Four PsFour Ps

Marketing MixProductPricePromotionPlace

Marketing MixThe concept is simple. Think about another common mix - a cake mix. All cakes contain eggs, milk, flour, and sugar. However, you can alter the final cake by altering the amounts of mix elements contained in it. So for a sweet cake add more sugar!

Marketing MixIt is the same with the marketing mix. The offer you make to your customer can be altered by varying the mix elements. So for a high profile brand, increase the focus on promotion and desensitize the weight given to price.

Another way to think about the marketing mix is to use the image of an artist's palette.

Marketing MixThe marketer mixes the prime colours (mix elements) in different quantities to deliver a particular final colour. Every hand painted picture is original in some way, as is every marketing mix.

Target Market is the keyCompetition

Designing the right marketing mix

The most creative & challenging step in marketing is designing the right marketing mixThe marketing mix is the specific collection of actions & associated instruments employed by an organisation to stimulate acceptance of its ideas, products & services

Total Offer to the Customer

First, the firm chooses the product to meet the identified need of the target segmentSecond, the right distribution channel is used to make the product availableThird, the firm undertakes eye catching promotionFourth, the price platform is acceptable to the customer & firm

4Ps & 4CsProduct- Customer /Consumer Price- Customer costPlace- ConveniencePromotion- Communication

4Ps & 4CsFour CsThe Four Ps is also being replaced by the Four Cs model, consisting of consumer, cost, convenience, and communication. The Four Cs model is more consumer-oriented and fits better in the movement from mass marketing to niche marketing.

Product- ConsumerThe product part of the Four Ps model is replaced by consumer or consumer models, shifting the focus to satisfying the consumer.

Price- CostPricing is replaced by cost, reflecting the reality of the total cost of ownership.

Place- ConveniencePlacement is replaced by the convenience function. With the rise of internet and hybrid models of purchasing, place is no longer as relevant as before. Convenience takes into account the ease to buy a product, find a product, find information about a product, and several other considerations.

Promotion- CommunicationFinally, the promotions feature is replaced by communication. Communications represents a broader focus than simply promotions. Communications can include advertising, public relations, personal selling, viral advertising, and any form of communication between the firm and the consumer.

Extended Marketing MixThere have been attempts to develop an 'extended marketing mix' to better accommodate specific aspects of marketing.For example, in the 1970s, Nickels and Jolson suggested the inclusion of packaging.In the 1980s Kotler proposed public opinion and political power

Booms & BithnerBooms and Bitner included three additional 'Ps' to accommodate trends towards a service or knowledge based economy:

People all people who directly or indirectly influence the perceived value of the product or service, including knowledge workers, employees, management and consumers.

Process procedures, mechanisms and flow of activities which lead to an exchange of value.

Physical evidence the direct sensory experience of a product or service that allows a customer to measure whether he or she has received value. Examples might include the way a customer is treated by a staff member, or the length of time a customer has to wait, or a cover letter from an insurance company, or the environment in which a product or service is delivered

Extended- Marketing Mix

Extended Marketing MixBooms and Bitner included three additional 'Ps' to accommodate trends towards a service or knowledge based economy:PeopleProcessPhysical Evidence

Extended Marketing Mix

PeoplePeople all people who directly or indirectly influence the perceived value of the product or service, including knowledge workers, employees, management and consumers.

ProcessProcess procedures, mechanisms and flow of activities which lead to an exchange of value.

Physical EvidenceThe direct sensory experience of a product or service that allows a customer to measure whether he has received value. Examples might include the way a customer is treated by a staff member, or the length of time a customer has to wait, or a cover letter from an insurance company, or the environment in which a product or service is delivered.

Physical EvidencePhysical evidence is the material part of a service. Strictly speaking there are no physical attributes to a service, so a consumer tends to rely on material cues.

Physical evidenceThere are many examples of physical evidence, including some of the following:Packaging. Internet/web pages. Paperwork (such as invoices, tickets and despatch notes). Brochures.

Physical EvidenceFurnishings. Signage (such as those on aircraft and vehicles). Uniforms. Business cards. The building itself (such as prestigious offices or scenic headquarters).

