7 x 11.5 long title - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/62165/index/9780521862165_index.pdf · Alphacell Ltd v. Woodward, 242 Alpine Convention (1991), ... Razel

Index

“3 R’s” (reduce, reuse, recycle), 2333 CFR, Part 503 of, 562102 Monitor, 292

Aarhus Convention. See United Nations Conventionon Access to Information, Public Participation inDecision Making and Access to Justice inEnvironmental Matters (Aarhus Convention,1998)

access, open, 134Access to Environmental Information (Argentina),acerola case, 475Act for the Rebuilding of London (1667), 583Act Number 9.279 (Brazil, 1996), 475Act Number 9.456 (Brazil, 1997), 475Act Number 9.985 (Brazil, 2000), 474–475, 476, 479,

482Act of the National System of Conservation Units

(SNUC, Brazil, 2000). See Act Number 9.985(Brazil, 2000)

Act on Ancient Monuments, Antiques, Objects of Artand National Museums B.E. 2504 (Thailand, a.d.1961), 414

Adbdul Razak v. Karachi Building Control Authority,345

ADHP. See ASEAN Declaration on Heritage Parks(ADHP, 2003)

Adirondack ParkAgency (APA), 591–592Land Use and Development Plan (United States,

1973), 591administration, defined, 162Administration and Protection of Plant Breeder’s

Rights (Ethiopia), 119administrative

actions, 17case litigation law, 17–18

Administrative Procedure Act (United States), 570ADR. See alternative dispute resolution (ADR)“Advancing International Ocean Science and Policy,”

579AEGE. See ASEAN Expert Group on Environment

(AEGE)afforestation, 407–408, 416Afghanistan, 417African elephant, 27–43

demographics of, 28as “flagship species,” 28as “land manager,” 28as “super-keystone” species, 27

Aga Khan Foundation, 344agenda 21, 61, 199, 394, 422

Chapter 27 of, 394–395See also United Nations Conference on

Environment and Development (UNCED, Rio deJaniero, 1992)

Agricultural and Rural Development Authority Edict(Nigeria, 1985), 252

Agriculture Act (Kenya), 139, 140, 255Agriculture Law (China, 2002), 323, 324, 326Agriculture Perspective Plan (Nepal, 1995), 424AHPs. See ASEAN Heritage Parks (AHPs)Air Pollution Control Law (Japan, 1974), 15Alphacell Ltd v. Woodward, 242Alpine Convention (1991), 418, 431alternative dispute resolution (ADR), 467–468Amazon Forest, 476Ambler Realty Company, 588Amboseli National Park (Kajiado, Kenya), 122, 123,

135, 138, 145, 149, 150–151American Farm Bureau Federation, 568American Wildlands v. Browner, 570–571Amidu Lukong v. Razel Construction Company Ltd.,

312Amodu Tijani v. Secretary of Southern State Nigeria,309Anans, 290anchor acres, 126Anioma, 290Ankole Agreement (1901), 165anthropogenic activities, and climate change, 60Anti-Pollution Unit (Singapore), 383APA. See Adirondack Park Agency (APA)Apia convention of 12 June 1876, 73Ardizzone v. Elliot (New York), 602Argentina

Civil Code of, 510–511Constitution of (1853), 510Constitution of (1853), Article 41 of, 512, 513–514,

515, 516, 517, 518, 522, 524Constitution of (1853), Article 75 section 17 of, 518Constitution of (1853), Article 121 of, 518Constitution of (1853), Article 124 of, 515, 518Constitutional reform (1994), 504, 513–517General Environment Law 25.657 of, 516–517land use law and environmental policy in, 503–505land use law and planning regulations in, 505–509Law 17.711 of, 510Law 25.612 of, 518Law 25.670 of, 518Law 25.675 of, 518–525

611

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612 INDEX

Argentina (cont.)Law 25.688 of, 518Law 25.831 of, 518Law 25.916 of, 518private property rights in, 510–512recent land use legislation in, 504–505

Argentine Engineers Center, 505arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), 133Arnstein, Sherry, 454Asahi Foods, 475ASEAN, 352ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and

Natural Resources (1985), 354, 358, 365–3671st Meeting of (Kuala Lampur, 1990), 363Article 12 of, 358Article 13 of, 354, 357–358Article 14 of, 358Article 19 of, 365–367

ASEAN Declaration of Heritage Parks and Reserves(1984), 358

ASEAN Declaration on Heritage Parks (ADHP, 2003),352–362, 370

ASEAN Expert Group on Environment (AEGE), 353ASEAN Heritage Parks (AHPs), 352–370

criteria for, 356–357governing structure of, 357–362management of, 358–362objectives of, 356raison d’etre of, 355

ASEAN Memorandum of Understanding on Sea TurtleConservation and Protection (1997), 356, 367

ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on the Environment2nd (Bangkok, 1984), 3539th (Myanmar, 2003), 352

ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation(ARCBC, Phillipines), 357, 358, 363

ASEAN Strategic Plan of Action on the Environment(ASPAE, 1994–98), Strategy 6 of, 354

ASEAN Transboundary Conservation Areas (ATCAs),352

legal framework for, 365–370ASEAN Working Group on Nature Conservation and

Biodiversity (AWGNCB)11th Meeting of the (Malaysia, 2001), 357Report of the 12th Meeting of the, 357

ASEAN Workshop on Nature Conservation (Bali,1980), 353

Asian Development Bank, 325, 452Asian elephant, 40–41

as a “keystone species,” 40Asia-Pacific Centre for Environmental Law, 395Association of South East Asian Nations. See ASEANasthma (Yokkaichi, Japan), 12, 13, 14ATCAs. see ASEAN Transboundary Conservation

Areas (ATCAs)Atlantic Forest, 477Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act 35 (South

Africa, 1965), 187Atomic Energy Agency, 454audi alteram partem, 189Australia

Constitution of, and water reform, 435Constitution of, Section 51 of, 435Constitution of, Section 51(1) of, 435Constitution of, Section 51(xx) of, 435Constitution of, Section 51(xxix) of, 435Constitution of, Section 96 of, 435

Constitution of, Section 122 of, 435and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),

456–459irrigated agricultural land in, 433laws in, relating to water management, 434–435water reform in, 443water rights in, 434

Australian Bankers’ Association, 447Australian Capitol Territory (ACT), 435, 438, 440, 441,

443Australian Local Government Association, 436AWGNCB. See ASEAN Working Group on Nature

Conservation and Biodiversity (AWGNCB)

Ba Be National Park (Vietnam), 359–360Bachner, Bryan, 350Bajah, Sisal, and Marthi Sagar River channel, 419Bakassi territory (Nigeria), 290, 305Baltit Fort, 343–344Baluchistan, 337Bangkok Declaration on the ASEAN Environment

(1984), 358Bangladesh, 417Basi District, 33Basic Environment Law (Japan, 1993), 11, 22–23Basic Environment Plan (Japan, 1994), 11, 22–23Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control

(Japan, 1970), 11Basic Law for Establishing a Recycling-Based Society

(Japan, 2000), 11, 23BAT. See best available control technology (BAT)Bay of Bengal, 418Beck, Ulrich, 471Benelux convention of 8 June 1982, 73best available control technology (BAT), 558best management practice (BMP), 565best practicable control technology (BPT), 558, 565Bhutan, 417Bidart Campos, German, 517, 518biodiversity, value judgments in, 134Biodiversity Strategy (Nepal, 2002), 425Bioinformatics Institute (Singapore), 385Biolink, 475biomass, in sub-Saharan Africa, 55, 56biopiracy, 475Biopolis (Singapore), 385Bioprocessing Technology Institute (Singapore), 385Blackstone, William, 582block grants, 589BMP. See best management practice (BMP)Borneo Montane Rain Forests, 370Bosman, C., 225Bosselmann, Klaus, 116Botanic Gardens (Singapore), 390, 391Botswana, and ivory, 32, 33, 35, 39boundary, and property rights, 158–159BPT. See best practicable control technology (BPT)Brahmaputra River, 418Brandais, Louis, 604Brazil, 115

Constitution of, 473Constitution of (1988), 479Constitution of (1996), 482–483Constitution of Article 225 of, 472–473protection of natural spaces in, 476–483

breeders’ rights, 119Brita system, 430






INDEX 613

British North America Act (1867), 457“brown” agenda, 336brownfield. See redevelopment, brownfieldBRT. See Bus Rapid Transport (BRT, Tanzania)Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 283Brundtland Report (1987), 452Brunei, 352, 353, 355, 361Buddhist Gandhara Civilization, 344Buenos Aires, city of, 505–508, 516

1994 Constitutional Amendment, 506Constitution of (1996), Article 26, Chapter 4 of,

506Constitution of (1996), Article 27 of, 506Constitution of (1996), Article 29 of, 506Constitution of (1996), Article 30 of, 506Constitution of (1996), Article 81 of, 506Constitution of (1996), mandates of, 506–507Directive Plan (1962), 505first Building Code (1944), 505Law 71 of, 507

Buenos Aires, province of, 508–509Constitution of, 509General Environment Law 11.723, 509Law 11.459 of, 509Law 11.720 of, 509Law 12.088 of, 509Law 12.257 of, 509Law 5965 of, 509Law 8912 (1977) of, 508–509

Bugiri District (Uganda), 169Bugunda Agreement (1900), 164Building and Construction Authority (BCA,

Singapore), Building Plan and ManagementDivision of, 387

Building Centers (Pakistan), 349building codes, 9Building Control Act (Singapore), 387building permit, 81Building the American City, 590Bukit Timah (Singapore), 386Bus Rapid Transport (BRT, Tanzania), 203

CAFOs. See concentrated animal feedlot operations(CAFOs)

Cahangi International Airport (Singapore), 390Caldwell, Victor, 241California, 601

Environmental Quality Act of, 594Calvert Cliffs’ Coordinating Committee, Inc., v. Atomic

Energy Commission, 288Cambodia, 352, 364, 368Cameroon, 54

bijural character of, 304, 314and ivory, 32land use in, and the Constitution of, 312land use laws in, 307land use reform in, 314land use system in, 308–314

CAMPFIRE, 35–38Canada

and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),459–462

forms of environmental assessment in, 460–461Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA,

1995), 460–461, 466Subsection 58(1.1) of, 461

Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, 460

Canter, L.W., 297Cape Floral Kingdom, 54carbon, stored, 56, 57–58carbon dioxide, 47, 52

Africa’s emissions from 1800–2000, 47global emissions in 1999, 47

Carson, Rachel, 284categorical exclusion, 287Catholic Church, and social doctrine, 510causal relationship, 21

in environmental law, 13in the Four Major Pollution Lawsuits (Japan), 14

CEAA. See Canadian Environmental Assessment Act(CEAA, 1995)

CEC. See Committee for Environmental Coordination(CEC, South Africa)

CEG. See cooperative environmental governance(CEG)

Central Architects Society (Argentina), 505Certificate of Statutory Completion (CSC), 383CFM. See community forest management (CFM,

Cameroon)Changwat Development Plan (Thailand), 399–400Chapoto Ward, 36Charles II, King of England, 583Chek Jawa (Singapore), 393, 395Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, 562Chief Technical Advisors (CTAs), 212Chikunda people, 36Chimutengwende, Chem, 35China,

