118Rohrbaugh, John: 153Rohrer, Tim: 194Rokeach’s Value Survey: 208roles, counselling: 204Roman Catholic: 165Roman Catholics: 58, 81, 179–81Romero, Amanda: 63Ronan, Kevin R.: 138Ronen, T.: 68, 240Ronen, Tammie: 172Roose, Steven P.: 232Roosevelt, Franklin D.: 151, 189, 190Rose, Fred: 15Rose, S.: 243Rose-Krasnor, Linda: 56Rosegrant, Susan: 117Rosen, S.: 242Rosenbaum, M.: 68Rosenbaum, Michael: 172Ross, Jeffrey Ian: 232Ross, Lee: 170Ross, Marc Howard: 20Ross, William: 116Ross, William H.: 117, 126Rossin, A. David: 73Roth, Byron M.: 100, 108Roth, Kendall: 206Rothbart, Myron: 113Rotte, Ralph: 165Rouhana, Nadim N.: 109, 115, 171, 174Rousseau, David L.: 25Rousseau, Stephanie: 43Rowland-Klein, Dani: 64Rowlands, Dane: 116Roy, Paul J.: 3Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC): 180Rubin, Jeffrey Z.: 12, 29, 72, 98,

99, 101, 103, 105, 203Rubonis, A.: 236Rudmin, Floyd W.: 9Ruiz, J. M.: 237Rulliere, Jean Louis: 101Runyan, William McKinley: 151Ruscher, Janet B.: 232Russell, Gordon W.: 158Russett, Bruce: 114Russia. See also Soviet UnionRussia: 13, 28, 61, 73, 162, 176–8, 203Rwanda: 33, 69, 77, 134, 196

Sabourin, Michel: 203Sacchi, Simona: 22

Index 371






Sacco, Frank C.: 158Sacco, K.: 237Sack, W.: 65Sadeh, A.: 242Sadeh, Avi: 173Sagi-Schwartz, A.: 64Sagy, Shifra: 171Said, Abdul Aziz: 116Sakawa, Masatoshi: 116Salacuse, Jeswald W.: 117Salib, E.: 232, 239Salipante, Paul F.: 107Salomon, Gavriel: 31, 33Salter, Charles A.: 137Samiee, Saeed: 28Sample, Susan G.: 25Samuels, Andrew: 78Sandler, Todd: 27Sandole, Dennis J. D.: 105, 134Sandstroem, Patrick: 76Sanford, R. Nevitt: 24, 28Sangster, Roberta L.: 75Sanson, Ann: 87Santmire, Tara E.: 83Sarbin, Theodore: 136Saunders, Harold: 81Saunders, Harold H.: 27, 109Sauveur, Giselda Barroso: 160Save the Children: 43Savic, Jovan: 81Sawada, Aiko: 193scapegoating: 77Schafer, Mark: 28, 189Schaper, Annette: 232Scharfenberg, Joachim: 78Scharoun, Kourtney: 232Schatz, Robert T.: 9Schbley, A.: 232Schechter, Daniel: 244Scheer, Joern W.: 89Schei, Vidar: 105Schein, Leon A.: 136Schelling, Thomas C.: 137Scheye, Eric: 186Schiebelhut, Laura: 244Schindler, Ruben: 78Schloss, Jeffrey P.: 47Schmidt, Rainer: 79Schmuck, Peter: 208schools, violence in: 34Schouten, Ronald: 232Schrodt, Philip A.: 25, 51, 164Schuster, M. A.: 241Schwartz, Shalom H.: 74Schwebel, M.: 10

Schwebel, Milton: 10, 15, 34, 143, 160Sciancalepore, Roseann: 232Scollon, Ron: 89Scollon, Suzie Wong: 89scripts, cultural: 117SCUD missile attacks: 171Scully, Mary F.: 78Search for Common Ground: 106search strategy: 13Sears, David O.: 35Sears, R. R.: 223Sebenius, James K.: 98Second World War: 64, 66, 150, 186Secondary School education: 32–4security: 14, 74, 82security, empirical: 208security, perception of: 208Sederberg, Peter C.: 136Seedat, Mohamed: 182Segal, David R.: 153Segura, Gary M.: 76Segura-Herrera, Theresa A.: 81, 192Seidman, Laurence S.: 116Seifert, R.: 42Self, William R.: 232self-images: 82self-reconstitution: 136self-serving bias: 29Seligman, Martin E. P.: 19, 20, 136Selth, Andrew: 232semantic differential: 72Semel, A. K.: 227Senese, Paul D.: 113Seo, Dong Chul: 232Seo, Fumiko: 116September 11, 2001: 3, 217, 219, 222,

