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Sustainable Urbanism from an International Perspective. Editor: Melissa Long. Lead Faculty: Ming Tang, Mingming Lu, Christopher Auffrey. University of Cincinnati. 2013
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ENVE/PLAN/SAID
6099 SuStainable urbaniSm. AN INtErNAtIoNAL PErSPEctIVE
University of CinCinnati
College of DesignartArchitecturePlAnning
+
College of engineeringaPPlieD sCienCeDAteS/ aPril 24, 2013 - May 8, 2013
ProfeSSorS/ CHristoPHer aUffery MingMing lU Ming tang
eDitor/ Melissa long
AuthorS/ CH2/ raCHel tobe + kyle Morris + Diana CHan CH3/ Jake HolDen + PrinCe oseMwengie CH4/aDaM steHUra CH5/Mary wisCHMeyerStuDentS/ CHole sCHaefer raCHel tobe aDaM yeary teCkla akinyi basHeer alsHaMMari Joey bellon ben koontZ
JUstin keggMiCHael knaDlerMatt robinsonMCkenZie sPotstaylor aHoJeffrey kelleybetH HiMbUrg
enve/Plan/saiD
6099 SuStAinAble urbAniSm: an international PersPeCtive
MANY THANKS TO
Our partners in both China and Cincinnati.
Inparticuarly,UC Forward,UC International,
and
Faculty, staff and students at the following Chinese institutions:
School of Architecture and Planning, Beijing University of Technology
School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Shandong University
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University
Dept. of International Affairs, Shandong University
School of Environmental Engineering and Science, Tsinghua University
Residents playing Ma-Jhong in a traditional Chinese court yard
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Workers planting vegetation along the newly developed Songyu South Road
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Freetwon alleyway in Taifu Square Jinan, China
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Cincinnati, OHHome of Skyline Chili Population: 296,223Students Attend University of Cincinnati, College of Design Architecture Art + Planning (DAAP)
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CHAPTERTWORESEARCH RACHEL TOBE + KYLE MORRIS + DIANA CHAN
31RESEARCH /
For class myself and twenty-three students researched sustainable, or unsustainable, conditions in urban environments. Students were divided into groups based on topical interest and asked to present their findings at Beijing Institute of Technology. Once abroad we were able to ask BJUT professors and students further questions about implementing our researched topics in China.
Afterwards, we spent two weeks learning from a combination of tours, lectures, and first-hand experience about the current condition in China. At the end of the trip, we recompiled our presentations to include what we learned as a whole on the trip. The following pages summarize our presentations as well as our findings.
INTRODUCTION: RESEARCH
32 / RESEARCH
Vertical farming is the concept of growing a large production of crops within a confined urban setting. For example, this can be done by means of a green house skyscraper. The buildings that are used for vertical farming are fairly complex. The building position is a key factor when considering vertical farming. Due to the crops being indoors, the buildings must be in position to obtain maximum sunlight. However, some crops will always receive more sunlight then others. That is why there is a rotation involved by means of an elevator system. This enables the crops to be rotated so each plant receives the proper amount of sunlight. For the most part, vertical farming buildings are converted from some sort of abandoned building that would be ideal for growing agriculture. This makes them much easier to renovate as opposed to creating an entire new building.
From what we obtained from our visit in China, it seems that vertical farming is not something that is a huge focus there. Due to the complexity of it, and amount of resources it may require, it is reasoned that vertical farming would not be economical in major Chinese cities as of now. Most Chinese students believe that once the cities stop growing so rapidly, urban farming will take more priority. Due to the fact that this is such a new concept, it would be wise to put further resources and funding into this concept to make it more applicable on a large scale for major cities such as Beijing. Until then, I would see this as an excellent resource in smaller environments.
VERTICAL FARMINGMARY WISCHMEYER
34 / RESEARCH
Green roofs supplement traditional vegetation without disrupting urban infrastructure. They take a neglected space and make it useful. Green roofs are found in three different variations of soil depth: 1) Extensive - 3-5” in depth, 2) Semi-Intensive - 5-7” in depth, and 3) Intensive - 7-24” in depth. These green roofs have many sustainable qualities including reducing the amount of water runoff through drain water collection, reducing energy costs by increasing insulation, and providing a local food source for inhabitants of the building.
While in China we asked to see if these green roofs were a possibility and discovered through discussions with professors from BJUT and architects from BLVD that these roofs are largely not used due to the issues they present for construction workers. However, the potential use is still there as are the benefits.