Eleventh Five-Year Plan, 329extent of environmental degradation in,

317–318legislation and land degradation in, 318–320,

325Chobe Enclave Trust, 33Churia land areas, 420Chyulu Hills National Park (Kenya), 122CHZ. See community hunting zomes (CHZ,

Cameroon)CITES. See Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species (CITES)city planning, 9Civil Act (Nepal, 1954), 422civil burden of proof, 467Clark, Ray, 297Clean Air Act (United States), 287, 559, 593

1997 amendments to, 585Clean Water Act (CWA, United States, 1972), 556, 558,

559, 561, 578, 584, 593goal of the, 571Section 301(h) of, 562Section 303 of, 570Section 303(d) of, 566, 570, 572Section 319 of the, 556, 564, 565–566, 580Section 319(a) of, 565Section 319(h)(7) of, 565Section 502 of, 574

Coase, Ronald, 531Coast Zone, 477Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Program (United States),

564Coastal Pollution Program (United States), 557Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments

(CZARA, United States, 1990), 556, 557, 565–566Section 6217 of, 565–566






614 INDEX

Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA, United States,1972), 559–560, 565–566, 572, 584, 593, 604

Section 6217 of, 580COFEMA. See Federal Environment Council

(COFEMA, Argentina)Cohen, William M., 298Colloquium on Landscape Conservation Law (Paris,

1998), 335colonialism, 222

legacies of, 165–166Colorado Land Use Act, 595command and control regulation, 531

defined, 535Committee for Environmental Coordination (CEC,

South Africa), 233Communal Areas Management Programme for

Indigenous Resources (Zimbabwe), 36Communal Property Associations Act 28 (South

Africa, 1996), 224Community Development Block Grant Program

(United States), 598community forest management (CFM, Cameroon),

313community hunting zones (CHZ, Cameroon),

313community knowledge, defined, 117Community Wildlife Service (Kenya), 143“compact,” 230Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act (United States),15, 287, 584, 598

concentrated animal feedlot operations (CAFOs),563–564, 579

Concept Plan Review Committee (Singapore),Recreation Sub-Committee of the, 390

Concept Plan (Singapore), 394Conference on the Human Environment

Rio de Janiero (1992), 22Stockholm (1972), 9

Connecticut, 584conservation

and development, 393–394in Kenya, 147“Kenyan model” of, 35of natural resources, 112–113and property rights, 134–136steps to finance, 537

Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 (SouthAfrica, 1983), 224

“Considering Cumulative Effects under the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act” (1997), 297

Containers and Packaging Recycling Law (Japan,1995), 23

continual improvement, accountability, and liability,principle of, 225

Convention Concerning the Protection of WorldCultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, 1972),82

Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from ShipsAnnex IV of, 579Annex VI of, 579

Convention for the Protection of the ArchitecturalHeritage of Europe (Granada, 1985), 82

Convention on Access to Information, PublicParticipation in Decision Making and Access toJustice on Environmental Matters (Aarhus,1998), 82

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 1992), 11,43, 61, 82, 111, 143, 164, 170, 352, 355, 369, 394,513, 579, 580

Article 15 of, 114Article 15, paragraph 4 of, 116Article 15, paragraph 5 of, 116Cartagena Protocol on Bio-Safety, to the, 422COP 7 (Kuala Lampur, 2004), 358Decision VIII/26 – Protected Areas – Article 8(a) to

(e), Annex to, 355Convention on International Trade in Endangered

Species (CITES, 1973), 31–35, 146, 157COP 12, Santiago, Chile, 32, 39

Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals,579

Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlifeand Natural Habitats (Bern, 1979), 82

Convention on the Law of the Sea, Annex VI of, 580Convention on Wetlands of International Importance

Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (1971), 164Convention to Combat Desertification, 315, 327

China’s Action Plan for the, 329Committee for the Review of the Implementation of

the, 332conventional model of housing, 348cooperative environmental governance (CEG), 221,

230–233, 234–235defined, 234defined in the South African context, 235

Copenhagen, 405Corbett National Park, 40cost-benefit analysis, 541Cote d’Ivoire, and ivory, 39Council of Advisors, 556Council of Australian Governments (COAG, 1992),

436, 437–438, 443reforms of, 437

Council of Europe (Lisbon, 2001), landscape award,85–86

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ, UnitedStates), 281, 286

Section 1508.4 of, 287Regulation 1508.8 of, 295Section 1508.13 of, 292Regulation 1508.14 of, 295

Country Code of 1853 (Nepal), 422covenant, restrictive, 160cradle-to-grave principle, 225Cripps, J., 463crocodiles, 33Cronon, William, 147–148Crown Lands Ordinance (Chapter 280 of the Laws of

Kenya), 138CSC. See Certificate of Statutory Completion (CSC)CTAs. See Chief Technical Advisors (CTAs)cumulative impact, defined, 297

Dadaab Camp (Kenya), 266, 268–271, 272–273Daily, Gretchen, 537Daly, Herman E., 528, 537, 539, 543Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)

City Council (DCC), 199–200, 202–203Master Plan, 1979, 198Water and Sanitation Authority (DAWASA),

203DAWASA. See Dar es Salaam, Water and Sanitation

Authority (DAWASA)






INDEX 615

de Klemm, C., 37de Mello, Celso, 480De Souza, Roland, 337DEAT. See Department of Environmental Affairs and

Tourism (DEAT, South Africa)de-bottlenecking and fragmentation, 236Declaration and Treaty of the Southern African

Development Community (SADC), 89, 93–94Decree Number 76/165c (Cameroon, 27 April 1976),

307Decree Number 76/166 (Cameroon, 27 April 1976),

307Decree Number 76/167 (Cameroon, 27 April 1976),

307Decree Number 77–193 (Cameroon, 23 June 1977),

307Decree Number 79–17 (Cameroon, 13 January 1979),

307Decree Number 79–189 (Cameroon, 117 May 1979),

307Decree Number 95/678/PM (Cameroon, 18 December

1995), 307deforestration, 7Denmark

local planning for environmental management in,405

municipal expropriation of property in, 406municipal planning for environmental management

in, 405national planning for environmental management

in, 404regional planning for environmental management

in, 404–405, 408–409spatial planning in, 406–416

Denning, Lord M.R., 127, 465Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

(DEAT, South Africa), 38, 184, 222Department of Environmental Protection (Uganda),

171Department of Housing and Urban Development

(United States), 598Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing

(DRSRS, Kenya, 1975), 254, 255desertification, defined, 316Desertification Law (China, 2001), 324Desertification Prevention and Restoration Law

(China, 2001), 320, 322development, defined, 528Development Facilitation Act 15 (South Africa, 1994),

224Disaster Mitigation Act (United States, 2000), 604District Environment Councils (Uganda), 177dominant tenement, 125–126, 160

See also servient tenementdos Rios Condesso, Fernando, 471Douglas Commission. See National Commission on

Urban Problems (Douglas Commission)Dourojeanni, Marc, 475Dr. Zahir Ansari v. Karachi Development Authority,

346DRDRS. See Department of Resource Surveys and

Remote Sensing (DRSRS, Kenya, 1975)Drought Relief Agency (China), 319due consideration to all alternatives, principle of, 225duty-of-care principle, 233DWAF. See Minister of the Department of Water

Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, South Africa)

EA. See environmental assessment (EA)EAA. See Environmental Assessment Act (EAA,

Ontario, 1990)EAARR. See Environmental Audit, Assessment and

Review regulations (EAARR, Swaziland)EAB. See Environmental Assessment Board of Ontario

(EAB)EABRN. See UNESCO East Asian Biosphere Reserves

Network (EABRN)EAP. See Environmental Action Plan (EAP, Swaziland)EARP. See Environmental Assessment Review Process

(EARP, Canada, 1973)Earth Summit. See United Nations Conference on

Environment and Development (UNCED, Rio deJaniero, 1992)

easementCanadian common law, 125common law, 124–126, 128Costa Rican common law, 125Costa Rican reciprocal, 126defined, 159–160defined by Registered Land Act (Kenya), 127environmental, 128–129environmental, in Kenya, 129, 131environmental, unique feature of, 128essential characteristics of, 124, 129in gross, 125requirements of, 125–126statutory, 127

East Africa, 34East Asian Biosphere Reserves Network (EABRN),

353, 368East India Company, 376EBR. See Environmental Bill of Rights (EBR, Ontario,

1993)ECA. See Environment Conservation Act (ECA, South

Africa); Environmental Conservation ActNumber 73 (ECA, South Africa, 1989)

Eche, 290ecological economics, principles of, 539Ecological Equilibrium and Environment Protection

Act (Mexico, 1988), 492–493, 497, 499, 501, 502Article 46 of, 4991996 amendment to, 4932001 amendment to, 493

Ecological Fiscal Reform (EFR), 534, 535, 543–553descriptive framework for, 544–545

Economic Development Board (EDB, Singapore), 382economic incentives, 11economic instruments

criteria for, 538defined, 491, 535and direct regulation, 537–539See also market-based instruments

economic policy, goals of, 537economic theory, 527–528

ecological, 528neoclassical, 527–528

EDO. See New South Wales, (NSW) EnvironmentalDefender’s Office (EDO); West Australia (WA),Environmental Defender’s Office (EDO)

EEZ. See exclusive economic zone (EEZ)Efface, 290effect, defined, 295EFR. See Ecological Equilibrium and Environment

Protection Act (Mexico, 1988); Ecological FiscalReform (EFR)






616 INDEX

Egziabher, Tewolde Berhan Gebre, 116–117EIA. See Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA);

Environmental Impact Assessment, System (EIA,United States)

Eighth Plan (Nepal 1992–97), 423EIS. See Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)ejidos, 488–489electricity

in Africa, 50Africa’s consumption of, 47in Angola, 50Asia’s consumption of, 47in China, 50in Ethiopia, 50global consumption of, 50in Kenya, 50in sub-Saharan Africa, 50in Tanzania, 50in Uganda, 50

Electricity Act (Nepal, 1992), 427elephant, 146, 151, 157

as a symbol of conservation, 41–42Ellison, Katherine, 537EMCA. See Environment Management and

Coordination Act (EMCA, Kenya, 2000)EMCAs. See environmental management cooperation

agreements (EMCAs)Endangered Species Act (United States, 1973),284, 584“end-of-pipe” control, 19, 21end-of-the-pipe restriction, 558English Town and Country Planning Act of 1947, 205Enhancement and Conservation of National

Environmental Quality Act b.e. 2535 (Thailand,a.d. 1992), 400, 414, 415–416

ENV. See Ministry of the Environment (ENV,Singapore)

environmentdefined, 162, 227–228fundamental right to, 480shared duty to protect, 473

Environment Conservation Act (ECA, South Africa),95

Environment Conservation Act 73 (South Africa,1989), 222

Environment Fund, 397Environment Management and Coordination Act

(EMCA, Kenya), 136–137Section 6 of, 136, 160

environment management, defined, 225–226Environment Protection Act (Nepal, 1997), 427Environment Protection and Biodiversity

