8 October 1971 $ t )Vol. 174, No. 4005

LETTERS Race and Academic Hiring: 1. J. Singh; J. R. Preer; 1. L. Horowitz; A. Etzioni;Margin of Safety: R. D. Hamilton; L. S. Hurley and H. Swenerton;Committee on Chemotaxonomy: W. F. Grant and T. Swain.

The Evaluation of Basic Science: D. Stetten, Jr.

ARTICLES Plate Tectonics in Geologic History: W. R. Dickinson .... ....................

Protein Methylation: W. K. Paik and S. Kim ............. .................

Toward the Reduction of Unwanted Pregnancy: F. S. Jaf/e ...................

NEWS AND COMMENT

BOOK REVIEWS

107

114

119

Cancer Politics: NIH Backers Mount Late Defense in House ..... ............. 127

Soviet-American Conference Urges Search for Other Worlds ..... ............... 130

Black Lung: Dispute about Diagnosis of Miners' Ailment ...... ................ 132

Outstanding Science Library to Close ...... ... 133

Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children, reviewed by T. E. Twitchell;other reviews by E. Clark, J. Rosinski; Books Received ..... .... .. .. 135

REPORTS Caribbean Eocene Volcanism and the Extent of Horizon A: P. H. Mattson andE. A. Pessagno, Jr....................................................

L-Asparaginase Induced Immunosuppression: Inhibition of Bone MarrowDerived Antibody Precursor Cells: H. Friedman .................

ATEILSTAN SPILNAUSRetiring President, Chairman

MATHEMATICS (A);enry 0. PollakF A. Ficken:PSYCHOLOGY (I)aJmes E. Deese.William D. GarveyPHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (NitWallace L. GuessJohn Autian

0DIVISIONS ALASKA DIVISIONLaurence lying Irma Duncan:President Executive Secretary

MINA REES GLENNPresident Preside

PHYSICS (B).Gaylord P.X IarnwellAlbert M. Stone

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES (IDaniel P. MoynihanNarvey Sapolsky

AGRICULTURE (0)Matthias StellyMichael A. Farrell

PACIFIC DIVISION

George E. Lindsay Robert C.

President Secretary

138

139

T. SEABORG DAVID BLACKWELL LEWIS M. BRANSCOIVnt-Elect :RICHARD H. BOLT BARRY COMMONER

CHEMISTRY (C) ASTRONOMY (D)Charles C. Price Laurente W, FredrickLeo Schubert Arlo U. andolt

K)0 4--HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE (ICyril SmithRaymond J. Seeger

INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE (P) EDUCATION (Q)Burton V. Dean J. David LockardJordan D. Lewis Phillip R. Fordyyce

SOUTHWESTERN AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISIOIMiller John R. Lacher Marlowe G. Anderson

President Executive Secretary

November, by the American Anociation for the Advancement oond-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. Copyright 0 1971 boverseas $M5 air freight to Europe, North America, Near East $169 months, $15; 10 months, $16.75. Provide 4 weeks notice fo

in the R"der's Guide to Periodical Liteature.

EDITORIAL

101

105

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

VICE PRESIDENTS ANDSECTION SECRETARIES

'i:p

i;:~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~V EN or SCIENCEi0wf0f ;V;:::i:::of f S

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR TH ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Kidney: Primary Source of Plasminogen after Acute Depletion in the Cat:R. F. Highsmith and D. L. Kline ............... .. . 141

Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate during Glucose Repression in theRat Liver: 0. Sudilovsky et al .............1...4....................... 2

Diethylamide of Thujic Acid: A Potent Repellent of Aedes aegypti:V. Hach and E. C. McDonald ......1....44...... 144

Binding of DDT to Lecithin: I. J. Tinsley, R. Haque, D. Schwdding.1.. 45

Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A Rapid Sensitive Method for Prenatal Diagnosis:J. D. Regan et al.................................................... 147

Amino Acid Composition of Proteins as a Product of Molecular Evolution:T. Ohta and M. Kimura .........................O..................... 1.

Iron- and Riboflavin-Dependent Metabolism of a Monoamine in the Rat in vivo:A. L. Symes, K. Missala, T. L. Sourkes................................ .. 153

Murine-Leukemia Virus: High-Frequency Activation in vitro by5-Vododeoxyuridine and 5-Bromodeoxyuridine: D. R. Lowy et al.155

Induction of Murine C-Type Viruses from Clonal Lines of Virus-Free BALB/ 3T3Cells: S. A. Aaronson, G. J. Todaro, E. M. Scolnick . ...... ... 157

Chemosterilant Action of Anthramycin: A Proposed Mechanism: S. B. Horwitz et al. 159

Synchrony and Flash Entrainment in a New Guinea Firefly: F. E. Hanson et al. 161

Hemispheric Asymmetry of Electrocortical Responses to Speech Stimuli:L. K. Morrell and J. G. Salamy . 164

ASSOCIATION AFFAIRS Comparative Immunology of the Oral Cavity: H. W. Scherp; T-he Information-Conscious Society; E. Garfield;Alqternative Approaches to NationalDelivery of Health Care: G. K. Chacko. .el.167

MEETINGS Extending Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation to Increase Man's Food Supply:D. A. Phillips, J. G. Torrey, R. H. Burrs; Forthcoming Events. 169