225, 226, 234, 235, 238, 239, 243Serbia: 196Serbs: 11, 66Sergeev, V. M.: 188Sergeev, Victor M.: 116Seville Statement on Violence: 48sex. See gendersex-role theory: 39sexism: 11, 159sexual assault: 41, 42, 44sexual exploitation: 42, 63sexual frustration: 222sexually transmitted diseases: 42, 44Seymour, John W.: 244Shadmi, E.: 45Shalev, A. Y.: 243Shalev, Arieh Y.: 136Shamai, Michal: 68Shamir, Boas: 155

372 Index






Shamir, Jacob: 73Shamir, Michal: 73Shamir, Y.: 167Shannon, Vaughn P.: 48Shapiro, Ilana: 186Shapiro, Svi: 33Sharkey, J.: 239Shaw, J. A.: 70Shea, Dorothy: 183Shenkar, Oded: 25Shepherd, John: 35Sherif, C. W.: 10Sherif, M.: 10, 205Shigemura, Jun: 156Shiite: 165, 169, 220Shiite organization: 163Shimko, Keith L.: 178Shin, Ho Chang: 101Shiraev, Eric: 28, 73, 177Shoham, Efrat: 70Shomer, R. W.: 159Shuman, Michael H.: 143Sidanius, J.: 232Sidel, V.: 37Sidman, M.: 231Siemienska, Renata: 73signalling: 104Signorino, Curtis S.: 125Silberstein, Ora: 173Silke, A.: 215, 216, 217, 220, 223,

227, 228, 229, 230Silver, E.: 220Silver, Roxane Cohen: 232, 244Simich, Laura: 50Simmons, Dale D.: 208Simon, Bennett: 80Simpson, Jeffry A.: 100simulations: 164simulations of bargaining: 126, 132simulations of communication: 208Sinclair, Grant P.: 40Singer, Eric: 23, 25Singh, Swaroop Rani: 184situation: 22Siverson, Randolph M.: 149size of country: 73Sjoestedt, Gunnar: 116Skitka, Linda J.: 166Skjelsbaek, Inger: 45, 196Skorc, Bojana: 81Skorick, J. Mark: 25Slim, Randa M.: 98Slone, M.: 242Slovakia: 186Slovaks: 188

Slovic, Paul: 137, 138Sluijs, J. M.: 107Sluzki, Carlos E.: 70, 152Small, D. A.: 238small group research: 21small groups, conflict in: 128–30Smart, Diana: 87Smith, Alan: 34Smith, Alastair: 105Smith, Alison: 194Smith, Claggett G.: 10Smith, M. Brewster: 15, 25, 113, 203Smith, Peter B.: 195Smith, Philip L.: 105Smith, Roger W.: 77Smith, William P.: 126Smolenska, M. Zuzanna: 47Snyder, Jack: 24, 73, 177social approach: 227social authoritarianism: 76social cognition: 21, 22social-cognitive development: 57social constructionism: 39social constructionist attitudes: 58social dilemmas: 124social dominance: 76social-emotional behaviour: 118social engineering: 205social environment: 131social identity (SI): 20, 72, 135, 181, 203social identity theory: 178, 215social influence: 205social interaction: 14, 21, 47, 205social justice: 10social learning: 86social learning theory: 223social programmes: 202social psychological perspective: 179social psychology: 11, 14, 19,

21–3, 99, 201, 202social responsibility: 49Social Sciences Citation Index

(SSCI): 6, 15social systems: 204social welfare: 201, 209social work: 202socialization: 74societies, atomistic/holistic: 203Society for the Study of Peace,

Conflict and Violence: 10socio-political thinking: 82sociology: 15Soeters, Joseph: 155Soeters, Joseph L.: 197Sofer, Gita: 172

Index 373






Sohn, Dong Won: 109Soifer, Raquel: 74soldiers, child. See child soldiersSolomon, Sheldon: 78, 135, 232, 238Solomon, Zahava: 155Somalia: 196Somerfield, M. R.: 241Sorensen, Bent: 49Sorokin, Gerald L.: 164Sorokin, Pitirim: 47Soudan, Karel: 138South Africa: 40, 62, 63, 69, 73, 77, 81,