Conservation Act (EPBC Act, Australia, 1999),457–458

Part 8 of, 457Environment Protection (Impact of Proposals) Act

(EPIP Act, Australia, 1974), 456Environment Working Groups (EWGs, Kenya), 273Environmental Action Plan (EAP, Swaziland), 95, 100Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Minister of, in

South Africa, 182environmental assessment (EA), 96, 184, 286Environmental Assessment Act (EAA)

Ontario (1976), 461Ontario (1990), 461–462

Environmental Assessment Board (EAB, Ontario),462

Environmental Assessment Law, 17

Environmental Assessment Review Process (EARP,Canada, 1973), 459

Environmental Audit, Assessment and Reviewregulations (EAARR, Swaziland), 100, 102, 103,105

Environmental Bill of Rights (EBR, Ontario, 1993),462

environmental conflicts, defined, 305Environmental Conservation Act Number 73 (ECA,

South Africa, 1989), 182, 195appeal process of, 189–190Section 21 of, 183Section 22 of, 183, 191Section 26 of, 183Section 28A of, 189

environmental governance and sustainablilty, 220Environmental Impact Appraisal Law (China 2002),

326Environmental Impact Assessment Act (Nigeria,

2004), 248, 281Section 2(4) of, 290Section 4(d) of, 298Section 7 of, 293Section 9(3) of, 293Section 11(1) of, 293Section 12 to the schedule of, 291Section 25(2) of, 293–294Section 50(f) of, 301Section 57(1), 293–294Section 57(2) of, 293–294Section 57(3) of, 293–294Sections 9(1), 14, 18, 22(2), 23, 24, 30, and 63(1) of,

286Sections 23 and 25 of, 291Sections 26(a)(f), 27(f), 29(f), 47(a)(f), 52(10(f),

52(2)(f), 54(1)(f), 54(b)(f) and 51(1)(f) of, 302and socioeconomic impacts, 296–297

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), 136, 177,343, 395, 406, 501, 507, 522–523

and the adjudication process, 464–469cost of preparing, 300Decree (Nigeria), 241defined, 89–90, 96, 181, 282–283, 451–452, 498defined by Chris Wood, 96defined by Swaziland, 96development of, 451exemptions from, under CEQ NEPA regulations,

287–291Guideline Document, 100Guidelines for Industry Sectors (Nepal, 1995), 426Guidelines for the Forestry Sector (Nepal, 1996),

426legal basis of, 94–96legislation, in South Africa, 182–184in Namibia, 94, 97objective of, 97and oil and gas resources, 285–287people involved in, 192–194politics of, 194–196principles of, 188procedure, 187–192process, 94, 98–106, 455and public participation, 291–293, 453, 454responsibility for preparing, in the United States,

286scope of, 184–187in Singapore, 388






INDEX 617

in South Africa, 94, 97, 101, 102, 103, 181in Swaziland, 94System (United States), 19–20term not used in Namibia, 96

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), 285, 292, 455,457

proponent-generated, 463–464environmental impact studies, 81environmental issues not addressed by conventional

jurisprudence, 19–24environmental justice, principle of, 233environmental land use planning

concepts in, 496–497defined, 496

environmental law,and causal relationships, 13, 21challenges to, 11–12contents of, 9created through modification, 18defined, 8, 240–241, 282, 455goal of, 8injunction suits in, 15–17negligence in, 13purpose of, 8and risk control, 11–12, 19–21and stakeholders, 12

environmental laws, forms of local, 599–600Environmental Management Act

No. 5 (Swaziland, 2002), 95Namibia, 102, 104, 105No. 101 (Swaziland, 1998), 95, 102, 103, 104, 105

Environmental Management and Coordination Act(EMCA, Kenya)

dispute resolution mechanisms under, 259–265(1999), 120, 128(2000), 143, 253–255, 256–259, 276–279

Environmental Management Bill (Tanzania, 2004),206–208

Part VI of, 207Section 33(1), 207Section 38(1), 205Section 43(3) of, 207Section 81 of, 207Section 89 of, 208Section II of, 207

environmental management cooperation agreements(EMCAs), 238

environmental management systems, and pollutionprevention, 382–388

Environmental Planning and Assessment (EP&A) Act(Australia, 1979), 458–459

Parts 4 and 5 of, 458–459Section 123 of, 459

Environmental Planning and Management (EPM,Tanzania), 199–218

chronology of, in Tanzania, 201key features of, 200

Environmental Policies in Japan (1977), 11environmental policy

and congruence, 520considerations for the objective of, 540and cooperation, 520impact of existing, on environmental goal, 540–541and intergenerational equality, 520mainstays of, 494and the precautionary principle, 520and prevention, 520

principles of, 519–521and the progressive principle, 520and responsibility, 520and solidarity, 520and subsidiarity, 520and sustainability, 520

environmental problems, worldwide effects of, 471Environmental Protection Act (Pakistan, 1997),

342–343Section 12 of, 343

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, UnitedStates), 281, 284, 297, 559–572, 585. See alsostormwater runoff

Stormwater Management Program of, 594Stormwater regulations, Phase II of, 593–594

Environmental Protection Agency (Pakistan), 343Environmental Protection Council (Pakistan), 342Environmental Protection Law (China, 1989), 320,

322–323Environmental Public Health Bill (Singapore), 389Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP,

United States), 573Environmental Quality Management Plan

b.e. 2545–2549 (Thailand, a.d. 2002–2006), 401Environmental Review Tribunal (Ontario), 462environmental taxes, 544

defined, 534–535, 548reform of, 545shifting, 545–546

environmental tribunals, 468–469Envision Utah, 591, 592–593EP&A. See Environmental Planning and Assessment

(EP&A) Act (Australia, 1979)EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency (EPA,

United States)EPBC. See Environment Protection and Biodiversity

Conservation Act (EPBC Act, Australia, 1999)EPM. See Environmental Planning and Management

(EPM, Tanzania)EPR. See Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR)EQIP. See Environmental Quality Incentives Program

(EQIP, United States)Eriksen, Siri, 39Espoo convention of 25 February 1991, 73, 106, 107Ethiopa, 114–115

and ivory, 32Euclid, Ohio, 588Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company (1926), 588“Euclidian zoning,” 588. See also “non-Euclidian

zoning”European Charter of Local Self-Government

(Strasbourg, 1985), 82European Conference of Ministers Responsible for

Regional Planning (CEMAT)Council of Europe seminar (Lisbon, 2001), 76(Hanover, 2000), 80

European Convention on the Protection of theArchaeological Heritage (revised) (Valletta,1992), 82

European Directive of 27 June 1985, 81European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000),

418, 431aims of, 83Article 2 of, 74Article 5(a) of, 75Article 5(b) of, 77Article 5(c) of, 77






618 INDEX

European Landscape Convention (cont.)Article 5(d) of, 80Article 6-C of, 77, 79Article 6-D of, 77background of, 71main innovation of, 73main objectives of, 73–78Preamble to, 75, 76text of, 81–88

European Outline Convention on TransfrontierCo-operation between Territorial Communitiesor Authorities (Madrid, 1980), 82

excludability, 529exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 298, 574Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR), 12, 23–24externalities

environmental, 528–530negative, and biodiversity, 530

Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, 30, 31, 38, 41, 43

Factory Location Law (Japan, 1973), 15Farley, Joshua, 528, 537, 539, 543Farm Bill (United States)

(1985), 573(2002), 573

farming, in Africa, 53Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA, United

States), 567Federal Aviation Act (United States, 1958), 595Federal Department of Archeology (Pakistan), 344Federal Environment Council (COFEMA, Argentina),

516Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office

(Canada), 460Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act

(FEPAA, Nigeria), 248, 281Section 38 of, 241, 244Sections 10(1) and 11 of, 300

Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA,Nigeria), 284, 286, 299

Federal Executive (Mexico), 500–502Federal Fair Housing Act (United States), 595Federal Housing Authority (United States), 588Federal Public Administration Law (Mexico, 2000),

493Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (United

States). See Clean Water Act (CWA, United States,1972)

feudal tenure, 582“financially unlawful acts,” 18“finding of no significant impact” (FONSI), 292Fire Safety Bureau (Singapore), 387First Five Year Plan (Nepal, 1956–61), 423fiscal instruments, defined, 535Five-year Amphoe Development Plan (Thailand),

399–400Flint Ridge Dev. Co. v. Scenic Rivers Ass’n of Oklahoma,

288–289Fon of Oku, 313Fondom, Nso, 312FONSI. See “finding of no significant impact” (FONSI)Forest Act

Napal (1991), 429Napal (1993), 429Uganda, 173

Forest Code (Brazil), 479Forest Inspection Office (Nepal), 422

Forest Laws (Nepal), 429Forest Preservation Act (United States, 1891),

284Forest Preservation (Special Arrangements) Act

(Nepal, 1967), 429Forest Principles, 61Forest Service (United States), 561Forestry Act

b.e. 2484 (Thailand, a.d. 1941), 413Nigeria, 249

Forestry LawCameroon (1973), 308Cameroon (1981), 308Cameroon (1994), 312–313China (1998), 323, 324

Forestry Law Cap. 44 (Nigeria), 250Section 46 of, 251

forests, 298benefits of, 245–246community (CFs), defined, 313

Forests Act (Chapter 385 of the Laws of Kenya), 138,139–140

Forests Bill (Kenya, 2004), 139–140Fort Canning Park (Singapore), 391Four Major Pollution Lawsuits (Japan), 14fragmentation

reasons for, in South African environmentalgovernance, 221–223

scenarios to address, 235–239in South African environmental governance,

221–225Framework Convention on Climate Change, 11Fredericksberg (Denmark), 405Freedom of Access to Information (Argentina),French Civil Code, 510fruta do bibiri case, 475fuel, traditional renewable

in Africa, 48–50in Angola, 50in Asia, 49in Australia, 49in the Caribbean, 49in Central America, 49in Europe, 49in Ghana, 50in the Middle East, 49in New Zealand, 49in Nigeria, 50in North Africa, 49in South America, 49in the United States, 49

functional equivalence, doctrine of, 287

Gabcikovo dam project, 305Gandak River Agreement (1959), 419Ganges River, 417Garissa District (Kenya), 276Garissa Town Council (Kenya), 266–267, 270gate “community” levy, 30–31General Accounting Office (GAO, United States),General Environment Law (Argentina, 2002), 505,

512, 524. See also Argentina, Law 25.675 ofArticle 2 of, 519Article 4 of, 519–521Article 8 of, 521, 522Articles 9 and 10 of, 521Articles 11 to 13 of, 522






INDEX 619

Genome Institute of Singapore, 385geographical information system (GIS), 293Georgia, 584geothermal energy, in sub-Saharan Africa, 55Ghana

and ivory, 32land use policy in, 64

GIS. See geographical information system (GIS)Glazewski, J., 223Global Program of Action for the Protection of the

Marine Environment from Land-Based Sources(GPA), 579

global warming, 21and Mount Kilimanjaro, 51

Goh Chok Tong, 396Gore, Al, 115Government Administration Act b.e. 2534 (Thailand,

a.d. 1991), 398Government Lands Act (Chapter 280 of the Laws of

Kenya), 138GPA. See Global Program of Action for the Protection

of the Marine Environment from Land-BasedSources (GPA)

