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Citing Referencesin Your Research(APA Style)
Dr. Khalid Mahmood
Department of Library & Information ScienceUniversity of the Punjab
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Various style manuals APAAmerican Psychological Association
MLAModern Language Association
Chicago StyleChicago Manual of Style
Turabian Stylebased on Chicago Style
Harvard Referencing System
ASAAmerican Sociological Association CBE - Council of Biology Editors
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APA style American Psychological
Association In 1929, published
instructions for authorson how to preparemanuscripts for APAjournals
Later used for theses,
term papers, etc. Latest edition 6thin
2009 Widely used in social
sciences
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Citing referencesOutline Identifying and formatting citing
elements
Citing in text
Preparing reference list / bibliography
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Citing Elements
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Citing elements Author or authoring body
Date of publication
Title of the work
Edition
Publisher
Place of publication
Title of the source
Location information within the source
URL or DOI
Nonroutine information
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Author Surname and initials
Kernis, M. H.
Hyphenated first nameSun, C.-R.
Editors nameRobinson, D. N. (Ed.)
No authorEntry under title
Delete Prof., Dr., Maj., Retd., etc.
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Authoring body or group Full name
National Institute of Health
Subordinate bodyUniversity of the Punjab, Institute of
Business Administration
Government agenciesPakistan, Ministry of Finance
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Date of publication Journal, book, AV media
1993 Meeting, Monthly magazine, Newsletter
1993, June1993, Spring
Daily, Weekly1994, September 28
Accepted work but not yet publishedin press
No date availablen.d.
Publication over long period1959-1963
Republished work, a note at the end(Original work published 1923)
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Title of the work Title of book
Title of book chapter
Title of journal article
Title of encyclopedia article
Subtitle with colon
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Edition Edition you used
Edition in Arabic numeral2nd ed.Rev. ed.4th rev. ed.
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Publisher Publisher name for non periodicals In a brief form
Omit superfluous terms, such as Publishers,Publications, Co., Inc.SageWileyMcGraw-Hill
Prentice HallFerozsons Use only word Author when author and
publisher is the same
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Place of publication Name of city If city is not well known then add
state/province and/or countryJaipur, IndiaMedford, NJ
US postal service abbreviations for states (2-digit codes)
CA for California If more cities are given, use the first or the
publishers head office if clearly mentioned
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Title of the source Title of the book in case of a book
chapter
Title of the journal in case of journalarticle
Journal title in full
Harvard Business ReviewNo Har. Bus. Rev.No HBR
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Location Journal volume and issue number in Arabic numerals
33(4)
Volume of a book
Vols. 1-20(Vol.26, pp. 501-508)
Start and end (inclusive) page numbers for journalarticle or book chapter
215-224(pp. 215-224)
Discontinuous pages5-7, 11-12
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URL or DOI Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
http://www.topicsinclinicalnutrition.com
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
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Nonroutine information Give nonroutine but important
information in square brackets
[Letter to the editor][Special issue]
[Brochure][Abstract]
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Citing in text
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Authors name in sentence
Schwepps (1998) states that the
solution sat dormant for several months
before any of the employees tested it
(p. 743).
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Authors name in parentheses
When the solution had been sitting for a
number of months, the employees tested
for bacteria (Schwepps, 1998).
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Short quotation When fewer than 40 words
Put prose quotation in running text
Put quote marks around quotedmaterial
Authors last name, publication year,and page number(s) of quote mustappear in the text
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ExampleShort quotationCaruth (1996) states that a traumatic
response frequently entails a delayed,uncontrolled repetitive appearance ofhallucinations and other intrusivephenomena (p. 11).
A traumatic response frequently entails a
delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearanceof hallucinations and other intrusivephenomena (Caruth, 1996, p. 11).
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Long quotations When 40 words or more In block form
Indent 5-7 spaces and omit the quotationmarks. If the quotation has internalparagraphs, indent the internal paragraphs afurther 5-7 spaces
Do not use quotation marks Double space the block quote Cite the source after the end punctuation of
the quote
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ExampleLong quotationMeile (1993) found the following:
The placebo effect, which had been
verified in previous studies, disappearedwhen behaviors were studied in thismanner. Furthermore, the behaviors werenever exhibited again, even when real
drugs were administered. Earlier studieswere clearly premature in attributing theresults to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
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Secondary referenceIn 1947 the World Health
Organization proposed the following
definition of health. Health is a state ofcomplete physical, mental, and socialwell-being and not merely the absence of
disease and infirmity (World HealthOrganization, as cited in Potter & Perry,2001, p. 3).
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Multiple authors 2 authorscite both names separated by &
Example:(Kosik & Martin, 1999, p. 127)
3-5 authorscite all authors first time; afterfirst time, use et al.Example:
(Wilson et al., 2000)
6 or more authorscite first authors nameand et al.Example:
(Perez et al., 1992)
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Multiple citations Multiple sources from same author
chronological order, separated by comma
(Burke, 1998, 1999, in press) Within same year:
(Burke, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, in press)
Multiple sourcesseparated by semicolon,alphabetical order
(Burke, 1998; Perez, 1992; Wilhite, 2001)
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Personal communication Personal communication (email, phone,
conversation, letter, etc.)
