7.0. Hazard and Climate Change Profile - Province of Cotabatoppdo.cotabatoprov.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Provincial-Profile-in... · The province of Cotabato is confronted with

(North) Cotabato DRR/CCA Enhanced Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan 2013-2019

Chapter 3 Planning Environment 110

7.0. Hazard and Climate Change Profile

7. 1. Provincial Profile in Relation to Natural Hazard

The province of Cotabato is confronted with several environmental concerns that needs to addressed accordingly. These environmental problem /issues are flooding, soil erosion, water and air pollution, forest denudation. Man made and other natural calamities also affect the province. In the past recurrence of flashfloods in most of the low lying areas were commonly observed.

Flooding causes heavy damages on crops, such as rice and corn, vital transport

infrastructure facilities and housing and shelter made of light materials were commonly reported to have been affected specially along mountainous communities. Among others, in the upland areas were the erosion of mountain soils and other soils nutrients so important to sustain agricultural production.

The erosion problem in the province has reached frightening levels, over the past 10

to 15 years, 23 percent of the land area, or 149,072.40 hectares, affecting some 340 barangays has been severely eroded and only 11.4% or 75,260.34 hectares remains stable from erosion. Eighteen percent or 73,796.77 hectares (319 brgys.) are moderately eroded while an area of 273,705 hectares or 42%. has been estimated to have been affected with slight erosion more or less covering 261 barangays province wide.

This environmental problem is very alarming for it destroys soil fertility and affects so

much the yield of important crops planted in the province such as plantations of high value crops of rubber, coconut, banana and other fruit trees, including the most important food crops such as rice and corn which are the major crops of our farmers. This trends calls for the appropriate and immediate attention on the part of concerned authorities / agencies.

Similarly, denudation of remaining forest cover in the province mostly found in the

municipalities of Arakan ,Libungan, president Roxas, Makilala, Magpet and the municipality of Alamada has become a major environmental concern in the P-PALMA and Arakan Valley Complex.

The unabated “kaingin”(Charcoal production) practices and the illegal and

unregulated logging threaten the environment of the place affecting approximately 60 % of the total land area of the province which has a great impact and poses a greater threat to the efficient production activities in the low lying areas of Cotabato.



Table 72. Checklist of Physical Assets that may be Exposed to Hazards

Category of Physical Assests Types of Physical Assets

Physical properties Houses and buildings (commercial and residential) Agricultural lands, aquaculture (fishponds and mariculture) Forest plantations and agroforestry farms Rivers and other water tributaries

Manufacturing plants

Buildings, production facilities and equipment

Lifeline facilities and infrastructure Hospitals and medical facilities, schools, police and fire stations, government offices Water supply, fuel depots and gasoline stations, communication facilities, gymnasium ** Temporary evacuation shelters for presently affected families in some municipalities

Transportation system Roads and highways, bridges ** overpass- for people

Critical infrastructure Sanitary landfill, dams, water impounding projects, irrigation facilities ***Mine tailings pond/ presence of mining activities in the province

Cultural heritage properties Museums and preserved cultural properties

Source: PPDO, 2013

Table 73. Poverty Incidence, Susceptibility to Floods and Frequency of Typhoons in Region 12

2006 Poverty

Incidence

Susceptibility To Hazard (% of area)

Typhoon Frequency

% Rank Flood RIL

Sarangani 46.5 8 5.3 67 1 in 50 years

(North) Cotabato 43.9 11 41.12 8.38 1 in 50 years

Sultan Kudarat 41.6 15 24.4 52.1 1 in 50 years

South Cotabato 28.0 44 27.8 24.2 1 in 50 years Source: National Statistical Coordination Board, 2012



7.1.1 Hydrometeorological Hazards

Cotabato has several areas identified as prone to natural hazards which are meteorological/hydrological and geological in nature. Natural hazards act as triggers to disasters and place the development of an area at risk. These include drought, flood, landslide due to earthquake or rain, tectonic earthquake, erosion and volcanic eruption.

Hydrometeorologic hazards are natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric,

hydrologic or oceanographic nature, which may cause loss of life, injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation.

Hydrometeorologic hazards include: floods, debris and mud floods; tropical cyclones,

storm surges, thunder/hailstorms, rain and wind storms, blizzards and other severe storms; drought, desertification, wildland fires, temperature extremes, sand or dust storms; permafrost and snow or ice avalanches.