The general population lives in cities now which is a much more sustainable practice. There are no individual water heaters; they use solar energy to heat their water. In some places you can only use hot water at certain times. These are the sustainable practices that jumped out at me after two weeks. Now there are many different reasons, culturally, and governmentally mandated, that help push these sustainable practices along
GREEN ROOFSMCKENZIE SPOTS
35RESEARCH /
36 / RESEARCH
Green buildings are buildings designed to decrease energy consumption and have a positive effect on the environment. In Beijing, one high-rise building is constructed every five days. Clearly with such a large construction of buildings, it would greatly benefit the sustainability of China to design some of these buildings as “green buildings”. Chinese government has seen this as a serious issue and has addressed it as so. They established what is known as the 5 year plan. The goal of this plan was to reduce energy consumption by 16%.
To help with this, in 2006 the Chinese Green Building Evaluation Standard was created. This standard is similar to LEED accreditation here in the United States. Instead of buildings being ranked as silver, gold, or platinum, buildings are ranked as one-star, two-star, or three-star buildings. What interested us were some of the strategies that helped these buildings reach accreditation. While in China, we were able to see some green buildings first-hand. To the right is a photograph of The Sino-Italian Ecological and Energy Efficient Buildings (SIEEB).
Located at Tsinghua University, the Sino-Italian Ecological and Energy Efficient Building (SIEEB) was an extremely interesting building with several green qualities about it. Some of these included concepts such as smart lighting systems and the positioning of the building to absorb an optimal amount of sunlight.
GREEN BUILDINGSJOEY BELLON + MIKE KNADLER
37RESEARCH /
38 / RESEARCH
Outgoing Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao at the Nation People’s Congress in March 2013 recognizes the need for overhaul of Hukou system. Hukou Defined – Central government’s household registration system, which broadly classifies citizens as urban or rural, precludes access to services. The importance of this is mostly determined by the estimated population levels in Chinese cities, where studies estimate urbanization to reach 60% by 2020. The services that are included in this include, or used to include food rations and other government assistance programs. Originally successful due to the rationing of resources, this policy changed after Hukou was decentralized in the 1990’s.
Now the local governments efforts are inconsistent and it is often viewed as a source of income, putting strain on the situation. Ultimately this misuse means that rural migrants do not participate in urban life and this threatens stability of the economy and the well-being of the community. Hukou reform will influence the sustainability of urban communities.
THE HUKOU SYSTEMJEFF KELLEY
40 / RESEARCH
“E-waste encompasses a broad and growing range of electronic devices ranging from large household devices and consumer electronics which have been discarded by their users.” - Basel Action Network
An estimated 50M tons of e-waste is produced per year. To protect against this, The Basel Ban decision banned as of 1 January 1998, all forms of hazardous waste exports from the 29 wealthiest most industrialized countries of the OECD to all non-OECD countries. Unfortunately, exportation still happens. A common dumping ground is Guiyu, China. This exportation has changed the economy of the Guiyu population. Now the province makes much of its money mining the electronic waste for the many metals that can be found. This practice, while excellent at entrepreneurship, has many health-hazards associated with it.
Governments define e-waste in different ways. The defining factor here being the components of e-waste. The government of China is yet to recognize household appliances as e-waste, which is particularly interesting as approximately 47% of e-waste in Western Europe is composed of household appliances, both small and large. Expanding the definition, making it all inclusive, would allow better allocation of resources to the treatment of e-waste. This was one of the issues addressed by professor Jinhui of Tsinghua University as a challenge faced in the management of e-waste.
E-WASTETECKLA ACKINYI
42 / RESEARCH
The late industrialization and rapid development of China is a central focus for the international community. The acceleration of building technologies combined with the appearance of entire cities conceived whole-cloth has had dramatic impacts both locally and abroad. Does the growth of Chinese cities, such as Beijing, mirror previous development in cities across the United States?
Whereas the majority of the population relied on subsistence farming in the 1980’s, structural shifts in economic organization, together with the desire for higher incomes and better standards of living, have caused many rural laborers to seek urban, non-agricultural employment.
In China, migration to big cities is tightly controlled, though migration to small and medium-sized cities and small cities is encouraged. Policies have become more relaxed in this regard and rapid industrialization will continue to produce dramatic urban-rural population shifts. Most population increases have occurred in the urban centers of eastern provinces.
To the right is a map of Beijing and the surrounding provinces. Expansion has occurred within the incremental rings. In conversation with Beijing Students we attempted to compare the displacement as a result of development to the similar condition taking place in the Over-The-Rhine district of Cincinnati.