AYKP.AS.N.LEONARD; M RIESEr AWtioT.GOaLENWILLIAM PEVAN COVE

EGLOGYnAND GEOGRAPH fE) F. IO SIENCES aHROPOLOGYIl-L. Ycesoore Spge r.Ward Gooenough Reconstruction of the jaws of the giantL.n . sonRhard J. Go Anthony Leeds

:NGINERING M) MEDCAL SIEN(~S'('OTSTY(~~ fossil shark, Carcharodon megalodon.lewnianA.HCIAlGeorge BKofeary Wth SchH S rPersons in the photo were preparatorsConosciousbeF.Soogaiety; oE. f" Pearamenin the Department of Vertebrate Pale-

NEORMATION ANDSTATISTICS (U)xATMOSPHERIC AND HYDROSPHERIC ontology at the American Museum ofCOMMUNICATION (1) Elizabeth Scott SCIENCES (W)D.anfA. Brillids,J Gz.aGThomas . alorrey,Natural History, New York City, in

icott Adams ~~~~~~~~~~~~L uisi.eta 1909. Back row (left to right): C.Falkenbach, Charles Lang, W otsand George Olsen. Front row (left toright): Otto Falkenbach and Fred

TheSAmerican A^ssoiation forthe Advancemeo"f; Science was, founded i'n;184M8 and incororatin0 ;_Kessler. See review of The Lifeof74.Its i aretofurththeorkofscientists, to failitateooertin amo tem,o Sharks, page 136. [Courtesy of the

effeciveness,ofscience. the protion ofhumanwearn0'toIncs pubic une-t :: American Museum of Natural History]

8 October 1971, Volume 174, Number 4005

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Science serves its readers as a forum for thepresentation and discussion of important issuesrelated to the advancement of science, includingthe presentation of minority or conflicting pointsof view, rather than by publishing only materialon which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and comment, and book reviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted bythe AAAS or the institutions with which the authorsare affiliated.

Editorial Board1971

THOMAS EISNERAMITAI ETZIONIEMIL HAURYDANIEL KOSHLAND, JR.

ALFRED BROWNJAMES F. CROWTHOMAS KUHNELLIOTT W. MONTROLL

NEAL MILLERBRUCE MURRAYJOHN R. PIERCEMAXINE SINGER

1972FRANK PRESSFRANK W. PUTNAMWALTER 0. ROBERTS

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Matnaging Editor: ROBERT V. ORMES

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BAZELL, DEBORAH SHAPLEY, ROBERT GILLETTE, NICH-OLAS WADE, CONSTANCE HOLDEN. SCHERRAINE MACK

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SCIE1NCE

The Evaluation of Basic ScienceAttendance at several recent confrontations between laboratory scien-

tists and economists has suggested to this writer that the basic conflictis, in large part, semantic. Some economists would have us believe thatthe words "price" and "value" are essentially identical, that the valueof any object or service is determined by its price in the free market-place, and even that a man's valuLe is measured accurately by the wageshe earns in the job market.To most scientists, "value" and "price" have quite different connota-

tions. We often find that even material objects are overpriced or under-priced, which points up the discrepancy between price and true value.A man's wage would approximate his value only in the event that heselected his employment on the basis of wage and wage alone. Whereasthis may be approximately true in some lines of endeavor, the scientisttypically is influenced in his choice of job by a host of other factors,such as freedom of operation, availability of laboratory and libraryfacilities, the nature of his colleagues and students, and institutionaland titular prestige. We measure the value of our colleagues in terms oftheir contributions to the progress of their science, and ignorance oftheir salaries in no way precludes such judgments.

Price may be a useful means of estimating the value of definedmaterial objects, such as cars or apples. It gives at best a very inaccurateassessment of the value of a man, as the scientist uses the phrase. Whereprice completely fails as a measure of value is in the realm of ideas,and basic science, in contrast to invention, deals largely in ideas. Con-sider for the moment Archimedes' demonstration of the relationship ofthe radius of a sphere to its volume, Mendel's conclusions concerninggenetic transmission, or Gibbs's discovery of phase rule. The cost of eachof these was doubtless trivial (the cash benefits are not susceptible ofready estimate), yet the value of each of these discoveries to the worldof science has been enormous. In this context, there appears to be acomplete dissociation between value and price.

There are several consequences of this dissociation. Prominent amongthem is the futility of the cost-benefit type of analysis in the area ofbasic sciences. Ideas are not like apples, which may be counted and sold,hopefully before they rot. Ideas, if sound, are among the most enduringof our assets and may continue to yield benefits for very long periodsof time. This fact alone severely limits the usefulness of cost-benefitstudies.

If, indeed, the economist is unable to divorce price from value, thenit must follow that economics is an inappropriate instrument with whichto measure basic science. A new and distinct discipline must then beinvented, one that is concerned with "value" as the scientist sees it.When we can more accurately define this quantity we can hope tomeasure the value of the scientist and of his product. Until and unlessthis is done, the basic scientist will remain dissatisfied with outsideevaluations of his work.-DEWITT STETTEN, JR., Director, NationalItnstitute of Genieral Medical Sciences, Betlhesda, Md. 20014