Grassland Law (China, 2002), 323, 324Grazing Reserves Law (Nigeria, 1965), 251–252Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park, 41greenhouse gases (GHGs), 21, 47, 60

factors in mitigation of, 62–63Groundwater Act b.e. 2520 (Thailand, a.d. 1977), 414group ranches (Kenya), 138–139Growth with Quality Commission (Mexico), 493Guidelines for Co-operation of the Protocol on Energy

of 1996, 94Gulf of Mexico

dead zone in, 565Hypoxia Action Plan for, 565

habitat conversionand agriculture, 123factors contributing to, 123as threat to biodiversity, 123

hanko, 42Hanoi Plan of Action (1999–2004), 354Harappa, 335Hassan, Arif, 348Hausa-Fulani, 290HDB. See Housing and Development Board (HDB,

Singapore)Heritage Act (Australia, 1977), 459Heritage Roads (Singapore), 392Heritage Tree Scheme (Singapore, 2001), 392Heritage Trees (Singapore), 392Hillview (Singapore), 386Hindu-Kush Himalayan Mountain Region, land-use

problems in, 417–418Hluhluwe, 29Hollings, Fritz, 578, 579, 580home rule authority, 601–602Hoover Commission, 590House Transportation Committee, Subcommittee on

Water Resources and the Environment, 567Housing and Community Development Act (United

States, 1974), 598Housing and Development Board (HDB, Singapore),

375, 383, 385–386Howard, Christopher, 551Hyderabad Municipal Authority, 348

hydroelectric energy, in sub-Saharan Africa, 55Hydropower Development Policy (Nepal, 2001), 424

Ibibios, 290Ibo, 290ICIMOD. See International Centre for Integrated

Mountain Development (ICIMOD)IEA. See International Energy Agency (IEA)IEE. See Initial Environmental Examination (IEE);

initial environmental examination (IEE)IEM. See integrated environmental management

(IEM)IFPA. See Intervenor Funding Project (IFPA, Ontario)Iganga District (Uganda), 169Ijaw, 290Ikware, 290Ilala Municipality,“Ilanga,” 273Ilhabela State Park, 481Illinois, 601

Department of Commerce and Community Affairsin, 594

Local Planning and Technical Assistance Act (2002)of, 594–595

iMfolozi, 29Imo State Land and Water Resources Conservation

(Erosion Prevention) Edict (Nigeria, 1986), 249Income Tax Act (Canada), 547incremental development model for housing, 348India, 34, 417Indo-Muslim Mughal culture, 335Indonesia, 352, 353, 368Indus Civilization, 335Industrial Park of the 21st Century (iPark21,

Singapore), 386Industrial Policy (Nepal, 1992), 425Industrial Revolution, 9Industrial Works Act b.e. 2535 (Thailand, a.d. 1992),

414Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), 343, 426injunction suits

burden of proof in, 16in environmental law, 15–17reasonable doubt in, 17

Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (UnitedStates), 288

integrated and holistic approach, principle of, 225integrated ecosystem management, defined, 326integrated environmental governance

defined, 229integration as a fundamental of, 226–228, 229principles of, 233procedures to control land degradation through,

328–331tools of, 227

integrated environmental management (IEM), 96, 221Integrated Makakali River Treaty (1996), 419Integrated Ocean Observing System, 577Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment

(IGAE, Australia, 1992), 435–436intergovernmental coordination and harmonization of

policies, legislation, and action, principles of, 233intermunicipal agreements, 598International Centre for Integrated Mountain

Development (ICIMOD), 418International Convention on Oil Pollution,

Preparedness, and Response (1990), 338






620 INDEX

International Energy Agency (IEA), 46International Fund for Animal Welfare, 32International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),

52–53, 60Third Assessment Report of, 62

International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN). See also World Conservation Union

Academy of Environmental Law, SecondColloquium of, Nairobi, Kenya, 2004, 285

World Conservation Congress of 2000 onSustainable Use of Soil, 332

Intervenor Funding Project (IFPA, Ontario), 466iPark21. See Industrial Park of the 21st Century

iPark21, Singapore)IPCC. See International Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC)Irrigation Association of Australia, 446Isoko, 290Itai-itai (cadmium poisoning) disease (Toyama,

Japan), 13, 14Ithala Game Reserve, 30Itskiri, 290IUCN. See International Union for the Conservation

of Nature (IUCN)ivory, 27–43, 146

JapanAir Pollution Control Law (1974), 15Article 76, Clause 36 of the Constitution of, 18Article 709 of the Civil Code of, 13Article 719 of the Civil Code of, 13, 14asthma in, 12Basic Environment Law (1993), 22–23Basic Environment Plan (1994), 22–23Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control

(1970), 11Basic Law for Establishing a Recycling-Based

Society (2000), 23Business Federation of, 22Containers and Packaging Recycling Law (1995),

23dam construction in, 10environmental issues in, 10–11environmental lawsuits in, 12–19Environmental Policies in (1977), 11Factory Location Law (1973) in, 15Four Major Pollution Lawsuits in, 14and ivory, 42Law Concerning Recycling Measures of Used

Vehicles (2002), 23Law Concerning the Promotion of Recycling Food

Cyclical Resources (2000), 23Law Concerning the Relief of Pollution-Related

Health Damage (1969) in, 13Law for Recycling of Building Materials (2002),

23Law for Recycling of Specific Kinds of Home

Appliances (1998), 23National Compensation Law in, 16organic mercury poisoning in, 12petrochemical industrial complexes in, 10, 12pollution in, 10–11, 12–15Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation

Law (1973) in, 13, 15rule of damage compensation in, 13Shinkansen bullet trains (Japan) in, 16urban growth in, 11

joint liabilities, 14

Jos Platesu, 246Jurong Town Corporation (JTC), 382, 385–386

Kakuma Camp (Kenya), 268–271, 272–273Kalim Ijim Forest Project (Cameroon), 313Kalim Mountain, 313Kalimantan (Indonesia), 363Kallang River Basin, 388Kampala (Uganda), 169Karachi, 335, 337, 338, 340–341, 345

Master Plan (1974), 339Port Trust Co-operative Housing Society,

340Karatu, 209Karimabad, 343katchi abadis, 335–336Kathmandu Valley, 420Kathmandu Valley Development Authority Act

(Nepal, 1988), 428Kebbi, 252Kenya, 114

2001 drought in, 51administrative tribunals in, 253agricultural sector in, 133agriculture in, 121Constitution of, 136, 137demographics of “environmental refugees,”

268environmental management at the national level in,

276–279faunal and floral diversity in, 132–133GDP in,importance of wildlife to, 120–131and ivory, 32, 39, 40land ownership in, 137–139land tenure systems in, 137–139land use planning laws in, 139land use policy in, 64National Environment Commission of, 136population of, 133–134private land in, 137refugee deforestation and erosion in, 269–270refugee urbanization in, 270–271refugee waste disposal in, 270refugee–ecology relationship in, 266, 267–280trust land in, 137wildlife management policy in, 140–144wildlife policy in, 136–144

Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), 34, 129, 130, 133, 136,141, 143, 151

Keshwani, Kiran, 349Kesselman, Jonathan, 552Khon Kaen Province (Thailand), 409–416Kibaha, 209Kirati period (Nepal), 422Kitunda, 204Koshi River Agreement (1954), 419Krishna, Vern, 544, 547Kruger National Park, 31Kumamoto, Japan, 13, 14Kwa-Zulu Natal, 29, 30–31, 38, 41Kwa-Zulu Natal Nature Conservation Management

Act (KZN NCM Act), 38Kyoto Protocol (1997), 57, 61, 555, 579, 580

Clean Development Mechanism of the, 57

Lahore, 335, 347Lahore High Court, 344






INDEX 621

Laikipia National Reserve, 145Lake Chad, 51land. See also property

communal ownership of, in Africa,defined, 243–244, 305degradation, defined, 315–316national, defined, 308ownership in South Africa, 29reform and administration, 67–68reform and climate change, 63–70reform and ecosystem adaption, 68–69reform and socioeconomics, 69state, defined, 308tenure reform (Uganda), 179use, in Africa, and climate change, 58–59use laws, in sub-Saharan Africa, 56–59use planning, in Kenya, 157–158use reform, in Africa, 60, 64–67, 70

Land (Group Representatives) Act, 138Land (Survey and Measurement) Act (Nepal, 1961),

430Land Act (Tanzania, 1999), 207

Numbers 4 and 5 (Tanzania, 1999), 206Land Act (Uganda), 173, 175–176

Section 23(1) of, 175Section 42 of, 176Section 43 of, 176Section 44 of, 176

Land Administration Law (China, 1998), 323, 324Land and Environment Court (LEC, New South

Wales), 459, 463, 465Land Conservation and Development Commission

(LCDC, Oregon, 1973), 592Land Owning Agencies (LOAs, Pakistan), 336land pollution, defined, 244–245Land Reform Act (Nepal)

(1961), 430(1964), 422, 430(1964) 5th Amendment to (2002), 430(1964) Chapter 9(A) in, 430(1964) Section 51(f) to, 430

Land Reform Decree (Uganda), 166Land Revenue Act (Nepal, 1977), 430land tenure. See land use, managementland use

management, defined, 305planning and social development, 500–502regulation, 594–595. See also various states and

municipalitiessustainable, 244

Land Use Act (Nigeria, 1978), 247Section 1 of, 243

Land Use Board of Appeals (LUBA, Oregon, 1979),592

Land Use Council (Nepal), 430–431Land Use Decree 1978 (Nigeria), 244Land Use in America, 590landscape

as a common resource, 75cultural, 73defined, 74, 82design, objective of, 80and the law, 72–73and legal categories of states, 72management, defined, 83national council for (France), 79perception of, 71–73planning, defined, 83

policy, defined, 83protection, defined, 83quality objective, defined, 83and sustainable development, 75–77Swiss agency dealing with, 79

Landscape Education: New Opportunities forTeaching and Research in Europe (LENORE),81

“Landscape Heritage, Spatial Planning, andSustainable Development,” 76

Lanjak-Entimau/Gunung Betung-Kerihun, 363, 364Lao PDR, 353Laos, 352, 364, 368law

defined, 162environmental, aims of, 161environmental, defined, 162

Law Concerning the Promotion of Recycling FoodCyclical Resources (Japan 2000), 23

Law Concerning Recycling Measures of Used Vehicles(Japan 2002), 23

Law Concerning the Relief of Pollution-Related HealthDamage (Japan, 1969), 13

Law for Appraising Environmental Impacts (China,2002), 321, 323, 329

Law for the Prevention and Treatment of Solid Wastefrom Polluting the Environment (China 1996),321, 323

Law for Recycling of Building Materials (Japan, 2002),23

Law for Recycling of Specific Kinds of HomeAppliances (Japan, 1998), 23

Law Number 1 (Cameroon, 16 April 2001), 307Law Number 78–263 (Cameroon, 3 July 1978), 307Law Number 80–21 (Cameroon, 14 July 1980), 307Law Number 80–22 (Cameroon, 14 July 1980), 307Law Number 94–01 (Cameroon, 20 January 1994),307Law Number 96–06 (Cameroon, 18 January 1996),