CITY EVOLUTION AND REVOLUTIONMELISSA LONG + ADAM STEHURA
43RESEARCH /
Image courtesy of Professor Hanwen Liao at Beijing Institute of Technology
44 / RESEARCH
Sustainable transportation is a transportation system that is convenient, reliable, clean, and affordable. The key to sustainable transportation is maximizing the potential of one’s public transportation system. This will help not only reduce traffic congestion on the road, but it will also decrease the amount of pollutants being emitted to the environment. There are already some great sustainable systems in place around the world such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and Seoul. These include metro rails, rapid bus transit, light rails, and basic bus service. Each system is unique in its own way, and can be extremely profitable when used correctly.
It was clear to us that China will definitely need a combination of systems in order to establish a truly sustainable system. The sheer number of people moving to the cities will cause issues that no other country has had to deal with. Not to say that they are not currently working on a solution. Beijing has already implemented a subway system as well as a complex busing system. However, it was clear to us that the busing system was not enough to handle the brunt of public transportation. This was evident when our group tried to obtain a bus in the morning and could not all fit on a single bus. It was stressed to us multiple times throughout our trip that this was one of the chief concerns China faces during this current urbanization. Due to the amount of resources being utilized in this issue we are confident that China will be able to establish an adequate solution.
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATIONANDREW BENOIT + JUSTIN KEGG
45RESEARCH /
46 / RESEARCH
Transient Oriented Development (TOD) is a mixed use of a commercial and residential area designed to provide maximum access to public transit. The main focus on a TOD is to have all of one’s needs in a relatively close location to each other. This helps enable a large decrease in traffic congestion due to the fact that people are traveling less to acquire goods and services that they need. TODs produce several benefits such as lower pollution, shorter commute time, and improved public health. TODs work best in a high density city area that can largely benefit from having a system put in place to help minimize congestion. Clearly for a population of a large magnitude such as China, an extremely complex system must be put in place in order to make Chinese cities sustainable.
One service put in place that we witnessed in Beijing was the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). This system was able to regulate its bus schedule to accommodate the people for maximum commuting efficiency. If a bus was in need of service or an area experienced a large buildup of traffic congestion, the headquarters would reroute other buses to accommodate accordingly.
TODs are great when practical, but it was clear to me that the city population is simply too large to establish an effective system of TODs. However, I believe that it is still essential to establish well planned development in order to produce successful growth in China.
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENTJAKE HOLDEN
47RESEARCH /
48 / RESEARCH
Renewable energy is energy that comes from resources that are continually replenished such as: solar, wind, hydropower, biomass and biofuels, and geothermal heat. China, as of 2011, occupies 4.4% of the world’s operating capacity in the solar energy field, compared to 5.7% by the United States. China also manufactures 30% of the world’s solar PV modules. China produces ~22% of the world’s hydropower capacity, compared to 8% by the United States.
The Chinese government issued Five Year Plans which address many aspects of life in China including renewable energy. This plan set a goal of 21 GW generation from solar energy by 2015. There are two notable examples in China which are Golmud Solar Park and Lijiang Solar Station. Golmud generates approximately 300 gigawatt hours per year and Lijiang is expected to generate close to 300 megawatts. In the wind sector, China is beginning to move wind farms off shore. An example of this is the Tangshanpeng Wing Farm which generates 26 MW of offshore wind energy. China also has many notable hydroelectric. For example, the Three Gorges Dam which has the highest capacity in the world at 18200 megawatts capacity.
China has made a large effort to reduce the emissions of their transit systems while increasing fuel efficiency. One recent upgrade is on their BRT buses, that now use Adblue, which is a urea solution that reduces the amount of nitric oxides in the emissions by 85%. Most power plants in China are still coal burning or natural gas burning plants which contribute heavily to the air quality issues that the country experiences as a whole.
RENEWABLE ENERGY PRACTICES IN CHINATAYLOR AHO + ADAM YEARY
49RESEARCH /
50 / RESEARCH
Architecture2030 is a US-based organization started by Edward Mazria committed to averting the climate crisis through policy change and education; its goal is to have a carbon-neutral building sector by 2030. The decision to tackle the building sector is based on the following facts: buildings emit 47% of CO2 in the US; buildings consume 76% of all electricity in the US; and buildings consume 49% of all energy in the US.
The goal of Architecture 2030 is to raise the fossil fuel standard for all new buildings and renovations to 70% by 2015, 80% by 2020, 90% by 2025, and carbon-neutral by 2030.
To make this goal really effective, China is a huge frontier. This is because by 2025 65% of China will live in urban areas and China will have 221 cities with over 1 million. To put this in perspective, in the next 15 years, China will need to build houses for 400 million--comparable to rebuilding all the housing in the US. Can all new construction be carbon-neutral?
If nothing changes, China and the rest of the world are unlikely to go carbon-neutral. According to Yun Du, architect of BLVD, China lacks support and resources, projects are fast-paced, compromised by time and money, and western skyscrapers will keep growing in this manufactured and mass produced culture.