7Ps & 7Cs

The 7 PsThe 7 Cs Organisation Facing Customer Facing Product=Customer/ ConsumerPrice=CostPlace=ConveniencePromotion=CommunicationPeople=CaringProcesses=Co-ordinatedPhysical Evidence=Confirmation

Fundamental ActionsThe term 'marketing mix' however, does not imply that the 4P elements represent options. They are not trade-offs but are fundamental marketing issues that always need to be addressed. They are the fundamental actions that marketing requires whether determined explicitly or by default.

ProductProduct: A product, service or idea is that which satisfies the needs & wants of the customers

Product- (Learn)A tangible object or an intangible service that is mass produced or manufactured on a large scale with a specific volume of units. Intangible products are often service based like the tourism industry & the hotel industry or codes-based products like cell phone load and credits.

ProductTypical examples of a mass produced tangible object are the motor car and the disposable razor. A less obvious but ever-present mass produced service is a computer operating system.

ProductCars

Cars- RevaReva

Car- Maruti 800Maruti

ProductVarietyQualityDesignFeaturesBrand NamePackagingService

Product VarietyEven today, manufacturers of products which are built to customer order, for example, cars, aeroplanes and medical equipment, offer such a large range of combinations of product features that millions of variants of a single product are possible. Commercially available software systems support the automation of many aspects of the engineering process; product databases enable the description of single products and engineering applications can use these product descriptions to carry out their tasks.

Product QualityA product or process that is reliable, and that performs its intended function is said to be a quality product.Quality in business, has an interpretation as the non-inferiority or superiority of something. Quality is a perceptual, conditional and somewhat subjective attribute and may be understood differently by different people. Consumers may focus on the specification quality of a product/service, or how it compares to competitors in the marketplace.

Product designProduct design can be defined as the idea generation, concept development, testing and manufacturing or implementation of a physical object or service

Brand NameThe brand name is often used interchangeably within "brand", although it is more correctly used to specifically denote written or spoken linguistic elements of any product. In this context a "brand name" constitutes a type of trademark, if the brand name exclusively identifies the brand owner as the commercial source of products or services

ProductInstruments that aim at satisfaction of the prospective exchange partys needsExamples: Product characteristics, options, assortments, packaging, guarantees, quality, features, style, brand name, size & packaging, services, warranties/guarantees, returns & replacements

ProductTitan introduces quartz watches24 Hour banking & ATMs by banksTetra pack cartons for milk, juicesIndoor coolers7 year warranty on refrigerators- Allwyn

Product & Packaging

FMCG

ProductConsumer durable products

ProductsIncrease in mobile services in India

Product- DurableWashing machines

ProductCamera

Product

ProductsLatest Gadgets

New generation productsIpod, & walkman mobile

ServicesCourier Aviation

ServicesDespatch

Modern gadgetsipod

Aviation

PlacePlace represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often referred to as the distribution channel. It can include any physical store as well as virtual stores on the Internet.

PlacePhysical distribution are activities involved in transporting products from the producer to the consumer:Mode of transportWarehousing & StorageOrder processingInventory control

PlaceChannels of distribution are the routes through which the ownership of goods flow on its way from the producer to the customerDistributorSuper-stockistWholesalersRetailers

PlaceInstruments that determine the intensity & manner in which goods or services will be made availableTypes of channels, density of distribution, trade-relation mix, merchandising advise

PlaceChannelsCoverageLocationsInventoryTransportationLogistics

Duty Free Stores - Airports

Hypermart-Store Signage's

Availability- PlaceLarge Format stores

Large Format StoresLifestyleWestsideShoppers StopPantaloonsBig Bazaar

Retail brandsStores

Nokia Store

PlaceGlobal Players in India

PlaceMarkets

PlaceStores

Modern Grocery Store

Local storesLocal kirana stores

PriceThe price is the amount a customer pays for the product. It is determined by a number of factors including market share, competition, material costs, product identity and the customer's perceived value of the product. The business may increase or decrease the price of product if other stores have the same product.

PriceList PriceDiscountsAllowancesPayment PeriodCredit Terms

List PriceIn retail, price regularly quoted to customers before applying discounts. List prices are usually the prices printed on dealer lists, invoices, price tags, catalogs, or dealer purchase orders.

