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A Late Pueblo II Period "Surge" of Kayenta Ceramics into Southern Utah?
Bill Lipe Washington State University
and Donna Glowacki University of Notre Dame
with contribuIons by Jesse Clark, Washington State Univ.
Annual MeeIng of the Society for American Archaeology
Sacramento, March 31, 2011
Sosi B/W Jar
Does the Kayenta-‐dominated Clay Hills Phase represent:
-‐PopulaIon movement from south of the San Juan?
How widely do similar poVery complexes occur north of the San Juan River?
-‐Or a shiZ in poVery procurement by an already resident populaIon?
Why did the Clay Hills phase begin and end when it did?
Graphic by Sue Matson
We shall examine these quesIons from both Cedar Mesa and regional perspecIves
The widespread presence of late Pueblo II Kayenta tradiIon poVery north of the San Juan has been discussed for years (e.g., Lister and Lister 1961; Lister 1964; Aikens 1966; Lipe 1970, 1981; Geib 1996; Lyneis 1996, McFadden 1997; Baadsgaard and Janetski 2005; Allison 2010)
The late PII Clay Hill Complex on Cedar Mesa is dominated by Sosi and Dogoszhi B/W, with lesser amounts of Black Mesa and Flagstaff B/W. Also, Tusayan B/R with lesser amounts of Citadel and Tusayan Polychrome. This complex also occurs in a number of other locales in southern Utah.
The Big Regional Picture
Todie Spring, Cedar Mesa
Pueblo III period Kayenta poVery has a much reduced spaIal distribuIon in SE Utah
Presence-‐absence occurrences of diagnosIc PII-‐III Kayenta types at sites N. of the San Juan. Data aggregated by secIon
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Kan
ab C
reek
Escalante R.
Paria R
San Juan R.
Colora
do R
.
Colo
rado R.
Dirty Devil R.
Red RockPlateau
Green R
.
Ceda
r Mes
a
Sections with at least 2 types
Moab
Price
Blanding
Escalante
Monticello
Mexican Hat
±
Colorado
NewMexicoArizona
Utah
No. of Pueblo II and III Kayenta Occurrences by PLSS Section
! 1 - 2
! 3 - 12
! 13+
0 50 10025 Km
0 5025 Mi
UT CO
San Juan
PII-‐III Kayenta
DiagnosIcs
Non-‐ DiagnosIc Kayenta
Occurrences, by ceramic tradiIon, in IMACS sites that have any Kayenta poVery. Kayenta relaIonships appear strong with
M.V. tradiIon sites to the east and Virgin tradiIon sites to the west
Bluff
Cedar Mesa
Red Rock Plateau
Natural Bridges
Coombs and Lampstand Sites
Kaiparo-‐ wits Plateau
Piute Mesa
Needles District
Utah Arizona
Comb Ridge
Blanding
Black Mesa
Some locaIons (in blue) where late PII Kayenta poVery is common. We’ll start with Cedar Mesa and Piute Mesa
Sosi B/W jar, ASM “Wall of PoVery” online exhibit
Cedar Mesa ComposiIonal Analysis Donna Glowacki is using temper and INAA to compare samples of Sosi B/W and Tusayan Corrugated from Cedar Mesa and Piute Mesa, as well as clay samples from those two areas
Very Preliminary Results:
• Temper is more similar within than between the CM and PM poVery samples
• Both areas had access to Chinle clays as well as other sources
• Preliminary staIsIcs yield groups with members from both CM and PM, as well as groups confined predominantly to one or the other area
• At present, we cannot exclude the possibility that the same Kayenta types were manufactured locally on both Cedar Mesa and Piute Mesa.
• The results show promise for finer-‐grained inferences based on more rigorous staIsIcal analyses.
Cedar Mesa DistribuIonal Analysis
Closest late PII Kayenta populaIon centers (e.g., Piute Mesa) lie to the SW. However, on Cedar Mesa, Clay Hills sites and Kayenta sherds
have a “center of gravity” NE of other occupaIons.