The types of hydrometeorologic hazard which the Province of Cotabato is exposed

to are drought, floods, flashfloods and rain-induced landslides (RIL).

a. Floods/Flashfloods

Floods result when land is covered with water due to the overflowing of a source

such as rivers and other bodies of water. It may also result from the accumulation of rainwater by drainage due to prolonged and heavy rains. Floods also lead to soil erosion and landslide of agricultural areas and denuded mountain slopes. River banks, streams or creeks are also susceptible to flooding and scouring.

Low-lying areas of Kabacan, Tulunan, Pigcawayan, Libungan, Pikit, Midsayap,

Carmen, Mlang, Pres. Roxas and Alamada are highly susceptible to flooding. These areas are classified as key rice production areas. With the occurrence of flood, the staple food production is greatly affected. While the upland portions of Alamada, Makilala and Kidapawan City which are areas planted with high value crops have also experienced occasional flashfloods both induced by heavy rains and depleted forest cover.

Based on the Hazard Map generated by MGB XII, 341 barangays in the province are

highly susceptible to flood. Of the total land area of the province (656,590 hectares 149,345.37 or 22 % is considered highly susceptible to flooding. Most of these barangays are situated in the low lying areas of the municipalities of Carmen, Kabacan, Libungan, Magpet, Kidapawan City, M’lang, Makilala, Matalam, Midsayap, Pikit, Pigcawayan, Pres. Roxas and Tulunan. This is aggravated by the clogging of the Ligawasan Marsh by water hyacinth causing backflow thus flooding areas along the marsh. Most affected are rice farmers and fisherfolks.

Flooding hazard in the province usually is present in the low-lying barangays but is

more damaging in those that are along the periphery of Ligawasan Marsh. Those that are rated as moderately susceptible are some barangays in the

municipalities of Matalam, Pigcawayan, Makilala, Magpet, Banisilan, Kidapawan City, Alamada, and Antipas. Most vulnerable are those areas or communities along major tributaries. The siltation of these rivers makes it more prone to overflowing because of their decreased capacity to hold water.



The least that are affected by flooding are municipalities in the higher portions of Mt. Apo, however they are also prone to landslides and erosion.

In some areas, flooding could be attributed to defective drainage system, poor waste

management and cultural practices. Flooding causes heavy damages on crops, such as rice and corn, vital transport

infrastructure facilities and housing and shelter made of light materials were commonly reported to have been affected specially along mountainous communities. Among others, in the upland areas were the erosion of mountain soils and other soils nutrients so important

to sustain agricultural production.

Areas Susceptible to Flooding

The table below shows the flood susceptibility areas in the province. There are instances when a barangay has portions that are considered at high, moderate and low susceptibility rating.

The areas are considered as the Special Area for Agricultural Development Zone of

the province mainly planted with major crops like palay, corn and coconut. Some of these areas are presently planted with rubber, banana and oil palm. Since the occurrence of these floods, agricultural activities were greatly affected and the provincial economy was hampered.

The occurrence of flood and landslide is unpredictable but is likely to happen during

heavy downpour in the province as well as the neighboring provinces that will be the result of water runoff among rivers.

Table 74 . Flood Susceptibility

Municipalities

Susceptibility Total Affected

Area (Has) High Moderate Low

No. of Brgys.

Area (Has.) No. of Brgys.

Area (Has.) No. of Brgys.

Area (Has.)