Price Lists

Discounts & AllowancesDiscounting is a financial mechanism in which a debtor obtains the right to delay payments to a creditor, for a defined period of time, in exchange for a charge or fee Discounts and allowances are reductions to a basic price of goods or services.

Payment Period & Credit TermsThe stipulation by a business as to when it should be paid for goods or services supplied, for example, cash with order, payment on delivery, or within a particular number of days of the invoice date

PriceBills

PricePrice is the amount a consumer pays in exchange for the product or service.Marketers must consider the following in setting prices:

PriceTarget segment- How much the target segment is willing to pay at different price levels- price elasticity of demandCost- How much it costs the firm to produce & market the productCompetition- Prices of competitorsSociety & Law- Within legal framework

Price elasticity of demand-1Elasticity is a measure of responsiveness. Two words are important here. The word "measure" means that elasticity results are reported as numbers, or elasticity coefficients. The word "responsiveness" means that there is a stimulus-reaction involved. Some change or stimulus causes people to react by changing their behavior, and elasticity measures the extent to which people react.

Price elasticity of demand-2The most common elasticity measurement is that of price elasticity of demand. It measures how much consumers respond in their buying decisions to a change in price. The basic formula used to determine price elasticity ise= (percentage change in quantity) / (percentage change in price). (Read that as elasticity is the percentage change in quantity divided by the percentage change in price.)

PriceMarketers have to determine prices to consumers & channel partnersPrices across models & geographic regions have to be establishedPolicies on discounts have to be framedThese decisions are vital to enhance sales volumes

Innovative DiscountsDiscount sales in shopping mallsOff season salesClosing down salesFestival salesCredit pointsExchange offers mobiles, cookers, cars

Festive SalesChristmas & Diwali Sales

Innovative discountsDiscounts

End of season sale

Special SalesSales

Gold Sale- ImpactFestive season revives gold demand, premiums steady

Report- Gold SalesWednesday August 12, 01:40 PM Festive season revives gold demand, premiums steady

SINGAPORE/MUMBAI (Reuters) - Gold trading picked up in India, the world's largest consumer, as jewellers took advantage of a price drop to replenish stocks during the festive season, while premiums for kilobars were mostly steady in Asia in the past week.

Discount Rush

PromotionPromotion activities are meant to communicate & persuade the target market to buy the companys productsThis is done by:-

PromotionAdvertisingPersonal sellingSales promotion- POSPublic RelationsWord of mouth Viral advertising

PromotionPromotion represents all of the communications that a marketer may use in the marketplace. Promotion has five distinct elements advertising, personal selling, public relations, word of mouth and point of sale. A certain amount of crossover occurs when promotion uses the five principal elements togetherAdvertising covers any communication that is paid for, from and cinema commercials, radio and Internet adverts through print media and billboards.

ATL & BTLAbove the line (ATL) is an advertising technique using mass media to promote brands. Major above-the-line techniques include TV and radio advertising, print advertising and internet banner ads. This type of communication is conventional in nature and is considered impersonal to customers. The ATL strategy makes use of current traditional media: television, newspapers, magazines, radio, outdoor, and internet.It differs from BTL (Below the line), that believes in unconventional brand-building strategies, such as direct mail.

BTL- Below the lineThe terms "below the line" promotion or communications, refers to forms of non-media communication, even non-media advertising. Below the line promotions are becoming increasingly important within the communications mix of many companies, not only those involved in FMCG products, but also for industrial products.

ATL & BTLWhats the difference between Above the line and below the line advertising? Below the line (BTL) is an advertising technique. It uses less conventional methods than the usual specific channels of advertising to promote products, services, etc. than ATL (Above the line) strategy.These may include activities such as direct mail, public relations and sales promotion for which a fee is agreed upon and charged up front.

Below the LineBelow the line advertising typically focuses on direct means of communication, most commonly direct mail and e-mail, often using highly targeted lists of names to maximize response ratesThe term "Below the Line" is rapidly going out of fashion in advertising circles as agencies and clients switch to an 'Integrated Communication Approach.' BTL is a common technique used for touch and feel products. Those consumer items where the customer will rely on immediate information than previously researched items. BTL techniques ensures recall of the brand while at the same time highlighting the features of the product.