102, 118, 127, 162, 181–4, 208South America: 69South Asia: 196South Korea: 102, 193South Pacific: 102Southeast Asia: 196Soutter, Alison: 60Soviet Union. See also RussiaSoviet Union: 3, 13, 15, 24, 28, 49,

50, 72, 73, 83, 121, 151, 162,165, 175, 176, 196, 198

Soyka, Karen M.: 232Spain. See also Basque countrySpain, species extinction: 200Spector, Bertram I.: 106, 107Spencer, Jonathan: 197Spiegel, Chya: 78Spindler, A.: 86Spink, Peter: 203spirituality: 51Spitz, Henry I.: 136splitting: 218Sprang, Ginny: 236, 237, 242Springston, Jeffrey K.: 113Sri Lanka: 43, 197, 220, 228, 234Staab, Joachim F.: 191Stam, Allan C.: 27Stanford prison experiment: 225Stanisstreet, Martin: 206START (Center for the Study and

Reduction of Terrorism): 229Stasson, Mark F.: 73Staub, Ervin: 33, 77, 86, 196Staub, Sylvia: 10, 49Steenbergen, Marco R.: 73Steger, Manfred B.: 142Stein, B.: 243Stein, Bradley D.: 232Stein, Janice Gross: 25, 110Stein, R.: 232Steinberg, A. M.: 62Steinberg, Blema S.: 79Steinhausler, Friedrich: 232

Stephan, Cookie W.: 73Stephan, Walter G.: 73, 102stereotypes: 71stereotyping: 75, 127Stern, Paul C.: 99, 101, 200Sternberg, Robert J.: 101, 232Stevanovic, Ivana: 45Steven, G.: 220, 228, 230, 231Stevens, Anthony: 79Stevens, Garth: 183, 184Stewart, Edward C.: 102Stewart, Sherry H.: 232Stone, Brenda: 123Stone, Randall W.: 22Stout, Chris E.: 135, 232Straker, G.: 62Straker, Gill: 61stress: 172stress symptoms: 155Strindberg, N.: 215Stringer, Maurice: 81Strozier, Charles B.: 50, 78structural violence: 11, 36, 86Stuhlmacher, Alice F.: 116Su, Yang: 143Suedfeld, P.: 78, 202Suedfeld, Peter: 20, 232Suh, E. J.: 243suicide: 42suicide bombers: 41suicide terrorism: 213–33Suleiman, R.: 239Suleiman, Ramzi: 171Sulfaro, Valerie A.: 27Summerfield, D.: 234Summerhill: 32Sunni: 165, 169Sunni Muslims: 220superordinate goals: 11, 153, 200superordinate groups: 71support groups: 32surveys of bargaining: 117–26survival, human and planetary: 207Susnjic, Silvia: 142Susskind, Lawrence: 98Sussman, Gary: 173sustainable development: 13, 199–209sustainable living patterns: 200sustainable use of natural resources: 206Sutton, Robert I.: 26Suzuki, Mariko: 100Swann, William B. Jr: 147Swart, Tanya M.: 183Sweden: 66, 72, 74Swiss, S.: 42

374 Index






Sycara, Katia: 116Sylvan, Donald A.: 188SYMLOG: 73synergistic effects in environmental

problems: 200Syria: 68, 83, 163, 164, 165, 167, 198system levels: 207systemic violence: 12systems-based paradigm: 200

Tabachnick, B. Robert: 31Taiwan: 102, 131Taiwan undergraduates: 120Tal, Ido: 78Talentino, Andrea Kathryn: 113Taliaferro, Jeffrey W.: 25Tamil Tigers: 220, 228Tang, Thomas Li Ping: 167Tarar, Ahmer: 116task behaviour: 118task side of negotiation: 121Tatara, Mikihachiro: 193taxonomic: 3Taylor, Alan D.: 116Taylor, Bryan C.: 151Taylor, Carl E.: 66Taylor, Donald M.: 99Taylor, Paul J.: 105Taylor, Rupert: 160Taylor, Satomi Izumi: 31teams: 132teams, distributed: 90Teenage Nonviolence Test: 142Tehrani, N.: 242, 243Telhami, Shibley: 163Templeton, Rosalyn Anstine: 31ten Bensel, Robert: 66Terr, L. C.: 241terror, war on: 133terror management theory: 238terrorism: 13, 15, 24, 208, 213–33terrorism, non-state-sponsored: 135terrorism, psychology’s contribution to

reduction: 229terrorism, state-sponsored: 135terrorism victims: 234–45Terrorism, War on: 80terrorist attacks: 3Terry, Paul: 134Tessler, M.: 40Tessler, Mark: 50, 76Test of Moral Development: 175Tetlock, Philip E.: 23, 24, 25, 34,