Alamada 6 1,748.12 13 23,449.64 17 48,820.16 75,766.03

Aleosan 13 2,503.73 4 632.30 19 12,260.32 15,396.35

Antipas 2 364.38 13 17,235.80 11 4,022.19 21,622.37

Arakan 0 0.00 27 9,503.22 27 13,530.75 23,033.96

Banisilan 2 158.64 20 25,984.09 16 10,959.22 37,101.95

Carmen 16 5,389.54 26 35,586.86 14 17,510.14 58,486.54

Kabacan 22 17,417.49 1 79.38 9 4,189.94 21,686.81

Kidapawan City 10 2,535.03 40 19,387.28 6 550.50 22,472.81

Libungan 19 3,976.35 16 6.533.56 11 8,571.78 19,081.69

Magpet 4 1,014.49 22 8,078.07 16 6,169.90 15,261.46

M’lang 33 24,251.20 20 11,163.80 0 0 35,415.00

Makilala 12 4,215.26 35 15,830.01 13 2,454.08 22,499.36

Matalam 27 11,464.36 25 8,866.73 9 7,970.44 28,301.53

Midsayap 53 19,273.22 7 1,127.67 20 3,867.39 24,268.29

Pigcawayan 38 8,867.35 25 2,650.03 2 742.01 12,259.38

Pikit 42 24,754.89 1 203.58 15 6,676.35 31,774.25

Pres. Roxas 16 4,434.75 15 9,598.06 14 6,595.71 20,628.52

Tulunan 26 16,976.57 15 16,281.35 7 4,469.54 37,727.47

TOTAL 341 149,345.37 325 205,657.87 226 159,360.42 522,783.77



Map 22: Flood Susceptibility Hazard Map



b. Rain-Induced Landslides

Erosion and landslide refers to the slipping of a mass of land from a higher to a lower level. These may be caused by continuous heavy rain over high-elevated areas, especially denuded ones.

Rain-induced landslides (RIL) are downward and outward movement of materials

including rock and soil due to various causes such as excessive rain, rapid undercutting by rivers, waves or man’s activities.

Rain Induced landslide usually occurs especially during heavy rains or wet months.

Mass movement and erosion are likely to happen in hilly and mountainous terrain due to soil saturation. Farming activities on the slope toes are high risk of being hit by landslide. The down slope movement of masses of earth materials may cause damages to life and property.

The rating parameters are as follows: High

- Presence of active and/or recent landslides - Presence of numerous and large tension cracks - Areas with drainage that are prone to debris damming - Areas with numerous landslides/escarpments - Steep slopes - Presence of weak/rock slope materials - Structures (joints, beds) dipping towards the slope face - Nearness to faults

Moderate

- Areas with indicative and/or landslides - Presence of small tension cracks - Moderate slopes

Low

- Low to gently sloping - No evidence of mass movement

All municipalities of the province having areas with very steep slopes are prone to

landslides. Kidapawan City is one of the landslide prone areas particularly the steep slopes of the upstream of Marbel River along SitioTinago, Mandarangan and Sudduhayan. Other areas which are highly susceptible to severe erosion are located in Libungan, Alamada, Banisilan, Carmen, Antipas, Magpet, Pres. Roxas, Arakan, Tulunan and Makilala. There is a need to control growth and urbanization in these areas to avoid the occurence of disasters.

Those abovementioned areas which are highly susceptible to landslides are considered areas prone to erosion. This environmental concern is caused by unsustained vegetation.

The erosion problem in the province has reached alarming levels over the past 10 to

15 years wherein 23 percent of the land area, or 149,072.40 hectares affecting some 340 barangays has been severely eroded and only 11.4% or 75,260.34 hectares remains stable from erosion. 18 percent or 73,796.77 hectares (319 brgys.)are moderately eroded while an



area of 273,705 hectares or 42%. has been estimated to have been affected with slight erosion more or less covering 261 barangays provincewide.

This environmental problem is very alarming for it destroys soil fertility and affects so

much the yield of important crops planted in the province such as plantations of high value crops of rubber, coconut, banana and other fruit trees, including the most important food crops such as rice and corn which are the major crops of our farmers. This trends calls for the appropriate and immediate attention on the part of concerned authorities / agencies.

Similarly, denudation of remaining forest cover in the province mostly found in the

municipalities of Arakan ,Libungan,President Roxas, Makilala, Magpet and the municipality of Alamada has become a major environmental concern in the P-PALMA and Arakan Valley Complex and the unabated “kaingin”(Charcoal production) practices and the illegal and unregulated logging threaten the environment of the place affecting approximately 60 % of the total land area of the province which has a great impact and poses a greater threat to the efficient production activities in the low lying areas of Cotabato.

The table and map below show the rain induced susceptibility of areas in the province.

Based on the Hazard Map generated by MGB XII, 171 barangays in the province are highly susceptible to rain-induced landslides. Of the total land area of the province (656,590 has), 141,206.20 has, or 21% is considered highly susceptible to RIL. Most of these barangays are situated in the mountainous areas of the province particularly the municipalities of Arakan (27,135.18 has), Alamada (26,860 has), Magpet (25,540.10 has), and Makilala (13,419.90 has). These high rating could also be attributed to the presence of areas with steep slopes and degradation of forest cover making them less capable of holding more water.

