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6.003: Signals and Systems
Lecture 1
Introduction to Signals and Systems
6.003: Signals and Systems
Today’s handouts: Single package containing• Subject Information• Lecture #1 slides (for today)• Recitation #2 handout (for tomorrow)
Lecturer Denny Freeman ([email protected])
Instructors Qing Hu, Jeff Lang, Karen Livescu,Sanjoy Mahajan, Antonio Torralba
Head TA Demba Ba ([email protected])
TAs Paul Azunre, Dheera Venkatraman,Keng-Hoong Wee, Steve Zhou
Secretary Janice Balzer ([email protected])
Text Signals and Systems by Oppenheim and Willsky
Web Site mit.edu/6.003
6.003: Signals and Systems
Homework: where subject matter is/isn’t learned.
equivalent to “practice” in sports or music.
• Weekly Homework Assignments− Conventional Homework Problems plus− Engineering Design Problems (often using Matlab, Oc-
tave, or Python)
• Homework Assignments are longer (by about 3 hours)than homework assignments in 12 unit subjects!− 15 units + 4 Engineering Design Points
• Open Office Hours!− Stata Basement (32-044)− Mondays and Tuesdays, afternoons and evenings
6.003: Signals and Systems
Collaboration Policy
• Discussion of concepts in homework is encouraged• Sharing of homework or code is not permitted and will be
reported to the COD
Firm Deadlines
• Homework must be submitted in recitation on due date• Late homework will NOT be accepted unless excused by
the staff, a Dean, or Physician
Homework Extension Policy
• Every student gets one extension• Can be used for any weekly homework assignment and for
any reason• Simply ask your TA for an extension before 11:59 pm on
the day preceding the due date (cannot be rescinded)
6.003 Calendar
• Basic Representations of Discrete-Time Systems (4weeks). difference equations, block diagrams, operatorexpressions, system functions, feedback and control, Ztransforms, convolution (O&W Chapters 1, 2, 10, and11).
• Basic Representations of Continuous-Time Systems
(3 weeks). differential equations, block diagrams, opera-tor expressions, system functions, feedback and control,Laplace transforms, convolution (O&W Chapters 1, 2, 9,and 11).
• Signal Processing (2 weeks). Fourier Series, FourierTransforms, Filtering (O&W Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6).
• Sampling (2 weeks). Sampling, aliasing, DT processingof CT signals (O&W Chapter 7).
• Communications (2 weeks). modulation, AM, FM (O&WChapter 8).
6.003: Signals and Systems
Weekly meetings with class representatives
• help staff understand student perspective• learn about teaching
One representative from each section (6 total)
Tentatively meet on Thursday afternoon
Interested? ...send email to [email protected]
Lecture 1: The 6.003 Abstraction
systemsignal
in
signal
out
6.003 abstraction: describe a system (physical, mathemat-ical, or computational) by the way it transforms inputs intooutputs.
Example: Mass and Spring
Example: Mass and Spring
Example: Mass and Spring
Example: Mass and Spring
Example: Mass and Spring
Example: Mass and Spring
Example: Mass and Spring
Example: Mass and Spring
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
t t
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
t t
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
t t
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
t t
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
t t
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
t t
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
t t
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t)
tr0(t) r2(t)
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Tanks
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
Example: Cell Phone System
sound in
sound out
cellphonesystem
sound in sound out
Example: Cell Phone System
sound in
sound out
cellphonesystem
sound in sound out
t t
Signals and Systems: Uniform Representations
mass &springsystem
x(t) y(t)
t t
r0(t)
r1(t)
r2(t)
h1(t)
h2(t)
tanksystem
r0(t) r2(t)
t t
sound in
sound out
cellphonesystem
sound in sound out
t t
electrical, mechanical, chemical, optical, acoustic, biological,financial, ...
Signals and Systems: Uniformity → Modularity
sound in
sound out
cellphone
tower towercell
phonesound
in
E/M optic
fiber
E/M soundout
• focus on the flow of information
• abstract away everything else
Signals and Systems: Broad Applicability
mechanics circuits medical
vivoA
R1
R2
systemsignal
in
signal
out
Discrete-Time Systems
Example: Bank account
Transactions (deposits/withdrawals) recorded daily (DT)
Deposits are an input (of money) into the system.
How are withdrawals represented in the framework
of signals and systems?
1. as an input signal
2. as an output signal
3. none of the above
Example: Bank Account
Transactions (deposits/withdrawals) recorded daily (DT)
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$0.00
Example: Bank Account
Transactions (deposits/withdrawals) recorded daily (DT)
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$1.00
Example: Bank Account
Transactions (deposits/withdrawals) recorded daily (DT)
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$1.00
Example: Bank Account
Transactions (deposits/withdrawals) recorded daily (DT)
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$2.00
Example: Bank Account
Transactions (deposits/withdrawals) recorded daily (DT)
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$3.00
Example: Bank Account
Transactions (deposits/withdrawals) recorded daily (DT)
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$5.00
Example: Bank Account
Transactions (deposits/withdrawals) recorded daily (DT)
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$6.00
Example: Bank Account
Transactions (deposits/withdrawals) recorded daily (DT)
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$7.00
Example: Bank Account
Withdrawals are negative deposits./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$0.00
Example: Bank Account
Withdrawals are negative deposits./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$1.00
Example: Bank Account
Withdrawals are negative deposits./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$2.00
Example: Bank Account
Withdrawals are negative deposits./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$1.00
Example: Bank Account
Withdrawals are negative deposits./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$3.00
Example: Bank Account
Withdrawals are negative deposits./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$2.00
Example: Bank Account
Withdrawals are negative deposits./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$1.00
Example: Bank Account
Withdrawals are negative deposits./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$1.00
Example: Bank Account
Compound interest./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$1.00
Example: Bank Account
Compound interest./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$1.05
Example: Bank Account
Compound interest./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$1.10
Example: Bank Account
Compound interest./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$1.16
Example: Bank Account
Compound interest./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$1.22
Example: Bank Account
Compound interest./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$1.28
Example: Bank Account
Compound interest./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$2.34
Example: Bank Account
Compound interest./
x[n] y[n]
n n
account
$ deposited today current balance
$1.41
Example: Bank Account
Early Retirement? How soon can you retire if• living expenses: $25,000 per year• rate of savings: $10,000 per year• 5% annual interest• live off your savings till age 80?
x[n]
y[n]
n
n
save retire
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
Population Growth
How does the number of pairs of rabbits grow?
1. logarithmic ( f [n] = O(log n))
2. polynomial ( f [n] = O(nk) for some k)
3. exponential ( f [n] = O(zn) for some z)