ARCHITECTURE2030DIANA CHAN
51RESEARCH /
52 / RESEARCH
When constructing a city, it is important to consider concepts such as sustainable development. Sustainable development is simply a type of development that addresses the population’s current needs without jeopardizing the future generation’s needs. If not planned correctly, urbanization can have negative effects on the environment such as increased air temperature, land runoff, flooding, and sewer overflow. There are also issues with supplying enough housing to support the influx of people, agriculture distribution, and other unforeseen issues. However, urbanization is not necessarily a bad thing. It can promote tourism, technology and even trade and commerce.
Sustainable development is something that must be controlled which is an issue China is currently dealing with. While in China, we were able to brainstorm some solutions to this issue. These include ideas like new energy sources, energy-saving technology and the Bus Rapid Transit system. The current rate of urbanization and gargantuan population makes it almost impossible to construct cities in a sustainable manner.
It seems sustainable development in China is currently taking a backseat in order to satisfy the current needs of the people. Once this development begins to slow down, it could greatly benefit China to achieve a more controlled growth of their cities.
DEVELOPMENT VS. ENVIRONMENTBASHEER ALSHAMMARI + TOJU OMAGHOMI + KYLE MORRIS
54 / RESEARCH
In our presentation we studied pollution, specifically looking at environmental pollution and the difficultly many communities have obtaining healthy living conditions. Some historical examples of extreme pollution include the cases of Love Canal New York in the 1950’s and Chernobyl Ukraine in 1986.
Pollution creates risks to human health such as cancer, asthma, birth defects, endocrine disruption, sickness and sometimes death. Pollution also poses a threat to environmental health by infecting ecosystems with chemicals (from industrial or air pollution) which disrupt the natural flow of nutrients through the system. This can lead to algal blooms in waterways, which creates a cascade effect to the health of all organisms in the ecosystem, or the death of all organisms in an area. Everyone has a right to clean air, water, and no one has the right to degrade or destroy the environment.
In China, the story of one man and the town of Quigang particularly interested us. The town fought back and complained about pollution from nearby plants that were polluting the rivers. After a long court battle, the town managed to get the plants shut down. To get the full tale of this story we recommend the documentary: The Warriors of Quigang.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONBETH HIMBURG + CHLOE SCHAFER
55RESEARCH /
56 / RESEARCH
Smart growth in relation to urban planning is a planning technique utilizing various corporations, supporters, networks, and governmental agencies all with main ideal to foster city living. In today’s current age, now more than ever we are living in a society where heaps of people are flocking towards urban cities in larger numbers than those flocking towards suburbs. Thus, given the current trend in conjunction with the writings of Jane Jacobs encouraging cities as the ideal habitation for people, many urban designers, organizations, and local governments are deploying strategies to foster healthy cities that address specific needs of people.
Amongst some of the core ideals behind smart growth is to provide a better solution for comfortable city living for designers/planners and individuals to reduce the reliance on urban sprawl in existing and developing communities. To go about this, Smart Growth devised a chart of 10 key points to counter act this trend of urban sprawl.
Perhaps my greatest interest in Smart Growth in correlation to China is who plays a lead role in the decision making process for a country with different rules and regulations than the U.S. At BJUT we had the opportunity to listen to an interesting lecture from one of the leading urban planners of Beijing. She explained some of the difficulties faced by architects and planners with regards to zoning in Beijing.
SMART GROWTHPRINCE OSEMWENGIE
57RESEARCH /
58 / RESEARCH
Sustainable city, we have defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This development also has the overarching goals of balancing social, economic, and ecological well-being.
Some key ideals when dealing with sustainable cities include: smart growth, energy conservation, waste reduction, multi-model transportation, and water management. For our presentation to students at BJUT we broke down these ideals into separate categories and elaborated on what cities we know are using these systems.
We also divided these example cities up between cities that are being retrofitted with sustainable practices and cities that are being built from the ground up that have their entire plans based around sustainability.
The conversation that was sparked from this presentation was exciting and fascinating as it opened our eyes to the many difficulties of implementing these systems in China. For cities that are currently being built from the ground up, the opportunities for sustainable practices are enormous, but the general consensus was that the high-rate production levels present in the currently growing cities is too fast-paced and ever-evolving to provide ultimately successful sustainable practices.
SUSTAINABLE CITIESBEN KOONTZ + MATT ROBINSON + RACHEL TOBE
59RESEARCH /
CHAPTERTHREEPRESENTATIONS PRINCE OSEMWEINGE + JAKE HOLDEN
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