The recent typhoons that hit the country have caused considerable damage to

properties, infrastructure and displacement of population in the above-mentioned municipalities. Most of the barangays in the province fall under the moderate and low susceptibility categories.



Table 75: Rain-Induced Landslide (RIL) Susceptibility

Municipalities

Susceptibility Total

Land Area (Has)

High Moderate Low

No. of Brgys.

Area (Has,)

No. of Brgys.

Area (Has,)

No. of Brgys.

Area (Has,)

Alamada 11 26,860.29 17 45,412.25 0 0.00 72,269.80

Aleosan 0 0.00 19 12,892.61 0 0.00 12,892.61

Antipas 8 3,964.00 13 21,257.98 0 0.00 25,222.07

Arakan 25 27,135.18 28 22,314.67 4 719.31 50,169.16

Banisilan 12 3,529.47 20 36,943.32 0 0.00 40,472.79

Carmen 6 7,574.98 27 53,097.00 0 0.00 60,671.98

Kabacan 4 350.55 10 4,269.31 0 0.00 4,619.86

Kidapawan City 4 1,508.44 16 4,509.94 34 15,427.85 21,446.23

Libungan 12 4,658.09 19 15,104.93 0 0 19,763.02

Magpet 23 25,540.19 20 10,908.89 10 3,338.08 39,787.16

M’lang 0 0.00 15 7,046.94 15 4,116.86 11,163.80

Makilala 24 13,419.90 32 12,299.76 23 5,984.34 31,704.00

Matalam 9 5,724.92 22 16,102.90 8 734.29 22,562.11

Midsayap 0 0.00 26 4,995.04 0 0.00 4,995.04

Pigcawayan 9 4,304.75 26 3,392.02 0 0.00 7,696.77

Pikit 0 0.00 15 6,879.94 0 0.00 6,879.94

Pres. Roxas 16 9,297.40 16 14,488.04 4 1,705.73 25,491.17

Tulunan 8 7,338.04 15 18,523.85 4 2,227.03 28,088.92

TOTAL 171 141,206.20 356 310,439.39 102 34,253.49 485,896.43



Map 23: Rain-Induced Landslide Hazard Map

(North) Cotabato DRR/CCA Enhanced Provincial and Physical Framework Plan 2013-2019

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Table 76. Historical Hazard Occurrences and Description

HAZARD AND DESCRIPTION

AFFECTED AREA/POPULATION

IMPACT

Barangay

Population

No. of

Casualties

No. Of Houses

Damaged

Damage to other

Properties FLOOD/FLASHFLOODS

1. June 9, 2010 -Continuous rainfall & backflow of water from Rio Grande which resulted to flooding of low lying communities and Increasing number of IDP

Bulacaon, Kadingilan, Bulucaon, LibunganTorreta, Datumantil, Lower Bager, Buricain, Malagakit, Tubon, Simsiman, Banucagon, Matilac, Upper Pangangkalan, Lower Pangangakann, Cabpangi, Balacayon

2,390 families (11789 persons) displaced

1 drowned

2. A strong rain started on June 9, 2011 @ 3:45 pm and lasted for about 2 hours and 20 mins. The water from upland areas flows to the low land and causes flood in 10 barangays of the municipality of Tulunan. Some of the residence has evacuated but some decided to stay on the higher ground near their houses.

Bacong (river banks), Galidan, La Esperanza, Sibsib, Poblacion, New Panay, Dungos, Popoyon, Bual, Damawato, Tambac, Minapan, Nabundasan, Bagumbayan, Banayal, Bituan, Bual, Daig, F. Cajelo, Kanibong, New Culasi

4531 families (13593 persons) displaced

Rice & corn crops

3. June 14, 2011- It started with a heavy rain due to typhoon Cheding and typhoon Dodong affecting 14 brgys of Midsayap. Flood rose from knee to waist deep damaging houses and submerging crops

Mudseng, Rangaban, Kadigasan, Baliki, Nabalawag, Palongoguen, Kadigasan,Kudarangan, Macasendeg, Olandang, Lomopog, Damatulan, Sambulawan, Tumbras

5,998 families (29,990 persons) displaced

88 Rice & corn crops

4. June 9, 2011 - a flash flood occurred at 13 brgys in the Municipality of Mlang after days of heavy rainfall affecting houses, farms, household of residents