307Law Number 96–12 (Cameroon, 5 August 1996), 307,

313–314LCA. See Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)LEC. See Land and Environment Court (LEC, New

South Wales)Lee Hsien Loong, 395–396Lee Kuan Yew, 374, 383, 388–389, 394, 395Lee Sing Kong, 391Legal and Policy Expert Advisory Group (LPEAG,

China), 330–331legal system, conventional, 9–10LENORE. See Landscape Education: New

Opportunities for Teaching and Research inEurope (LENORE)

leopard, 146Leopold, Also, 284Lesotho, land use policy in, 64Li Swift, 552–553Licchavi period (Nepal), 422Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 23Light Rail System (LRS, Singapore), 374List of Projects Requiring an IEE

Part H of Schedule II of, 343Part I of Schedule I of, 343Part I of Schedule II of, 343

LOAs. See Land Owning Agencies (LOAs, Pakistan)Local Government Act (Uganda), 173, 175

Second Schedule of, 175Local Government Council (Uganda), 177






622 INDEX

Local Government (District Authorities) Act(Tanzania, 1982), 207

Local Government Laws MiscellaneousAmendments of 1999, number 6, of, 206

Section 6, Subsection 2(d) of, 206Section 7, Subsection 31(9) of, 206Section 41 of, 207Section 50, 207Sections 55(1) and (2), 207

Local Government Municipal Structures Act 117(South Africa, 1998), 224

Local Government Ordinances (Pakistan), 350Local Goverment Transition Act 209 (1993), 224Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act Number 7

(Tanzania, 1982), 206, 217Section A2(1) of, 207

Local Self Governance Act (Nepal, 1999), 427–428logging, consequences of, 246London, Great Fire of 1666 in, 583Longido plains (Tanzania), 122Los Angeles, 587“Lost Boys” of Sudan, 276Lower Peirce Reservoir (Singapore), 393LRS. See Light Rail System (LRS, Singapore)Lumbini, 419Lushoto, 209

Maasai Mara National Reserve, 122, 123, 145, 149,150

MAB. See UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme(MAB)

Machakos National Reserve, 145Madagascar, 54Mahabharata Ranges, 420Mahali Sugar and Rasiawal-khurd Lotan River

channel, 419Mail, and ivory, 32Makambako, 209Makhwela Community, 30Malawi, 279

land use policy in, 64Malaya, 377Malaysia, 352, 353, 363, 368, 377Maldives, 418Malli, Jayasthiti, 422Mandelker, Daniel L., 298Mandera (Kenya), 276Marekia, Nijeri, 39market economy

efficient, 529government intervention in, 530–533

market-based approaches, defined, 535market-based instruments,Marsh, George Perkins, 284Masaka (Uganda), 169Masasi, 209Mass Rapid Transit (MRT, Singapore), 374Massachusetts, 594Master Plan 2003 (Singapore), 394Mbeki, President, 196Mbuyuni, 204McDaniel, Paul R., 550–551, 552MEAs. See multilateral environmental agreements

(MEAs)Mehta, Mahesh Chander, 342Mejang Quarry, 310–312Mekuleke Community, 31

Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) betweenForest Department and Kenya Wildlife Service,157, 309

methane, 47Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People against Nuclear

Energy, 295–296Metropolitan Health Act (New York, 1866), 586Metropolitan Service District (Metro, Oregon), 592MEWR. See Ministry of Environment and Water

Resources (MEWR, Singapore)Mexico

Constitution of (1917), 502Constitution of (1917), Article 26 of, 489Constitution of (1917), Article 27 of, 485–488, 492,

499Constitution of (1917), Article 73, paragraph 4a of,

491Constitution of (1917), as basis for property rights,

485–489Constitution of (1917), environmental

amendments to, 487Constitution of (1917), Section XXIX-G of, 487–488environmental policy guidelines in, 494–495natural resources in, 484relationship between environmental protection and

poverty in, 484–485Mexico City, 484, 500MHRL. See Municipal Home Rule Law (MHRL, New

York)Michaocan, 499MIKE. See Monitor Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE)Millennium Development Goals,Minamata disease (organic mercury poisoning)

Kumamoto, Japan, 13, 14, 19Niigata, Japan, 12, 13, 14

MINEF. See Ministry of Environment and Forestry(MINEF, Cameroon)

Mineral Management Services (MMS), 299Minerals Act (Amendment) Decree 29 (Nigeria, 1984),

248Sections 46–47 of, 248Sections 52–63 of, 248

Minerals Act (Nigeria), 248Minerals Regulation and Minerals (Safe Mining)

Regulations (Nigeria), 248Mines and Mineral Act (Nepal, 1985), 427“minimum requirements” legislation, and

environmental policy, 517–518minimum standards, defined, 517Mining Cose (Cameroon, 2001), 308Mining Protocol of 1997, 93Minister of the Department of Water Affairs and

Forestry (DWAF, South Africa), 222Minister of Foreign Affairs (MFA, Nigeria), and

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)reviews, 301

Ministry of Agriculture (China), 318Ministry of the Environment (ENV, Singapore), 381,

383Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MINEF,

Cameroon), 313Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources

(Kenya), 274Ministry of Environment and Water Resources

(MEWR, Singapore), 375, 383Ministry of Environmental Protection (Uganda),

170–171






INDEX 623

Ministry of Land Resources (China), 319Ministry of Lands and Human Settlements

Development (MLHSD, Tanzania, 1990), 198,208

Strategic Planning Section of, 209, 214Strategic Planning Section of, Strategic Urban

Development Plan (SUDP, Tanzania, 1999), 217Ministry of National Development (Singapore), 390

Parks and Recreation Department of, 389Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI, Singapore), 382Ministry of Water, Lands, and Environment (Uganda),

163Ministry of Water Resources (MWR, China), 318Minnesota, 594Mississippi River, dead zone in, 565MLHSD. See Ministry of Lands and Human

Settlements Development (MLHSD, Tanzania,1990)

MMS. See Mineral Management Services (MMS)Modern Abbatoir Project (Tanzania), 203Moedjadaro, 338Mohenjo Daro, 335Moi, President Daniel Arap, 34Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, 499–500Monitor Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE), 35Montevideo Program III. See Program for the

Development and Periodic Review ofEnvironmental Law for the First Decade of theTwenty-First Century (Montevideo Program III)

Morin, Edgar, 471Mount Apo National Park (Phillipines), 362Mount Everest (Sagarmatha), 420Mount Iglit-Baco National Park (Phillipines), 362Mount Kenya, 51Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 (South Africa,

1970), 224Mozambique, land use policy in, 64MRT. See Mass Rapid Transit (MRT, Singapore)Muir, John, 284multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), 513Mumma, Albert, 47Municipal Home Rule Law (MHRL, New York), 602Murray-Darling Basin, 433, 448Murree, 340–341MV Tasman Spirit, 338Myanmar, 352, 368, 417

NAAEC, 91Article 10(7) of, 91

NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)

Nairobi National Park, 34, 120, 122, 123, 129, 149Nakvubo wetland, Kampala, 167Namibia

Constitution of, 95and ivory, 32, 35, 39land use policy in, 64

Napal, 417NAPIMS. See Nigerian Property Investment Services

(NAPIMS)Narok Game Reserve, 138National Academy of Sciences (NAS, United States),

568National and Social Development Plan (NESDP,

Thailand), 399b.e. 2504 (a.d. 1961), 399b.e. 2545–2549 (a.d. 2002–2006), 399

National Audubon Society v. Superior Court (UnitedStates), 440

National Biodiversity Coordination Committee(Nepal), 425

National Biodiversity Unit (Nepal), 425National Commission on Urban Problems (Douglas

Commission), 590National Committee on the Impact of Refugee

Settlements in Kenya, 274National Compensation Law (Japan), 16National Competition Policy (Australia), 437National Conservation Strategy (Nepal, 1987), 423National Development Plan, 489–491

Mexico (2000–2006), 489Mexico (2001–2006), 485

National Environment Act (NEA, Uganda, 1995), 164,173, 174–175, 178. See also NationalEnvironmental Action Plan (NEAP, Uganda)

Part vii of, 174Section 1 of, 162Section 36 of, 174Section 37 of, 174

National Environment Action Plan (NEAP, Uganda),171

National Environment Agency (NEA, Singapore), 383National Environment Council (NEC, Kenya), 253,

261National Environment Management Authority

(NEMA, Kenya), 253committees of authority of, 258Council of, 256and environmental impact assessment licensing,

259key functions of, 257National Environment Action Plan Committee of,

258National Environment Restoration Fund of,

258–259, 277provisional and district committees of, 257–258Section 58 of, 258Technical Advisory Committee of, 258

National Environment Secretariat (NES, Kenya, 1972),254, 255

National Environment Tribunal (Kenya), 253, 261–265Procedure Rules, LN 191 of 2003, 263

National Environment (Wetlands, Riverbanks andLakeshores Management) Regulations (Uganda2000), 176–177

National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP, Uganda).See also National Environment Act (Uganda);National Environmental Management Policy(NEMP, Uganda)

National Environmental Advisory Forum (NEAF,South Africa), 233

National Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)Guidelines (Nepal, 1992), 426

National Environmental Management Act 107(NEMA, South Africa, 1998), 95, 102, 104,183–184, 195, 227, 233–234

Amendment Act 8 of 2004 of, 103, 105appeal process of, 190Chapter 1 of, 233Chapter 2 of, 233Chapter 3 of, 233–234Chapter 5 of, 183Chapter 8 of, 238Section 1 of, 227






624 INDEX

National Environmental Management Act 107 (cont.)Section 2 of, 185Section 2(b), 228Section 7 of, 233Section 23 of, 227–228Section 24 of, 183–184, 185

National Environmental Management Act (NEMA)Kenya, 136Uganda, 172, 174

National Environmental Management Policy (NEMP,Uganda), 171–172. See also NationalEnvironmental Action Plan (NEAP, Uganda)

National Environmental Management: ProtectedAreas Act (South Africa), 38

National Environmental Planning Guideline (Nepal,1998), 426

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA, UnitedStates, 1969), 19, 281, 284, 469, 584, 593

Regulation 1508.5 of, 297regulations, 281Section 102 of, 289Section 1506.6 of, 291–292

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA, UnitedStates, 1970), 454–455

National Environmental Policy and Action PlanIntegrating Environment and Development(Nepal, 1993), 423–424

National Flood Insurance Program (United States,1968), 593, 599

National Forest Conservation Actb.e. 2507 (Thailand, a.d. 1964), 413

National Forest Policy Act (Tanzania, 1998), 207National Heritage ecosystem (Brazil), 477, 480National Housing Act (United States, 1934), 588National Housing Policy (Pakistan, 2001), 339, 341,

350National Institute of Education (Singapore), 393National Land Use Planning Act (United States),

591National Ocean Council (NOC), 572, 577National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA), 577National Park Service (United States, 1916), 284National Parks Act b.e. 2504 (Thailand, a.d. 1961),

413National Parks Act (Singapore)