99, 100, 176, 202textbooks, Israeli–Arab conflict ethos: 168

Thabet, Abdel Aziz: 68Thanatos: 78, 80, 222theology: 49–51theology, Armageddon: 49theory of planned behaviour: 145Thies, Wallace J.: 190third parties: 20, 29, 115, 134third parties fostering understanding: 93third party: 22third-party mediation: 12Third United Nations Conference,

Law of the Sea: 98Third World: 24Thomas, Jeffrey L.: 155Thomas, S. L.: 155Thompson, James A.: 176Thompson, Megan M.: 155Thompson, William R.: 138Thorson, Stuart J.: 188Thrall, Charles A.: 49Thurston, Linda P.: 33Tibon, Shira: 50, 74, 171Tiffany, Donald W.: 86Tiffany, Phyllis G.: 86Tilker, Harvey A.: 224Tillema, H. K.: 165Tillman, Erik R.: 26Tilly, Charles: 99timber industry: 202Tinckner, J. E.: 37Ting-Toomey, Stella: 88, 102, 120Tinsley, Catherine: 116tit-for-tat: 126Tivis, R. D.: 241Tjosvold, Dean: 101, 111, 130, 187Tobach, Ethel: 14Tobin, Richard J.: 73Todd, Patricia: 20Tokuno, Kyoko: 51Tolan, Patrick H.: 244tolerance: 204Tompkins, T.: 42Tongren, Hale N.: 203Torabi, Mohammad R.: 232torture victims: 135Tota, Anna Lisa: 244totalism: 82totalitarian regimes: 27, 29Touval, Saadia: 98, 109Townshend, C.: 214toxic chemicals: 200track one negotiation: 110track two diplomacy: 88track two (unofficial) diplomacy: 110training in conflict resolution: 106–7

Index 375






Transcend: 11TRANSCEND approach: 156transcendental meditation: 51transformational approach: 105transpersonal approach: 207trauma: 13, 64, 80, 171–2, 241trauma circles: 32trauma, in ethnopolitical warfare: 134–6trauma, physical: 44trauma, psychosocial: 44trauma relief: 35trauma, war: 57trauma, war-related: 42traumatic experience: 80traumatic stress: 62Trew, Karen: 68, 70, 178, 181Triandis, H. C.: 118TRT (To Reflect and Trust): 127Trubisky, Paula: 120Trusty, Brittani: 167Truth and Reconciliation Commission

(TRC): 182, 183Tschudi, Finn: 156Tsebelis, George: 116Tucker, P.: 236Tudge, Jonathan: 176Tugade, M. M.: 238Tumanov, Sergei: 178Turkish–Greek relations: 80, 191Turks: 110Turner, Colleen: 157Turner, John C.: 72Tutsi: 77Tversky, Amos: 83, 200Twemlow, Stuart W.: 158, 232Tyson, G. A.: 73Tzeng, Oliver C. S.: 72

Udd, Lina: 76Uganda: 43, 63, 197ultimatum bargaining: 123Unabomber: 228underlying principles (sustainable

development): 207Underwood, B.: 225Underwood, Lynn G.: 47Ungar, Sheldon: 201United Kingdom. See also: England;

Northern Ireland; WalesUnited Kingdom: 74, 75, 214United Nations: 9, 19, 28, 39,

140, 152, 202, 229United Nations Children’s Fund: 44United Nations High Commissioner for

Refugees (UNHCR): 65

United Nations intervention: 98United Nations Machel Study: 41,

42, 43, 152United Nations peacekeeping: 154, 160United Nations peacekeeping soldiers: 43United States. See also North AmericaUnited States: 12, 13, 24, 28, 35, 40, 44,

49, 50, 56, 59, 61, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75,81, 82, 86, 102, 106, 116, 118,121, 124, 130, 131, 139, 146,147, 148, 150, 151, 162, 163,164, 165, 166, 169, 170, 187, 197,198, 200, 203, 206, 219, 222, 226,228, 230, 234

