8The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy

Video: The Big Picture

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Trace the growth and development of the federal bureaucracy

Describe modern bureaucracies, and outline the structure of the modern bureaucracy

8.1

8.2

Learning Objectives 8

Determine how the bureaucracy makes policy

Evaluate controls designed to make agencies more accountable

8.3

8.4

Learning Objectives 8

Video: The Basics

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Roots of the FederalBureaucracy

The Civil War and the Growth of Government

From the Spoils System to the Merit System

Regulating Commerce

The World Wars and the Growth of Government

8.1

The Civil War and the Growth of Government

Civil War changes Creation of the Department of Agriculture Creation of the Pension Office Authorization of thousands more employees

Permanent changes to the bureaucracy

8.1

From the Spoils System to the Merit System

Patronage system (“spoils system”) Federal jobs given to loyal supporters

Merit system Jobs given according to ability

Civil Service system Current system based on merit

8.1

Which president popularized the spoils system?

8.1

Regulating Commerce

Growth of big business Unfair business practices

Additional departments Reaction to railroad shipping rates Protect workers and small businesses from big

businesses

Sixteenth Amendment Federal income tax

8.1

The World Wars and the Growth of Government

Franklin D. Roosevelt Social programs during Depression

World War II veterans benefits G.I. Bill, housing

Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Housing

and Urban Development, Transportation

8.1

FIGURE 8.1: How many employees work in the federal executive branch?

8.1

How did World War II change government?

8.1

a. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

b. Federal Trade Commission

c. Interstate Commerce Commission

d. Civil Service System

8.1 What agency was created to help control the railroad shipping rates?

8.1

a. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

b. Federal Trade Commission

c. Interstate Commerce Commission

d. Civil Service System

8.1 What agency was created to help control the railroad shipping rates?

8.1

The Modern Bureaucracy

Who Are Bureaucrats? Formal Organization Government Workers and Political

Involvement

8.2

Who Are Bureaucrats?

Covered by the Civil Service System 90-percent of federal employees

Not covered by the Civil Service System 10-percent of federal employees

Turnover High in some agencies, low in others

8.2

FIGURE 8.2: What are the federal agency regions, and where are their headquarters located?

8.2

Formal Organization

Cabinet departments Independent executive agencies Independent regulatory commissions Government corporations

8.2

FIGURE 8.3: What are the Cabinet departments?

8.2

What do government corporations do?

8.2

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8.2

Government Workers and Political Involvement

Hatch Act Limits federal employees’ political activities

Amendments to Hatch Act Rules relaxed somewhat

8.2

TABLE 8.1 What does the Hatch Act stipulate?

8.2

a. Cabinet departments

b. Independent agencies

c. Independent regulatory commissions

d. Government corporations

8.2 Which of the following organizational entities has a narrow focus on a specific policy issue?

8.2

a. Cabinet departments

b. Independent agencies

c. Independent regulatory commissions

d. Government corporations

8.2 Which of the following organizational entities has a narrow focus on a specific policy issue?

8.2

How the Bureaucracy Works

Making Policy Rule Making Administrative Adjudication

8.3

FIGURE 8.4: What constitutes an iron triangle?

8.3

Making Policy

Rule making Quasi-legislative process Regulations have force of law

Administrative adjudication Quasi-judicial process

8.3

Video: In Context

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8.3

FIGURE 8.5 How is a regulation made?

8.3

TABLE 8.2 How many comments do agencies receive on proposed rules?

8.3

Making Policy

Administrative adjudication Quasi-judicial process

8.3

8.3 What helps keep government agencies running smoothly on day-to-day issues?

a. Administrative Law Judge authority

b. Administrative Procedures Act

c. Administrative rule-making and regulations

d. Administrative discretion

8.3

8.3 What helps keep government agencies running smoothly on day-to-day issues?

a. Administrative Law Judge authority

b. Administrative Procedures Act

c. Administrative rule-making and regulations

d. Administrative discretion

8.3

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8.3

Toward Reform: Making Agencies Accountable

Executive Control Congressional Control Judicial Control

8.4

Executive Control

Delegating Powers Challenges with agency responsiveness

Reorganizing the Bureaucracy Needs Congressional approval

Executive Orders Directions to agencies that have the force of law

8.4

Congressional Control

Confirms president’s picks for agency heads Can approve or reject

Oversight and Investigations Proactive or reactive

Power of the purse Controls the budget

8.4

Table 8.3: How are agencies made accountable?

8.4

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8.4

How does government oversee environmental disasters?

8.4

Judicial Control

Injunctions or orders Even before a rule is publicized

Requires due process Individuals can litigate

Specialized courts Have expertise in certain issues

8.4

a. Authorizes maximum amount of funding

b. Issues injunctions to halt regulations

c. Nominates heads of agencies

d. Determines best way to implement

regulations

8.48.4 What is one check Congress has on government agencies?

a. Authorizes maximum amount of funding

b. Issues injunctions to halt regulations

c. Nominates heads of agencies

d. Determines best way to implement

regulations

8.48.4 What is one check Congress has on government agencies?

Explore the Bureaucracy: What Puts the "Big" in Big Government?

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8.4

Discussion Question

Why does the bureaucracy have so much power in a democratic regime when it is unelected? What gives the bureaucracy its power? How does it make policy? What checks do the three branches of government have on the bureaucracy?

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Video: So What?

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Further Review: On MyPoliSciLab

Listen to the Chapter Study and Review the Flashcards Study and Review the Practice Tests

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