(1990), 391(1996), 391–393, 394

National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (Nepal,1973), 428

4th amendment to (1994), 428National Parks Board (NParks, Singapore), 390,

393functions of, 391–392Parks and Trees Regulatory Section (PTRS) of,

392National Parks Board of the Ministry of National

Development (Singapore), 375National Parks Board (Singapore), 387, 390National Planning Commission (NPC, Nepal), 430National Policy for the Conservation and Management

of Wetland Resources (Uganda), 178National Policy for Wetland Resources (Uganda),

164National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

(NPDES, United States), 558, 560–561, 563National Register of Plant Breeders Rights, 119

National Research Council (United States), 5632002 report of, 562

National Resistance Movement (NRM, Uganda), 170National Resource Management Ministerial Council

(Australia), 450National Round Table on the Environment and the

Economy (NRTEE), 491, 534, 537, 538–539National Social Development Policy (Mexico), 490National University of Singapore, 385National Water Act 36 (South Africa, 1998), 187

Sections 21(f) and 21(g) of, 223National Water Initiative (Australia, 2004), 446–450

expected results of, 447–448key elements of, 448–449Schedule A of, 449

National Water Quality Inventory (United States), 557,564

National Water Reform Framework (Australia, 1994),437

National Wetlands Conservation and ManagementProgramme (Uganda), 163

(1989), 171, 172(1998), 178

National Wetlands Policy (Uganda 1995), 172goals of, 172

Natural Calamity (Relief) Act (Nepal, 1982), 428natural protected areas, 498–500

defined, 498–499Natural Resource Management (NRM, Cameroon),

313Natural Resource Utilization-Based Law Regime

(China),Natural Resources Defense Council v. U.S. Department

of the Navy, 301natural spaces

planning, in emergent countries, 473–476shared liability for, 482See also special natural spaces

Nature Society (Singapore), 393–394, 395nazim, 350NDDC. See Niger Delta Development Commission

(NDDC)Ndoh, Kimbi Moses, 311NEA. See National Environment Agency (NEA,

Singapore)NEAF. See National Environmental Advisory Forum

(NEAF, South Africa)NEAP. See National Environment Management Policy

(NEAP)Nebraska, 594NEC. See National Environment Council (NEC,

Kenya)negligence, in environmental law, 13, 14NEMA. See National Environmental Management Act

(NEMA, Kenya); National EnvironmentalManagement Authority (NEMA, Uganda)

NEPA. See National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA,United States, 1969)

NepalConstitution of, 422, 426–427Constitution of (1996), Article 12(2)(E)(5) of,

426–427Constitution of (1990), Article 26(3) of, 426Constitution of (1996), Article 26(4) of, 426–427Constitution of (1996), Article 26(5) of, 426–427Constitution of (1996), Article 126(2)(d), 426Constitution of (1990), Article 127 of, 421






INDEX 625

effects of population on environment in, 420–421historical land use in, 422land system in, 419–421land use for sustainable development in, 430–431natural resources in, 419–420periodic plans for land use, 423treaty obligations of, 421–422

NES. See National Environment Secretariat (NES,Kenya, 1972)

NESDP. See National and Social Development Plan(NESDP, Thailand)

New South Wales (NSW), 433, 438, 440, 441, 443,458–459

Court of Appeal in, 466Environmental Defender’s Office (EDO), 447Irrigator’s Council, 446

New York, 583, 586, 601, 602Constitution of, Article IX of, 602Padavan Law, 595and smart growth strategies, 596–598zoning in, 587

Ngochia, Fon, 311Niger Delta, 299, 305Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC),

296Nigeria

deforestation in, 246, 250–252environmental impact statements and oil and gas

in, 294–295environmental law in, 241–243fuelwood in, 246land use problems in, 245–247mining laws in, 248and oil, 299–300

Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC),299

Nigerian Property Investment Services (NAPIMS),299Niigata, Japan, 13NIMBY syndrome. See not in my backyard (NIMBY)

syndromeNinth Circuit (United States), 561, 570Ninth Plan (Nepal, 1997–2002), 423nitrous oxide, 47NNPC. See Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation

(NNPC)No Surface Occupancy (NOS) oil lease, 285NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA); United States NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)

Nolon, John,“non-Euclidian zoning,” 589. See also “Euclidian

zoning”nonpoint source pollution (NSP), 556–557

defined, 561most common, 564in the United States, 564–573

North American Agreement on TransboundaryEnvironmental Impact Assessment, 91–92, 93,106, 107

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 585North Annamite Mountains, 364North Carolina, 600Northern Hunza, 343Northern Territory (NT, Australia), 435not in my backyard (NIMBY) syndrome, 193NParks. See National Parks Board (NParks, Singapore)

NPDES. See National Pollutant Discharge EliminationSystem (NPDES, United States)

NRM. See National Resistance Movement (NRM,Uganda); Natural Resource Management (NRM,Cameroon)

NRTEE. See National Round Table on theEnvironment and the Economy (NRTEE)

NSW. See New South Wales (NSW)nuisance law, 9, 582

Oath of the Athenian City State, 346Obasanjo, Olusengun, 295Oblaseki, Jusde Andrew, 243Ocean Policy Trust Fund, 577ocean waters, zones of control over, 574Oceans Act (United States, 2000), 576OCS. See offshore continental shelf (OCS)OECD, 534, 536–537, 548, 552offshore continental shelf (OCS), 298Ogoni, 290Ohta, Itaru, 271oil, consequences of discovery of, 246Okidi, C.O., 302Oku, 313Order and Respect Commission (Mexico), 493Order in Council (Uganda, 1902), 165Ordinance Number 74/1 (Cameroon, 6 July 1974), 307

Section 1 of, 308Ordinance Number 74/2 (Cameroon, 6 July 1974), 307Ordinance Number 74/3 (Cameroon, 6 July 1974),

307Oregon Growth Management Act (1973), 591, 592organic mercury poisoning. See Minamata disease

(Kumamoto, Japan); Minamata disease (Niigata,Japan)

Osaka, Japan, 17international pollution symposium in, 16

Ouko, Evans, 39“Our Common Future” (Brundtland, 1987), 283

Pakistan, 417demographics of, 334, 335–338role of judiciary against environmental degradation,

344–347Supreme Court of, 345urban deterioration in, 338–342

Pan-European Biological and Landscape DiversityStrategy (Sofia, 1995), 71

Action Theme 4 of, 71Pantanal Mato-Grossense, 477, 480Park County Resources Council. Inc. v. United States

Department of Agriculture, 285Parker, Ian, 35Parks and Recreation Department (PRD, Singapore),

390Parks and Tree Bill (Singapore), 392Parks and Trees Act (Singapore, 1975), 391Parks and Trees (Preservation of Trees) Order

(Singapore, 1975), 391Parks and Trees Rule (Singapore), 391Pasture Land Naturalization Act (Nepal, 1974), 430Patricia, Annie, 309Paya Lebar iPark (Singapore), 386PCC. See Public Complaints Commission (PCC,

Kenya)PCD. See Pollution Control Department (PCD,

Singapore)






626 INDEX

PDCA. See planning, doing, checking, acting (PDCA)sequence

Peace Parks, 362–364Peoples Republic of China-Global Environment

Facility Partnership on Land Degradation inDryland Ecosystems (PRC-GEF PartnershipProgram)

aims of, 316–333goals of, 325and integrated environmental governance,

325methodology of, 327principal activities of, 327–328

PER. See public environmental report (PER)performance auditing, 66Permanent Presidential Commission on Soil

Conservation and Afforestation (PPCSCA,Kenya, 1981), 254, 255

Pesticides Act (Nepal, 1992), 428petroleum

China’s consumption of, 46daily global demand for, 45U.S. consumption of, 46

Petroleum Act (Nepal, 1983), 427Pew Oceans Commission, 575

Report of, 578Philippines, 353, 362, 368Phnom Penh (Cambodia), 362photovoltaic energy, in sub-Saharan Africa, 55Physical Planning Act

125 (South Africa, 1991), 224(Kenya), 140(Tanzania, 2001), 205

Physical Planning Liaison Committee (Kenya), 140Pigouvian

solution, 489–490subsidies, 490–491

Pinchot, Gifford, 284planning, doing, checking, acting (PDCA) sequence,

226Planning Act (Denmark, 1992), 404Planning Law (Mexico), 496Plant Genetic Resources Centers, 119Poigou, Arthur, 489point source

defined, 558pollution in the United States, 560–564

Pokhara Valley, 420Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PPTR, Japan,

1999), 20Polluter Pays Principle (PPP), 12, 15, 23–24, 225, 233,

277–278, 490, 491pollution, 7, 9

and causal relationships, 21prevention, in an environment management

system, 382–388Pollution Control Department (PCD, Singapore), 375,

386–387Central Building Plan Unit (CBPU) of the, 387

Pollution Control Public Works Cost Allocation Law(Japan, 1970s), 23

Pollution Control Study, 388Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation Law

(Japan, 1973), 13, 15“poly-crisis,” 471population, global, increase to affecting global

environment, 7–8

POTWs. See publically owned treatment works(POTWs)

PPCSCA. See Permanent Presidential Commission onSoil Conservation and Afforestation (PPCSCA,Kenya, 1981)

PPP. See Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)PRC-GEF Partnership Program. See Peoples Republic

of China-Global Environment FacilityPartnership on Land Degradation in DrylandEcosystems (PRC-GEF Partnership Program)

precautionary principle, 12, 225, 233, 277, 350Presidential Council of Advisors on Ocean Policy, 577Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution

Act (Mexico, 1971), 491Private Forest Naturalization Act (Nepal, 1956), 429private property, defined, 309profits, 160Program for the Development and Periodic Review of

Environmental Law for the First Decade of theTwenty-First Century (Montevideo Program III),332

Program Habitat (Mexico), 491, 500project life-cycle, 226–227property. See also land

African law of, 27rights and sustainable wildlife management,

144–150rights in Kenya, 152–160social function of, 480–483

property rights, 488protected areas, 124, 130, 135–136, 141–142, 146

ecological problems of, 150–151in Kenya, 120, 121wildlife outside, in Kenya, 122

Protected Areas Act (South Africa), 38Protocol on Shared Watercourse Systems, 93Protocol to the London Convention, 579PTRS. See National Parks Board (NParks, Singapore),

Parks and Trees Regulatory Section (PTRS) ofpublic benefit, 561Public Complaints Commission (PCC, Kenya),

260–261public environmental report (PER), 457Public Health Act b.e. 2535 (Thailand, a.d. 1992), 414public interest

cost of cases in the, 465–467defined, 465

public participationdefined, 453facilitating effective, 454levels of, in environmental decision making, 454

Public Works Department (PWD, Singapore), Parksand Trees Unit of the, 390

publically owned treatment works (POTWs), 558,561–562, 564

recommendations to improve, 562Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China,Pulau Ubin (Singapore), 393Punjab, 335

Qld. See Queensland (Qld), AustraliaQRA. See Quantitive Risk Assessment (QRA)Quality Growth Act (Utah, 1999), 592Quantitive Risk Assessment (QRA), 387Queensland (Qld), Australia, 433, 438, 440, 441, 443Quia Emptores, Statute of (1290), 582quicquid planate solo solo cedit, 243