Cunng and near-‐cunng tree-‐ring dates from Cedar Mesa and Natural Bridges
Reconstructed stream flow for Colorado River at Lees Ferry (Meko et al. 2007)
End of Clay Hills phase coincides with the mid-‐1100s drought
Bluff
Cedar Mesa
Red Rock Plateau
Natural Bridges
Coombs and Lampstand Sites
Kaiparo-‐ wits Plateau
Piute Mesa
Needles District
Utah Arizona
Comb Ridge
Blanding
What was happening in the Kayenta home area at the Ime of the Kayenta “surge” on Cedar Mesa?
Black Mesa
PopulaIon, N. Black Mesa (Powell 2002; aZer Plog 1986)
Late PII Kayenta PopulaIon Boom, S. of San Juan
PII-‐III PoVery Frequencies, Piute Mesa Survey (Stein 1966)
Percentage of total B/W poVery, 215 sites
Bluff
Cedar Mesa
Red Rock Plateau
Natural Bridges
Coombs and Lampstand Sites
Kaiparo-‐ wits Plateau
Piute Mesa
Needles District
Utah Arizona
Comb Ridge
Blanding
What was happening in Late PII in the Red Rock Plateau?
Black Mesa
Matson, Lipe, and Haase Chapter XII Figures, March 31, 2010 – 9
Figure XII-9 Comparison of Cedar Mesa, Red Rock Plateau and Berry’s Anasazi Sequences.
Years A.D.
Years A.D.
Years A.D.
0
0
10
25
0
10
25
500
1000
0
500
1000P
op
ula
tio
n E
stim
ates
Nu
mb
er o
f H
abit
aio
n S
ites
Cedar Mesa
Red Rock Plateau ( Lipe 1966, 1970)
B.M. II
B.M. IIB
.M. I
II
Kle
thla
Ho
rse!
y H
ollo
w
P. II/III
?
Anasazi Tree Ring Dates (Berry 1982) 30
15
0
30
15
0
Nu
mb
er o
f Tr
ee R
ing
Dat
ed S
ites
C-14 Dates
Basketmaker II Basketmaker III
Pueblo II
Pueblo III
Pueblo IVPueblo
0 500 1000 1500
0 500 1000 1500
0 500 1000 1500
• The Red Rock Plateau occupaIon was even more episodic than for Cedar Mesa • Ceramics of the RRP Klethla phase of the RRP and the CM Clay Hills phase are similar,
but C.H. includes some Mesa Verde tradiIon poVery as well • Both phases have Sosi and Dogoszhi B/W w/lesser amounts of Black Mesa and Flagstaff
B/W. Tusayan B/R common; lesser amounts of Citadel and Tusayan Polychrome
Graphic by Sue Matson
Cedar Mesa and the Red Rock Plateau
The Red Rock Plateau, Glen Canyon Area
• No Early PII Pueblo occupaIon; liVle evidence of Fremont occupaIon
• Klethla phase (AD 1100-‐1150) represents repopulaIon of the area
• Klethla has virtually no Mesa Verde tradiIon poVery
• Probable occupaIonal hiatus mid-‐to-‐late 1100s
Inference: PopulaIon that occupied the RRP in late PII came from Kayenta area; made and/or imported Kayenta poVery
Site in Moqui Canyon
Bluff
Cedar Mesa
Red Rock Plateau
Natural Bridges
Coombs and Lampstand Sites
Kaiparo-‐ wits Plateau
Piute Mesa
Needles District
Utah Arizona
Comb Ridge
Blanding
Next, the Kaiparowits Plateau
USGS image
Kaiparowits Plateau (view from Glen Canyon)
-‐Pueblo II sites with Fremont, Virgin Branch, and Kayenta poVery present in region, with Fremont earliest
-‐In late PII, many small new sites established on higher parts of the Plateau
-‐PoVery at these sites dominated by Sosi-‐Dogoszhi styles; how much assignable to Kayenta versus Virgin Branch types is disputed
Bluff
Cedar Mesa
Red Rock Plateau
Natural Bridges
Coombs and Lampstand Sites
Kaiparo-‐ wits Plateau
Piute Mesa
Needles District
Utah Arizona
Comb Ridge
Blanding
The Boulder Valley and Circle Cliffs Area
Lister and Lister 1961
• Black Mesa, Sosi, Dogoszhi B/W styles; some Flagstaff • Tusayan B/R, some polychromes • Local igneous temper for majority of vessels • Small amounts Fremont B/W (Ivie Creek); Mancos and McElmo B/W • 9 T-‐R dates cluster in late 1160s; latest is 1169+vv • Was Boulder Valley a refuge during the mid-‐1100s drought?