Integrated Communication ApproachDefinition: A management concept that is designed to make all aspects of marketing communication such as advertising, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing work together as a unified force, rather than permitting each to work in isolation.

Through the line-TTLThrough the line" refers to an advertising strategy involving both above and below the line communications in which one form of advertising points the target to another form of advertising thereby crossing the "line". An example would be a TV commercial that says 'come into the store to sample XYZ product'. In this example, the TV commercial is a form of "above the line" advertising and once in the store, the target customer is presented with "below the line" promotional material such as store banners, competition entry forms, etc

Personal sellingPersonal Selling: Face to face personal communication- Eureka ForbesIn person selling, tele-marketingAdvertising- Mass communication efforts through mediaSales Promotion- Communication through contests, OOH, trade shows, free samples, yellow pages, call helplines

Personal SellingPersonal Selling

Discount couponsDiscount coupons

Promotion-2Publicity- Communicating with an audience by personal or non-personal media that are not paid for delivering the messagePrint media news, broadcast media news-UTI,PTI, Reuters, annual reports, speeches by employees

Branding Signages

Known companiesRecognizable companies

NokiaNokia

MessagesFly High

Examples-LuxSame theme over the years

ChipsCompetition

Celebrity endorsementUsing famous people to attract target segment

ICICI Bank- Print Ad

Brand AmbassadorStar Power

TV Channels

TV Channels

TV ChannelsTVC

TV Channels

TV Channels

More than just newsEntertaining information to add spice

First thing in the morning

Print MediaPrint- Newspapers & Magazines

Newspapers

Print MediaNewspapers & Magazines

Read everywhereOmnipresent

Newspapers you could readEconomic TimesBusiness StandardMintHindu BusinesslineBusiness News in daily newspapersThe Hindu

RadioGrowing radio stations in India

Radio StationsNumerous- FM

Radio channelsMeow targets at women

Bajaate Raho- Red FM

Radio on the internetOn the internet

Videos can be uploadedCompanies upload their corporate filmswww.youtube.com

Sales Staff & PRSales staff often plays an important role in word of mouth and Public Relations

Public RelationsPublic relations are where the communication is not directly paid for and includes press releases, sponsorship deals, exhibitions, conferences, seminars or trade fairs and events. Word of mouth is any apparently informal communication about the product by ordinary individuals, satisfied customers or people specifically engaged to create word of mouth momentum.

Press ReleasePress Release

Public RelationsPress Conferences

Media Entertainment

PR MaterialPress kit to be given to press with all info.

Press ConferenceSpokesperson of the company talks to the press

Client MeetingsWord of mouth publicity

Word of mouth publicityWord of mouth is a reference to the passing of information from person to person. Originally the term referred specifically to oral communication but now includes any type of human communication, such as face to face, telephone, email, and text messaging

Word of mouth publicitySalespersons

Word of mouth publicityAt meetings

CompetitorsResponding to competitor activity & messagesYou may have seen similar activity in cola ad wars

Reports in mediaCola war shifts to a new turf The famous cola wars have found a new battleground the Indian fields. The worlds largest beverage company Coca-Cola, like its rival PepsiCo, is finalising plans for sourcing fruit from India for its juice brands.

OOHCola vans act as OOH

OOHPepsi van

OOHCola signages

Vending MachinesVending machine- Note both brands

Recognizable logosCoke vs Pepsi

Sales PromotionYeh Dil Maange More!!!

Point of SalesPoint of sales (POS) or checkout refers to both a checkout counter in a shop, and the location where a transaction occurs

POS Display

Cola Ads-PromotionCola drinks- Thums Up, Coca Cola

Vodafone vs Airtel

Airtel

Telecom Ad- MessagesAirtel- Now Airtel removes distances across India. Vodafone- Happy to HelpSpice- Faltoo callers ki No Entry

Vodafone vs Airtel Ads

SignagesCelebrity endorsement

Reliance TelecomReliance

Reliance Mobile- Hritik

Reliance MobileHritik Roshan

What an idea, SirjiWalk when you talk

OOH- Idea Cellular

Idea CellularIDEAs ad campaigns based on the theme of Democracy; Championing a world without caste; Championing a world in which no one suffers from the disability to communicate; and Education for All, have been a huge success amongst all categories of audience.