INDEX 627

Raffles, Sir Stamford, 376Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research (Singapore),

393Ramsar Convention. See Water Fowl Habitat (Ramsar

Convention, Uganda, 1971)Rational Energy Supply, Conservation, Utilization,

and Education (RESCUE, Kenya, 1999), 269–270,272–273

Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers ofthe Council of Europe (Hanover, 2002), 80

record of decision (ROD), 183, 292redevelopment

brownfield, 598–599defined, 594

Regina Conference, 169Registered Land Act (RLA, Kenya), 127, 137–139Regulation 131 (Nigeria), 248Religious Land Use and Incarcerated Persons Act

(RLUIPA, United States), 595rent-seeking behavior, 542RESCUE. See Rational Energy Supply, Conservation,

Utilization, and Education (RESCUE, Kenya,1994)

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA,United States), 288

resourcesbiological, access to, defined, 117biological, defined in Ethiopian draft law, 112biological, ownership of, in Ethiopia, 117–119genetic, defined, 111genetic, sovereignty over, 113natural, defined, 112natural, need to conserve, 112–113preservationist approach to managing, 29

Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 (South Africa,1994), 31, 224

revenue-raising instruments, 548–550Revised Forest Master Plan (Nepal, 1989), 424Revised Irrigation Policy (Nepal, 1997), 424Revised Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Law

(Japan, 1997), 22rhinoceros, 146, 151Rift Valley, 55Rift Valley fever, 54“Right to Environment,” 506Rio Declaration on Environment and Development,11risk control, and environmental law, 11–12, 19–21“risk society,” 471risk-return analysis, 541rivalness, 529river health, strategies to achieve, 444RLA. See Registered Land Act (RLA, Kenya)RLUIPA. See Religious Land Use and Incarcerated

Persons Act (RLUIPA, United States)ROD. See record of decision (ROD)Roosevelt, Theodore, 284runoff pollution, 557

nitrogen, 565Ruwenzori Mountains (Rwanda), 51Rwanda

land use policy in, 64refugee crisis in, 271–272

SA. See South Australia (SA)SAARC. See South Asian Association of Regional

Cooperation (SAARC)Sabsay, Daniel, 518

SACEP. See South Asian Cooperation EnvironmentalProgramme (SACEP)

SADC. See Declaration and Treaty of the SouthernAfrican Development Community (SADC)

Safe Drinking Water Act (United States), 288Safer Cities Project (Tanzania), 203Sahab, 377Saiban, 348–349SANP. See South African National Parks (SANP)Sanuru Game Reserve, 138Sarawak (Malaysia), 363, 377Satterwhwaite, David, 350Scheepers, T., 220SCP, 215

primary objective of, 212SD. See sustainable development (SD)SEA. See strategic environmental assessment (SEA)SeaBRnet. See Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve

Network (SeaBRnet)Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources,485Secretariat of Social Development (Mexico), 490–491,

500–501Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources

(Mexico), 493–494, 496, 498, 499, 500–501Senegal, and ivory, 39Serengeti National Park, 122, 150Serra do Mar, 477, 480servient tenement, 125–126, 160. See also dominant

tenementservitudes, 159–160Sessional Paper No. 3 (Kenya, 1975), 140–141, 145setback lines, 597sewer overflows, 562–563Shah, Gorkha Prithvi Narayan, 422Shap period (Nepal), 422Sharkansky, I., 232Sheehan, Molly, 347Shehri v. the Province of Sindh, 346Shinkansen bullet trains (Japan), 16Shinyanga, 209Short Tenure Land Launch Scheme (SHELL,

Singapore), 386Siad Barre regime (Kenya), 276Siddiqui, Tasneem, 348“significant adverse impact,” 452Silvermine Valley Coalition v. Sybrand van der Spuy

Boerderye and Others (2002), 181, 191–192Sindh, 335, 337–338, 340, 349

High Court of, 346–347Singapore, 352, 353

Biological Society, 395Concept Plan for (1971), 378–379Concept Plan for (1991), 384Concept Plan for (2001), 380, 381Current Master Plan for, 381demographics of, 374–375Development Guide Plans for, 380–381Environment Council, 395as a Garden City, 388–394Green Plan (1992) for, 381–382, 393, 394Identity Plan for, 381Improvement Trust (SIT), 377land use planning in, 376–396Master Plan for (1955), 377Master Plan for (1958), 377–378Parks and Waterbodies Plan for, 380, 381phases of industrialization in, 384–385






628 INDEX

Singapore (cont.)Planning Bill (1958), 377planning guidelines for, 385Planning Ordinance (1959), 377Revised Concept Plan (1991), 379Revised Green Plan (2012) for, 382River Basin, 388siting industries in, 386–387State and City Planning Project (1967), 378types of industrial premises in, 385–387

SIT. See Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT)Siwalik land areas, 420Sixth Five Year Plan (Nepal, 1980–85), 423smart growth, 596–598

strategies to achieve, 596–598Smart Regulation, Government of Canada’s report on,

537Social and Human Development Commission

(Mexico), 493social appropriation,Social Development Act (Mexico, 2004), 485, 489–490,

501, 502social impact assessment (SIA), 455social utility and environmental law, 16Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (Nepal, 1982),

429–430Sokoto State Forestry II Project Unit Edict Number 2

(Nigeria, 1987), 252Sokoto State Legal Notice

Number 7 (Nigeria, 1996), 251Number 14 (Nigeria, 1992), 252

Sokoto State Public Health Number 5 (Nigeria, 1985),249

Section 7 of, 249Section 17 of, 249Section 18 of, 249

Sokoto State Public Health Number 7 (Nigeria, 1995),250

Section 2 of, 250Section 3 of, 250Section 58 of, 250Section 69(1) of, 250

Songea, 209South Africa

Constitution of (1996), 95, 104, 223, 231–233Constitution of (1996), Section 24 of, 185, 194,

219–220, 229Constitution of (1996), Section 41(1) of,

231–232environmental governance in, 220–225fragmentation in environmental governance in,

221–225and ivory, 32, 35, 38land use management in, 223–225land use policy in, 64NEMA Amendment Act 8 of 1004 of, 98Regulation 3(1) of GN R 1182 of, 98

South African National Parks (SANP), 38South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation

(SAARC), 418meeting in Dhaka, 1985, 418

South Asian Cooperation Environmental Programme(SACEP), 418

South Australia (SA), 433, 438, 440, 441, 443South Dakota, 601South Durban Community Environmental Alliance v.

Head of Department of Agriculture and

Environmental Affairs (South Africa, 2003),189

Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve Network(SeaBRnet), 353

special natural spaces, 473. See also natural spacesspecial protocol of 20 December 1994, 73Sri Lanka, 40

and ivory, 36stakeholders, 19, 21–22

and environmental law, 12Standard City Planning Enabling Act (United States,

1928), 590Standing Committee of Nepal and India on

Inundation Problems, 418–419State Bank of Pakistan, 341State Development Planning Commission (China),

319State Environmental Protection Agency (China), 319State Flood Control Agency (China), 319State Forest Administration (China), 318State Measures for Implementation of the 1991 Water

and Soil Conservation Law (China, 1993), 320,321

Statement for Human Environmental Quality(Stockholm, 1972), 16

stormwater runoff, 562–563. See also EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA, United States),Stormwater Management Programs

strategic environmental assessment (SEA), 456Strategic Urban Development Plan (SUDP, Tanzania,

1999), 204, 205–206, 208, 209–211challenges to, in Dar es Salaam, 209–214

Stratos, 538Stratton Commission Report (United States, 1969),

555, 576Submerged Lands Act (United States, 1953), 574sub-Saharan Africa

and climate change, 50–56development crisis in, 45energy use in, 45–47, 50and the International Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC), 52land use and energy problems of, 48–50and renewable energy sources, 55

subzoning, 497SUDP. See Strategic Urban Development Plan (SUDP,

Tanzania, 1999)Superfund Act. See Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation, and Liability ActSupreme Court (Japan), 17Surrey, Stanley, 550–551, 552sustainability

and environmental governance, 220principles of, 225, 233

Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP, Tanzania, 1990),199

Sustainable Dar es Salaam Project (SDP, Tanzania),200sustainable development (SD), 8, 468

defined, 161, 283, 452, 493, 528and oil and gas resources, 284and values, 526

Sustainable Development Agenda for Nepal (2003),425–426

sustainable use, aims of, 477Swat Valley, 344Swaziland, land use policy in, 64Switzerland, 389






INDEX 629

Tambol/Locality Development Plans (Thailand),399–400

Tampa Bay, Florida, 562TANESCO. See Tanzania Electricity Supply Company

(TANESCO)Tanzania

2002 population of, 197environmental conflicts, background of, 198and ivory, 39land use policy in, 64refugee-asylum in,

Tanzania Electricity Supply Company (TANESCO),202–203

Tarai, 417, 420Tasek Merimbun Heritage Park, 361Tasmania, 449tax expenditures, 550–553tax policy

and certainty, 548–550and efficiency, 548and equity (fairness), 548and horizontal equity, 548and neutrality, 547principles of, 546–547progressive system of, 548proportional system of, 548

tax-based instruments, advantages of, 539“taxi hunting,” 29Taxila, 344Technical Committee on Biodiversity Conservation

(Uganda), 177Technical Workshop on the Preparation of Cluster and

Trans-border Natural World HeritageNomination in ASEAN Region (Indonesia,2001), 363–364

TEIA. See North American Agreement onTransboundary Environmental ImpactAssessment

Teitenberg, Thomas, 542Telecommunications Act (United States, 1996),

595Tembomvura people, 36Temeke,Temporary Occupation Permit (TOP), 383Tenth Circuit (United States), 570–571Tenth Plan (Nepal, 2002–2006), 423Textile Vision (Pakistan, 2005), 341Thailand, 352, 353, 355, 363, 368

country development plans in, 399–400environmental management plan in, 398–403government administration divisions in, 398–399integrated town and country planning in, 410–411laws governing the protection of forests in, 413laws protecting the cultural heritage of, 413laws that govern noise in, 414legally mandated plans for environmental

management, 403specific town and country planning in, 411–413types of master plans in, 399–403

Thays, Charles, 505Thematic Committee (Nepal), 425Thompson, Barton H., Jr., 536Thoreau, Henry David, 284Thuronyi, Victor, 551, 552TMDL. See Total Maximum Daily Load Program

(TMDL, United States)Toder, Eric, 551, 553

TOP. See Temporary Occupation Permit (TOP)Torrens system, 441Total Maximum Daily Load Program (TMDL, United

States), 564, 566–572daily load rule, 570program implementation strategy for, 567

Toto Agreement (1900), 165“Towards Harmonising the Management and Action

Plans for Transboundary Reserves in ASEAN”(2000), 364

“town and country planning,” defined, 409Town and Country Planning Act b.e. 2518 (Thailand,

a.d. 1975), 413, 415Town and Country Planning Law (Nigeria), 249Town and Country Planning Ordinance Cap. 378

