Chapter 7-1Chapter 7-1Cellular Structures and Cellular Structures and

Function Function Bio 30 NWRCBio 30 NWRC

STUDY OF:STUDY OF:

Blood cell

Lung cell

Nerve cell

Leaf cell

Bone cell

Bacteria cell

Sperm & Egg cells (Sex cells)

Cell

Cell Theory

Nucleus

Eukaryote

Prokaryote

People knew nothing about cells until the discovery of the Microscope.

1665 ~Robert Hooke was the first person to see cells. He is known for making up the word “Cell”.

(Cork – plant material)

1683~Anton van Leeuwenhoek – was the first person to observe tiny living organisms in pond water.

Matthias Schleiden – (1838) discovered that plants are composed of cells Theodor Schwann – (1839) discovered that animals are composed of cells Rudolph Virchow – (1855) stated that all cells come from other cells

Janet Plowe – (1931) the cell membrane is a physical structure, not an interface between two liquids

Lynn Margulis – (1970) certain organelles were once free-living cells themselves

All living things are made up of cells.

Cells are the basic units of all living things.

All cells are produced from existing cells.

Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow

Compound Light Compound Light MicroscopeMicroscope

Uses a series of glass lenses to magnify images up to about 1000X

Electron Light Electron Light MicroscopeMicroscope

Uses magnets to beam electrons at tissues – is capable of much greater magnification than light microscopes

Click to see Click to see magnifications magnifications

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the smallest functioning part of an organism. vary in size and shape. shape is related to function. most are microscopic. Unicellular = composed of ONE cell Multicellular = composed of MANY cells

Key Note:ALL Cells have:

*a barrier called a Cell membrane

*DNA

Prokaryotes smallest & simplest

cells lack a nucleus lack organelles no specialized functions.Example: BacteriaExample: Bacteria

Eukaryotes have a nucleus

have organellesHave specialized functions. Example:Example:plant & animal cellsplant & animal cells

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Prokaryotes Prokaryotes are the Prokaryotes are the

single-celled organisms, single-celled organisms, such as bacteria.. such as bacteria.. Unlike Eukoryotes, Unlike Eukoryotes, prokaryotes do not prokaryotes do not have a nucleus that have a nucleus that houses its genetic houses its genetic material. Rather, the material. Rather, the genetic material of a genetic material of a prokaryote cell consists prokaryote cell consists of a large DNA of a large DNA molecule in the molecule in the cytoplasm cytoplasm

Prokaryotes One differentiating One differentiating

characteristic is that characteristic is that prokaryotes are prokaryotes are asexualasexual, , meaning their offspring meaning their offspring nearly always bear the nearly always bear the exactexact characteristics of characteristics of the parent cell. (In fact, the parent cell. (In fact, the cell essentially the cell essentially replicates itself replicates itself according to its own according to its own DNA and then divides DNA and then divides itself from the newly itself from the newly created cell.) created cell.)

Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells - -

Can be unicellular Can be unicellular ((protistsprotists such as  such as yeast, paramecium yeast, paramecium and amoebae) or and amoebae) or multicellular (a multicellular (a system of division system of division of labor such as of labor such as fungi, animals, and fungi, animals, and plants). plants).

Eukaryotes Eukaryotic DNA is Eukaryotic DNA is

enclosed by a enclosed by a membrane making membrane making a well defined a well defined nucleusnucleus. .

Eukaryotes Cell division in Cell division in

eukaryotes is different eukaryotes is different from prokaryotes. There from prokaryotes. There are two types of division are two types of division processes. In mitosis, one processes. In mitosis, one cell divides to produce cell divides to produce two genetically-identical two genetically-identical cells. In meiosis, which is cells. In meiosis, which is required in sexual required in sexual reproduction, one diploid reproduction, one diploid cell (having two instances cell (having two instances of each chromosome, one of each chromosome, one from each parent) from each parent) undergoes recombination undergoes recombination of each pair of parental of each pair of parental chromosomes.chromosomes.

(Eukaryotic)(Eukaryotic)

Plant Cells have cell walls

have chloroplasts have a large vacuole tend to be squared or rectangular

Animal Cells have only cell membranes have smaller vacuoles tend to be round

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Plant CellPlant Cell Animal Cell

Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Nuclear Envelope Nucleus Nucleolus

Cell wall Cell wall

LeucoplastLeucoplast

Golgi bodies Ribosome Cell

MembraneCytoplasmMitochondria

ChloroplastChloroplast

VacuoleVacuole

Lysosome

Centriole

Both Plant & Animal Cells

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AssessmentAssessment 1. 1. With more With more

sophisticated sophisticated tools scientists tools scientists have been able have been able to learn more to learn more about the cell about the cell and its and its structuresstructures

AssessmentAssessment 2. 2. Light Light

microscopes use microscopes use glass lenses and glass lenses and visible light. visible light. Electron Electron microscopes use microscopes use beams of beams of electrons and electrons and magnetsmagnets

AssessmentAssessment 3. 3. 1. all known living things are made up of cells. 1. all known living things are made up of cells.

   2. the cell is structural & functional unit of all    2. the cell is structural & functional unit of all living things.living things.   3. all cells come from pre-existing cells by    3. all cells come from pre-existing cells by division. division.             (Spontaneous Generation does not             (Spontaneous Generation does not occur). occur).    4. cells contains hereditary information which    4. cells contains hereditary information which is passed fromis passed fromcell to cell during cell division. cell to cell during cell division.    5. All cells are basically the same in chemical    5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. composition.    6. all energy flow (metabolism &    6. all energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs biochemistry) of life occurs within cells. within cells.        

AssessmentAssessment 4. The plasma 4. The plasma

membrane helps membrane helps control what goes control what goes into and out the into and out the cellcell

The organelles The organelles carry cellcarry cell

out specialized out specialized function in the cellfunction in the cell

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