United States Congress: 143, 150, 166United States culture: 143United States Department of Homeland

Security: 229United States foreign policy: 176United States military: 72United States soldiers: 226unity of humanity: 49universalism: 74universe, unity of: 49university. See also post-secondaryUniversity of Maryland: 229University of Pennsylvania: 229Unwin, C.: 155Ursano, Robert J.: 232, 244USSR. See Soviet UnionUyangoda, Jayadeva: 197

Vaccaro, J. Matthew: 158Vaitkus, Mark A.: 156Valenty, Linda O.: 23value orientations, prosocial: 124values: 19, 47, 51Values Questionnaire: 142van de Veen, Hans: 190van de Vliert, Evert: 108, 113,

122, 124, 126van de Walle, Bartel: 138van der Dennen, Johan Matheus

Gerardus: 149van der Walt, Clint: 183van der Zee, Karen I.: 25van Hoorn, Willem: 184Van Ijzendoorn, M. H.: 64Van Lange, Paul A.: 124Van Leer Jerusalem Foundation: 115van Oudenhoven, Jan Pieter: 25,

73, 102van Tongeron, Paul: 190Van Wyk, Koos: 184Van Wyk, Sherine: 182

376 Index






Vandenplas-Holper, Christiane: 31Vasconcelos, Laercia A.: 151Vatican: 98Vazsonyi, Alexander T.: 32Veale, Angela: 69Veer, Guus van der: 136Ventura, Margarida: 57Verbeek, Peter: 59, 61Verbs In Context System: 189Verdonk, Tara: 106Verhoeven, Juliette: 190Vernez, Georges: 134Versluys, Michelle: 34, 106Vertzberger, Yaacov Y. I.: 171veterans, war stress among: 135veto player theory: 27Vick, S. Brooke: 232Vickers, Patricia: 78victimization: 77victims of terrorism: 234–45Vietnam: 197, 226Vietnam veterans: 166Vietnam War: 76Vincent, Andrew: 35violence: 13; see also: direct violence;

indirect violence; intergroupviolence; structural violence

violence, domestic: 43violence in schools: 34violence, interpersonal: 38violence, political: 43violence reduction: 92violence, systemic: 12Voiskounsky, Alexander E.: 178Volkan, Vamik D.: 80, 81, 191Volkema, Roger J.: 126Volpe, Maria R.: 112voluntary simplicity: 200Voss, James F.: 108Vostanis, Panos: 68

Wachtel, Amy: 181Waddell, Neil: 181Wadsworth, Martha E.: 224Wagner, Richard V.: 9, 10, 13, 15,

29, 49, 70, 185Wainer, Alberto: 74Wales. See also United KingdomWales: 239Walker, Gregg B.: 202Walker, Kathleen: 56, 69Walker, Lenore: 203Walker, Stephen G.: 28, 82, 189Wall, James A. Jr: 109Wallensteen, Peter: 26

Wallimann, Isidor: 208Walsh, Roger: 207Walther, Joseph B.: 205Walz, Tom: 142Wang, Kevin H.: 24Wang, S. Y.: 107Wangh, Martin: 80Wanis-St. John, Anthony: 105war. See also e.g.: Cold War; just

war; nuclear warwar, abolition of: 139war as male-coalitional reproductive

strategy: 149war, ascribed meaning of: 88war, cold. See Cold WarWar on Terror: 229War on Terrorism: 80war, potential impact of catastrophic: 136war studies: 33war with conventional weapons: 75Ward, Andrew: 170Ward, Hugh: 113Wardell, D.: 44Wardi, Dina: 78Ware, Angelica: 244Warner, Dorothy Anne: 46, 193warrior identity: 135warriors: 41wars: 149–61water pollution: 200water supplies exhaustion: 200Watkins, Michael: 107, 117Watson, George L.: 82, 189Watson, Raymond K.: 121Waugh, C. E.: 238Wayment, H.: 242weapons, nuclear. See nuclear weaponsweapons of mass destruction: 135web-based support for

negotiations: 116Webb, Nancy Boyd: 136Webber, Jane: 136Webel, Charles: 208Weber, Douglas: 113Weber, Steven: 176websites, peace education: 36Weerts, Jos M. P.: 143Wehr, Paul Ernest: 100Weinberg, L.: 232Weine, Stevan M.: 77Weingart, Laurie R.: 105Weinstein, Monty M.: 232Weisaeth, Lars: 155Weisinger, Judith Y.: 107Weiss, Joshua N.: 111