(Tanzania, 1956), 205–206, 207, 217Section 14(1)(ii), 205Section 33 of, 209

Town Development Act (Nepal, 1988), 428Toxic Substances Control Act (United States), 288Toyama, Japan, 13TPAs. See transboundary protected areas (TPAs)tradable permits, 489Traffic and the World Wildlife Fund report, 39transboundary conservation areas, 362–370transboundary impact, defined, 90–91transboundary protected areas (TPAs), 352, 362–370

benefits of, 362Transfer of Property Act (Kenya), 137–139transparency

and democracy, principles of, 225and public participation, principles of, 233

Treatise on Constitutional Law (Bidart Campos),517–518

Treaty Act (Nepal, 1991)Section 9 of, 421Section 9(1) of, 421

Tree Planting Day (Singapore, 1967), 389Tristane Park, 364Trust Lands Act (Kenya), 138Tsavo West National Park (Kenya), 122Tunduma, 209Tunisia, and ivory, 32Turkana District (Kenya), 276tusks

burning of, by Kenyan Wildlife Service, 34burning of, in Zambia, 34

uapixanas, 475UASU. See Urban Authorities Support Programme

(UASU, Tanzania)Uganda

Constitution of (1995), 173–174Constitution of (1995), Article 26(1) of, 174Constitution of (1995), Article 26(2) of, 174Constitution of (1995), Article 39 of, 174Constitution of (1995), Article 189(3) of, 174Constitution of (1995), Article 237 of, 173Constitution of (1995), Article 245 of, 174environmental policy in, 170–172importance of wetlands in, 167–168and ivory, 32land use policy in, 64nature of wetlands in, 167problems affecting wetlands in, 168–169wetlands in, 167–169wetlands management in, 162–163, 164–166






630 INDEX

UK Town and Country Planning Act (1947),377

uMkhuze, 29UN Statement of Forest Principles (1992), 422UN Conference on Environment and Development

(UNCED, Rio de Janiero, 1992), Rio Declarationon Environment and Development, 422

UNCED. See United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development (UNCED, Rio deJaniero, 1992)

UNCHS, 214UNDP, 198–218UNECE. See United Nations Economic Commission

for Europe (UNECE)UNEP’s Hilltop to Oceans Initiative (2002), 579UNEP’s Strategy on Land Use Management and Soil

Conservation, 199, 332UNESCO 2004 Asia-Pacific Heritage Award,

343UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Network, 358UNESCO convention of 16 November 1972, 73UNESCO East Asian Biosphere Reserves Network

(EABRN), 363advantages of transboundary cooperation in,

364–365UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme (MAB),

352, 355–356, 358, 367–368Seville + 5 Conference (Spain, 2000), 355, 368

UNESCO Southeast Asia Biosphere Reserve Network(SeaBRnet), 363, 368–369

meeting in Cambodia, 2003, 368UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves,

Statutory Framework of, 369UNESCO-PEER, 273UNFCCC. See United Nations Framework Convention

on Climate Change (UNFCCC)UNHCR. See United Nations High Commissioner for

Refugees (UNHCR)United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development (UNCED, Rio de Janiero, 1992),11, 61, 113, 327, 422, 472, 513

Agenda 21 of, 72, 113, 397–398, 406Chapter 11 of, 72Chapter 36 of, 72Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

of, 397, 422; Principle 3 of, 76; Principle 4 of, 76,80; Principle 10 of, 397; Principle 17 of, 452, 455

requirement for national environmentalmanagement plan, 398

United Nations Conference on Human Environment(Estocolmo, 1972), 472

United Nations Conference on the HumanEnvironment (UNHCE, Stockholm, 1972), 31,113, 166, 397

Stockholm Declaration of, 397United Nations Convention on Access to Information,

Public Participation in Decision-Making andAccess to Justice in Environmental Matters(Aarhus Convention, 1998), 77, 78, 453

Article 6-A of, 78, 81Article 6-B of, 78Article 8 of, 78

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS), 513, 555, 574, 576, 577

Part XII, Article 194 of, 574Part XII, Article 194(3)(a) of, 575Part XII, Article 207(1) of, 575

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD), 61

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE), Convention on Environmental ImpactAssessment in a Transboundary Context, 90

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), 397United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization

(FAO), 113, 114United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC), 61Article 4(1)(f) of, 62

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR), 267, 271–275

United Stateschecklist for land use controls in the, 604–606and colonial property rights, 583–584Constitution of (1787), 584–586Constitution of (1787), Article 1, Section 8 of, 584Constitution of (1787), Article VI of, 585Constitution of (1787), Fifth Amendment to,

585–586Constitution of (1787), Tenth Amendment to,

585Constitution of (1787), Fourteenth Amendment to,

585Constitution of, and land use law, 581constitutional provisions for land use controls in,

606duplicative jurisdictions in land use control,

602–603Environmental Impact Assessment and the oil

sector in, 298–299and the formation of the federal republic, 584–586funding and other programs for land use control in,

606interstate commerce in, 581land use control and English law, 581, 582–583land use control in, historically, 581and local land use control, 590–595municipal governments and character and

partimony in land use controls in, 608municipal governments and home rule in land use

controls in, 608municipal governments and smart growth land use

controls on, 607municipal governments and urban revitalization,

608municipal governments local land use controls in,

608nineteenth century land use in, 586–587overall coastal conditions in the, 559–560preemption of local land use control in, 595public concern for environmental quality in, 283regulatory acts for land use control in, 606role of federal government in land use controls in,

606role of municipal governments in land use control

in, 607–609role of state governments in land use control,

606–607state constitutional provisions for land use controls

in, 606state funding and other programs for land use

control in, 607state laws for direct local land use control in,

607state laws that restrict local land use control in, 607






INDEX 631

traditional land use controls for municipalgovernments in, 607

treaties and conventions for land use control in,606

urban revitalization in, and the federal government,598

water quality in, 557zoning in, 587–590

United States Army Corps of Engineers, 454United States Commission on Ocean Policy, 555–556,

576–579, 580Ocean Commission Report, 578–580Recommendation 14–11, 578Recommendation 29–8 of, 579Recommendations in the Preliminary Report of,

577–580United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 563

conservation programs of, 572–573United States Department of Commerce, 603United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA), 556, 559URA, Special and Detailed Control Plan of, 394Urban and Regional Planning Act (Nigeria), 248Urban Authorities Support Programme (UASU,

Tanzania), 214Urban Environment Plan (Buenos Aires), 507

Council of, 507urban growth, planned,Urban Planners Association (Argentina), 505Urban Planning Code (Argentina), 505, 507Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA, Singapore),

383, 386Urhobo, 290USDA. See United States Department of Agriculture

(USDA)

Vic. See Victoria (Vic), AustraliaVictoria (Vic), Australia, 433, 438, 441, 443Vidal, John, 335–336, 347Vietnam, 352, 364, 368Village Land Act (Tanzania, 1999), 207Virachey National Park (Cambodia), 362Virginia, 584Vuwa, 209

WA. See West Australia (WA)Wang Kelian-Thaleban/Helabala, 363War Tax Act (Canada, 1917), 547Washington convention of 12 October 1940, 72water access security, 444–445Water Act (Kenya, 2002), 255Water Act (Uganda), 173, 175

Section 2 of, 175Water and Soil Conservation Law (China, 1991), 320,

321, 323, 324Water Fowl Habitat (Ransar Convention, Uganda,

1971), 177–178, 352, 369Article 2(1) of, 178Article 2(2) of, 178Strategic Plan 1997–2000 of, 369

Water Law (China, 2002), 323–324, 326Water Management Act (New South Wales, 2000), 442water pollutant trading system, 569Water Pollution Prevention and Treatment Law

(China, 1996), 321Water Pollution Prevention Control Law (China,

1996), 323

water quality standards, 566Water Resource Plan (WRP, Australia), 436Water Resources Act (Nepal, 1992), 427water rights, 441–442

certainty of title to, 441criteria for efficient use of, 438–443detached from land rights and restrictions,

443divisibility and transferability of, 443duration of, 441exclusivity of, 442–443impediments to trading, 445trading, 445, 449universality of, 438–439

water rights and volume predictability, 439–440Water Sources Strategy (Nepal, 2001), 424Watkins, James, 555, 578, 580WCMD. See Wildlife Conservation and Management

Department (WCMD)Weitzman, Martin, 536Wentworth Group on Concerned Scientists (Australia,

2003), proposal for national water plan,443–446

West Australia (WA), 438, 441, 449Environmental Defender’s Office (EDO),

447wetlands, 602–603

defined, 164, 169sustainable, defined, 169sustainable use of, 169–170

Wetlands Inspection Division (WID, Uganda), 168,173

Wetlands Policy (Nepal, 2002), 425Wild Animals and Birds Act (Singapore, 1965), 391Wild Scenic Rivers Act (United States, 1968), 284Wilderness Act (United States, 1964), 284wildlife

defined, 121management, incentives for, 153–155management and revenue-sharing programs,

155management and sustainable utilization, 156preservation versus management, 145sustainable management for, and property rights,

144–150Wildlife Act (Uganda), 173, 176

Section 2 of, 176Section 3 of, 176Section 17 of, 176

Wildlife Conservation Act Number 12 (Tanzania,1974), National Environmental AdvisoryCommittee

Wildlife Conservation and Management Act (Kenya),130, 141–143

Preamble to Draft Bill revising, 144Section 29 (2) of, 142Section 47 of, 142

Wildlife Conservation and Management Department(WCMD), 141

Wildlife Conservation and Protection Actb.e. 2535 (Thailand, a.d. 1992), 413

Wildlife Management Project (Kenya), 147William, King of England, 582Wilson, P., 342wind energy in sub-Saharan Africa, 55Wood, Chris, 89, 94, 97, 98–100, 101–102, 106, 107,

190






632 INDEX

Workshop on the Management and Conservation ofHeritage Parks in the ASEAN Region (Thailand,2004), 358–359

World Bank, 362, 452, 484Urban Strategy of, 336

World Charter for Nature (1982), 113, 166World Commission on Environment and

Development (WCED), 161, 283World Conservation Union, 113. See International

Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)Academy of Environmental Law, Second

Colloquium of, Nairobi, Kenya, 352WCPA 5th World Parks Congress (Durban, 2003),

355, 358WCPA East Asia, 363

World Heritage Committee, 16th session of Santa Fe,1992, 73

World Heritage Convention, 352, 363, 370World Soil Agenda, 332World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD,

2002), 8, 327, 355Plan of Implementation of the, 332

World Summit on the Environment (Joohannesburg),382

World Wildlife Federation (WWF), 362, 363

WSSD. See World Summit for SustainableDevelopment (WSSD, 2002)

Yellowstone, 284Yokkaichi City, Japan, 13, 14

and joint liabilities, 14Yokkaichi Pertochemical Industrial Complex, Japan,

15Yoruba, 290

Zambia, land use policy in, 64Zamfara, 252Zimbabwe

and ivory, 32, 36, 39land use policy in, 64

zoning, 9, 158, 509defined, 497in Denmark, 405incentive, 597large-lot, 599purpose of local laws, 600rural, 406special use, 597summer cottage, 406up-, 599






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