Coombs Site, Boulder, Utah—ca. 6700 Z. elevaIon
Coombs seVlers were familiar w/ making Kayenta poVery
PorIon of the Lampstand Ruins (Baadsgaard and Janetski 2005)
Lampstand Ruins • 6400 Z. elevaIon, Circle Cliffs area, ca. 25
km ENE of Coombs
• B/W predominantly Sosi and Dogoszhi; smaller amounts of Black Mesa
• Orange ware predominantly Tusayan B/R, small amount of polychrome
• Gray ware up to 50% “Coombs Variety”; also a few C.V. white and O.W. sherds
• No intrusive Fremont, Virgin Branch or Mesa Verde sherds
• Radiocarbon dates consistent with AD 1100s occupaIon
• Fremont Durfey site 25 km N; daIng may slightly overlap w/Lampstand
Strong case for brief seVlement by a Kayenta group
Concluding Comments
• Reliable precipitaIon in the 1000s-‐-‐early 1100s promoted populaIon growth S of the San Juan; dispersed seVlement led to rapid territorial expansion to N
• Red Rock Plateau, Cedar Mesa, and Boulder-‐Circle Cliffs area received late PII Kayenta immigrants
• Earlier populaIons either were absent, withdrew, were integrated into new Kayenta seVlements, and/or occupied complementary adapIve niches
• L. PII Kayentans interacted with M.V. groups to the E. and Virgin groups to the W.
• During the mid 1100s drought, the “northern Kayenta” retreated or merged with neighboring Mesa Verde, Virgin Branch or Fremont populaIons
Postscript (for Steve Lekson)
This sash, of Mexican macaw feathers, yucca fiber cordage, and a Southwest-‐ ern Abert’s Squirrel pelt, was found in the Needles district, in or near Canyonlands NaIonal Park. An AMS date of 920+/-‐35 years calibrates to AD 1101+/-‐49 years (late PII)
Was this cached en route from Chaco to a Fremont group, carried perhaps by a Kayenta courier?
Photo courtesy of Kent Frost and the Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum
Acknowledgments:
James Allison Kyle Bocinsky Jesse Clark Natalie Fast Joel Janetski Kevin Jones Daniel Larson Arie Leeflang R.G. Matson Sue Matson Brad Newbold Richard Talbot Debbie Wessall Thomas Windes
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Century Southwest, edited by T. A. Kohler, M. D. Varien, and A. M. Wright, pp. 128-‐155. University of Arizona Press, Tucson Baadsgaard, Aubrey and Joel C. Janetski 2005 Exploring FormaIve Strategies and Ethnicity in South-‐Central Utah: ExcavaIons at Lampstand Ruins and the Durfey Site. Brigham
Young University Museum of Peoples and Cultures, Technical Series No. 00-‐3. Provo, UT Geib. Phil R. 1996 Glen Canyon Revisited. University of Utah Anthropological Papers, No. 119. Salt Lake City Lipe, William D. 1970 Anasazi CommuniIes in the Red Rock Plateau, Southeastern Utah. In ReconstrucIng Prehistoric Pueblo SocieIes, edited by
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Land: GS-‐E Nat’l Mon. Science Sympos. Proceedings, edited by L.M. Hill, pp. 91-‐102. BLM Utah State Office, Salt City Meko, D.M., C.A. Woodhouse, CA. Baisan, T. Knight, J.J. Lukas, M.K. Hughes, and M.W. Salzer 2007 Medieval Drought in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Geophysical Research LeVers, Vol. 34, L10704 Powell, Shirley 2002 The Puebloan Florescence and Dispersion: Dinnebito and Beyond, A.D. 800-‐1150. In Prehistoric Culture Change on the Colorado
Plateau: Ten Thousand Years on Black Mesa, edited by S.Powell and F. E. Smiley, pp. 79-‐117. University of Arizona Press, Tucson Stein, Mary Anne 1966 An Archaeological Survey of Paiute Mesa, Arizona. Unpublished MA thesis, Dept. of Anthropology, U. of Oklahoma, Norman