Effectiveness of CampaignThe testimony of the success of the campaign is reflected from the rapid growth of IDEAs subscriber base in the country. The Aditya Birla Group company has grown to become the 3rd largest private GSM operator with over 43 million subscribers across 16 service areas, nationally.

Bus sheltersSame message across all media

OutdoorHoarding/Billboard

OOHSignages & Gates

Brands using OOHAmul

Mobile truck- OOHOutdoor trucks with billboard

Trade Shows & EventsTrade ShowsEvents

Wall paintings- Shutters

Websites

Airline Ad WarsMarketers should be ready to face communication challenges Jet Airways- Weve ChangedKingfisher- We made them changeGo Air- Weve not changed; we are still the smartest way to fly

Ad warsIn Mumbai- Same location on Nariman Point

Viral Marketing- Word of mouthViral marketing depends on a high pass-along rate from person to person. If a large percentage of recipients forward something to a large number of friends, the overall growth snowballs very quickly. If the pass-along numbers get too low, the overall growth quickly fizzles.

Viral MarketingWord of mouth

Word of Mouth Publicity

On the internetOn the Internet, viral marketing is any marketing technique that induces Web sites or users to pass on a marketing message to other sites or users, creating a potentially exponential growth in the message's visibility and effect.

Hotmail- Excellent Viral MarketingHotmail--One example of successful viral marketing is Hotmail, a company, now owned by Microsoft, that promotes its service and its own advertisers' messages in every user's e-mail notes.

www.hotmail.com

Hotmail- Viral MarketingIn 1996, Hotmail was a particularly unique email service in that it was free, could be accessed anywhere, and would allow the user to have multiple accounts. One of the interesting things Hotmail did was it would attach the message "Get your free email at Hotmail" at the bottom of every email sent by a Hotmail user. Once the receiving user clicked on the word "Hotmail" they were taken to Hotmail's homepage where the free email service was further explained. The plan, original at the time, worked. By 1998, Hotmail had accumulated 12 million subscribers. Hotmail eventually sold to Microsoft for a cool $400 million.

Cadburys in UKCadbury's Dairy Milk 2007 Gorilla advertising campaign was heavily popularised on YouTube and Facebook.

GorillaGorilla is a British advertising campaign launched by Cadbury Schweppes in 2007 to promote Cadbury Dairy Milk-brand chocolate. The 90-second television and cinema advertisement, which formed the centrepiece of the 6.2 million campaign, was created and directed by Juan Cabral and starred actor Garon Michael. The campaign itself, which comprised appearances on billboards, print newspapers and magazines, television and cinema spots, event sponsorships and an internet presence, was handled by advertising agency Fallon London, with the online segment contracted out to Hyper.

Gorilla Ad Campaign Gorilla Campaign

Definition- Viral MarketingThe buzzwords viral marketing and viral advertising refer to marketing techniques that use pre-existing social networks to produce increases in brand awareness or to achieve other marketing objectives (such as product sales) through self-replicating viral processes, analogous to the spread of pathological and computer viruses. It can be word-of-mouth delivered or enhanced by the network effects of the Internet. Viral promotions may take the form of video clips, interactive Flash games, advergames, ebooks, brandable software, images, or even text messages. The basic form of viral marketing is not infinitely sustainable.

Going ViralFunnyHelpful & UniqueControversialAmazing & Spectacular

Schematic

Word of MouthWord of Mouth

Viral Marketing- InternetSocial Networking sites

Close to 35 million internet users in IndiaAccording to Internet market research firm comScore Inc. India had 34.6 million Internet users (who access the Web from their homes/offices) in June, of which at least 65%, or 22.61 million, accessed social networking sites. These figures have meant that people have kept launching new social sites in India fuelled by the hype but success is still far for them.

T-ShirtsT-Shirts with company & Logo message

Inflated Balloons

Scooter covers