(T.K. Lutes, personal communication,September 19, 2001)
Not included in reference list
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Handling parenthetical citations More than one author with the same
last name
(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880) Specific part of a source
(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
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Handling parenthetical citations If the source has no known author,
then use an abbreviated version of the
title:Full Title: California Cigarette TaxDeters Smokers
Citation: (California, 1999)
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Sample parenthetical citationsRecently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised
by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997)to include womens personal and cultural responses to battle andits resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur
that It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to thewar have been ignored (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studiesfocus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectivelyperpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating inFussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).
However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing thathis study treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a
sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control ofinstitutions (p. 6).
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Reference List / Bibliography
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Reference list Place the list of references cited at the end of
the paper
Start references on a new page Begin each entry flush with the left margin
Indent subsequent lines five to seven spaces(hanging indent)
Double space both within and betweenentries
Italicizethe title of books, magazines, etc.
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Reference list order Arrange sources alphabetically beginning with
authors last name
If author has more than one source, arrange entries
by year, earliest first When an author appears both as a sole author and,
in another citation as the first author of a group, listthe one author entries first
If no author given, begin entry with the title andalphabetize without counting a, an, or the
Do not underline, italicize or use quote marks fortitles used instead of an author name
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ExampleReference list order Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control
Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of
Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors Kumpfer, K. L. (2002). Prevention
Kumpfer, K. L.,Alvarado, R., Smith, P.,
Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Preventions
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Group author
American Psychological Association.
(2001). Publication manual of the
American PsychologicalAssociation (5thed.). Washington,
DC: Author.
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Book with one author
Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind.
Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press.
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Book with two authors
Struck, W., & White, E. B. (1979).
The elements of style(3rd ed.).
New York: Macmillan.
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Book with six or more authors
Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N.,
Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,
et al. (2000).An experimental
evaluation of
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Book with no author
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary
(10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.
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Book with editors
Allison, M. T., & Schneider, I. E. (Eds.).
(2000). Diversity and the recreation
profession: Organizational
perspectives. State College, PA:Venture.
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Chapter in bookStern, J. A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990).
The ocular system. In J. T.
Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.),
Principles of psychophysiology:
Physical, social, and inferential
elements (pp. 513-553). Berkeley,
CA: University of California Press.
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Multivolume book
Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology:
A study of science(Vols. 1-6). NewYork: McGraw-Hill.
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Article in press
Jones, R. (in press). The new healthcarelexicon. Journal of Health.
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AbstractMisumi, J., & Fumita, M. (1982). Effects
of PM organizational development in
supermarket organization. Japanese
Journal of Experimental Social
Psychology, 21,93-111. [Abstract]
Psychological Abstracts, 1982, 68,
Abstract No. 11474
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Magazine
Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29).
Seeing the mind. Science, 262,
673-674.
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Newspaper
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30).
Obesity affects economic, social
status. The Washington Post, pp.
A1, A4.
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Encyclopedia articleBlaser, L. (1996). Relativity . In Gale
encyclopedia of science (Vol. 15,
pp. 82-86). New York, Gale
Encyclopedia Co.
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ThesisHo, M. (2000). Coping strategies of
counseling professionals
(Unpublished masters thesis,
Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore).
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Videotape
National Institute on Mental Health. (1980).
Drug abuse [videotape]. Bethesda:
Author.
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Electronic sourcesVelmans, M. (1999). When perception
becomes conscious. British
Journal of Psychology, 90, 543-
566. Retrieved from theExpanded Academic ASAPdatabase.
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Web page
Green, C. (2000, April 16). History &
philosophy of psychology webresources. Retrieved fromhttp://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm
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Article with DOIStultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure
therapy and analytic therapy in trauma
treatment.American Journal ofOrthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482488.doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
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Preprint version of article
Philippsen, C., Hahn, M., Schwabe, L., Richter,
S., Drewe, J., & Schachinger, H. (2007).Cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress isnot affected by alpha2-adrenoreceptoractivation or inhibition. Psychopharmacology,
190(2), 181188. Advance online publication.doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0597-7
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Online dictionaryHeuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Websters
online dictionary. Retrieved from
http://www.m-w.com/dictionary
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Presentation slides
Columbia University, Teachers College,Institute for Learning Technologies.
(2000). Smart cities: New York:Electronic education for the newmillennium [PowerPoint slides].
Retrieved fromhttp://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/index.html
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Press release
American Psychological Association.(2006, April 30). Internet use involves
both pros and cons for children andadolescents[Press release]. Retrievedfrom http://www.apa.org/releases/
youthwww0406.html
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Message posted to an electronicmailing list
Smith, S. (2006, January 5). Re: Disputedestimates of IQ [Msg 670]. Message
posted to ForensicNetwork electronicmailing list, archived athttp://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fo
rensicNetwork/message/670
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Sample Reference List References
Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August
21, 2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html
Flory, R. K., (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food
interval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12,825-828.
Flory, R. K., (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of
reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16,383-386.
Flory, R. K., & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on
schedule- induced aggression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9,
383-386.
Gentry, W. D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression.Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11,813-817.
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For More Information
APA Manual Website:
www.apastyle.org