New barbasa, Bagontapay, Buayan, Langkong, Dugong, Sangat, Dungoan, Inas, Bialong, Lika, New Antique, Tibao, Lepaga, Tawantawan, Malayan, Katipunan, New Antique, New Consolacion

1,092 families (4,250 persons) displaced


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5. June 6, 2011 - Heavy rains from 3:00 pm until 9:00pm caused the rise of water level in Binay, Magpet. Idaoman river is the receiving point of the water both from Binay rivers & Logdeck creek. There were 47 households along the riverside that were affected. Although there was no casualty, most of their belongings, and farm animals including the pipes of their water system were carried away by the strong current of flood waters. Eight houses were severely damaged.

Idaoman, Cabangbangan, Greenhills, Poblacion, Mabuhay, Poblacion 5,8,9,9a,11,18, Tuael

726 families (1,305 persons) displaced

140 Rice, corn

6. June 2011. CARMEN. Accumulation of water from Bukidnon and Kabacan Rivers connecting the main Rio Grande River that causes flashflood

Gen. Luna, Nasapian, Kibayao, Palangalan, Tacupan, Tupig, Ugalingan

1914 families (10,379 persons) displaced

7. August 4, 2008. M'LANG. A Flashflood occurred in the municipality of Mlang around 8 pm after heavy rains. 18 barangays were affected including Pob. A & B caused by Mlang River overflow. Several homes were damaged, families displaced & livestock projects affected and infrastructure.

Poblacion A & B, Inas, PulangLupa, Pag-asa

390 families & 1950 persons

1 dead & 3 injured

8. Aug. 1, 2009. ALAMADA. Accumulation of water due to prolonged heavy rain and overflowing from the rivers connecting to Cotabato City and land erosion of Bgy.Mirasol in Alamada North Cotabato

Bgys of Buluan, Cabpangi, Bulucaon, Capayuran, Kimarayag, Midpapan 1, New Panay, North Manuangan, Pob. 1, Pob. 2, Pob 3, Presbitero, Upper Baguer, Tubon& Prado- Pigcawayan, Bgy. Sinimulang – S, Baguer&Gumaga –Libungan, Central and

Upper Labas -Midsayap, North Cotabato

1450 families & 7837 persons

5 dead, 3 injured and 1 missing

9. Heavy and continuous rain for successive days resulted to the overflowing of Pagalungan and Paidu Pulangi Rivers. The flood have severely caused damages to people, properties, crops, livelihood and hampered the delivery of basic services to 42 barangays of Pikit

Bagoinged, Balabak, Balong, Barungis, Balungis, Bulol, Batulawan (SitioPunol), Bualan, Buliok, Bulod, Dalingaoen, Damasalak, Fort Pikit, Gli-gli, Gokotan, Inug-ug, Kabasalan, katilakan, kilambog, Lagunde, Punol, Langayen, Macabual, Macasendeg, Manaulanan, Nabundas, Nunguan, Paidu Pulangi, Pamalian, Silik, Panicupan, Rajamuda, Takepan, Talitay, Tinutulan

10,793 famlies (49,886 persons) displaced

1 dead corn &palay crops


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Flooding/Flashflood in Municipality of Pigcawayan,July 2009 Source: Provincial Social Welfare & Development Office

10. Flash flood usually occurs during the month of May, June, July-August and September. The low-lying barangays of Pikit are the most seriously affected owing to its proximity to Ligawasan Marsh

34 barangays affected by flash flood. The remaining 8 barangays were considered sloping/upland barangays

1. corn-1,064 has. 2. Palay-997 has 3. Vegetables- 20 has

RAIN INDUCED LANDSLIDE Makilala. 3 km Crack Landlines

caused by heavy rain Leboce, Biangan, New Bulatukan, Villaflores, Cabilao, Bulakanon, San Vicente, Malungon, Guangan, Rodero

collapsed road

GROUND RAPTURE

Alamada in 2000 Brgy. Guiling, Sitio Maracabac

5 families 2 houses

Makilala in 2008 Brgy. Kisante 2 houses 200 m roads

Carmen in 2013(for update from PDRRMO)

EARTHQUAKE INDUCED LANDSLIDE

Makilala. Land Cracks Malasila 3 families 3 houses


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Drought

Drought is a condition of an abnormally dry weather within a geographic region

which may extend to many months or years. The immediate cause of drought is rainfall deficit although there could be other causes such as the incursion of warm surface waters into the normally colder waters; human-induced changes in ground surface and soil; increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. Cotabato Province experienced drought in the 1994, 1998, 2002 and in the early part of 2010.