Index 377






Weissenberger, Stein: 26Weldon, Elizabeth: 101Wellman, James K. Jr: 51Welsh, Nancy A.: 113Welton, Gary L.: 21, 111Wenzel, Michael: 48Werner, Suzanne: 24Wertheim, Eleanor H.: 106, 116Werther, William B.: 28, 202Wessells, Michael G.: 10, 11, 12,

15, 61, 62, 63, 77, 100, 143,151, 152, 160, 184, 185

Wessely, S.: 156, 244West Bank: 68West German: 147West Germany: 145Western approaches: 50Western conflict life cycles: 98Western Europe: 59Western foreign policy: 3Western perspective: 207Western procedures: 158Westle, B.: 190Wetzel, Janice W.: 45Wexler, Michael: 143Wheeler, C. E.: 39White, Ralph K.: 10, 114, 149,

167, 194, 196White fundamentalism: 50Whitehouse, Peter J.: 203Whites: 72, 77Whiting, Allen S.: 176Whitman, J.: 156Whitmore, Brian: 178Whittaker, D. J.: 215, 227, 228, 233Wiener, Neil I.: 85Wigboldus, D.: 238Wilkenfeld, Jonathan: 25, 108, 116, 138Wilkening, Michael: 76Williams, Kristen P.: 15Williams, Wendy R.: 179Wilson, Jeanne T.: 31Wilson, K.: 239Wilson, M. A.: 232Wilson, Ronnie: 181, 241Wilson, Steven R.: 118Winslow, Donna: 155Winter, David G.: 74, 76, 82, 119Winter, Deborah DuNann: 9, 10,

13, 29, 49, 64, 70, 199, 200, 207Winters, Kim: 107Wirth, H. J.: 222Wisconsin: 107Wisher, Robert A.: 155Withers, B.: 81

Witztum, Eliezer: 155Wolfe, Christopher R.: 108Wolfe, Randall: 73Wolfe, Rebecca: 110Wollman, Neil: 143Wolmer, Leo: 171women: 37–45, 140, 204women in Lebanon: 166Woodhouse, Tom: 29, 154, 207Woolf, Linda: 35Worchel, Stephen: 100working through: 81workshop method: 110workshops, problem-solving. See

problem-solving workshopsworld-mindedness: 75World Peace Brigade: 110World Trade Center: 234, 235,

236, 237, 238, 239, 242, 243World Vision: 44World War, First: 222World War, Second: 64, 66, 150, 186WorldCat: 7, 15Wozniak, Jacek: 109Wright, Claudia S.: 191Wright, Judith: 100Wright, Kristi D.: 156Wright, Sue: 197Wrightsman, Lawrence S.: 49Wronka, Joseph: 35Wu, Pei Guan: 101Wurmser, Leon: 232Wylie, Gillian: 45

Xu, Xinyi: 102

Yagcioglu, Dimostenis: 103Yan, Aimin: 25Yasukuni shrine: 193Yates, Suzanne: 158Yawney, Ruta: 46Yedidia, Tova: 232Yehuda, Rachel: 136Yep, Richard: 136Yitzhaki-Verner, Tali: 170Yoon, Kak: 101Yoon, Mi Yung: 24Young, Kathleen: 108, 138Young, Michael D.: 28Youngs, Gillian: 45Yu, Xuejian: 102Yu, Ziyou: 130, 187Yugoslavia: 197Yugoslavian children: 56Yzerbyt, V.: 238

378 Index






Zaharia, Costin: 123Zahavi, S.: 237Zahir, Ahmad: 170Zaitseva, Lyudmila: 232Zald, Mayer N.: 99Zapotec communities: 85Zartman, I. William: 98, 103,

114, 204Zartman, William: 157Zazzi, Joanne: 12, 199Zelizer, Craig: 185

Zeng, Dajun: 116Ziller, Robert C.: 81Zillmann, Dolf: 171Zimbabwe (Rhodesia): 113Zimbardo, P. G.: 225Zion, James W.: 102Zisk, Kimberly M.: 177Zlomke, K. R.: 227Zong, Guichun: 91Zoschke, T. A.: 237Zubek, J. M.: 21

Index 379






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6 x 10.Long - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/39143/index/9780521839143_index.pdf · a middle initial, for example ... AGIL. See Parsonsian ... Beck’s paradigm