The experienced drought in Cotabato Province resulted to the lack of food to

some residents in the province due to hampered crop production. Some people in the hinterlands opted to eat wild yam (kayos) and other root crops for survival. This wild yam contains poisonous substance but is edible if properly prepared but this resulted to deaths to some children considering their less resistance to toxic substances.

7.1.2 Geologic Hazards

Geologic hazards results from geologic processes acting on or beneath the earth’s surface. These include movement of plates in the earth’s crust or from local concentrations of heat and are a source of hazards to people and their natural and built-up environment on the earth’s surface. The types of geologic hazard which the Province of Cotabato is exposed to are: earthquake and earthquake-induced hazards such as ground shaking, liquefaction, and earthquake-induced landslide (EIL).

Earthquake

An earthquake is a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface. Earthquakes are caused either by the sudden movement along faults and trenches (tectonic), or by movement of magma beneath volcanoes (volcanic).

There are active faults that traverse the Province of Cotabato. There are likewise numerous active faults in the main island of Mindanao which may affect the Province. The municipalities of President Roxas, Antipas, Magpet and Arakan are proximate to the Central Mindanao Fault. Faults and trenches are also known as the “earthquake generators”.


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Map 24: Active Faults and Trenches Map in Mindanao

Ground Shaking/Liquefaction

The main hazard created by seismic earth movements is ground shaking. This

term is used to describe the vibration of the ground during an earthquake.

Liquefaction is a process where particles of loosely-consolidated and water-saturated deposits of sand are re-arranged into a more compact state. This results in the squeezing of water and sediments towards the surface in the form of “sand fountain” and creating a condition resembling a “quicksand”. In this phenomenon, the strength of the soil is reduced to a point where it is unable to support structures.

The severe shaking in an earthquake can cause natural slopes to weaken and fail,

resulting to landslides. Earthquake-induced landslides can be divided into three main categories: disrupted slides and falls, coherent slides, and lateral spreads and flows.

The Philippines uses the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) to help

explain the intensity assigned to a specified location based on observations made on the

consequences from the earthquake event. The preparation of earthquake maps was based on the active fault and trenches in Mindanao. The Rapid Earthquake Damage Assessment System (REDAS) of the PHIVOLCS was the main software used to simulate earthquake scenarios based on case

scenarios may affect within and near the province. Knowing this earthquake generators

help us manage the impact and other disasters by assessing the risk and hazard


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locations in relation to populations, property, natural resources, and most importantly in disaster preparedness by recommending preventive and mitigating solutions, prioritizing search and rescue task, identifying staging area locations, operational branches and divisions, and other important incident management needs.

Shown below is the information about the epicenter, magnitude and depth of the five (5) worst case scenario earthquake which was simulated in the REDAS software:

Name of Fault/Trench

Epicenter Magnitude (Ms)

Depth (Kilometers) Longitude Latitude

CENTRAL MINDANAO FAULT

125.1125

7.294289

7.0

2

MINDANAO FAULT DAGUMA EXTENSION

124.3275

7.099289

7.2

2

BANGA FAULT

124.8825

6.732489

7.3

2

DAVAO RIVER FAULT

125.3525

7.42489

7.0

2

MINDANAO 1 FAULT

125.1125

7.294289

7.0

2


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Table 77. Summary Checklist of Hazard for each Municipality

HYDRO-METEOROLOCIAL

GEOLOGIC CLIMATE CHANGE

MUNICIPALITY/ CITY

Flood RIL Ground-shaking

Liquefaction EIL Rainfall Change

Drought Temperature

Increase

Alamada

Aleosan

Antipas

Arakan

Banisilan

Carmen

City of Kidapawan

Kabacan

Libungan

M'Lang

Magpet

Makilala

Matalam

Midsayap

Pigcawayan

Pikit

President Roxas

Tulunan

Documents

7.0. Hazard and Climate Change Profile - Province of Cotabatoppdo.cotabatoprov.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Provincial-Profile-in... · The province of Cotabato is confronted with